November 2009
Making connections for a better world
A Tsunami of Tourism
Mega Cities and Climate Change
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Taking action for disability Commonwealth People placing the Commonwealth firmly on the international agenda. Once you have read Commonwealth People please pass it on.
POSTER SPECIAL
Commonwealth women ski to the South Pole » PAGE 4
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HUMAN & DEVELOPMENT
FOCUS » KENYA
COMMONWEALTH PEOPLE
Debating Disability That disabled people do not enjoy equal access to their human rights has been internationally acknowledged since the mid-1980s. The majority of people with disabilities live in poverty. For this 10% of the population society itself tends to be excluding, discriminatory, at best condescending, and ultimately disabling.
East Africa’s Young Carers It’s sometimes said that the global economy is like an iceberg. Most visible is the formal economy but below the surface lies all the unspoken unformalised infrastructure which includes social care. And some of the most invisible carers of all are young people. Because they care for other family members, young carers are often excluded from personal and social opportunities other young people might enjoy. They are often poverty-stricken, isolated and without appropriate policy support. What’s in a name? In Kenya, the term “young carers” itself is not well known; mostly they are referred to as orphans and vulnerable children (OVC), which makes it hard for people to understand who they are, their concerns and their needs. “Despite minimal recognition and the stigma attached to the loss of parents or guardians, young people have stood up as advocates for others who are unable to speak for themselves,” explains Hon. Elizabeth Ongoro, Assistant Minister for Nairobi. In June/July 2009 Kenyan social workers active in the Commonwealth Organisation for Social Work (COSW), with funding from the Commonwealth Foundation, held four workshops in and around Nairobi. Over sixty under-21s from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania took part, with the aims of: • Sharing experiences and good practice • Establishing networks of support in Kenya and the region • Drafting proposals for Ministers in the three countries. This work built on a 2006 meeting organised by the UK government and in 2007 when two young Kenyan carers had met with Beverley Hughes, UK Minister for Children, Young People and Families. To feel loved “It feels good to belong to a group where you feel accepted and loved,” said one workshop participant. “Henceforth I will be able to speak out with courage because I know I am not alone.” Kenya is still recovering from the turmoil of 2008, which has made the work of trying to raise awareness all the more difficult. Also, the violence that broke out gave rise to a number of new young carers. Established in 1994, COSW is for citizens of the Commonwealth who are interested in supporting social work and social development. Its work includes human settlements, disaster response and promoting the code of ethics of the International Federation of Social Workers.
In September 2008 Sri Lanka’s Central Council of Disabled Persons developed a National Plan of Action, at a workshop, held in Negambo. It brought together the leaders of 24 disability organisations from Sri Lanka and one from Pakistan. The workshop was funded by the Commonwealth Foundation. My disability – whose problem? Participants saw the need to bring their Plan of Action into line with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. By signing the Convention, Commonwealth countries recognise that disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments (physical, mental, intellectual or sensory) and the barriers that hinder their full and equal participation in society. Our rights are Human Rights The UN Disabilities Convention is unique in being both a development and a human rights instrument. It is legally binding. Its purpose is “to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity.” Ratifying countries prohibit all discrimination on the basis of disability. Disabled people “shall have effective enjoyment of the universal right to life,” on an equal basis with others. Disabled people must be recognised as persons before the law, and enjoy legal capacity. They must be able to own and inherit property, and have access to credit. They must have effective access to justice, on an equal basis with others. A duty to act States that ratify the Convention must take all appropriate measures to promote disabled people’s rights. This includes: • Taking account of disabled people’s rights in policies and programmes • Eliminating discrimination, stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices • Training and awareness-raising through media and education, including for health and legal professionals • Involving civil society and disabled people when implementing the Convention. Specific groups Women and girls with disabilities are subject to multiple discrimination and realising their rights will take specific measures. Children with disabilities have the right to express their views and have them taken into account. This is because the Convention is intended to prevent concealment, abandonment, neglect and segregation of people with disabilities. Enabling them to attain maximum independence means rehabilitation at the earliest stage: during childhood.
