Agro-Green Architecture Graduation Thesis Book

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AGRO GREEN A

SO L U T ION T O FE E D T H E W O R L D IN T H E 2 1ST C E NT UR Y

An undergraduate architectural thesis submitted to The Department Of Architecture & Design Abu Dhabi University

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor’s Degree of Architecture

By Sultana Fatima Almass ID: 1060742

Under the supervision of Dr. Mohamed Elkaftangi

December, 2020 Abu Dhabi, UAE

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E L B A T

CONTENTS F O

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

P R E C E D E N T

S I T E

A N A L Y S I S

F A R M I N G

D A T A

S T U D I E S

T E C H N O L O G Y

C O L L E C T I O N

&

A N A L Y S I S

P R O G R A M M I N G

C O N C E P T U A L

D E S I G N / P R E L I M I N A R Y

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

A P P E N D I C E S

D E S I G N

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

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1

1.0 1 .1 1.2 1 .3 1.4 1.5

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D E F I N I N G

P R O J E C T

T H E

P R O B L E M

D E S C R I P T I O N

R A T I O N A L E

B E H I N D

H I S T O R I C A L

R E S E A R C H

S E L E C T I N G

A C C O U N T

S T A T E M E N T

A N D

A N D

T H E

C U R R E N T

G O A L S

P R O J E C T

I M P L E M E N T A T I O N

1.1 Defining the Problem Cities around the world are growing at a fast pace and becoming rapidly urbanized.

They are growing not just in quantity but also in density because of the rapid growth of the population and because half of the population of the countries move from rural areas to urban areas. According to the UN, 55% of the world’s population live in urban areas and is expected to increase to 68% by 2050. UAE is one of the many countries that has been influenced by urbanization. As the population continues to increase, food production also needs to grow to feed the people. However, due to the rapid growth of population and land use, there has been an increase in pollutants, and environment degradation which has caused unfavourable effects on agriculture in the UAE.

Urban dwellers do not understand the value of farming, which has helped us to feed people up to this point. They have no understanding of where and how food is being produced and distributed. People have become very dependent on powerful, profit-minded, unsustainable business to bring huge amount of produce from industrial farms into our markets and home. Moreover, in the UAE conventional methods of farming can no longer produce enough food for the increasing population as there is approximately 0.62658% existing arable land, shortage of water supply, climate change that’s affecting growing seasons, as well as increase in smog & pollution which is mainly caused from factories and farms.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: URBANIZATION FROM 2009-2019

EXISTING ARABLE LAND IN U.A.E

100 83.74%

84.09%

84.42%

84.75%

85.07%

85.38%

85.67%

85.97%

86.25%

86.52%

86.79%

1

75

0.75 50

0.5 25

0.25

F i g . 1. 1. 1: U AE U rba ni z ati o n Gr aph

POTENTIAL WORLD FOOD SHORTAGE BY 2050

38% of the Earth's total landmass

Feeds

World Population 6.2 Billion

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To Feed

Projected World Population 9.2 Billion

2010

2050

80% of the total arable land on earth is currently used for the production of food. That's equivalent to the size of South America.

An area the size of Brazil is required to feed at least 3 billion more people. This amount of arable land is not available on Earth.

F i g . 1. 1. 3: Fo o d Sho rtag e b y 2050

20 19

20 18

20 17

20 16

20 15

20 14

20 13

20 12

20 11

20 10

20 09

0

0

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

F i g . 1. 1. 2: U AE Exi st i ng Arabl e Land Gra p h

These irreversible damages are so widespread that it endangers the rest of the course of our life and will continue to worsen at increasing rates if we do not address these problems. To avoid a global environmental calamity and a mass famine in the future we need to find an alternative approach of food production, one such way is through growing huge amount of produce within vertical buildings, warehouse or containers; the term for it is – vertical farming.

1.2 Project Description “We live vertically, so why can’t we farm vertically?”

This selected project is a vertical farm that plans on designing our cities with food in mind which allows us to eliminate the physical distance between humans and their food. This approach educates humans about food, make food production a discussion about urban life and will encourage them to involve themselves in agricultural practices. Vertical farm is the solution for an innovative, sustainable, and economic efficient 21st century urbanism.

The project will include hydroponics and aeroponics methods of farming as it is the appropriate solution for UAE’s harsh weather condition and limited arable land available. Moreover, it will act as an ecoservice to the city by incorporating food production spaces, food market for the urban dwellers, exhibition, education and research facilities to create awareness and educate them on sustainable methods of farming, gardens and viewing platforms for social spaces and natural views, etc.

Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops and produce using very little water and no soil by stacking them vertically in structures like skyscrapers, old warehouse, containers, etc. This practice uses indoor farming technology and controlled environment agriculture (CEA); which controls the environmental factors such as artificial light, humidity, temperature etc.

(Royston & M.P, 2018)

F i g . 1. 2. 2: V erti cal F armi ng Po ds

F i g . 1. 2. 1: V erti cal l y Stacked Far mi ng Met h o d

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Vertical farming uses farming method such as: Soil-based system: in this method plants are potted in trays of spoil and nutrients in the form of mist, which are sprayed periodically.

Aeroponic system: in this method the roots of the plants are sprayed periodically with a mist that provides the plant with nutrients, hydration, and oxygen for growth.

Hydroponic system: in this method plants are grown without the help of soil and the roots are dipped in water that contains nutrients.

In these farming methods, plants are grown with nutrient mineral solutions, sometimes exposed to artificial lights and sometimes natural light, however, this process does not require the use of soil. With the help of artificial light, vertical farms allow crops to be grown all year-round. Additionally, they do not have any bugs or weeds, therefore the use of pesticides and other harmful chemicals are not needed. (Calderone, 2017)

It is a world changing innovation that will allow every town to have their own local food production in the most sustainable way. It is a solution to feed the increasing world population and designing a place for relaxation for urban dwellers.

1.3 Rationale Behind Selecting the Project Traditional farming focuses more on profit and commercial gain rather than paying attention to the harm its causing on both the human health and the natural environment. They cause deforestation, loss of biodiversity, greenhouse gas emission, soil erosion, soil contamination, and produces excessive wastewater. Vertical farms will be able to create more food on lesser land than compared to conventional farming.

Furthermore, they use a more efficient and sustainable method by not only conserving water, energy and cutting down pollution but also by improving the economy of the city, restoring the economy, providing job opportunities and giving access to healthy food. ( Al-Kodmany, 2018) F i g . 1. 3. 1: Exampl e o f V erti cal Far mi ng To w e r s

With the increasing population and the current pandemic situation, food security is an important issue in the 21st century. Food demand will surpass its supply which could lead to mass famine. Hence, vertical farming will play a major role in the choreography of food production. As already mentioned, UAE has very little arable land left as suburban development continue to occupy more farmland. Vertical farming decreases the need for agriculture land and is the best suited for countries like UAE with limited arable land and plenty of sunlight.

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F i g . 1. 3. 2: Tradi ti o na l Farmi ng causes d e fo r e stati o n, l o ss o f b i o di v ers i ty , etc.

