P#1

Chapter 1- Management, Management Principals and Types of Management

Q1) Explain organisational human behaviour factor contributing to an accident and their preventive measure?

Following are the human behaviour factor contributing to accident 1. According to H.W Heinrich, the great philosopher of safety concluded that the 88% of accident caused by unsafe action by the human. Such as operating without authority, making safety device inoperative, using unsafe and defective equipment etc.

2. Unsafe action is as an underlying cause of unsafe condition. Unguarded slippery surfaces, unsafe design of machine etc...

3. Attention - Failure to remain attentive or lack of attention 4. Competence - Lack of competence and experience 5. Skills - illiterate, untrained, unskilled, less equipped and poorly supervised 6. Personality problem - Some are compromising while others are hardliner 7. Attitude - Negligence, arrogance, boldness and overconfidence etc.

8. Risk perception - Poor risk perception due to poor knowledge and experience 9. Individual characteristics - Anger, temper, curiosity etc Preventive measure (Basic philosophy of safety management) 1.

2.

3.

4.

Safe and clean work place and working conditions.

Safe and Ergonomic design and application to reduce health hazards.

Safe work method, job performance and the job itself.

Detection and assessment of risk, deciding what precautions are needed and

application of eco-friendly process technology and hazard control technology.

5. Prevention and control of situation and environment including exposure to hazards and well maintenance of all control measures.

6. Improved methods of selection, training, placement and supervision of workers.

7. Periodical medical health check up and follow-up of medical advice for workers.

8. Periodical psychological study of human behaviour for safety.

10. Public awareness and preparedness programs i.e. community involvement for public health & safety.

11. Periodical review of all safety programmes and necessary change and improvement where required.

12. Training and awareness 13. Supervision, monitoring and controlling 14. Feedback and reports 15. Frequent inspections and audits 16. Skill development 17. Education Q2) Explain the objective of management? And it’s Role in SHE management? 6-26

1.

The term "management by objectives" was first popularized by Peter Drucker in his

2.

1954 book The Practice of Management Management by objectives (MBO), also known as management by results (MBR), is a process of defining objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they need to do in the organization in order to achieve them.

The principle of MBO is for employees to have a clear understanding of their roles

3.

and the responsibilities giving to them, so they can understand how their activities relate to the achievement of the organization's goals.

Advantages of MBO: They are: 1.

Better management.

2.

Clarifies organisation.

3.

Harmony of objectives.

4.

Motivation.

5.

Evaluation of results.

6.

Development of managers.

7.

Improvement in superior - subordinate relations.

Role of MBO in Safety: The concept of MBO is much more useful in setting and achieving safety goals. First safety goals for the whole organisation should be decided by the safety department. They may be: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Safety policy.

Some million man-hours work without accident.

Clean environment at all workplaces.

Productivity with safety.

Hazards detection and removal.

Maintenance of guards and safety devices.

Use of safety equipment.

Accident reporting, detailed investigation and record for cost and lesson.

Safety inspections and control techniques.

Safety committee, its objectives and functions.

Ergonomic improvements.

Occupational health & hygiene.

Compliance of statutory provisions.

Formation of other safety rules for specific works, SOPs and safety permit

15.

systems.

Induction, on-going and periodical safety programmes

Q3) Explain six function of scientific safety management?

The six functions of scientific safety management are: Planning:

 It includes setting safety objectives, formulating safety policy, safety programming, budgeting and determining safe or standard procedures.  Good planting at the design stage such as raw materials, intermediates and products, types of floor, roof, construction, lighting, ventilation, layout of machinery, pressure vessels, always helps to eliminate design defect from the beginning.

Organising: 

It includes establishment of the formal structure of authority through which work subdivisions are defined, arranged, and co-ordinated for the planned safety objectives.

Staffing: 

It includes personnel function of recruitment and training the staff and maintaining safe and favourable conditions of work through personnel.

Directing: 

It is a continuous task of taking decisions, ordering, instructing, guiding and advising on all matters of safety.

Controlling: 

It includes performing, evaluating and correcting the performance according to objectives, procedures and plans.

Co-ordinating: 

It includes interrelating and synchronising the different activities for achieving safety goals.

Q4) Role of ILO in safety management?

1. The opening words of its constitution 'Universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based on is social justice' indicate its main object.

2. The protection of the worker against 'sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment' is also one of the essential tasks of the ILO. 3. It carries out     

Technical co-operation, International supervision, Ensuring effective application, Labour inspection, Occupational health services,

  

meetings, symposia, Activities in the

field

ergonomics, Expert consultancy service,

of



Employment injury statistics,



Vocational rehabilitation.

 International Occupational Safety and Health Hazard Alert System and  International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre (CIS) 4. Preparation of international standards for the protection of workers' health is its main aim. Such standards, in the form of Conventions and prevention, labour inspection, occupational health and diseases, maximum weight, electrical accidents etc.

5. Another major sector of ILO's work consists in the provision of expert advice and technical assistance in matters connected with labour and social policy.

6. Exchange of technical information & Research  

Q5) Role of management in industrial safety?