The Convention also has provisions on: • Freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse • Respect for home and family life • Personal mobility • E xpression, participation and access to information • Education • Health • Work, employment and standard of living • Cultural life, leisure and sport Participation is important to identify specific needs, and to empower the individual. It is recognised in the Convention as a principle, an obligation and a right. Next Steps Participants at the Negambo workshop aim to move forward with training, publicity and setting up a fund to support their Plan of Action – ensuring that women and youth are fully involved. The ultimate goal is for Sri Lanka to fully implement the Convention.
Daveanan Seekarie (in wheelchair) instructing trainees at NCPD in the craft of Bookbinding, Trinidad and Tobago.
What is my country doing about it? To find out if your country has signed and ratified the Convention, and for other news, visit: www.un.org/disability or www.thecommonwealth.org/humanrights Guides to the Convention can be ordered from: Human Rights Unit Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House, Pall Mall London SW1Y 5HX, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)20 7747 6423 Fax: +44 (0)20 7747 6418 E-mail: hru@commonwealth.int The Commonwealth Foundation is grateful to the Human Rights Unit for their assistance in preparing this article.
GOVERNANCE & DEMOCRACY
November 2009
A Tsunami of Tourism The tsunami in December 2004 was the biggest natural disaster in modern history. Some 230,000 people lost their lives, many more their homes and livelihoods. Many survivors along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka used to fish to earn their living, farmed close to the sea or relied on low scale tourism.
But then came a second, man-made catastrophe. The disruption from the tsunami has been used as an opportunity to move local people off the land, making way for luxury tourism development. “Disaster capitalism” Thyagarajan, a fisherman from Kerala, India explains: “The land which I owned had lots of coconut, and I was able to live with that. Now I have to go for casual work. I was not interested to sell the land. They bought the land on either side and put up a fence. And then they started to file false cases against me saying that I was breaking their fence. The agent was doing this because if I didn’t move he wouldn’t get broker fees. I was harrassed by them. At last I sold my land.” There are many like Thyagarajan. Whole communities have been talked into selling by developers, only realising the consequences when it is too late. Developers have also been ‘privatising’ communal beachfront land by posting security guards. In Tamil Nadu, on India’s east coast, whole communities remain in temporary shelters while their homeland is sold: a prime example of what Canadian journalist Naomi Klein has called “Disaster Capitalism” (The Shock Doctrine, 2008).
Dream destination Tourism Concern, a UK charity which fights exploitation in tourism and campaigns for more ethical, fairly traded forms of tourism, is working with local organisations to stop this process. Survivors and experienced civil society activists are sharing their knowledge to push for more just and sustainable land use. As part of this work, the Commonwealth Foundation supported a study visit for young Sri Lankan activists in their twenties to learn from their counterparts in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. At the heart of human rights work is access to information; the Sri Lankans learned methods of monitoring and documenting abuses. They received three days of theoretical teaching, as well as visiting the affected communities. Sumesh Mangalassary, an Indian researcher, policy analyst and campaigner said of the visit: “We need to learn from each other. This is the starting point of a big dream: a regional network of groups working on tourism related issues.”
For more information and to see what action you can take, please visit www.tourismconcern.org.uk
Developing Democracy Under the 2005 constitution the Kingdom of Swaziland is an absolute monarchy. The monarch (His Majesty King Mswati III) approves the Prime Minister, approves the cabinet and can veto laws and dissolve parliament, though no longer rules by decree. Under the tinkhundla electoral system, there is a parliament of two houses. The House of Assembly has up to 76 members, ten (including at least five women) appointed by the monarch, 60 elected by tribal or community committees and four women elected by the two houses of parliament (one from each region). The Senate has up to 31 members, with ten chosen by the Assembly (including at least five women) and 20 by the monarch (at least eight women)... The electoral system is intricate and there have been concerns about the participation of the 70% of Swazi people who live in rural areas. A forward step had to be taken. That’s why Swaziland’s Coordinating Assembly of NGOs (CANGO, established 1983) decided to do a civic/election education project, funded by the Commonwealth Foundation. CAN-GO Attitude The constitution provided for an independent judiciary and for human rights, including freedom of assembly and association, but it made no reference to political parties. In 2008 CANGO took the
view that: “Although it is still not clear if political parties will be legalised to contest political power, the citizens need to be empowered to understand the legal issues regarding the elections, the role and responsibilities of voters, how to exercise the right to vote and the roles of elected officials in representing the interests of constituencies.” The project involved: • Developing a civic education guide • Selecting trainers • Delivering the training to around 1200 people, through five NGOs • Preparing press kits, including information in the Siswati language for twice-daily broadcast on national radio • Reaching out to specific groups such as the disabled, women and youth • Bringing together the Civil Society Elections Network, and partnering with the Elections and Boundaries Commission. CANGO started life as an umbrella body for NGOs working in primary health care, still a great concern in a country with one of the highest rates of HIV infection (39.2% in 2006). CANGO is heartened that the 2008 elections went ahead successfully without intimidation or fraud with queues of voters forming at dawn to wait patiently in the sun.