With urban lands expanding and using up more water, it will not be long until we suffer from water crisis. While conventional farms around the world are using more than two-thirds of the ocean’s fresh water, vertical farms use high technology methods such as hydroponics and aeroponics farming that uses less water; 1/10th of what is used in conventional farming, which is offering precision irrigation and effective scheduling. ( Al-Kodmany, 2018)

Finally, vertical farming could be a strategy to reconnect urban dwellers with nature. It helps in educating people about the food they are eating and how it is produced, while also building a community by providing green spaces and recreational places that are efficient, sustainable, as well as, ecologically benefitting the cities.

Fig. 1.3.3: 70% of global water consumption is used for traditional farming, causing rivers and lakes to dry up.

Vertical farming uses controlled environment agriculture (CEA) which will allow crops and produces to be less exposed to the different climates, infestation, pesticides, fertilizers, polluted water runoff etc, hence, providing a healthier environment for crops to grow, further reducing the damage conventional farming has caused to the world’s ecosystem. In addition, vertical farming is a low-impact system that drops transportation costs by reducing the distance of travel between farms and market in the suburbs when they are placed strategically in urban areas, making it possible to sell the crops directly to consumers. ( Al-Kodmany, 2018)

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Fig. 1.3.4: Pesticides and fertilizers have more than doubled the nitrogen and phosphorus in our environment, contaminating our soil and drinking water.

Fig. 1.3.5: Schematic Diagram of a Vertical Farm

TRADITIONAL FARMING

In traditional farms crops are grown horizontally hence occupying more land resulting in loss of agriculture land.

VERTICAL FARMING

In vertical farms, crops are vertically stacked in layers which decreases the need for agriculture land.

80% Soil

0% Soil

Traditional farming use at least 80% soil to grow crops

Vertical farming do not rely on soil for growing crops, instead, they use agricultural waste.

5 0 % of crops planted are

9 0 % of crops planted are

Not Harvested

Harvested

70% Water

5% Water

Traditional farming uses 70% of fresh water. 50-80% of which is lost to evaporation and runoff

2.3 Million Kg Traditional farming uses 2.3 million kg of pesticides in its farms causing food contamination

Food Miles

On average food travels from 1500 to 2500 miles during transportation

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VS

Vertical farming uses minimal water by using farming methods like hydroponics and aeroponics

No Pesticides

Vertical farming does not require pesticides as they use controlled environment agriculture (CEA) that keeps bugs and insects away.

Local

Reduces the need for long distance transportation hence decreasing the use of fossil fuel

1.4 Historical Account and Current Implementation To figure out a way to avoid mass famine, architects, farmers, environmentalists, public health experts and many more, have joined hands for a sustainable urbanized future. Technologist are improving in their equipment’s for farming method such as hydroponics, aeroponics and aquaponics. Moreover, the government has taken great interest and is providing funds for such projects as a way to improve food security. Both for-profit and non-profit organizations are also supporting the concept of vertical farming, the former to meet the needs for local produce and the latter to enhance environmentalism and local economic prosperity. ( Al-Kodmany, 2018)

Besides, countries such as South Korea, Japan, China, Singapore, UAE, Germany, France, India, Sweden, and the US have already started building vertical farming projects. ( Al-Kodmany, 2018) The concept of vertical farming is not entirely new.

The timeline along with current implemented projects are provided below in Fig. 1.4.1

History Timeline: 600 B.C.E: Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The garden consisted of series of terraces stacked over each other with different types of trees and plans which were irrigated by an early engineering innovation known as a chain pump.

1972: SITE 1915: Vertical Farming

Gilbert Ellis Bailey; an American geologist mentioned the term "vertical farming" in his book "Vertical Farming", in which he mentioned methods of underground farming depending on the use of explosives.

1922: Vertical Farming

Sir Francis Bacon first introduced the theory of hydroponic gardening and farming methods in his book Sylva Sylvarum.

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The earliest drawing of a vertical farm was published in Life Magazine, introduces an open air building with vertically stacked stories of homes cultivating their own food.

2006: Intensification

Nuvege, technologist for innovative growing methods for hydroponically grown vegetables, developed a lighting network which increases the growing rate of vegetables.

Le Corbusier, developed the concept of immeubles villas where apartments are stacked on top of each other, giving open space and imbedded with greenery.

1915: First Drawing

1150 AD Hydroponics

SITE; Sculpture in the Environment, proposed the idea of "High rise of Homes" accommodating dirt plots on steel tower framework also supporting vertical private houses.

2012: Farmed Here

Farmed Here is a sustainable indoor vertical farm which is 90,0000 square foot postindustrial building.

1999: Dickson Despommiere

Dr. Dickson Despomierre, an American ecologist, reinvented vertical farming in his book "The Vertical Farm". It suggests vertical farms to be sited in urban centers providing sustainable food source and restoring ecosystems by reclaiming horizontal farmland.

2009: Sky Green

Sky Greens located in Singapore built vertical towers with stacks of vegetable cultivating in A-Go-Go system, hydraulic driven pulleys rotating vegetable trays .

Fig. 1.4.1 History timeline of vertical farming

Current Global Implementation

UNITED KINGDOM

The town Todmorden has food crops planted at forty locations throughout the town, akin to a guerilla operation where people pick and eat off the stree free.

CANADA

CHINA

One recent experiment in urban agriculture is the Modern Agriculture Science Demonstration Park in Xiaotangshan

In Montreal, Lufa Farms is reputed to be the world's first commercial greenhouse on the roof of a building.

NEW YORK

New York Times wrote an article about one of Manhattan's first garden which incorporates both hydroponic and soil based growing techniques.

AUSTRALIA U.A.E

The UAE's first urban vertical farm frowing gourment greens. Badia Farms is starting a farming revolution in the UAE with the GCC’s first indoor vertical farm.

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SINGAPORE

Sky Greens located in Singapore built vertical towers with stacks of vegetable cultivating in AGo-Go system, hydraulic driven pulleys rotating vegetable trays .

Farmed Here is a sustainable indoor vertical farm which is 90,0000 square foot postindustrial building.

1.5 Research Statement and Goals This research study aims to identify the importance of vertical farming in the UAE, as well as, study the current farming practices and possible architectural solutions through precedent studies and data collection in an effort to make the city sustainable and energy efficient.

It also focuses on establishing a research center where people can reconnect with nature and learn more about food production and the importance of food security. Besides, it will also serve as a center for leisure and recreation for the urban dwellers by providing green spaces, gardens and viewing platforms.