1. Formulating safety policy and should be circulated to top, middle and to workers.

2. Carry out Safety Audit and Risk Assessment and collection, development and dissemination of information 3. Report to the authorities the results of the hazard/ risk assessment in the prescribed formats 4. Provide information to the authorities, of criteria, quantities and processes of hazardous substances to identify the unit as an MAH unit.

5. Set up an emergency plan i.e. on-site and off-site emergency plan based on the guidelines from Factory Inspectorate..

6. Take all necessary safety measures to prevent major accidents and to limit their consequences to persons and environment.

7. Providing to the workers with information, training and equipment including antidotes necessary to ensure their safety.

8. This is the main responsibility to operate and maintain the plant safety and to mitigate consequences .of the accident.

9. Update the information following changes in the threshold quantity, other hazards and safety report 10. Give information to the public liable to be affected by a major accident 11. Notify within 48 hours, to the concerned authority a report of major accident occurred on site.

12. Inform the concerned authority before 30 days, regarding import of hazardous chemicals.

13. The records of imported hazardous chemicals shall be maintained.  

Q6) Write down the basic philosophy of safety management and advantage of MBO?



*****Refer Q1 and Q2 for ans. *******



Q7) Explain the occupational safety health and environment management system?

1. In 2001, the International Labour Organization (ILO) published ILO-OSH 2001, also titled "Guidelines a on occupational safety and health management systems" to assist organizations with introducing OSH management systems.

2. These guidelines encourage continual improvement in employee health and safety, achieved via a constant process of policy, organization, planning & implementation, evaluation, and action for improvement, all supported by constant auditing to determine the success of OSH actions 3. This open access forum is intended to provide the tools for industry to create safe and healthy working environments and foster positive safety cultures within the organizations. 

Objective

1. These guidelines should contribute to the protection of workers from hazards and to the elimination of work-related injuries, ill health, diseases, incidents and deaths.

2. At national level, the guidelines should  Be used to establish a national framework for OSH management 

systems, preferably supported by national laws and regulations Provide guidance for the development of voluntary arrangements to strengthen compliance with regulations and standards leading to

continual improvement in OSH performance  Provide guidance on the development of both national and tailored guidelines on OSH management systems to respond appropriately to the real needs of organizations, according to their size and the nature of their activities.

3. At the level of the organization, the guidelines are intended to:  Provide guidance regarding the integration of OSH management system elements in the organization as a component of policy and management arrangements;  Motivate all members of the organization, particularly employers, owners, managerial staff, workers and their representatives, in applying appropriate OSH management principles and methods to continually improve OSH performance 

Elements of OSH Management system     



Policy Organizing Planning and implementation Evaluation Action for improvement



Q8) Write down the principal steps in the process of management and



explain them in brief? 8M OR



Q) Explain how the management is systematic working? 4 M



Steps in the process of the management

      

Planning Organising Staffing Controlling and Co-ordinating Planning

1. Planning is the most fundamental and the first function or element of management process.

2. Need for planning is increasing because of changes in technology, materials, methods, processes, demands, law, government policy, procedure and competition.

3. Planning is defined as to a preview of future activities.

4. we can define safety planning as the first step of safety management wherein a safety manager decides in advance safety objectives, policy, procedure, strategies, rules, programmes, methods, budgets, schedules and necessary means for achieving these objectives, considering facts (of accidents and other hazards) and anticipating predictable events that may affect safety of plant, people and environment.

5. Reduces uncertainly, risk, wastage etc.

6. Helps in controlling future events (loss).

7. Helps in saving of costs. 

Organising

1. It is an identifiable group of people contributing their efforts towards the attainment of goals.

2. Safety organisation can be defined as the structure and process by which groups of people (employees) are divided into sections or departments, each section or department is assigned specific safety function or duty. Authority and responsibility of everybody is clearly defined and interrelationship between them is specified for the accomplishment of organisational safely goals.

3. Facilitates administration and other functions of management process.

4. Facilitates growth and diversification.

5. Permits optimum use of technological improvements. 

Staffing

1. It includes personnel function of recruitment and training the staff and maintaining safe and favourable conditions of work through personnel. 

Directing

1. Thus after planning, organising and staffing,, directing is the fourth managerial function. It is that part of the management process which guides, inspires, instructs and harnesses people to work effectively and r efficiently to achieve the goals.

2. The process of directing consists of , the following steps :  Issue orders and instructions.  Provide and continue guidance and supervision to ensure that the assigned tasks are carried out effectively and efficiently.  Maintain discipline and reward for good work.  Inspire and motivate to work hard to achieve the goals. 

Controlling for Safety:

1. To complete the management cycle it is important to know about the function of controlling after knowing about planning, organising, staffing and directing. 

Co-ordinating:

1.

It includes interrelating and synchronising the different activities for achieving safety goals.

 



Q9) Explain the general principal of management?  Refer page no 6-7  Q10) Role of the employee in safety management system? Refer page no 631

1.

Assurance of quality production within specified time and cost. He has to see

2.

3.

quality, quantity, efficiency and effectiveness all at a time. This requires high skill.

Constant watch over safe conditions and actions for accident less production.

He has to see continuity in production. Therefore he manages to repair the

4.

machine and restart the job at the earliest possible.

