BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 [BLD61403 / ARC3514 / ARC3512]
ASSIGNMENT 2:
CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS NAME | CHA SUE HWA I.D | 0317920 TUTOR | MR RIZAL
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PRECEDENT STUDIES Facade System 1 - Glass Block Facade System 2 - Angled Vertical Sunshades Structural System - Steel Structural Framing System Structural System - Open Web Floor Truss System Floor and Wall System - Hemp Panel and Acoustic Floating Floor System Roofing System - Folded Plate Structure FACADE DESIGN SCHEMES Facade Design Scheme 1 Facade Design Scheme 2 SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVES Sectional Perspective 1 Sectional Perspective 2 REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION COMMMUNITY LIBRARY JALAN TAR, KUALA LUMPUR Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman, or Jalan TAR as it is fondly known, is many things to many people. To the ones who have made their homes there, the area was the place for shopping and food before numerous malls started to mushroom all across the city during the ‘90s. Despite the passing of time and onslaught of development in and around the streets, Jalan TAR still remains a popular place for bargain shopping as well as cheap and delicious food, especially during festivals and public holidays. In terms of architectural development, most are pre-war buildings which distinctive facades have been preserved and re-adapted to accommodate modern retail businesses. The library that I am designing for Jalan TAR serves mainly to empower the local community to learn, not just through intellectual resources, but also learn through each other. Due to the diverse needs of ever-changing community, a community library needs to be adaptable, to be ready to respond to change. This library is made to encapsulate these differences through transparency in both program and design. Moreover, this library takes the future into its own hands by providing to the needs of the community. Community innovation and involvement are also implemented according to the local user groups.
PRECEDENT: FACADE SYSTEM
TYPES OF GLASS BLOCKS: HOLLOW AND SOLID
ADVANTAGES
Type of Construction: Glass Blocks Hollow blocks are fabricated by thermally fusing two shallow Materials used: Borosillicate
CASE STUDY: SOLID GLASS BLOCKS
rectangular cups along their open faces. A sealed interior air chamber is formed that gives the glass block its thermal and acoustic insulating properties. Solid glass blocks present a much higher compressive strength, typically over 200 MPa, which allows them to be used as loadbearing components, Solid glass blocks are produced by pouring liquid glass into a steel mould (refer to construction process).
Building: Optical Glass House Architects Office: Hiroshi Nakamura & Nap Co.,Ltd.
a) ENERGY CONSERVATION The thermal resistance (R-value) of glass blocks are double that of traditional single-glaze plate glass. It eliminates energy-wasting drafts and permits an exceptional amount of daylight to filter through. b) FIRE RESISTANT The blocks are manufactured to have a high mechanical resistance to the action of the flames, preventing their propagation. They also block the spread of heat and smoke for a certain period of time. c) Visibility and Light Transmission Glass block transmits 80 percent available light in both directions. Many design options are available, but simlarly, all types constantly transform and manipulate light.
Location: BNaka-Ku, Hiroshima-Shi, Hiroshima, Japan. Glass block material: Borrosillicate
d) DURABILITY AND COST EFFECTIVENESS Glass block is scratch-resistant, requires minimal maintenance and has a long-term life cycle. Any broken glass block can easily be replaced.
The facade spand 8.6 x 8.6m, and weighs a solid 13 tons. Solid glass wall are supported by steel rods suspended from a reinforced concrete and steel frame, that puncture through holes in the glass blocks.
e) CUSTOMIZABILITY Glass blocks are available in a range of designs, shapes, colours and forms. DISADVANTAGES SYSTEM DETAILS: STRINGING Standard dimensions per block: 235mm x 50mm x 50mm At a size of 8.6 sq mt (92.5 sq ft) the glass wall is supported by 75 stainless steel rods suspended from a reinforced concrete and steel frame, that puncture through holes in the glass blocks. Lateral stress is also reduced by embedding a 40 x 4 mm (1.57 x 0.16 in) steel flat bar within the glass blocks at 10 cm intervals. This reinforcement stipulated a 6 mm (0.24 in) sealing joint between blocks that enables the transparent effect to be achieved.
a) CHALLENGING CONSTRUCTION AND ASSEMBLY PROCESS Long and intricate assembly process is required to thread each block through rebar support.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS: Solid Glass Blocks made from Borosillicate The glass facade of Optical Glass House consists of 6000 handcrafted glass bricks. Their high degree of transpanrency was achieved using borosilicate, the material used to make optical glass. The difficult casting process required slow cooling to remove residual internal stress and achieve precise dimensions. Top to bottom: Glass casting and slow cooling process. A complete glass block, with micro-level surface asperities. Metal plate is embedded into the block.