Research Goals:

Increased and yearround crop production

Crops will not be affected by unfavorable weather conditions

Increased production Eliminate agricultural of organic crops runoff

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Less use of water in cultivation

Reduction in vehicular transport

Less CO2 emission and pollution

Preparation for future

CHAPTER PRECEDENT STUDIES

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2.0 2 .1 2 .2 2 .3 2.4 2 .5 2 .6

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S K Y

G R E E N S

A G R O T O P I A

H O M E

R E G E N

R O O F T O P

G R E E N H O U S E

F A R M

V I L L A G E

S U N Q I A O

U R B A N

P R E C E D E N T

A G R I C U L T U R A L

S T U D Y

C O M P A R I S O N

D I S T R I C T

2.1 Sky Greens

Keywords: Urban Agriculture Client: Jack Ng Location: Singapore Project Area: 2200m2 Year: 2012

2.1.1 Reason for Selection This study has been selected because it is one of the world’s first built commercial vertical farm. It focuses on hydroponics farming which will be included in the proposed project. Sky Greens uses hydraulic driven vertical towers that use less water, land, and energy to grow crops, which is a sustainable method of food production. This agriculture technology method can be studied intensely from an existing project and can be implemented in the proposed project.

2.1.2 Design Concept

Sky Greens was built for Singapore’s land scarce city to ensure food supply. It is the world’s first low carbon, hydraulic driven vertical farm. This vertical farm uses food production methods that use less water, land and energy compared to what a tradition farm would use to get the same results.

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Moreover, Sky Greens produces 10 times more yield than other farms, saving up to 95% of its water supplies, 70% of input material and 80% of labor. It also uses green urban technologies to achieve the 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle) to produce safe and fresh vegetables, primarily cultivating tropical leafy vegetables vertically, varying from spinach to lettuce and more. (About Sky Greens, 2012) Sky Greens started off with 3.2 acres of 100 three story height vertical towers; A-Go-Gro towers. As of now it has over 2000 vertical towers which will allow the farm to produce two tons of vegetables per day. Sky Greens plans on becoming the world leading solution supplier for sustainable, and green urban agriculture technology. Sky Greens’s mission is: To provide improved agriculture solutions that will have less impact on land, water, and energy resources through innovative and modern technology.

To help in improving food security and food safety targets.

To encourage the integration of low carbon footprint agriculture into urban lifestyle.

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2.1.3 Observation Study Sky Greens uses a A-Go-Gro module that uses a water-pulley system which consists of rotating tiers of growing troughs that is mounted on a 9-meter-tall A-shaped aluminium frame. These troughs are rotated around the frame to ensure that the crops receive uniform amount of sunlight, irrigation, and nutrients. (Farming in the Sky, 2015) Advantages of an A-Go-Gro module: When compared to traditional farming, this module decreases land use and has a high yield, resulting in 10 times more yield per unit land area.

These modules are placed in an enclosed space and therefore uses controlled environment which allows to bring about high-quality food supply, food safety and food security all year round.

They are made up of aluminum and steel, therefore, the structures are robust and yet customizable and scalable to suit different plants, growing media, environmental conditions as well as allowing farming on non-arable lands.

The plants are irrigated and fertilized using a flooding method hence, there is no need for sprinklers which thus helps to avoid electricity and water wastage. To rotate the module, it needs only 0.5 liters of water that is recycled and reused from a concealed underground reservoir system.

Each vertical tower which houses the AGo-Gro towers take up 5.5m of tower space to grow approximately 100kgs of produce each month, yielding almost a ton each year. This A-Go-Gro are mounted with a water-pulley system that is operated by flowing water to rotate the vegetable trays. The vegetable trays contain seedlings that are inserted into potting mixture wrapped in bits of gauze and backed by perforated styrofoam boards. When the vegetable trays rotate, the upper trays receive sunlight and the lower trays take nutrients from a water bath. (Farming in the Sky, 2015)

Fig. 2.1.3.2: Structure of Sky Green’s vegetable tray (Meng, 2015)

Fig. 2.1.3.3: Sky Greens’ vertical farm structure in Lim Chu Kang (Meng, 2015)

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Fig. 2.1.3.1: Diagram of How Sky Greens' A-Go-Gro Towers Works

2.1.4 Conclusion In conclusion, Sky Greens uses technology that will be the solution to sustainable and high-quality food production. It uses A-GoGro module which, compared to traditional farming methods have higher yield, high quality, uses not only less energy and water but is also low maintenance.Furthermore, helps in food shortage and food security by growing 10 times more yield than other traditional farming methods.

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2.2 Agrotopia; Rooftop Greenhouse

Keywords: Research, Urban Agriculture Design Firm: Van Bergen Kolpa Architects and Meta Architects Client: Inagro and REO Veiling Location: Roeselare, Belgium Project Area: 9500m2 Budget: 10 million euro Year: Construction 2018-2020

2.2.1 Reason for Selection This study was selected because it not only includes vertical farming but also has facilities that involve the community to experience farming which encourages them to visit the place. Moreover, Agrotopia has a research center that will educate the community on food production. This is one of the key focus of the proposed project, Agro Green, This will further help in design programming and standards.

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2.2.2 Concept Agrotopia is a project that focuses on a research center and vegetable cultivation that is being designed on the roof of fruit and vegetable wholesale market; REO. The project is set to be an example of urban food production for the 21st Century that focuses on the use of less space, energy & water and integrates sustainable horticulture. The design of the greenhouse is made up of steel and glass and has an area of 9500sqm. Its function consists of research facilities for fruit and vegetable production.

(Rooftop Greenhouse Agrotopia, n.d.)

The concept to develop a greenhouse on top of REO was so that it would encourage farmers to visit the facility often, allowing them to voice their innovative ideas.

Moreover, it will be including a living lab for urban farming and an observation space where corporations can rent the space to display their latest innovations. The project concentrates on hydroponics farming, using the space for multiple purposes in conservatory, utilization of artificial lighting, good security, multiple stacked layers of farming, controlled climate, and energy efficient techniques.

(Inagro’s Inspiring Rooftop Greenhouse Initiative, 2018)

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Agrotopia's aim is to work on: Developing improved technology to make greenhouse horticulture more sustainable in Flanders.

Usage of less energy, water, and space in food production.

Incorporating circular economy and increasing profit for the city.

Acquiring fast implementation of these innovations.

Acquiring support for sustainable urban horticulture in Flanders.

2.2.3 Design Program The facility includes: Farming space (6000m2); hydroponic growing pods, 5 sections for fruit and vegetable manufacture, mainly tomatoes and cucumbers.

A 12m high greenhouse.

Offices, meeting rooms and technical rooms for processing products.

Observation space and showroom for companies to display and demonstrate their latest products and innovation for horticulture.

(Inagro’s Inspiring Rooftop Greenhouse Initiative, 2018)

Fig. 2.2.3.1: Agrotopia greenhouse floor plan

Fig. 2.2.3.2: Section of Agrotopia

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2.2.4 Conclusion In conclusion, Agrotopia presents an idea with flexible use of space in an urban environment.

It shows that research facilities can be incorporated with vertical farming which allows urban dwellers to connect with food production. Farmers, horticulture innovators and technology developers can present and exhibit their ideas and innovation in Agrotopia’s observation showroom.

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Moreover, the usage of controlled environment agriculture (CEA) offers innovative openings for sustainable energy use. Also, this project is a great example of using less space, energy & water in horticulture.