He helps the workers in training them for their jobs and in solving their problems.

5.

He is useful in carrying out job safety analysis and on the job training.

He ensures safety through four major areas (1) Working machine/equipment and the job (2) Work area/environment or surrounding (3) Work methods, SOPs and

6.

actions and (4) - Work attitudes.

He establishes work methods, assigns jobs to persons, gives job instruction and

7.

maintains man-machine reaction safe.

For matter out of his control, he will immediately report to his higher officer.

8.

Meanwhile he makes temporary safety arrangements.

He pays attention on good maintenance of machines, materials, tools, etc. and

9.

also on good housekeeping and good health of the workers.

He reports all accidents and defects to the management and carries out their

10.

investigation for the purpose of stopping its recurrence.

He supplies proper protective equipment to workers and persuade to use them.



11.

He observes and understands worker's difficulties. He observes physiological and psychological factors such as body movement, reaching-walking time and distance, weight, workload, environment, boredom, monotony and tries to find the

12.

solutions.

He has to carry out compliance of safety measures suggested by Safety

13.

Department, Factory Inspectorate and other authorities.

He has to fill requisite production report, performance report, safety report and other records required.

  

Q11) Write short notes on MBO? 4M 

***Refer question no 2***



Q12) explain decentralisation of authority? 4M



Q13) Discuss Delegation of authority and responsibility for safety? 8M 

*** For Q12 & Q13 please refer page no 6-11 section 5.4****



Chapter 2 safety Planning



Q1) Safety Planning?



'Safety Planning' defined: From above general definitions, we can define safety planning as the first step of safety management wherein a safety manager decides in advance safety objectives, policy, procedure, strategies, rules, programmes, methods, budgets, schedules and necessary means for achieving these objectives, considering facts (of accidents and other hazards) and anticipating foreseeable events that may affect safety of plant, people and environment.

        

Purpose

(importance)

of

General

Planning:

Purpose,

importance,

significance, advantages or utility of planning are summarised as under – 1.

Focuses on objectives and results.

2. Activities become purposeful and orderly.

3.

Reduces uncertainly, risk, wastage etc.

4.

Helps in controlling future events (loss).

5.

Helps in saving of costs.

6.

Imparts accuracy.

7.

Helps other functions of management i.e. organising, staffing, budgeting, directing, controlling etc.

   

8.

9.

10.  1.

2.

3.

Provides direction.

Creates healthy organisational climate.

Provides framework.

Procedure (steps) of Planning: Basic steps in planning are as under

Identify problems.

Establish objectives (goals).

Develop 'planning premises' (e.g. land, labour, capital, market, money, time, production,

public

relation,

employee

relation,

reputation,

morals,

policy,

programmes, rules, emergencies, new inventions, population trends, supply 4.

5.

6.

7.

position; economic, technological, political and social conditions etc.)

Determine alternative courses of action.

Evaluate the alternatives.

Select a course of action.

Formulate derivative (final) plan and sub-plans as per need.



Factors (Limitations / Constraints) affecting scope of Planning: They are: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Inaccuracy.

Time consumption.

Rigidity.

Cost.

Attitudes of management.

Faults in planning system i.e. lack of reward, lack of participation or specific

activities and incompetence of the planner.

7. Lack of orientation and training for managers.

8. Uncertainty.

9. Resistance to change.   

Q2) Range of Planning? 4M Range of Planning: Based on time schedules three types of plans can be prepared as under-

 1. Short-term (operational) plans –  For a period up to one year.  They are specific and detailed and cover the contents of long term plan.  They are prepared on the basis of strategic and tactical plans.  Examples are daily operations, repairs and maintenance plan, purchase plan.  2. Medium-term (intermediate) plans –  For a period of more than one year and less than 5 years.  They are coordinative and tactical in nature.  They are less detailed than short-term plan.  Examples are proposed product and its safety aspects, emergency planning  3. Long-term (strategic) plans –  For a period of 5, 10, 15 or more years.  Provides direction for the growth of the enterprise.

 

It involves uncertainty because of the long period.

Examples are environmental impact assessment, future opportunities, scientific development and its forecasting

 

Q3) Variety of planning? 4M  Variety (types) of Plans: They are classified as under -

*** Refer 6-15***

1. Based on objectives – Production plan, sales plan, financial plan, investment plan, expansion plan, research and development plan, training plan, existing business plan, reform oriented plan etc.

2. Based on time - Short, medium and long term plans as explained earlier.

3. Single use plan - Programmer projects, budgets etc.

4. Repeated use (standing) plans - they consider objectives, policies, procedures, rules and strategies.  

Q4) Strategic Planning? 4M

1. The term of strategic planning when it is used in business, it means a special type of plan to meet challenges, competitions, emergencies and other environmental forces.