DETAIL 1
DETAIL 2
NOTCHED SINGLE GLASS BLOCK DETAIL
DETAIL 1 PLAN VIEW OF GLASS BLOCKS THREADED THROUGH SUSPENDED BOLTS
DETAIL 3
DETAIL 2 The glass block facade weighs around 13 tons. Employing steel frame reinforced concrete, the steel beams were pre-tensioned and given an upward camber. Then, after giving it the load of the facade, concrete was cast around the beam, and in this way, minimized its size.
DETAIL 3 Glass block facade attached to the concrete floor slab.
ADVANTAGES: DOUBLE SKIN FACADE
PRECEDENT: FACADE SYSTEM
SYSTEM DETAILS: DRAWINGS
Type of Construction: Angled vertical sunshades
Steel sunshading louvres are attached to the exterior curves and terraces (projected at alternating lengths), enveloping the building from ground to roof. This creates a usable cavity shaded from sunlight for casual activities.
Materials used: Steel louvers
a) SIMPLE INSTALLATION Each profile is attached to the floor slab via brackets and screws. b) LIGHTWEIGHT PROFILE Thin, rectangular steel profiles and their connections are easily transported, installed and fixed on site.
CASE STUDY: ANGLED SUNSHADES Building: HIT3
c) PREFABRICATED UNITS Easy to manufacture (repetitive modules), thus ensuring speedy production.
Architects Office: Alejandro Gawianski Location: La Pampa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
d) SOLAR GAIN BENEFITS In cool climates the solar gain within the cavity may be circulated to the occupied space to offset heating requirements, while in hot climates the cavity may be vented out of the building to mitigate solar gain.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
The project, with a corner location and South orientation, searches for maximum natural lighting. The facade was generated by vertical sunshades located over different curves in each of the floors. The result from the contraposition of the lights and shadows is an illusionary effect of movement and a dynamic experience.
DISADVANTAGES: DOUBLE SKIN FACADE a) INCREASE IN MATERIAL COST The construction of double skin facade incurrs a higher overall cost due to the extra expenditure of materials. DETAIL SIDE ELEVATION
SYSTEM DETAILS: ANGLED SUNDHADE
SECTION A-A
b) LOSS OF USABLE FLOOR AREA The semi-outdoor space limits activities and floor space. c) VARYING HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES The presence of the cavity makes the modeling of energy performance and the prediction of savings debatable.
Detail 1: The steel sunshade fin is rectangular in profile measuring 4m in length. Each fin is attached at the top and bottom to the reinforced concrete floor slabs by a steel bracket with a screw bit. Detail 2: Each fin is arranged parallel to each other with a distance of 0.4m in between. A fin from the floor below is placed in between, creating a narrower gap. Detail 3&4: Using specialized software, each fin is angled according to the protrusion of the floor slab. DETAIL 3: LOURVER SECTION Top floor slab Recessed Bottom floor slab Projecting Vertical fin is tilted inwards (13°)
DETAIL 2: PLAN VIEW DETAIL 1: SECTION
DETAIL 4: LOURVER SECTION Top floor slab Projecting Bottom floor slab Recessed Vertical fin is tilted inwards (77°)
Thanks to its low self-weight relative to concrete alternatives, a steel solution will always allow significant savings to be made in foundations costs. Other cost benefits arise from steel’s inherent Type of Construction: Structural buildability and construction programme advantages
PRECEDENT: STRUCTURAL SYSTEM steel framing system
CASE STUDY: STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING Building: Eames House Architects Office: Charles and Ray Eames
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
a) FIRE PROOFING COST At 500 degrees celsius, mild steel can lose almost half its strength. Steel structures need to be fire-protected due to its low resistance.
a) DURABLITY AMD FLEXIBILITY The high strength of steel is paired with its versatile design ability to construct almost all building types. Widely used in high-rise, industrial and warehouses construction, steel structual framing is expanding to residential and commercial typologies. Forms range from long spans ro curved typologies.