2.3 Home Farm

Keywords: Senior Housing, Urban Agriculture Design Firm: Spark Architects Location: Singapore

2.3.1 Reason for Selection This project was selected due to its way of incorporating vertical farming within a senior housing building. The interpretation of its design is very interesting with its unique curvilinear terraced formation, green façade, and open spaces for outdoor activities. It is a great example of showing how communities can connect to food production while also helps in understanding the value of farming and learning how food is being produced and distributed.

2.3.2 Concept Home Farm is a project proposal for an urban senior housing. The project is a private entity focusing on Singapore’s senior citizens that will not only include affordable retirement housing but will also integrate commercial

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vertical farming facilities with a pleasing garden environment where they can have opportunities for post-retirement employment.

Spark Architect’s combinese two separate realms to address challenges faced by Singapore, how the city can support its senior citizens, and how it can improve the country’s food security. (Spark, 2014) For its vertical farming, Home Farm uses aquaponic farming system which has been adapted on the building façade. The vertical planting beds use soil-based farming method.

The senior citizens living in the residential will be offered work within the farm, although this would not be a requirement of the contract. Moreover, those in need of financial help will be able to earn some income on their own, this will not only encourage them to participate in farming activities but will also help them to feel part of an active community. (Rosenfield, 2014)

2.3.3 Design Program This building includes a variety of housing typology from studios to 4-bedroom apartments in order to house different needs as well as adjust to cultural norms of multigenerational housing.

All the apartments will have views to the central courtyard and open market.

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Publicly accessible farming facilities are positioned at the lower levels of the scheme, while housing is stacked above in a curvilinear terraced formation.

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2.3.4 Observation Study The building’s shape is curvilinear and wraps around a courtyard in the center with staggered terraces and a green leafy façade, incorporated with an aquaponic farming system.

In this system, the plants and vegetables use nutrients from fish waste while water is provided through collected rainwater and treated gray water. All agriculture waste will be disposed into an onsite biomass power plant.

Fig. 2.3.3.1: Water cycle – the scheme is enhanced by proposed features such as the collection of rainwater for aquaponic systems

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Fig. 2.3.3.2: A biomass boiler generates on-site energy

2.3.4 Conclusion In conclusion, Home Farm provides the possibility of designing a vertical farming building into a landmark in the city with a unique curvilinear staggered terrace formation that has views to a central courtyard, which the residents of the building can enjoy.

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Retired senior citizens will reside in this housing project, having opportunities for post-retirement employment as well as feel like they are a part of an active community which will mitigate the chances of dementia and boost self-esteem.

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2.4 ReGen Village

Keywords: Residential, Urban Agriculture Design Firm: EFFEKT Client: ReGen Villages Holding B.V Location: Almere, The Netherlands Project Area: 15500m2 Year: 2016

2.4.1 Reason for Selection

This project was selected because of its interesting concept to solve the problem of highfrequency urban living as well as improving food security. Its concept is a well-planned design layout that will help people reconnect with nature and food production and allow residents to feel that they are part of the community.

2.4.2 Concept Designed by EFFEKT studio for ReGen Villages Holding B.V, this project aims to tackle global crisis that cities in the Netherlands are facing nowadays such as global warming, increasing population, food & water crisis, shortage of resources & housing etc. The project plans on developing a visionary model for ecovillages and creating circular, self-sufficient and resilient communities using sustainable farming that can be installed in and across the globe. (Crockett, 2016)

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ReGen village will have high yield organic food production that are locally produced and not only implement comprehensive recycling but also include climate positive buildings. Food production will be provided through vertical farming, hydroponics, aeroponics and aquaponics, where the energy will be obtained from solar panels and biogas will be generated from local waste while the water will be recycled and reused. (Crockett, 2016) In addition, the project aims to improve the quality of life for the community by encouraging more social engagement and experience with the agricultural environment. The houses in the village will be clustered and integrated with the surrounding landscape. It will include community spaces such as public dining areas, playgrounds and learning centers for the community. The village will use applied technology that will connect various interconnected systems from energy to storm-water management, providing the community with clean water, food, and energy. (Saxton, 2020)

2.4.3 Design Program ReGen Village takes up the area of approximately 15500m2. The design layout of the village is a circular model which consists of 25 housing units arranged on the outskirts of the circle while placing the farming and food production facilities in the center of the village. Social spaces are added in between the farming, food production and housing units, which encourages social engagement within the space in the village among the residents.

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The village consists of aquaponics farms which are mainly used for food production as well as a few seasonal gardens and greenhouses. It also includes social spaces such as public dining areas, playgrounds, learning centers for the community, recreational gardens etc.

Fig. 2.4.3.1: Programs integrated in the Regen village

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Fig. 2.4.3.2: Diagram showing how the programs are integrated in the Regen village

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2.4.4 Observation Study

I. ReGen System: How does the System of Regen Village Work?

First of all, the domestic waste from the residentials are separated into different categories so that it can be recycled and reused for various purposes. However, the bio-waste that cannot be combusted are used in the biogas facility. The compost from the waste management becomes a food source for soldier flies and livestock.

These soldier flies are then fed to the fish in the fish farm.

Remaining waste from the livestock are used as fertilizers in the seasonal gardens and fish feces are used as fertilizers for vertical farming in the aquaponics farms. In the end, aquaponics farms and seasonal gardens produce a variety of vegetables and fruits which are then provided to the residents, as well as livestock and fish as protein source.

Fig. 2.4.4.1: Diagram showing how the Regen System works

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II. Aquaponics Farming Regen Village mainly uses aquaponics farming for food production. This faming system consists of 4 main stages: The waste that is collected from the households are fed to the soldier flies.

This soldier flies are then fed to the fish in the fish farm.

Waste from the fish farm are used as fertilizers for vertical farming in the aquaponics farm.

Plants and vegetables from the farm then provide food for the houses in the village.

Fig. 2.4.4.2: Diagram showing how the aquaponic system in Regen Village works.

2.4.5 Conclusion In conclusion, the efficiency of the ReGen System could solve the issue of overpopulated urban areas as well as shortage of food resources. This system will provide cities with safe, secure, and self-reliant communities in the future.

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Likewise, improve the quality of life for the residents in the village through farming activities, which not only provides them with food resources but also allows them to reconnect with nature and encourages social engagement that helps them to be a part of the community.

2.5 Sunqiao Urban Agriculture District

Keywords: Commercial, Mixed-use, Urban Agriculture.

Design Firm: Sasaki Client: Pudong Agriculture Development Group Location: Shanghai, China Project Area: 100 hectares Year: Construction to begin in 2017

2.5.1 Reason for Selection

This project was selected to further study functions that can be integrated into a vertical farm for the public to experience. It contributes to increasing food security and to economic growth by involving both agriculture and community activities in the same space. This project includes research facilities for children to learn about food production and other communal activities that will allow social engagement.

2.4.2 Concept

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Sunqiao is an urban planning project that is an innovative solution of food production for the rapidly increasing population. Its approach focuses on urban agriculture that integrates vertical farming systems, which includes research and public outreach.

It has mega farming laboratories that will feed almost 24 million people while providing the community with a center for innovation, social engagement and education surrounded by urban agriculture. (Sasaki, n.d.)