On-site and off-site emergency (contingent) plans are the best examples 2. Strategy is the executive behaviour whose purpose is to achieve success for the company or personal goals in a competitive environment 3. Thus strategic planning links the resources of the organisation with the risks and challenges posed by external forces and lays down a long-term direction for the enterprise 4. Nature (characteristics) of Strategic Planning :   It is a long-term planning to fight future external forces.  It is action oriented, flexible, and dynamic and forward looking.  It deals with basic questions.  It is a function of the top management.  It becomes a base for the detailed plans 5. Process (steps) of Strategic Planning :   Decide long range objectives.  Collect and analyse relevant information.  Assess the environmental and risk factors.  Conduct - resource audit (self-appraisal).  Think of strategic alternatives.  Select the best alternative (decision making).  Implement and control it. 

Q5) Safety policy? Formulation? Need?

1. Policy refers to a set of rules made by the organization for rational decision making.

2. Safety Policy is statutorily required u/s 7A(3) and 41B(2) of the Factories Act, 1948

3. Types of Policies: They are classified as basic, general or departmental policies, production policy, sales policy, purchasing policy, accounting policy, marketing policy, finance policy, personnel policy, safety/health or environment policy.

4. Need and Importance of Polities : They      

Operationalise objectives.

Save time and effort.

Facilitate delegation of authority.

Speed up decision making.

Facilitate administrative control.

 5. Characteristics of a sound policy (Principles of Policy Making): It should be:       

It is based on objectives and should indicate how to attain them.

Clear, definite, explicit, precise and easily understandable.

Indicative of criteria limits and yardsticks for action.

Stable as well as flexible.

Planned development.

With norms of ethical behaviour and legal standards

 6. Steps in Policy Formulation :      

Define policy area.

Identify policy alternatives.

Evaluate policy alternatives.

Select the best alternative.

Make policy document (if more details are required then policy manual). Follow

statutory guidelines.  Communicate for implementation.  See its application into operational plans and all activities.  Review and revise to keep it up-to-date.  

Q) As per factories act 1948, Maharashtra rules, explain the content of occupational safety and health policy?

 

Safety Policy is statutorily required u/s 7A (3) and 41B (2) of the Factories Act, 1948 and as per Maharashtra rule 73-L, safety policy should contain

1. Commitment of the top management to health, safety and environment and 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

compliance of the statutory requirements.

Organisational set-up to carry out the policy.

Arrangements to make the policy effective.

Arrangements for involving workers.

Consideration of health and safety performance for career advancement.

Fixing responsibilities of contractors, subcontractors, transporters and other agencies entering the premises.

7.

8.

Declaring health and safety performance of the factory in its Annual Report.

Techniques and methods viz. safety audit, risk assessment, at an interval of 2 years, on the status of healthy safety and environment and taking remedial measures.

Arrangements for informing, educating and training workers and the public where

9.

required.   

Chapter 3- Organising Q) Explain in detail line and staff function of safety health and

 

environment? 8M Q) Define organisation? Explain in detail line and staff function? 8M Q) Explain the line function and staff function in management of an industry? What are the major activities of this function? What ethic need to be followed by line function and staff function for smooth and safe work activity? 8M

 

Safety Organisation defined: Safety organisation can be defined as the structure and process by which groups of people (employees) are divided into sections or departments, each section or department is assigned specific safety function or duty. Authority and responsibility of everybody is clearly defined and interrelationship between them is specified for the accomplishment of organisational safely goals

 

Line & Staff Organization:

1. 'Line & staff organisation' is a combination of line and functional structures.

2. line of authority flows in a vertical line, but staff specialists are attached to line positions to advise them on important matters 3. These specialists do not have power of command over subordinates in other departments, but they possess it over subordinates in their own department  E.g. Chief Safety Officer has command over safely officers in his department but he has no command over accounts officer in other department.

4. He has only advisory relationship with other departments like production, personnel, HRD etc. A common model of line & staff organisation is shown in Fig.     1.

2.

**** Refer page no 6-18 for figure*** Feature of line and staff organisation There are two types of staff :  Staff Assistants- P.A. to Managing Director, Secretary to Marketing Manager.  Staff Supervisor- Operation Control Manager, Quality Controller, PRO Line and Staff Organization is a compromise of line organization

3.

The whole organization is divided into different functional areas to which staff specialists are attached.

Efficiency can be achieved through the features of specialization.

There are two lines of authority which flow at one time in a concern :  Line Authority  Staff Authority

4.

5.

 

Advantage and disadvantage 

Advantages



Disadvantages



Relief to line managers



Line-staff conflicts



Expert



Confusion in relationships



Staff

N

 1  2 

advice

(specialization) 

Better decisions

3 

becomes

ineffective

or

irresponsible 

Training of personnel





Flexibility – opportunity



Expensive for small units

4  5

for advancement

 

Q) Describe the structure and function of safety committee? Explain Role of

   

safety committee? 8 M Q) Function of safety committee? 4 M Q) Write down the structure of safety committee? 4M Q) Different types of safety committee? 4M Q) How the employee participation in safety is made obligation in factories legislation? Write down the structure & function of safety committee and why it need to be chaired by senior level manager?

  

Statutory provision A new provision was added since 23.09.87, u/s 41 G of the Factories Act to set up a safety committee consisting of equal number of representatives of workers and management to promote co-operation between the workers and the management in maintaining proper safety and health at work

  

Thereafter by addition of rules 73-J in the Maharashtra Factories Rules

1.

2.

3.

A senior official shall be the Chairman.