Bolted steel construction occurs when steel fabricators produce Materials used: Steel structural finished and painted steel components, which are then shipped to the site and simply bolted in place. This is the preferred method b) SUSCEPTIBILITY TO BUCKLING components, connections of steel construction, as the bulk of the fabrication can be done in Steel sections usually consist of a combination of workshops, with the right machinery, lighting, and work conditions. thin plates. If these slender member are subjected to compression, there are greater chances of SYSTEM DETAILS: STEEL CONNECTIONS buckling. The steel structure consists of the basic component which are the section steel, such as beam, pillar and truss. After delivering to the construction site, installation and joinery is needed to accomplish the overall steel structure. A wide range of connection methods are available, such as bolting, welding, and riveting. STEEL COLUMN
Location: Los Angeles, USA
WIDE-FLANGE STEEL BEAM
The Eames House consists of one long, narrow, rectangular form about 175’ long by 20’ wide. The architect’s use of thin steel H-columns and open-web joists created an open, airy feeling in the house. The steel frame for each building within the Eames house was covered with corrugated decking, and the sides were filled with colored panels, sliding glass doors, and translucent, and transparent glass.
c) COST-EFFICIENT Steel construction is recyclable, besides having low maintanence fees. Recent innovation in steel construction has also increased its affordability.
BOLTS WEB CLEATS CONNECTION
L-PROFILE 60 X 80MM STEEL BEAM
STEEL GIRDER TO BEAM CONNECTION STEEL BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION
b) TIME-SAVING CONSTRUCTION Pre-fabricated components speed up construction time, resulting in lower labour costs. A wide range of ready-made structural sections are available, such as I, C, and angle sections
d) QUALITY CONTROL The mechanization used in prefabricated construction ensures precise conformity to building code standards and greater quality assurance, eliminating human error.
STEEL GIRDER
STEEL COLUMN
STEEL COLUMN
FIREPROOFING FOR STEEL STRUCTURES: INTUMESCENT COATINGS
WIDE-FLANGE STEEL BEAM
AXONOMETRIC OF STEEL FRAMING STRUCTURE OF EAMES HOUSE
STEEL BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION
L ANGLE CAN BE ATTACHED TO STEEL H-BEAM IN VARIOUS WAYS
SYSTEM DETAILS: H BEAMS
H beam, as one of the most common types of steel structure in construction, has a lot of advantages, such as flexural capacity, simple construction, cost saving and light weight. Steel structural intensity of H beam is higher than that of I beam. Under the same load bearing conditions, the section modulus of H beam is so large that can save 10%-15%of metal structure. H-beams have a wider flange, they also have a greater surface area on the cross section of the beam. This detail is crucial when beams are used as columns, vertical supports, due to the load distribution. The stress on a steel beam in compression is found by dividing the force on the beam (the load) by the surface area of the cross section. In this way, H-beams with their larger cross sectional area are under less stress.
SYSTEM DETAILS: STEEL ANGLES AND CHANNELS
Steel angles and channels are supplementary support profiles for areas that require high strength in a small footprint.
In the advent of a fire the Imtumescent paint expands up to 50 times its thickness It can act as a structural component, such as a rafter to form a char layer or insulating layer, the on a lightweight roof or the frame for a door, or it can char keeps the steel structural integrity serve as part of a fame or as bracing for heavier strucbelow critical temperature and therefore tural elements. It can also be used for purely decorative stabilises the steel structure of the buildpurposes, such as window frames or art projects. ing.
PRECEDENT: STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Type of Construction: Open web floor trusses Materials used: Engineered lumber, steel connections CASE STUDY: ENGINEERED OPEN WEB TRUSS
SYSTEM DETAILS: STEEL CONNECTIONS
Open web joists are composite timber and steel joists forming an open web design. This provides the lightness of timber with the strength of a steel web. Open-web trusses are analyzed as pin-connected trusses with continuity in the top chord member, which receives the superimposed loading. Allowable truss-member forces are designated in the product acceptance criteria or derived from material stresses therein. Chord members are analyzed considering both net section at panel points and gross sections between the panels. Allowable web member forces consider gross and net sections, pin bearing and buckling. Pin-connection details consider allowable bearing in the wood for both parallel and perpendicular-to-grain direction. Machine stress rated (MSR) lumber refers to sawn lumber that is mechanically evaluated for strength and stiffness, and then visually graded. Sawn lumber that is rated as MSR is regarded as high-quality material.