Sunqiao presents an innovative idea for the urban life by making food production one of the most important functions of Shanghai.

However, it is not just creating vertical food factories but also providing the city with a robust public realm that combines both indoor and outdoor agriculture activities. This project addresses the increasing demand of local food production while educating the citizens about where their food comes from, how it is produced and distributed. (Plan, 2017) Furthermore, it focuses on producing plants and vegetables that are typical in Shanghainese diet such as kale, spinach, and lettuce, which are produced through efficient hydroponics and aquaponics farming methods. It also includes a variety of other sustainable farming methods such as algae farms, floating greenhouse, green walls, and seed library towers. (Walsh, 2017)

2.4.3 Design Program Construction was set to begin in late 2017.

It focuses on vertical farming with research and public outreach, which includes facilities for interactive, playful, and public engaging experience as well as living laboratory for innovation and education. It has a sustainable food network which will increase the quality of the city via community facilities such as restaurants, markets, culinary academy etc.

39

Sunqiao Agriculture District incorporates a variety of farming methods such as hydroponics, aquaponics, algae farms, floating greenhouse, vertical green walls, and seed library towers. Moreover, it has interactive facilities such as science museums, aquaponics showcase and festival markets that will educate generations of children about food production. The sky plazas, office towers and civic greens within this project create a mixed-use environment that is quite different than traditional farms.

40

Sunqiao Agriculture District will have a canal walk which will have a sidewalk and bike lane. It will also have water activities such as kayaking and fitness trail. Above the canal, will be a pedestrian bridge for visitors while green walls will cover the facade od some buildings.

The project will integrate elevated walkways that will have vines growing on columns, a market that will sell produce from the farms, and educational facilities for teaching the children.

The interactive greenhouse will be landscaped with pathways between the tropical wetland forest while the elevated walkways above water will be lopped around the seed library tower, which will consists of a range of seeds in cabinets on its exterior.

41

42

43

2.4. 4 Conclusion In conclusion, Sunqiao Urban Agriculture District shows that it is possible to add other functions and facilities to a vertical farming so that agriculture and community can coexist. Furthermore, it aims to contribute in increasing food security and economic growth for its city. It is a place

44

that allows for food production to provide food resources for the increasing population, a research center that will educate the community about food production, a place for leisure and relaxation which will in turn social engagement and social integrity.

2.6 Precedent Studies Comparison

Location Typology

Area Status Concept

Sky Greens

Agrotopia

Home Farm

ReGen Village

Sunqiao District

Kranji, Singapore

West Landers, Belgium

Singapore

Almere, The Netherlands

Shanghai, China

Urban Agriculture

Research, Urban Agriculture

Senior Housing, Urban Agriculture

Residential, Urban Agriculture

Commercial, Mixed-use, Urban Agriculture.

2200m2

9500m2

Unkown

15500m2

100 hectares

Built in 2012

Ongoing Construction 2018-2020

Proposal

Proposal

Proposal

Innovative corporation that grows produce through

Agrotopia is a greenhouse initiative that is being built

A private entity including affordable retirement as

Off-grid project that can power and self-feed the

Sunqiao will introduce large-scale vertical farming which will create a

vertical farming utilizing the least amount of space, nutrition, and energy

for Inagro; an appliedresearch facility, which will be a conservatory space for

well as commercial vertical farming facilities where they can have

people who occupy them through energy positive homes, renewable energy,

robust public realm by including interactive greenhouse, science museum, aquaponics showcase,

training, information, and education.

opportunities for postretirement employment

vertical faming, water management and etc.

and festival market signal an attempt to educate generations of children about where their food comes from.

Project Aim Image

45

To grow, harvest and transport all of its food

Integrating principles of circular economy and

Combine two separate realms to address challenges

Reduce municipal and government dependance to

To meet the food requirement for a growing population.

produce under one roof.

Perform on low energy and maintenance system

increasing profitability in an urban environment.

Brining city and countryside

faced by Singapore: How the city can support its senior citizens?

change economic of the future.

Provide clean energy, water,

Sustainable food network while increasing the quality of life in the city

Produce 10 times more yield per unit land area

closer together.

Create a sustainable, soilless greenhouse horticulture.

How it can improve the country’s food security?

and food to occupants.

Reconnecting community with nature and their roles with

Focuses on creating an interactive and socially engaging experience for both

consumption

innovation and education.

CHAPTER SITE ANALYSIS

46

3

3.0 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9

47

S I T E

S E L E C T I O N

T O P O G R A P H Y

N A T U R A L

A N D

C O N T O U R

F E A T U R E S

E N V I R O N M E N T A L

Z O N I N G

C R T I T E R I A

A N D

H I S T O R I C A L

A N D

A N A L Y S I S

P L O T

R E G U L A T I O N S

D E V E L O P M E N T

S T R E E T

N E T W O R K

V I S U A L

D O C U M E N T A T I O N

S E R V I C E

A N D

V I E W S

A N D

O F

T H E

S I T E

A C C E S S I B I L I T Y

I N F R A S T R U C T U R E

Fig. 1.4.1 Location of UAE in the World map

48

3.1 SITE CRITERIA LOCATION: Bawbat Abu Dhabi 24°23'20.3"N 54°31'10.3"E The selected site is located in Bawabat Abu Dhabi, UAE, between Maqta’a and Mussafah.

This site was selected for various reasons: The site lies between the city and the suburb, therefore, makes it easy for travelling and transporting goods to both ends.

The site has a large open space which can accommodate all the facilities needed for farming, education and recreation.

The site has easy access for visitors: The site is adjacent to 3 major roads, AD-Al Ain highway, AD-Al Ain truck road and Khaleej Al Arabi street. As well as, public transport is available with current bus lines, introduction of tram, metro and freight rail in the 2030 plan will further ease access.

The site is overlooking a long stretch of waterfront; which can be used for attraction spot for visitors which will include walkways paths and waterfront activities.

49

3.2 Topography and Contour

F i g . 3. 2. 1: Co nto ur l i nes o f the s el ected s i t e

F i g . 3. 2. 2: El ev ati o n Pr o fi l e A- A

F i g . 3. 2. 3: El ev ati o n Pro fi l e B- B

The site does not have any significant changes in topography

50

3.3 Natural Features While the site itself contains relatively no landscaping, plants or trees except for a few bushes, the neighbouring plots do incorporate some elements of it.

F i g . 3. 3. 1: Nearby l a nd scape

51

3.4 Environmental Analysis Sun and Wind Path

NORTH F i g . 3. 4. 1: Sun and wi nd path

52

Shadow Analysis

09:00 AM

Average Temperatures and Precipitation

02:00 PM

Fig. 3.4.2: Shadow studies on a sample model (Summer Solstice - June)

Fig. 3.4.5: Temperature and precipitation graph in Abu Dhabi

Maxiumum Temperature 09:00 AM

02:00 PM

Fig. 3.4.3: Shadow studies on a sample model (Winter Solstice - December)

Wind Rose The wind mapping shows that majority of the winds in Abu Dhabi come from the north west.

