Q) What are the effects of working posture on cardio vascular musculo skeletal system? OR Q) State the physiological effects of working posture on muscular skeletal system? EFFECTS OF POSTURE ON CARDIOVASCULAR (CVD) SYSTEM Strain in the neck muscles, such as that occurring from bad posture or hunching over at your desk, may contribute to higher blood pressure. Chronic bad posture can affect your spine and rib cage, which in turn can have negative effects on your lungs and heart, bad posture can restrict blood flow to the back of the head, resulting in a tension headache or even more serious health problems, Effects of posture on cardiovascular responses to lower body positive pressure at rest and during dynamic exercise. EFFECTS OF POSTURE ON MUSCULO SKELETAL SYSTEM Misalignment The skeletal ailments that result from bad posture are the result of misalignment in the spine. When you have good posture, the upper cervical curve, mid thoracic curve and lower lumbar curve of your spine balance along an imaginary vertical line that runs down your body from the top of your head to the bottom of your feet. Proper posture ensures that your spine is neither angled to either side of your body nor exaggerated along any of its natural curves. Improper posture disrupts the alignment of your spine by either over emphasizing one or more of the spinal curves, or by causing horizontal curvature to the spinal column. An improperly aligned spine disrupts alignment of other major bone and muscles, which can cause short-term pain or more long-term structural damage. Joint Stress The joints in your body are protected by connective tissue designed to cushion and protect the joint during movement. The amount of connective tissue reflects the load bearing properties of the joint. A misaligned spine causes weight or stress to be redistributed throughout the body, so joints that were not intended to bear a significant amount of stress are now required to so do to compensate for poor posture.
When joints bear stress beyond their capacity, the result is temporary or long-term pain as well as a degradation of the supportive connective tissue. Bad posture most commonly impacts joints in the spine, knees and shoulders. Growth Issues The skeletal system coordinates growth with muscle fibers in order to maintain alignment and balance. Some forms of chronic poor posture negatively impact normal growth patterns. For example, bad posture that places added stress on the vertebrae of the spine will cause the connective disks to wear down more quickly, compressing the bones of the spine and causing a loss in height. Bad posture that compresses bones and joints also inhibits muscle fiber growth, leading to reduced strength or stature. Osteoarthritis Poor posture is one contributing factor to osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is the result of the severe degradation of the connective tissue between joints that protects the bones from rubbing together and causing pain. When posture disrupts the load bearing balance of your joints, connective tissue is worn down, exposing bone to bone. Occasionally, affected joints will calcify and fuse nearby bones in unnatural or painful positions, particularly in the spine and hands. Posture is particularly critical for osteoarthritis because the condition often exacerbates already poor posture, which can compound pain. Osteoarthritis cannot be cured or reversed, but the pain can be managed with physical therapy and medication. Q) How can work station design improved safety and productivity?
Ergonomics is the science of designing the workplace, keeping in minds the capabilities and limitations of the worker. Poor worksite design leads to fatigued, frustrated and hurting workers. This rarely leads to the most productive worker. More likely, it leads to a
painful and costly injury, lower productivity and poor product quality. A systematic ergonomics improvement process removes risk factors that lead to
musculoskeletal injuries and allows for improved human performance and productivity. By making improvements to the work process, you are removing barriers to maximum safe work performance. You are providing your workers with a job that is within their body’s capabilities and limitations. And (as you’ll see throughout this series) you’ll be contributing to your company’s bottom line.
Done well, an ergonomics improvement process can be a key contributor to your company’s competitiveness in the marketplace and provide a better work experience for
your people. Factors such as repetition, force, posture and vibration are associated with higher rates of injury. So in order to reduce these injuries there should be a good design of the work place that helps the workers to work efficiently and effectively to manufacture good
quality products and increased productivity. A well organised workplace minimises material handling, improves efficiency and
reduces worker fatigue. There should be enough leg space for easy movement of legs and a footrest, particularly for seated workers. By providing all these improvements productivity and quality of the
goods can be improved. Some tasks can be automated or redesigned to eliminate repetitive movements and
musculoskeletal injuries. Workstations or tasks can often be redesigned to reduce the number of repetitive
motions that must be performed. Well-designed Ergonomic furniture minimizes fatigue and injury by fitting equipment to the body size, strength and range of motion of the user that helps to improve the work performance and improved the productivity.