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Two Cheers for “Aid Effectiveness” When people talk of “aid effectiveness” they are often referring to the 2005 Paris Declaration on the issue – signed by donor countries of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) as well as developing countries and multilateral institutions. Learn the lingo That agreement focused on five principles: Ownership – Developing countries must lead their own development policies and strategies. Alignment – Donors must line up their aid firmly behind these country strategies. It should not be “tied” to donor objectives. Harmonisation – Donor’s development work should be better coordinated. Managing for Results – A focus on the end result of aid, the tangible difference it makes in poor people’s lives. Mutual Accountability – Donors and recipients of aid being accountable to each other, to citizens and parliaments. Offering an alternative Civil society has also established its own Aid Effectiveness Forum, currently steered by 18 NGOs. They met in Ghana in August 2008, ahead of the High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in September. Funding from the Commonwealth Foundation ensured that participants from Nigeria, Malawi, Uganda, Kenya and South Africa could attend. According to the Ghana Forum on Aid Effectiveness (and most other civil society forum members), the Paris Declaration is at best about reducing the costs of giving aid. It is weaker on women, youth, debt reduction, decent work, the environment and human rights – in short, the ingredients of pro-poor policy. This chimes with other Commonwealth voices. As far back as 2006, in his letter to the G8 group of industrialised economies, then Commonwealth Secretary-General Don McKinnon warned, “The focus to date on implementing the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness has been more on improving the efficiency of aid and agency processes, and less on the substance of aid effectiveness such as gender equality and harmonisation of development co-operation with trade policies.” Quantity as well as quality For Commonwealth Finance Ministers meeting in St Lucia in October 2008, what was important about aid was its quality and quantity; they repeated the call for donors to fulfill their commitments – to allocated 0.7% of income to aid, to double their aid by 2010 and to double their aid to Sub-Saharan Africa. Only then will civil society be dissuaded...
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POSTER SPECIAL
COMMONWEALTH PEOPLE
November 2009
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We need a jolt sometimes to realise that what we know isn’t necessarily all there is.” Commonwealth women (UK, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Ghana, India, Jamaica, New Zealand, Singapore) gather in the remote wilderness of Arctic Norway. Selected from over 800 applicants, they have never experienced extreme sub-zero temperatures before. One woman per country will be selected for the final team that will ski to the South Pole, a 40 day expedition aiming to arrive on Yew Year’s Day. The Commonwealth Foundation funded women from Ghana and Jamaica to travel to Norway for snow training.
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CULTURE
canny businesswoman; Krishnaveni, a grave digger who is given the abysmal task of taking unclaimed bodies in whatever state and burying them with her own bare hands; and sea-going fisherwoman, Sethuraku, who was given a man’s profession by her uncle in order to survive and support her family. These women are incredible: hilarious, cunning and strong. They each display power in their own selfawareness and assertiveness.”
Audience at the 2009 Birds Eye View Film Festival, BFI Southbank. London.
More information, including short videos on Birds Eye View Festivals (2008 and 2009) can be accessed from www.birds-eye-view.co.uk.