Fig. 3.4.6: Maximum temperature in Abu Dhabi

Cloudy, Sunny and Precipitation Days

Fig. 3.4.6: Cloudy, sunny and precipitation days in Abu Dhabi

Fig. 3.4.4: Wind rose showing Abu Dhabi wind mapping.

53

3.5 Zoning and Plot Regulation Zoning

Fig. 3.5.1: Land use around the selected site

54

Medium Density Residential Al Maq'ta

Mussafah Industrial zone

Medium Density Residential Abu Dhabi Gate City

Abu Dhabi Municipality Mussafah

Low Density Residential Mohammad Bin Zayed City

Retail - Capital Mall

2030 Land Use Framework

Fig. 3.5.2: 2030 Vision - Land use framework of Abu Dhabi

Building Heights

Fig. 3.5.2: 2030 Vision - Maximum building heights in Abu Dhabi

55

3.6 Historical Development of the Site In 2009, there have been changes in the surrounding site, Al Forsan Village was built. In 2010, opposite the selected site, a private island has been created.

2007

2009 2010 2012 2014 2018 2020 In 2012, some land was removed from the neighboring island and has been separated to two. As well as, some residential places were removed from the Abu Dhabi Gate City. However by 2014, they built residential buildings in the same location. Through out 2014 to 2020 Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium was being developed

56

Fig. 3.6.1: Historical development of selected site.

3.7 Street Network and Accessibility Street Network

Fig. 3.7.1: Road network around selected site

E20- Khaleej Al Arabi E22 - Abu Dhabi Al Ain Road

57

E22 - Abu Dhabi Al Ain Truck Road Secondary Roads

Public Transportation

Fig. 3.7.2: Main roads, secondary roads and bus stops.

Bus Stops Main Roads

58

Secondary Roads

Site Accessibility

Fig. 3.7.3: Current and future possibiltiy for site accessibility.

Current Site Accessibility Possible Site Accessibility

2030 Transportation Framework

59

Fig. 3.7.4: 2030 Vision - Transportation Framework

3.8 Visual Documentation Landmarks 3

1

5 4 2

1

2

3

4

5

1- The Ritz Carlton, Grand Canal 2- Mangroves Village 3- Abu Dhabi Golf Club 4- Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium 5- Al Forsan Village

Fig. 3.8.1: Landmarks around selected site

60

Site Views

5

2

1

3 4

6

1

2

3

4

61

5

6

Fig. 3.8.2: Site location images

Color Scheme

Fig. 3.8.3: Color scheme of site surrounding

Onsite Activities

Dirt Biking on the selected site

Speed boating in the water overlooking the selected site

Gulf marine services collecting objects from the water front.

Jet skiing in the water overlooking the selected site

Boat riding in the water overlooking the selected site

Cars driving through the site to cross from Musaffah Gardens to Abu Dhabi Gate City villas.

Fig. 3.8.4: Activities occurring in the selected site

62

3.9 Services and Infrastructure 1

2

3 4 5

6

1 - Telecommunication Tower 2 - Jet Skiing Prohibition on water 3 - Electric Unit Underground 4 - Electric Unit 5 - Electric Unit Underground 6 - Industrial Buildings

63

CHAPTER FARMING TECHNOLOGY

64

4

4.0 4. 1 4 .2

65

H I G H

T E C H

D E S I G N

I N D O O R

P R O T O T Y P E

F A R M I N G

4.1 High Tech Indoor Farming 4.1.1 Hydroponics In hydroponics farming, plants are grown without soil, they use mineral nutrients in a water solvent to help cultivate the plants.

Hydroponics farming has become popular and provides more advantages than traditional farming methods. It eliminates problems created by soil-related cultivation such as insects, fungus and bacteria that form in soil. It also eliminates the use of pesticides or fertilizers making it low maintenance. They do not require too many labors to manage the production hence decreasing labor cost.

Moreover, it uses CEA, Controlled Environment Agriculture, which helps in controlling the temperature, moisture, oxygen level, etc. Therefore, this allows crops to grow all year round resulting in higher yield of crops compared to traditional farming methods.

Fig. 4.1.1 Schematic Diagram of a Hydroponic System

66

4.1.2. Aeroponics Aeroponics farming is similar to hydroponics farming but a more advanced version. Its system is enclosed is an air and water ecosystem that cultivates plants with little water and direct sunlight without the usage of soil. To compare hydroponics and aeroponics, hydroponics uses water solvents as a growing medium for the crops and aeroponics do not have a growing medium, instead, it uses a mist or nutrient solution, therefore, does not require vegetable trays or containers to hold the water.

The farming system is enclosed hence the nutrient solution is recycled which helps in saving water, making it suitable for countries that are water scarce. This farming methods is also low maintenance as it does not use fertilizers and pesticides. Similar to hydroponics farming, it grows plants all year round with higher yields compared to traditional farming methods.

Fig. 4.1.2 Schematic Diagram of a Aeroponics System

67

4.1.3. Aquaponics

Aquaponics farming system integrates aquaculture and hydroponics system to create a symbiotic relationship between fish and plants. This system uses nutrients from the fish wastes to fertilize and irrigate the hydroponics beds. These hydroponics bed also helps in removing gases, acids, and chemicals from the water. The aquaponics system is a sustainable food production model that follows the 3R’s; reduce, reuse and recycle.

There are plenty of advantages of using aquaponics system: Cleaning water for the fish habitat.

Providing organic liquid fertilizers that enable the healthy growth of plants.

It is efficient the waste products of one biological system serves as nutrients for a second biological system.

Saving water since water is re-used through biological filtration and recirculation.

Reducing, even eliminating, the need for chemicals and artificial fertilizers Supplying locally grown healthy food since the only fertility input is fish feed and all of the nutrients go through a biological process.

Fig. 4.1.2 Schematic Diagram of a Aquaponics System

68

4.2 Design Prototype 4.2.1 Hydroponic A-Frame Strcuture A-Frame structures have its PVC pipes placed horizontally to form a triangular tower; this form allows more growing surface with decreasing sunlight access. This system allows twice the amount of crop production than any other regular plant beds. One A-frame structure can accommodate up to 168 plants in a 6’ x 10’ space.

It is important to check the water temperature for this system and maintain it around 65 degrees for optimal water oxygenation for root protection.

Moreover, this system uses Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) where nutrient solution is pumped into the PVC tubes and flow over the roots of the plants. This system does not require the need for growing mediums.

Fig. 4.2.1 Schematic Diagram of a Vertical Hydroponic Tower

4.2.3. Hydroponic Stacked Beds

They are created as greenery archives with shelves stacked on top of each other. In this system, sunlight does not penetrate in each layer, therefore it needs artificial lighting.

They use LED lights; the light color and intensity can be controlled according the type of plants. Moreover, this system uses vegetable trays that are perforated, and the roots are exposed to nutrient with water solvent.

Fig. 4.2.1 Example of a Hydroponic A-Frame Structure.

