Concrete

DESIGN WORKSHOP CONCRETE SEMESTER 7

Sushan Kumar Yumkhaibam FID_UG14

CONTENTS 1. Material study 1.1. Formation 1.2. Types 1.3. Details 2. Photo frame 2.1. Sketches 2.2. Renders 3. Dustbin 3.1. Brief 3.2. Site Research 3.2.1. Site 3.2.2. Existing Dustbins on Site 3.2.3. Problems with Existing Dustbins

3.2.4. Classification of Waste 3.3. Drawings 3.3.1. Concept sketches 3.3.2. Technical drawings 3.3.3. Final renders

3.4. How to use

1. MATERIAL STUDY 1.1 Formation

Concrete can be used with a combination of different materials like wood, metal, glass, fibres, cloth, foam etc. which can add certain properties to it.

There are four different types of making concrete 1. GRC/GFRC 2. Pervious concrete 3. Sandwich light weight concrete 4. Foam concrete For making a glass reinforce concrete (GRC) product we have to mix cement, glass fibres, silica and water to certain proportions.

The strength of concrete varies with different mixing methods Colour can be added by - staining finished product

- adding colourant while mixing Concrete products are very durable with great tensile strength. It can shrink a bit while curing but it’s negligible.

Concrete is known by its grade which is designated as M15, M20 etc.

(M = concrete mix) (15, 20 etc. = specified compressive strength) M20 and M25 are the most common grades of cement. Concrete’s several modifiable properties make it one of the best materials to work with.

1.2 Types Concrete can be classified into the following two categories 1. Plain concrete = aggregate (sand) + water Under plain concrete there are two different types, namely polymer concrete and pervious concrete.

Polymer concrete uses polymers to bind the aggregate. Polymer concrete can gain a lot of strength in a short amount of time. Cellular light weight concrete comes under polymer concrete.

Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) also known as Foamed concrete is one of the most significant types of concrete used for construction purposes due to its various advantages and usages over traditionally produced concrete. CLCs are mainly use in making buildings and structures.

Pervious concrete has holes and voids which can allow air or water to move through it.

2. Reinforced concrete/ RFC Combining different materials can improve the usage and the strength of the concrete. RFC can be categorised as Composite reinforced concrete and Stressed concrete.

Composite reinforced concrete can be made by using Glass Fibres (GFRC), Steel fibres (SFRC), Polypropylene Fibre (PFRC) and many more materials which are developing like synthetic fibres, carbon fibres etc.

Under Stressed concrete there are prestressed concrete and post tensional concrete.

Prestressed concrete is a method for overcoming concretes natural weakness in tension. it can be used to produce beams.

Post tensioning is a technique for reinforcing concrete. Post tensioning tendons, which are prestressing steel cables inside plastic ducts or sleeves, are positioned in the form before the concrete is placed.

MOULDS can be for wood, plywood, FRC, rubber, silicon, pop, fabric.

1.3 Details LECA- Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate *35%-40% water cement ratio

Pigments (colour agent) Iron Oxides

Cement available in the marketOPC- Ordinary Portland Cement PPC- Pozzalana Portland Cement WGC- White Grey Cement

Prime Colours Brown black yellow green red blue

Aggregate (sand) Coarse aggregate - 20mm (kapchi) 10mm (grid) Natural gravels Fine aggregate Fillers Silica Fume (white in color) Fly ash (black colour) LECA (Clay/ brown) Admixtures comes in a powder/liquid form increases the workability Accelerator Retarder Super Plasticizer Air entering agent

Reinforcement THT bars Stands/tendon Fibers glass, steel

2. PHOTO FRAME This is my first concept through which I want to show that concrete is lightweight, as opposed to the common misconception that concrete is heavy and not movable.

2.1 Sketches

2.2 Renders

Through my final renders, I have tried to explore different combinations of materials using concrete and wood.

3. DUSTBIN 3.1 Brief

Dustbin Project Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine Board Objective To ensure the animal waste are disposed off in an environmentally sound manner.

Protecting human health and the environment from the effects of potentially infectious waste.

Research Cold place is suitable as it controls the odour Plastic bags are preferred as it can control the Odour & Leakage. (not in the colour- red, yellow & purple) Using of green Plastic (bio plastic)- Agricultural waste Polylactic base bio plastic.

3.2 Site Research The Site Research has been conducted in four parts, namely Site, Existing Dustbins on Site, Problems with Existing Dustbins and Classification of Waste. This study is based on a presentation provided to me by our guide.

3.2.1 Site

Rocky mountain range

Heavy traffic of pilgrims

Bhawan at high altitude : 5200 ft

People at the shrine

Pathway with safety railing Approximately 40,000 visitors daily on an average

Night view of the shrine

3.2.2 Existing Dustbins on Site

Plasic bin fixed inside metal cage so monkeys cannot move it

Open dustbin can made of iron

Plastic bin outside food stall on a narrow lane

Waste spoiling the area around bin

Plastic bin at the Bhawan

Dustbin can be rotated on pivot for waste removal. Sacks containing mule dung placed outside bins for collection

3.2.3 Problems with Existing Dustbins

Cracks due to extreme weather, stone shootings, jumping monkeys and rough handling by people

Rain water fills up open bins

Snow mounts on top

Dustbins are knocked over due to overload or by monkeys

Dustbin graphics are not understandable for people of all ages, literate and illiterate

Bins are placed at uncomfortable heights

Jute bags are expensive for everyday use

Difficult to access location for short people

Capacity is not enough, fills up very quickly

Jute bags filled with mule dung by workers, later collected by garbage vans

Use of plastic bags is not allowed

Monkeys open the dustbin lids and search for food

Monkeys spoil the area surrounding the bins

The pathway has a slope and is uneven, it is difficult to place dustbins

Monkeys knock over dustbins and litter the place

Slopes of upto 20 degrees are encountered on the pathway

3.2.4 Classification of Waste

Mule dung is the primary problem I have taken forward while designing this dustbin due to the fact that it is uncovered, which results in smell and leakage, among other sanitation and health issues.

3.3 Drawings 3.3.1 Concept Sketches

Jute bags are used to store the animal waste as they are porous. The animal waste gets dried easily. Jute bags are cheap and easily available too.

Sketches on how to store mule dung with proper ventilation.

3.3.2 Technical Drawings

3.3.3 Final Renders

3.4 How to use