COMMONWEALTH PEOPLE
and communications technology to embrace Open and Distance Learning (ODL). Tertiary education institutions are recognised as key partners in the Commonwealth Plan of Action for Gender Equality; and the Commonwealth Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment. The Commonwealth stresses the importance of women’s technical education not only for employment, but also for enabling women to shape political and economic policy. Governments make promises, but to deliver they must turn to skilled technicians.
(Not just) Screen goddesses Roadmap for growth Film is a growing and vibrant means of communication. All over the Commonwealth’s 53 countries people are watching and making films. There are notable success stories such “Bollywood” (Mumbai, India) which is now producing the most films in the world. More recently Nigeria has seen the rapid development of its video industry, meeting demand at home and increasingly for international and diaspora markets. But who’s in the director’s chair? Since the early days of cinema, film making and distribution has been dominated by a handful of countries. People in developing countries have struggled to see their own stories on the cinema screen, and to take those stories to a wider world. People in developed countries have been denied knowledge of other cultures. Women especially, are still an excluded voice: only 6% of film directors and 12% of screenwriters are women. But there are signs that the tide is turning, not least with technological changes reducing costs and offering alternative platforms for distribution. A growing variety of international film festivals are widening the distribution possibilities. Birds Eye View is the first major women’s film festival in the UK. The 2009 event ran for nine days in March, with 70 events in London and cinemas across the country. It reached an audience of 11,000. The Commonwealth Foundation supported women film makers from developing countries to attend. It also supported a screening of three films: • “Goddesses” directed by Leena Manimekalai, India, 2007; • “Ras Star” directed by Wunuri Kahiu, Kenya/South Africa, 2006; • “The Vegetarian Super Machine” directed by Camille Selvon Abrahams, Trinidad and Tobago, 2007.
The vast majority of today’s citizens survive by working in the “informal” – unregulated economy: 92% of people in India, and 28m migrant workers in the developing world alone. Meanwhile, unequal trade liberalisation favours manufactured goods rather than primary commodities and trade barriers cost developing countries $100bn a year, twice as much as they receive in aid. This makes it hard for developing Commonwealth countries to overcome debt.
Young men complete part of their metal work course in Northern Uganda.
TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) has emerged as an important strategy for changing this picture to produce a workforce that can break out of the poverty trap. A 1999 study of nearly 100 countries suggests that Sub-Saharan Africa could have added several percentage points to its growth rates, had it invested more in girl’s education and women’s formal sector employment. There are 30m children outside school and in the workforce worldwide (two thirds of them girls). So what are the most promising approaches to TVET delivery, particularly for women and girls? What curriculum innovations have worked? How can TVET institutions make globalisation work for them? Team TVET These were some of the questions tackled in December 2008 by CAPA, the Commonwealth Association of Polytechnics in Africa, at their conference in Banjul, The Gambia. Seventy participants from eight African countries took part. A grant from the Commonwealth Foundation ensured the participation of seven international delegates, five of them women.