A Safety Officer or Factory Medical Officer shall be the Secretary.

A representative each from the production, maintenance and purchase

4.

5.

6.

departments shall be members.

Workers representatives, of equal number, shall be elected by the workers.

The tenure of the committee shall be 2 years.

At least one meeting in 3 months. Minutes shall be recorded and produced

7.

before the Factory Inspector on demand.

The committee has right to be informed of potential hazards of work places and

8.

data on accidents and working environment.

The committee shall keep the data confidential and use it solely to guide on

Structure of safety committee

safety measures. 

Function of safety committee

1.

Assisting & Co-operation with the management to implement health and safety

2.

policy.

All matters of health, safety and environment and solutions to problems in that

3.

4.

5.

regard.

Creation of safety awareness amongst workers.

To conduct educational, training and promotional activities.

To discuss reports on safety, health and environmental surveys, safety audits, risk assessment,

emergency

plans

and implementation of the

6.

7.

8.

9.

recommendations of the reports.

To carry out health and safety surveys and identify causes of accidents.

To look into complaints of imminent danger and suggest corrective measures.

To review the implementation of its own recommendations.

To form sub-committees, if necessary.



Role of safety committee

1.

To promote co-operation between the workers and the management in

2.

maintaining proper safety and health at work To advise to Managing Director and the Safety Board or the top executive of the

3.

company on all matters of safety and health of the workers To decide safety policy and planning for purchase of equipment with in-built

4.

safety devices, To plan and supervise education, training and maintaining interest of employees

5.

in safety.

To make arrangement or develop safe work practices and procedures; inspection, audit and appraisal systems and all efforts to avoid or reduce

6.

accidents To suggest safety devices and protective equipment.

7.

8.

To arrange safety competitions and to decide awards for encouragement.

To improve co-operative spirit between management and employees and among

9.

various departments to promote safety.

To suggests safety aspects of new design and construction of plant, machinery

10.

and equipment To review accident records.



Types of Committees may be:

    

(1) Main or Central Safety Committee (2) Plant or Shop Safety Committee (3) Technical Safety Committee (4) Special purpose Safety Committee etc.



Chapter 4 Directing

 

Q) Explain the process and technique of direction?

Meaning:



Once the objectives are decided and planning is made how to achieve them, organisation structure is designed by staff, appointing qualified and experienced persons and the organisation can be said ready for action. But this action cannot

begin

until orders and instructions are issued i.e. the employees are

'directed' to carry the orders. This process of inspiring and guiding people what to do and how to do the best of their ability is known as 'directing'. 

Process: The process of directing consists of , the following steps : 1. Issue orders and instructions. They should be clear, complete and within capabilities of the followers.

2. Provide and continue guidance and supervision to ensure that the assigned tasks are carried out effectively and efficiently.

3. Maintain discipline and reward for good work.

4. Inspire and motivate to work hard to achieve the goals.

 

Elements of direction Thus motivation, supervision, leadership and communication are the main elements of directing.

 

Techniques of Direction: Generally four techniques are available for directing.

They are delegation of authority, supervision, orders and instructions.

1. Thus, delegation means assigning work to others and giving them authority to do it. It gives right to decision making in certain defined areas and charging subordinates with responsibilities for carrying out those assigned tasks.

2. Supervision means expert overseeing of subordinates at work to ensure compliance of plans and procedures. At operating level it is most useful and effective.

3. The terms order, instruction, directive and command are used interchangeably in management literature. They mean to initiate, modify or stop an activity. It is a primary tool by which activities are started, altered, guided and terminated. 

Q) Describe process, principals and techniques of leadership? 4



Q) Explain the types of leadership? 4



Q) Essential qualities of effective and good leader? 8M



Q) Define leadership? What are types of leadership? Essential qualities of effective and good leader? 8M



Q) Role and the function of the leader? 4M



Definition- It is the ability of influencing people to strive willingly for natural objectives.



Process- the Leadership Process Model was developed by Randall B. Dunham and Jon Pierce



Figure 1 – The Leadership Process

 

The model shows the relationship between four key factors that contribute to leadership success or failure. These are:

1. The Leader: This is the person who takes charge, and directs the group's performance.

2. Followers: These are the people who follow the leader's directions on tasks and projects.

3. The Context: This is the situation in which the work is performed.

4. Outcomes: These are the results of the process.  1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Principals of leader Great leadership begins with the person, not the position.

Great leadership is about your level of influence, not your level of authority.

Great leaders are as good at listening as they are at communicating.

Great leadership is about wisdom, not intelligence.

Before you can lead, you must first learn to follow.

Great leaders create stability and drive change.

Great leaders use their power by giving it to others.

Effective leadership requires courage.

      

Leadership Styles (Techniques): They are of three types 1.

Autocratic or Dictatorial leadership.

2.

Democratic or Consultative or Participative leadership.

3.

Free .Rein or Laissez Faire leadership.

In autocratic leadership subordinates have less freedom which increases in democratic leadership. Superior enjoys more authority in autocratic leadership arid less authority in democratic leadership. See Fig 6.10.  Autocratic Leadership



Authority of Superior Freedom of Subordinates

Democratic leadership

 Fig 6.10 Relationship of two types of leadership Autocratic leadership

1. Is useful when subordinates are illiterate, unskilled, untrained and secrecy in decision 2.

making is required.