Manufacturer: Redbuilt
ADVANTAGES a) LIGHTWEIGHT AND SIMPLE INSTALLATION Trusses are lifted in rigid modules with the sheathing permanently attached; no steel workers or special installation crews are needed b) VERSATILE Easier and less expensive to remodel, install equipment and efficiently use the space - even if it’s divided into smaller areas c) FUTURE CONSTRUCTION The open web design means that using these joists offers a flexible solution for any future internal building layout modifications, plus they eliminate costly cutting and drilling when installing services or incorporating modern ventilation and heat recycling systems.
Redbuilt is an innovator od engineered wood products and structural components. Each truss is custom designed and engineered to verify that it meets all specified loading requirements.
DETAIL 1 ISOMETRIC DIAGRAM OF OPEN WEB TRUSS BEARING CLIPS
d) QUALITY CONTROL Open web joists are individually engineered, lightweight, durable and dimensionally precise. They are supplied along with all associated metalwork and timber ancillary materials
BEARING CLIPS
MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL DUCTING DETAILS
DISADVANTAGES a) FIREPROOFING Timber components allow fire to spread faster via the open web trusses. Thus, extra cost is needed to protect the trusses against fire. STRONG BACK BRIDGING ON BOTTOM CHORD
SYSTEM DETAILS: CONNECTIONS TO STEEL STRUCTURAL FRAMING
BEARING CLIPS METAL CROSS BRACING
NO-NOTCH CLIP
b) FLOOR VIBRATION Open web trusses are more prone to noise vibrations from floor, decreasing acoustical insulation. c) MAINTANENCE AND REPLACEMENT Compared to conventional concrete beam and floor supports, open web trusses have a shorter lifespan and higher need for upkeeping.
STEEL BEAM OR STUD WALL DETAIL 1 TOP CHORD BEARING ON STEEL BEAM
DETAIL 2 BOTTOM CHORD BEARING WITH CROSS BRACING U-CLIP
SPLIT WEB ON THE LAST BOTTOM CHORD DESIGNED TO MINIMIZE ECCENTRIC FORCES
PRECEDENT: WALL AND FLOOR SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES
Type of Construction: Hemp Panel Walls, Acoustic Floating Composite Floor
a) HEMP AS BUILDING MATERIAL Hempcrete can be used for everything from roof installation to flooring to wall construction.
Materials used: For walls - Hemp panels. For floors - concrete floor, steel decking, timber battens, gypsum board. CASE STUDY: Polstead House in Suffolk
b) ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY Hemp is energy-efficient, non-toxic and resistant to mold, insects and fire.
SYSTEM DETAILS: HEMP PANEL CONSTRUCTION
Hempcrete is a bio-composite made of the inner woody core of the hemp plant mixed with a lime-based binder. The hemp core or “Shiv” has a high silica content which allows it to bind well with lime. This property is unique to hemp among all natural fibers. The result is a lightweight cementitious material.
SYSTEM DETAILS: ACOUSTICAL FLOATING FLOOR SYSTEM Timber floor acoustic insulation products will add mass and dramatically reduce impact sound transmission at source. The addition of plasterboards, a dry screed board or proprietary screed will add further mass. Resilient ceiling bars will de-couple the ceiling and a fibrous slab or quilt will absorb sound in the ceiling void
c) HIGH PERFORMING, THERMALLY AND ACOUSTICALLY The fibrous and cellulose nature of hemp makes it a natural sound-insulating material. It also has a higher R-value, or thermal resistance, than concrete. d) COST EFFECTIVE On par with or less per square foot than a wood frame house. Standard dimensions per panel: 2400mm x 600mm x 130mm DETAIL 1 VERTICAL WALL PANELS OPENING DETAILS
Form: Tongue and groove modules Colour: Light beige natural colour exposing hemp raw material Finished texture: Smooth matt finishing exposing random hemp fines. Wall finishing for external use: 1) Paint finish - lime plaster 2) Cladding and subframe supports Wall finishing for external use: 1) Paint finish - lime plaster
DETAIL 1 VERTICAL WALL PANELS CORNER DETAIL
e) NATURAL VENTILATED The nature of hemp allows air to pass through, enabling easier air flow. d) FIRE RESISTANT DISADVANTAGES
ACOUSTICAL TIMBER FLOORING SYSTEM
a) SLOW CONSTRUCTION Typically a four-person team will produce approximately 16 m2 /day. b) LIGHT WALLS ● The wall is light – 375 kg/m c) SKILLED WORKMANSHIP ● ● The site team needs to become familiar with the product to get consistency of the mix and efficiency of construction.