Goddesses dir. Leena Manimekalai
Hits and Misses According to critic Tamsyn Dent, Leena Manimakalai’s award-winning documentary “Goddesses” gives an entirely different perspective of Indian women then the traditional one we are used to seeing. “This documentary looks at the lives of three women; Lakshmi, a professional funeral singer and
Multiplier CAPA has a membership of 120 institutions; it impacts 10,000 teachers and in turn a student body of 250,000. This makes it a major player alongside the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Commonwealth of Learning and the 28 providers of the Commonwealth Diploma in Youth Development Work. All of these networks are using information
Joining Hands for Peace Swift Response “Until very recently, we in Ghana have enjoyed relative interfaith peace in comparison with neighbours such as Nigeria, The Gambia and Sierra Leone,” explains His Royal Highness Togbe Kwame Akoto V. “This was shattered in late 2008 when violence broke out between traditional worshippers and Christians in my area (Tanyigbe, Volta region). “A traditional masquerade was unmasked by some Christian adherents – which was felt to be a violation. For their part, the Christians felt the masquerades disrupted their outdoor worship. There were injuries and a number of churches were burnt down; it took the intervention of us community leaders to stop the conflict spreading.” Building on crisis talks, in January this year the Commonwealth Foundation funded a workshop for thirty media professionals, community and faith leaders from Ghana – also The Gambia, Cameroon, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. The meeting was spearheaded by Ghanaian NGO Royal Care and Support, of which King Akoto V is Executive President. The main goal was to create a network capable of keeping interfaith dialogue going on a continual basis. Respect and Understanding “Respect and Understanding” and interfaith dialogue have become Commonwealth watchwords in recent years. In 2007 a high-level Commission chaired by Nobel Prize-winner Professor Amartya Sen released a report on the issue, “Civil Paths to Peace.” In response, Commonwealth Heads of Government, meeting in Uganda agreed to extend the conflict prevention side of their work – with young people, women, education, and the media as priority areas. The Commonwealth Youth Programme held consultations on the issue in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and the Pacific, and peacebuilding be-came the theme of the Commonwealth Youth Ministers Meeting in 2008. Reporting to another prominent Ghanaian, Kofi Annan, the UN found in 2005 that “Relatively cheap investments in civilian security through police, judicial and rule-of-law reform, local capacitybuilding for human rights and reconciliation [and for] public sector service delivery can greatly benefit long–term peacebuilding...Failure to successfully implement such programmes will result in youth unemployment and fuel the development of criminal gangs and violence and ultimately a relapse into conflict.” (UN Secretary General’s High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change)
COMMUNITIES & LIVELIHOODS
November 2009
Megacities and Climate Change
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FOCUS » CLIMATE CHANGE
Countdown to Copenhagen As Commonwealth People goes to press, we anxiously await the United Nations Climate Change Conference, to be held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in December 2009. • In May, Commonwealth Health Ministers focused on climate change at their annual meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, and called on Commonwealth Heads of Government to forge strong international climate change arrangements that will support the smallest, poorest and most vulnerable regions. • In July, Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma told Commonwealth MPs gathered in the UK that the world is looking to parliamentarians to work in committee, to vote budgetary resources and to support action at national level. • September marked the twentieth anniversay of a Commonwealth wake-up call. ‘Climate Change: Meeting the Challenge’ was a 1989 study which concluded that the world’s poor would be the “main victims”. In the annual Commonwealth Lecture this year, Terry Waite called climate change “priority number one”.
For the first time in history, more people are living in cities than in rural areas. The UN forecasts that today’s urban population of 3.2 billion will rise to nearly 5 billion by 2030, when three out of five people will live in cities. Although most of the growth will be in “small” cities of 1-2 million inhabitants, there are also the “Megacities” – metropolitan areas with over 10 million.
How to spot a megacity The Commonwealth’s megacities are Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata (India); Karachi (Pakistan); Dhaka, (Bangladesh); Lagos (Nigeria); and London (UK). Some of these are growing at 4-5 per cent annually. Nine new megacities are emerging in India and Pakistan. Built environment This is a huge human development challenge. The world’s slum dwellers increase in number by 25 million a year: people with little or no access to proper sanitation, education, healthcare, or the formal economy. In the longer term the land and water use, enegy efficiency and carbon footprint of these settlements will determine whether humankind can develop sustainably – or will “reap the whirlwind” of extreme climate change. Today, cities are responsible for three quarters of greenhouse gas emmissions. According to Nicky Gavron, former Deputy Mayor of London, “Leadership from national governments is crucial in tackling climate change, but when it comes to practical action on the ground, cities are centre stage.”
Visionaries In November 2008, 150 leaders from government, civil society and business met at Xochitla Ecological Park, Tepotzotlan (Mexico) to discuss the issue. The Commonwealth Foundation funded NGO leaders from India, Pakistan and Nigeria to take part. Using Mexico City as an example, participants explored the challenges and opportunities presented by rapid urbanisation, and discovered what kind of leadership skills are needed to bring about sustainable solutions. LEAD International, the organisers, have been training mid-career professionals since the Rio Earth Summit of 1992. “You can always tell when there’s a cadre of LEAD people in an organisation,” says Maurice Strong, Undersecretary General at the United Nations. “It changes that organisation. It gives it a new life, new energy and frankly, new relevance.” Rt Hon Michael Meacher MP, the former UK Minister of the Environment agrees: “We need leaders who can inspire people; who are well informed on the issues; who are committed and motivated. LEAD is exactly the right kind of organisation.”