It can be applied when there is a clear chain of command or clear-cut division of authority.



Democratic or consultative leadership

1. In this method, the manager consults his subordinates and invites their suggestions 2.

3.

4.

5.

before making decision.

Formal or informal meetings are also held.

Here subordinates work heartily because their views and opinions are respected. . It develops trust, co-operation and leadership among employees.

This stage is useful when subordinates are literate, have sense of responsibility and organised. It requires much time in decision making.



Free - rein leadership technique,

1. The manager delegate authority to his subordinates and they are encouraged to develop and contribute independent thought and action. T 2. This method is preferred mostly by highly educated and independent (free minded) persons.

3. There is a free communication between superior and his subordinates.  

Role and function of leader-

1. He should be clear about common objectives (goals) and should communicate them clearly.

2. He has to influence, guide, instruct, inspire and supervise his subordinates to work efficiently and effectively.

3. He has to generate desire in followers to achieve the common goal.

4. He works along with his followers, shows them how to work and gets their cooperation in return.

5. He should convince the followers that in protection of organisational (group) goals, lies the protection of their personal goals.

6. He has to provide continuous guidance till the achievement of goals.

7. Depending on situation he should alter, modify or stop order and should not be rigid in his decision.

8. He has to set an example by his own behaviour. 

Qualities of a leader -

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

He/she should Physical and mental fit to work Should be free from bias and anger and not emotional.

It means the ability to understand other's viewpoint.

He/she should have respect for others and their beliefs.

He/she should be objective to others and should find out reasons for requests or

6.

7.

8.

refusal by his subordinates.

Enthusiasm is required in leader.

He should be self motivated and capable of motivating others.

Leader has to deal with human beings and therefore he should posses’

9.

10.

11.

12.

knowledge of human resources.

He/she should be effective in his speech, talk and forceful impression.

He/she should mix with his followers freely and socially.

He should appreciate others' opinion and work with close co-operation.

Doubtlessly he must be technically more competent so that he can successfully teach technical aspects.



Q) Explain in detail essential of effective communication work? 8M



Q) What are the barrier in communication and how to overcome them? 4M



Q) Draw the neat sketches of communication process and what ethics to be observed for effective communication?



Q) What is a two way communication? 4M



Q) Elements of communication? 4M



Q) Role of communication in industrial organisation? 4M



Communication- Communication means the process of passing information and understanding from one person to another. It is the process of imparting ideas and making oneself understand by others. It is fundamental and vital to all managerial functions.

 

Purpose (Role or significance) of Communication: 1.

It is utmost necessary for planning, decision making, organising, directing and

2.

3.

controlling.

Plans cannot be implemented without effective communication.

Its basic purpose is to create mutual understanding and to secure desired

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

response.

Motivation and morale can be boost up.

Human relations can be improved.

Training and development is not possible without communication.

Co-ordination can be bridged by communication.

Public relations can be maintained and strengthened.

It increases productivity and performance.

It assists other functions.

It gives job satisfaction.

It is a basis of leadership.

It gives success to enterprise.

  

Process of communication (Or elements) Sender 1 7

Message 2

Encoding 3

Receiver 5

Channel 4

Feedback

Decoding 6



The Process of Communication



Barriers to Communication:



Despite of growth in communication system and modern electronic media, it may fail due to following barriers or obstacles.

1.

2.

3.

Incomplete, ambiguous or badly expressed message.

Absence of clarity of thought.

Absence of brevity and exactness, unwanted length, words, repetitions, over-

4.

5.

6.

elaboration etc.

Timeliness i.e. the message does not reach in time.

Lack of attention by the receivers.

Organisational barrier - Scalar chain of command, filtering of message,

7.

discouragement to informal communication, excessive control etc.

Status barrier - Subordinate has fear to report everything to superior and may

8.

hide unpleasant facts.

Perceptual barrier - Receiver may pay attention only on that part where he has

9.

interest or liking and may underrate or filter the message.

Information overload - Due to overload work, managers may ignore some

10.

message, may forget to inform some people or may send incomplete message.

Premature evaluation - The receiver evaluates the message before getting

16.

complete information i.e. he derives premature conclusion.

Channel distortion - Physical, Mechanical or electronic disturbance Improper order of information.

Improper selection of medium.

Emotional or sentimental messages.

Change of meaning during transmission.

Unwanted assumptions either by sender or



Essentials of Effective Communication:

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.



Rules, principles or guidelines of effective communication or the measures to overcome its barriers are as under:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Message should be clear, complete, and unambiguous and expressed properly.

Information should be in proper order/sequence.

Medium should be proper and effective.

Channel should be sound and undistorted.

Clarity - There should be clarity of thought.

Brevity - Message should be brief, precise and perfect. Meaningless words,

7.

8.

repetitions, and excessive details should be avoided.

Timeliness - Message should reach in time.

Compassion - Sender should be aware of level of understanding and background

9.

of the receiver.

Integrity - Message must be consistent with objectives, policies and programmes.