STEEL BEAM METAL DECKING
d) IMPORT PRODUCT Currently, hemp shiv must be imported from Europe or Australia.
Acosustical timber flooring
PRECEDENT: ROOFING SYSTEM Type of Construction: Folded plate structure
Folded plate structures are assemblies of flat plates, or slabs, inclined in different directions and joined along their longitudinal edges. In this way the structural system is capable of carrying loads without the need for additional supporting beams along mutual edges.
Materials used: Lumber truss, structural steel components, strand board, galvanised steel sheet
CASE STUDY: FOLDED PLATE ROOF STRUCTURE Building: T-Nursery Architects Office: Uchida Architect Design Office Location: Dazaifu, Fukuoka, Japan
The structural characteristics of folding structure depend on: - The pattern of folding - Their basic geometrical basic shape - Materiality - Connection of folding plates SYSTEM DETAILS: THREE-SEGMENT FOLDED PLATE The roof of T-Nursery utilizes folded plate surface structure and folded plate frame structure. It is supported by timber trusses and held up by wide column framing embedded in the perimeter walls. The slanting prismatic and pitched roof forms a folding, repetitive structure. The top roof consists of several layers, galvanised steel sheet being the exterior layer and oriented strand board on the interior. The trusses are reinforced with steel connections.
ADVANTAGES: FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE
LOAD DISTRIBUTION: FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE
a) HIGH LOAD-CAPACITY Folded plate structures have an intrinsic rigidity and high load-carrying capacity which makes them economical over long spans that need to be free of internal columns and other obstructions. b) SIMPLE ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS c) RELATIVELY LOW CONSTRUCTION COST Compared to other types of shells, construction costs are low, since relatively simple formwork can be utilised d) AESTHETHICALLY PLAEASING FORM Folding plate structures create a dyamic form that contrasts the typical local pitched rooves. e) VARIOUS COVERINGS AVAILABLE FOR PITCHED ROOF Various types of covering materials are available and their selection depends upon the climatic conditions, fabrication facility, availability of materials and affordability of the owner. Commonly used pitched roof covering materials are:
The nursery is constituted as a one room space (9m span) which does not have a pillar inside of building. This becomes very useful for conversions to various uses (playroom etc.). Non-pillar space is achieved by applying a wooden truss beam to the roof structure which shapes like a folded plate.
-Thatch -Tiles -Shingle -Slates -Asbestos cement (A.C.) sheets -Galvanised iron (G.I.) sheets DISADVANTAGES a) REQUIRES MORE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Long and intricate assembly process is required to thread each block through rebar support. b) SKILLED LABOUR NEEDED Supervision and skilled labour is necessary for bending formwork.
SINGLE TRUSS PLANE
EXTERIOR FINISH: GALVANISED STEELSHEET ROOF
THREE-SEGMENT FOLDING PLANE
STEEL BRACING IS USED AS END STIFFENERS FOR EACH FOLD DOUBLE ARRANGEMENT OF TRUSS AT THE END OF EACH FOLD TO INCREASE RIGIDITY
Type of sheet connection: Standing seam roof system A structural standing seam roof panel system meets performance goals by being constructed with a raised portion where the two panels meet, enhancing overall weather resistance. In addition, the panels interlock in such way that allows thermal movement without damage.
ROOF SHEATHING: ORIENTED STRAND BOARD Oriented Strand Board is an engineered versatile structural wood panel shares many of the strength and performance characteristics of plywood. OSB’s combination of wood and adhesives creates a dimensionally stable panel that resists deflection and warping; likewise, panels resist racking and shape distortion when subjected to demanding wind and seismic conditions.