4.2.2 Vertical Hydroponics Towers

Hydroponics towers are also called Agrow tower, they are made up of food-grade PCV pipes with equally spaced slots for plants to cultivate. These slots are opened up using a heat process and customized to the size of the plant. Water is pumped to each of the towers from the top layer and flows down to each individual pods. This water is recycled and reused. This process saves up water by 90% compared to traditional farming.

69

Fig. 4.2.3 Stacked beds in Aero Farms

CHAPTER DATA COLLECTION

70

5

5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

71

F U N C T I O N

L I S T S

S P A C E

S T A N D A R D S

L O C A L

A N D

P R O G R A M

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

O B J E C T I V E S

D E S I G N

C O D E S

5.1 Functions List

Administrative Farming Reception

Vertical Farming Pods

Educational Recreational/ Accomodation Technical Community (for staff) Lobby

Organic Market

Lounge

Open Classrooms Amphitheater Greenhouse

Offices

Observatory Lecture Halls Deck

Reception

Electrical Room

Cafe

Lounge

Technical Room

Dining

Plaza & Open Space

Security Room

Conference Room

Aquaponic Ponds

Laboratories

Butterfly Garden

1 Bedroom Apartment

IT Department

Tropical Wetland Forest

Workshops

Botanical Garden

2 Bedroom Apartment

Control Room

Exhibition Spaces

Walkable Pathways

3 Bedroom Apartment

Germination

Library

Waterfront Activities

Swimming Pool

Gym

72

Services

Waste Room Public Toilets

Packaging House

Storage

Distribution Prayer Room

5.2 Space Standards 1. Offices

73

2. Conference Room

74

3. Vertical Farming Harvest

Vertical harvest module plan by bStudio Architectural Design

Vertical harvest module section by bStudio Architectural Design

75

Vertical harvest module section by E/YE Design

76

4. Classrooms

77

5. Laboratories

78

6. Workshops

79

7. Exhibition Space

80

8. Library

81

9. Organic Market

82

10. Amphitheater

83

11. Accomodation

84

12. Dining

85

86

13. Kitchen

87

5.3 Local and International Design Codes Estidama Pearl Rating System

88

*LBo-5 – this credit is only applicable to Multi-Residential

*LBi-1 – a maximum of 2 credit points are available to Retail LBi-5.2 – this credit is not applicable to Retail LBi-7 - this credit is not applicable to Retail LBi-8 - this credit is not applicable to Retail LBi-10 – a maximum of 2 credit points are available to Schools

89

90

LEED Construction Checklist

91

Barrier Free Access

92

93

94

95

Ergonomics

96

97

CHAPTER PROGRAMMING

98

6

6.0 6 .1 6 .2 6 .3 6.4 6 .5 6 .6 6 .7 6 .8

99

P R O G R A M

D E S C R I P T I O N

A D M I N I S T A T I V E

F A R M I N G

Z O N E

Z O N E

E D U C A T I O N A L

Z O N E

R E C R E A T I O N A L / C O M M U N I T Y

A C C O M O D A T I O N

T E C H N I C A L

P R O G R A M

Z O N E

Z O N E

M A T R I C E S

Z O N E

6.1 Program Description 30

20

10

The required areas have been obtained from the case studies analysis and the space standards from Neufert.

Te ch ni ca Ad l m in st ra tiv Ac e co Re m cr od ea at tio io na n l/C om m un ity Ed uc at io na l

The facilities offered in this project will be divided into zones according to their functions. Each zone will be analyzed and studied to acquire architectural solutions for the proposed functions.

0

Farming

Administrative

Educational

Agro-Green Technical Service

Accomodation

Recreational/ Community

100

Fa rm in g

Agro-Green involves vertical farming which is a sustainable farming practice that will integrate research and leisure for the community in the city. This proposal aims at removing the barrier between food production and the consumers for a green, clean, and sustainable future. The project will include facilities such as vertical farming pods, aquaponic ponds, open greenhouse, organic market, cafes, botanical garden, etc.

6.2 Administrative Zone The administrative zone includes facilities for the visitors and employees in the vertical farm; Agro-Green. It has spaces such as lounge, offices, conference rooms, etc.

Some of the spaces in this zone are open to the public; lounge and reception, and some can only be accessed by employees; offices and conference rooms

Tabl e . 6. 2. 1: Pro g ram matr i x fo r the ad m i n i s t r a t i v e z o n e .

OPEN SEMI-ENCLOSED ENCLOSED

Lounge Conference Room

DESIRED ADJACENCEY MANDATORY ADJACENCEY

Offices Reception

IT Desk

Tab l e . 6. 2. 2: Bubbl e di ag ram fo r admi nst r a t i v e z o n e .

101

Tab l e . 6. 2. 3: Pro xi m i ty matr i x fo r ad m i n strati v e z o ne.

6.3 Farming Zone The farming zone is one of the largest zone in terms of area. It has all the facilities and technology needed for vertical farming such as hydroponics and aquaponics, greenhouse, etc.

This zone includes open facilities; greenhouse along with an observatory deck and tropical wetland forest, semi-enclosed facilities; vertical farming pods and aquaponics pond, and enclosed facilities; control room and germination room.

Tabl e . 6. 3. 1: Pro g ram matr i x fo r the far m i n g z o n e .

OPEN SEMI-ENCLOSED ENCLOSED

Aquaponics Pond

DESIRED ADJACENCEY MANDATORY ADJACENCEY Vertical Farming Pods

Open Greenhouse Control Room

Observatory Desk

Tropical Wetland Forest Germination

Tab l e . 6. 3. 2: Bubbl e di ag ram fo r farmi ng z o n e .

102

Tab l e . 6. 3. 3: Pr o xi m i ty matri x fo r farm i n g z o ne.

6.4 Educational Zone The educational zone is one of three main zones in Agro Green. The zone consists of public spaces for education and research purpose for visitors, children and adults alike.

The educational spaces include workshop areas, research labs, classrooms etc, where visitors will be able to partake in interesting activities related to sustainable farming while at the same time raising their awareness on the issue of food security.

Tabl e . 6. 4. 1: Pro g r am matri x fo r the edu c a t i o n a l z o n e .

OPEN SEMI-ENCLOSED ENCLOSED Classrooms Library

DESIRED ADJACENCEY MANDATORY ADJACENCEY

Laboratories Workshop

Exhibition Space

Lobby

Lecture Hall

Tab l e . 6. 4. 2: Bubbl e di ag ram fo r educati o n a l z o ne .

103

Tab l e . 6. 4. 3: Pro xi m i ty matr i x fo r e ducati o n al z o ne.

6.5 Recreational/Community Zone The recreational/community zone aims to create community spaces where the public can have social interaction in a building with farming activities. It's the second main zone in Agro-Green.

This zone includes amphitheater, plaza, open spaces, walkway paths and waterfront activities, which are outdoors facilities. An organic market where people can buy fruits and vegetables that are produced in AgroGreen. As well as, butterfly and botanical garden for visitors to relax and relieve stress.

Tabl e . 6. 5. 1: Pro g ram matri x fo r the r ec r e a t i o n a l / c o m m u n i t y z o n e .