10.

11.

12.

Action and behaviour of the sender should support his message.

Feedback - There should be follow up action (if necessary) to get feedback.

Careful listening by the receiver is necessary.

Communication should be purposeful, at propel speed, sound and with

13.

14.

synchronising.

Line of communication (reporting) should be clear.

Evaluation of communication system is useful for improvement.



Two-way communication:

 

Information Feedback

RECEIVER

SENDER

Adjusted Information Understanding



Process of two-way communication

1.

2.

3.

 First a sender passes information to a receiver.

He then gives feedback to the sender.

If it is not as per expectation (correct), the sender supplies adjusted information to

4.

5.

the receiver.

Then clear understanding takes place between them and in both the ways.

Thus two-way communication (with correct feedback) is the effective

6.

communication.

Group discussion, practical, assignment etc. are good programmes of two-way

7.

communication.

In two-way communication feedback is required which is not possible without good listening.



Chapter 5 Monitoring for safety health and environment

 

Q) ILO Convention

1. Since its inception in 1919, the ILO has adopted over 300 international instruments Conventions and Recommendations.

2. A Convention is a legal document regulating some aspects of labour administration, social welfare or human rights.

3. A Convention creates binding obligations by virtue of its ratification by the member4.

country concerned.

A Recommendation is complementary to a Convention except-that it is not subject to

ratification.

5. The very first Convention of the ILO, adopted in 1919, was on working hours in industry, the one, adopted in 1990, is on chemical safety and one adapted in 1993 is on major Industrial Accidents.

6. These international agreements (Conventions) and recommendations relate to basic rights of labour, employment and training, conditions of work, social security and protection at work  

Q) What its ILO and its Role in OSH?

1. The opening words of its constitution 'Universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based on is social justice' indicate its main object.

2. The protection of the worker against 'sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment' is also one of the essential tasks of the ILO. 3. It carries out      

technical co-operation, international supervision, ensuring effective application, labour inspection, occupational health services, meetings, symposia,



activities

  

ergonomics, expert consultancy service, employment injury statistics, Vocational rehabilitation.

in

the

field

of

3.

International Occupational Safety and Health Hazard Alert System and 4.

International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre (CIS) 4. Preparation of international standards for the protection of workers' health is its main aim. Such standards, in the form of Conventions and prevention, labour inspection, occupational health and diseases, maximum weight, electrical accidents etc.

5. Another major sector of ILO's work consists in the provision of expert advice and technical assistance in matters connected with labour and social policy.

6. Exchange of technical information & Research  

Q) Write short notes on occupational safety It includes all aspects of a worker's health and his/her relationship with the

environment.  1.

2.

3.

Basic objectives of a good occupational health programme are: To protect workers against health hazards in their work environment.

To facilitate their placement and ensure their suitability according to their physical and mental capacities and emotional make-up in work that they can perform with

4.

acceptable norms and without endangering self or the fellow workers.

To assure adequate medical care (including medical examinations and health

5.

records) and rehabilitation of the occupationally injured.

To encourage personal health maintenance.

 

Q)



State the principal and practices for occupational safety health and

environment?



Certain basic principles can be identified, including the following:

 1.

All workers have rights. Workers, as well as employers and governments, must ensure that these rights are protected and must strive to establish and maintain decent working conditions and a decent working environment.

2.

Occupational safety and health policies must be established. Such policies must be implemented at both the national (governmental) and enterprise levels.

They must be effectively communicated to all parties concerned.

3.

A national system for occupational safety and health must be established.

Such a system must include all the mechanisms and elements necessary to build and maintain a preventive safety and health culture.

4.

A national programme on occupational safety and health must be formulated. Once formulated, it must be implemented, monitored, evaluated and periodically reviewed.

5.

Social partners (that is, employers and workers) and other stakeholders must be consulted. This should be done during formulation, implementation\ and review of all policies, systems and programmes.

6.

Occupational safety and health programmes and policies must aim at both prevention and protection. Efforts must be focused above all on primary prevention at the workplace level.

7.

Continuous improvement of occupational safety and healthmust be promoted.

8.

Information is vital for the development and implementation of effective programmes and policies.

9.

Health promotion is a central element of occupational health practice.

10.

Occupational health services covering all workers should be established.

11.

Compensation, rehabilitation and curative services must be made available to workers who suffer occupational injuries

12.

Education and training are vital components of safe, healthy working Environments

13.

Workers, employers and competent authorities have certain responsibilities, duties and obligations.

14.

Policies must be enforced

 

Q) Write shorts notes on BIS 14489-1988?



Q) Explain occupational safety and health environmental system in lieu BIS 14489-1998 and 15001-2001?

 

BIS 14489-1998

1. SCOPE - This standard establishes audit objectives, criteria and practices, and provides guidelines for establishing, planning, conducting and documenting of audits on occupational safety and health systems at workplace.

2. It provides guidelines for verifying the existence and implementation of elements of occupational safety and health system and for verifying the system’s ability to achieve defined safety objectives.

3. This standard does not cover audit of environmental management system for which a separate Indian Standard IS/IS0 14001 is available.