1. Ergonomics reduces costs. Well-designed work station can reduce ergonomic risk factors, which help to reduce worker compensation cost.
2. Ergonomics improves productivity. The best ergonomic solutions will often improve productivity. By designing a job to allow for good posture, less exertion, fewer motions and better heights and reaches, the workstation becomes more efficient.
3. Ergonomics improves quality. Poor ergonomics leads to frustrated and fatigued workers that don’t do their best work. When the job task is too physically taxing on the worker, they may not perform their job like they were trained. For example, an employee might not fasten a screw tight enough due to a high force requirement which could create a product quality issue.
4. Ergonomics improves employee engagement. Employees notice when the company is putting forth their best efforts to ensure their health and safety. If an employee does not experience fatigue and discomfort during their workday, it can reduce turnover, decrease absenteeism, improve morale and increase employee involvement.
5. Ergonomics creates a better safety culture. Ergonomics shows your company’s commitment to safety and health as a core value. The cumulative effect of the previous four benefits of ergonomics is a stronger safety culture for your company. Healthy employees are your most valuable asset; creating and fostering the safety & health culture at your company will lead to better human performance for your organization.
Q) Importance of ergonomics in industrial health and safety?
1. Ergonomics reduces costs. Well-designed work station can reduce ergonomic risk factors, which help to reduce worker compensation cost.
2. Ergonomics improves productivity. The best ergonomic solutions will often improve productivity. By designing a job to allow for good posture, less exertion, fewer motions and better heights and reaches, the workstation becomes more efficient.
3. Ergonomics improves quality. Poor ergonomics leads to frustrated and fatigued workers that don’t do their best work. When the job task is too physically taxing on the worker, they may not perform their job like they were trained. For example, an employee might not fasten a screw tight enough due to a high force requirement which could create a product quality issue.
4. Ergonomics improves employee engagement. Employees notice when the company is putting forth their best efforts to ensure their health and safety. If an employee does not experience fatigue and discomfort during their workday, it can reduce turnover, decrease absenteeism, improve morale and increase employee involvement.
5. Ergonomics creates a better safety culture. Ergonomics shows your company’s commitment to safety and health as a core value. The cumulative effect of the previous four benefits of ergonomics is a stronger safety culture for your company. Healthy employees are your most valuable asset; creating and fostering the safety & health culture at your company will lead to better human performance for your organization.
A strong ergonomics integration prevents injuries and increases productivity. Together, they make the workplace safer and reduce costs . Q) Explain assessment of work load based on human engineering and permissible limit of load for manual lifting and carrying? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q) Explain environmental physiology? Environmental physiology is the science of understanding how living organisms function, how they are adapted to their environment, and the means by which these mechanisms evolved The environment can have major influences on human physiology.
Environmental effects on human physiology are numerous; one of the most carefully studied effects is the alterations in thermoregulation in the body due to outside stresses.
This is necessary because in order for enzymes to function, blood to flow, and for various body organs to operate, temperature must remain at consistent, balanced levels. There are two main types of stresses that can be experienced due to extreme environmental temperatures: heat stress and cold stress. Heat
stress
is
physiologically
combated
in
four
ways: radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation. Cold stress is physiologically combated by shivering, accumulation of body fat, circulatory adaptations (that provide an efficient transfer of heat to the epidermis), and increased blood flow to the extremities. In both types of temperature related stress, it is important to remain wellhydrated. Hydration reduces cardiovascular strain, enhances the ability of energy processes to occur, and reduces feelings of exhaustion Exposure to environment stress can impair normal cellular function and have adverse consequences. The degree of impairment is depend on type, intensity and duration of stress Q) Describe the physiology? Physiology is the science of dealing with functioning of the living organisms and their parts. Human physiology is study of normal functioning of the cell, tissues, and organs of human body. The science of physiology is related to ANATOMY which is the study of structure of cell, tissues, and organs of human body. The branch of science dealing with physiological aspect of man at work is known as work physiology. Physiological parameter
Oxygen intake
Energy expenditure
Heart rate
Sweating rate
Muscular work and physical fitness
Environmental parameters such as humidity temperature.