Responding to criticism All eyes are on international air travel as one of the largest and fastest growing sources of the climate change gas, carbon dioxide. In 2003 the industry, with support from the UK government, set up The Travel Foundation, an independent charity, to try and understand, manage and take effective action on sustainable tourism. Six years on, they have a full programme of activities with projects in thirteen countries. This year the Commonwealth Foundation joined forces with them to support a study visit, aimed at spreading sustainable farming practices from The Gambia in West Africa to Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean. “Gambia is Good” (GIG), a model farm which sold almost £80,000 of produce to hotels and restaurants last year, has been particularly successful in working with youth and women farmers developing new crop varieties and strands that are resistant to climate change and drought. Micro-gardening is another innovative production technique which focuses on growing crops on simple tables using local resources such as rice hulls, ground nut shells, or gravels as a soil replacement. The GAMHORT Micro-gardening Project is aimed at alleviating poverty and food insecurity among vulnerable communities in peri-urban, urban and rural areas of The Gambia. The 150 beneficiaries targeted include household women without access to land, unemployed youth as well as people living with HIV and AIDS. Travel broadens the mind Having visited GIG, Rebecca Baines of Tobago said, “The trip not only brought new ideas to me but it was also a lesson in history. Exchanges should be encouraged as the lessons learned cannot be obtained through reading a document.”
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Many people in Commonwealth countries are unaware of their rights, or are Friends of the Commonwealth support projects that have lasting prevented from demanding them. Opportunities to help themselves are a distant dream and the cycle of poverty remains unbroken, generation after generation. impact, helping people around the Commonwealth exercise Taking action for Help make a difference their rights to live in peace, to work and care for their families those in need Join us today and to speak freely without fear of persecution.
Before I had nothing, but after attending the training from Pemba my life has changed. I have used the knowledge to start my own henna painting buisness. The income I get helps me to care for my family and send my children to school.”
Friends of the Commonwealth supports projects that strengthen livelihoods and give people a voice in determining their own future. Friends are ordinary people, just like you, unified by a desire to provide the knowledge skills and opportunity for disadvantaged people around the world to help themselves.
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Fatma Hamad Fatma took part in a women’s livelihoods project as part of the Pemba Panorama outreach programme, supported by Friends of the Commonwealth.
Although Friends is a relatively new organisation, it already has Chapters in a number of Commonwealth countries and is planning to establish many more. Getting in touch with your national chapter couldn’t be easier. Write to Paul Easton, Friends of the Commonwealth, Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London SW1Y 5HY or email us at friends@commonwealth.int
The Commonwealth Foundation Making connections for a better world Funded principally by Commonwealth governments, we work to make civil society organisations stronger, so that they are in a better position to support citizens and governments. We work in four programme areas: culture, governance & democracy, human development and communities & livelihoods. Grant-giving is a vital part of our work. Our grants enable organisations to learn from and be inspired by the work of other organisations. We bring people together. We make people’s voices heard. We encourage sharing of knowledge and learning. The views of the contributors to Commonwealth People do not necessarily reflect those of the Commonwealth Foundation © November 2009
Commonwealth People is published by: Commonwealth Foundation Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London, SW1Y 5HY United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0) 20 7930 3783 Fax +44 (0) 20 7839 8157 E-mail geninfo@commonwealth.int Web www.commonwealthfoundation.com Director Dr Mark Collins
Editorial Andrew Robertson Editor Marcie Shaoul ISSN 1475-2042 Design and print www.sugarfreedesign.co.uk Photography Victoria Holdsworth Rebecca Nduku Maryse Roberts James Robertson Mwambu Wanendeya Namini Wijedasa Daniel Woolford
Cover image SIERRA LEONE, Freetown The Single Leg Amputee Sports Club play football on the beach. Photographer: Sven Torfinn, 2005 © Panos