Organic Market

Waterfront Activities

OPEN SEMI-ENCLOSED ENCLOSED

Plaza & Open Space

DESIRED ADJACENCEY MANDATORY ADJACENCEY

Butterfly Garden Walkable Pathways

Amphitheater Botanical Garden Tab l e . 6. 5. 2: Bubbl e di ag ram fo r recr eat i o n a l / c o m m u n i t y z o ne .

104

Tab l e . 6. 5. 3: Pr o xi m i ty matri x fo r re cre ati o nal /co mmuni ty z o ne.

6.6 Accommodation Zone The accommodation zone will facilitate housing for the staffs working in AgroGreen. It's a private zone only accessible by staffs.

This zone includes have a variety of apartment typology; 1 bedroom, 2 bedroom and 3 bedroom, reception, lounge, security room and gym.

Tabl e . 6. 6. 1: Pro g ram matri x fo r the acc o m m o d a t i o n z o n e .

OPEN SEMI-ENCLOSED ENCLOSED Apartments

DESIRED ADJACENCEY MANDATORY ADJACENCEY

Swimming Pool

Lounge Gym Reception

Security Room

Tab l e . 6. 6. 2: Bubbl e di ag ram fo r acco mmo d a t i o n z o n e .

105

Tab l e . 6. 6. 3: Pro xi m i ty matr i x fo r acco m m o dati o n z o n e.

6.7 Technical Zone The technical zone will facilitate technical service and post harvest programs. It will be a private zone that can be accessed only by staff and workers of Agro-Green.

This zone will include technical spaces such as electrical, mechanical and waste room.

Packaging house and distribution facilities for post harvest.

Tabl e . 6. 7. 1: Pro g ram matr i x fo r the tec h n i c a l z o n e .

OPEN SEMI-ENCLOSED ENCLOSED

Waste Room Packaging House

DESIRED ADJACENCEY MANDATORY ADJACENCEY

Distribution Electrical Room

Mechanical Room

Tab l e . 6. 7. 2: Bubbl e di ag ram fo r techni c a l z o n e .

106

Tab l e . 6. 7. 3: Pro xi m i ty matr i x fo r te ch n i cal z o ne.

6.8 Program Matrices

Tabl e . 6. 8. 1: Detai l e d Pr o g r am Ma tri x.

107

Tabl e . 6. 8. 2: Al l uv i al d i ag ram d i sp l ay i ng t h e s p a c e , t y p e a n d to tal n e t squar e me tera g e

108

Tabl e . 6. 8. 3: Pro g ram cl uster i l l ustr ati ng t h e s p a c e , t y p e and N SM

109

CHAPTER CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

110

7

7.0 7 .1 7 .2 7 .3

111

C O N C E P T

I N S P I R A T I O N

C O N C E P T

D I A G R A M S

3 D

P E R S P E C T I V E

7.1 Concept Inspiration

112

Accommodation Quieter area

Quieter area

Waterfront Activities

Recreational

h c ra e s e R

Sketch

Residential Zone

g ni m r a F

The site; Bawabat Abu Dhabi is in between an industrial site (Mussafah) and residential site (Abu Dhabi Gate City and Al Ma'qta), which is represented in my the concept as the buildings with higher floors. Each building serves a different purpose, the highest building (in dark green) is for vertical farming, which will have a dome shaped greenhouse. On its right side (in yellow) is the accommodation zone for the staff and workers. It is placed on the right side because that area is more quiet as it has other residential areas (Abu Dhabi Gate City). On the left of the Farming building is (in purple) the technical building which will include the packaging house, distribution space, and other technical rooms. It is placed on the left side because that area is noisy as it has the industrial zone that side. Lastly there is (in orange) the research zone which is placed in a quiet area. Although these zones are separated, it will be connected by the recreational zone which will act as the green connector, it will have gardens and accessible green roof for the public.

Technical

Industrial zone

(noisy)

FARMING ACCOMMODATION

TECHNICAL RESEARCH

RECREATIONAL

Inspiration for the design is from the land and water contour lines.

7.2 Concept Diagrams Bubble Diagram

Farming Technical

Accomodation

Administration

Recreational

Research

Zoning

Farming

Accomodation

Recreational & Administration Technical

113

Research

114

PERSPECTIVE

3D

7.3 3D Perspective

115

CHAPTER REFERENCES

116

8

[1] Al-Kodmany, K. (2018). The Vertical Farm: A Review of Developments and. MDPI: Buildings, 1-36.

[2] Calderone, L. (2017). What is Vertical Farming? California: Agritech Tomorrow.

[3] Royston, R. M., & M.P, P. (2018, May). Vertical Farming: A Concept. International Journal of Engineering and Techniques, pp. 1-7.

[4] About Sky Greens. (2012). Retrieved from Sky Greens: https://www.skygreens.com [5] Crockett, L. (2016, August 31). Innovative Self-Sustaining Village Model Could Be the Future of Semi-Urban Living. Retrieved from Arch Daily: https://www.archdaily.com/794167/innovative-selfsustaining-village-model-could-be-the-future-of-semi-urban-living [6] Farming in the Sky. (2015). Retrieved from Singapore Magazine Website: http://singaporemagazine.sif.org.sg [7] Inagro’s Inspiring Rooftop Greenhouse Initiative. (2018, September 12). Retrieved from Vertical Farming: https://vertical-farming.net/ [8] Meng, K. H. (2015). Vertical Farming – An Urban Agriculture Solution. Sky Urban Solutions, pp. 118.

[9] Plan, T. (2017). Sunqiao Urban Agriculture District. Retrieved from The Plan: https://www.theplan.it/eng/award-2017-urbanplanning/sunqiao-urban-agriculture-district-1 [10] Rooftop Greenhouse Agrotopia. (n.d.). Retrieved from Van Bergen Kolpa: https://www.vanbergenkolpa.nl/ [11] Rosenfield, K. (2014, December 01). SPARK Proposes Vertical Farming Hybrid to House Singapore's Aging Population. Retrieved from Arch Daily: https://www.archdaily.com/573783/sparkproposes-vertical-farming-hybrid-to-house-singapore-s-aging-population-2 [12] Sasaki. (n.d.). Sunqiao Urban Agricultural District. Retrieved from Sasaki: https://www.sasaki.com/projects/sunqiao-urban-agricultural-district/ [13] Saxton, M. (2020, February 22). ReGen Villages: A Model for Regenerative Design. Retrieved from Build With Rise: https://www.buildwithrise.com/stories/regen-villages-a-visionary-model [14] Spark. (2014). Retrieved from Spark Architects: https://www.sparkarchitects.com [15] Walsh, N. P. (2017, April 2). Sasaki Unveils Design for Sunqiao, a 100-Hectare Urban Farming District in Shanghai. Retrieved from Arch Daily: https://www.archdaily.com/868129/sasaki-unveilsdesign-for-sunqiao-a-100-hectare-urban-farming-district-in-shanghai [16] Neufert, E., & Neufert, P. (2012). Architects' Data. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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