The diagram above shows the elements of a prismatic(rectangular plates) folded plate structure. EXTERNAL FORCES
AXIAL FORCE
SUPPORT FROM COLUMNS
First, the external forces are transferred to the shorter edge of a single folding element. There, the reaction as an axial forces is divided between the vadjacent elements. Then, the forces are transferred to the bearings.
FACADE DESIGN 1 GLASS BLOCK FACADE FRONT FACADE The glass block facade delineates both sides of the library, rising up vertically. The centre portion is fronted by panes of clear glazing mixed with glass blocks, with loose interior curtains. The glass block pattern on the sides creates visual focus to the centre glazing, combining transparency and translucence. Spaces fronted by glass block are planned to be naturally ventilated pocket gardens or secluded reading areas. Thus, an inner facade of solid concrete wall of glazing bhind it would seperate this space from the library interior.
Open-air spaces.
Open air exterior staircase.
Cantilevered mezzanine floor is facaded with glass work and glazing.
No facade at ground level to allow maximum public engagement.
FACADE DESIGN 1 GLASS BLOCK FACADE REAR FACADE Glass block facade is designed to enclose the fire staircase lobby on the side. This strategy provides a visual guide for library users as an emergency stairs, as well as pedestrians from ground level. The rest of the rear library spaces begin deeper within the building to shade from string sunlight.
Open air exterior staircase.
Open balcony spaces. Enclosed fire stairs lobby fronted by glass blocks.
FACADE DESIGN 2 ANGLED VERTICAL LOUVERS FRONT FACADE Vertical louvers function to delineate both sides of the library to visually emphasize the glass block facade in the centre . This double skin also aids with solar shading of the interior spaces, creating an extra layer of cavity that further diffuses natural dayligting, for more darker and private spaces. Spaces fronted by vertical louvers are planned to be naturally ventilated pocket gardens or secluded reading areas. Thus, an inner facade of glass blocks would seperate this space from the library interior.
Open-air spaces.
Open air exterior staircase.
Cantilevered mezzanine floor is facaded with vertical louvres and glazing.
No facade at ground level to allow maximum public engagement.
FACADE DESIGN 2 ANGLED VERTICAL LOUVERS REAR FACADE Vertical louvers facade is designed to enclose the fire staircase lobby on the side. This strategy provides a visual guide for library users as an emergency stairs, as well as pedestrians from ground level. The rest of the rear library spaces begin deeper within the building to shade from string sunlight.
Open air exterior staircase.
Open balcony spaces. Enclosed fire stairs lobby fronted by glass blocks.
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE 1 mezzanine floor
OPEN WEB TRUSS CONNECTION TO STEEL FRAMING Detail 4
ACOUSTIC FLOATING FLOORING Detail 3
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMING CONNECTION Detail 5
overall libarry section
Truss is connected to steel beam using tension control bolts.
SOLID GLASS BLOCK FACADE CONNECTION AND ASSEMBLY Detail 1
Detail 1
Detail 4
Detail 5 Detail 2
Detail 2
Pocket garden
Glass sliding door
Detail 3
Detail 2
Detail 1
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE 1 READING SPACE overall libarry section
Detail 2
FOLDED PLATE ROOF STRUCTURE Detail 1
Detail 4 HEMP PANEL WALL CONNECTION Detail 2&3
Mezzanine floor FLOOR SLAB
REINFORCING BAR IN GROUT FILLED CEMENT DOWEL / WALL STRAP ANCHOR
LIME MORTAR BED
HEMP WALL PANEL ASSEMBLY Detail 4 Detail 3
references
* T-Nursery / Uchida Architect Design Office. (2013, April 13). Retrieved June 21, 2017, from http://www.archdaily.com/359474/t-nursery-uchida-architect-design-office * The Architectural Review By Ken Tadashi Oshima. (2016, August 19). Optical Glass House, Hiroshima, Japan -By Ken Tadashi Oshima. Retrieved June 21, 2017, from https://www.glassonweb.com/article/optical-glass-house-hiroshima-japan-ken-tadashi-oshima * Open-Web Trusses. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2017, from http://www.redbuilt.com/commercial-systems/open-web-trusses *Lau, A. (n.d.). The Eames House. Retrieved June 21, 2017, from http://constructionlitmag. com/featured-posts/the-eames-house/ *Masum Shah, -- Follow. (2016, January 12). Folded plate structure. Retrieved June 21, 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/MasumShah1/folded-plate-structure-56963945