4. The organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures, processes and resources specified by top management of an organization as required for implementing occupational safety and health objectives.

5. Annexure A- ELEMENTS OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH SYSTEM (OS&H)- Few of them are below 

Occupational

safety

&

health

policy



New equipment review/inspection



Accident

reporting

analysis



OS&H organizational set-up

investigation and implementation



Education and training

of recommendations



Employees participation in OS&H



Management

Motivational

Safety

manual

Compliance

with

and



Safety inspections Health and safety improvement plan/targets

rules statutory

Risk assessment including hazard identification

and

promotional measures for OS&H 





Firs-t aid facilities - occupational health centre

requirements 

Personal protective equipment

6. Annexure B -TYPES OF RECORDS TO BE EXAMINED DURING THE SAFETY AUDIT 7. Annexure C- SAFETY AUDIT QUESTIONNAIRE 8.

9.

BIS 15001-2000

1.

BIS 15001-2000 for the organizations to develop a practical approach to management of Occupational Health and Safety in such a way to protect employees and general public whose health and safety may be in danger because of the organisation’s activities

2.

The Standard also directs to improve Occupational Health & Safety performance of the organizations by providing the necessary requirements and guidance



Assist the organizations to establish an image at the National and International markets

1.



Minimize risk to employee and others including general public ·



Protect the environment and



Improve productivity and business performance.

The specification includes commitment and policy, planning, implementation and operations, measurement and evaluation of the action taken and achievements and finally management review of Occupational Health & Safety Management

2.

Basic step for effective management system 

COMMITMENT AND POLICY



PLANNING



IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION



MEASUREMENTAND EVALUATION



MANAGEMENT REVIEW 10.

11.

Q) Explain the standard IS 18001 and importance of its adoption by industry?

12.

Q) What is BIS standard for OSH management system? What are the steps recommended by standard for effective management system?

13.

1.

IS 18001- OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

2.

This standard intends to assist the organizations to develop a systematic approach to management of OH&S in such a way as to protect their employees and others whose health and safety may be affected by the organizations’ activities.

3.

This standard also intends to improve OH&S performance of organizations by providing the requirements and guidance for use.

4.

Scope- This standard prescribes requirements for an occupational health and safety (OH&S) management system, to enable an organization to formulate a policy and objectives, taking into account legislative requirements and information about significant hazards and risks, which the organization can control and over which it can be expected to have an influence, to protect its employees and others, whose health and safety may be affected by the activities of the organization.

14.

15.

Steps suggested by standard for effective OSH management system

1.

OH&S Policy- Top management shall define, document and endorse its OH&S policy

2.

Planning- The organization shall document below information and shall plan the progressive implementation of the elements of the system based on this information. 

Identify all hazards and risks associated with the organization’s activity and facilities;



Assess the level of knowledge and compliance with all OH&S standards and legislation;



Compare current arrangements with best practice and performance in the orgmization’s



Review past experience with incidents and results of any previous assessments,

16.

3.

Implementation and Operation 

Roles, responsibilities and authorities of the personnel shall be defined, documented and communicated to facilitate effective OH&S management



Communication and Reporting the significant risks and hazards are communicated from employees and other interested parties,

 4.

5.

Emergency Preparedness and Response

MEASUREMENTAND EVALUATION 

Internal and External Audit



Inspection and Testing



Non-conformance and Preventive Action

Management Review- The organization’s top management shall at intervals, that it determines, review the OH&S management system to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness

17.

18.

Importance of IS 18001

1.

Implement, maintain and continually improve an OH&S management system;

2.

To protect its employees and others from significant hazards and risks.

3.

Planning to identify the significant hazards and find control measure.

4.

Minimize risk to employees and others,

5.

Improve business performance, and

6.

Assist organizations to establish a responsible image at the marketplace.

7.

Improving your reputation and increasing your opportunities to gain new business

8.

Minimising risks of downtime through accidents

9.

Demonstrating your commitment to meet legal obligations

10.

Possible cost savings from public liability insurance premiums

11.

Maintaining compliance to legal requirements

12.

Providing a robust system to maintain and continually improve health and safety.

19.

Chapter 6 Principles of accident prevention

20.

Q) What is mean by unsafe action and unsafe condition? What will be consequences at work place? 4M

21.

Q) What is unsafe action and unsafe condition explain? 4 M

22.

23.

Unsafe action

1.

It means either a positive act i.e. commission of an act or a negative act i.e. omission or failure to perform an act which a prudent man should not have done

2.

and which results in hazard, accident or injury.

The unsafe act might be deliberate (mischief, sabotage etc.) or committed due to absence knowledge, ignorance or through forgetfulness (human error, mistake

3.

4.

etc.).

The unsafe act may be the sole accident cause or one of several causes.

Examples are standing under suspended load, design mistake, starting machine without authority or warning, removal of safeguard, chance taking, wrong interpretation of safety rule, not following the safety precaution, poor vision or

5.

judgement etc.

Unsafe act is concerned with the human being and can be corrected by the

6.

7.

8.

action of the human being only.

Training plays an important role.

According to H.W. Heinrich, @ 88% accidents are due to unsafe acts.

Reasons of unsafe act- Improper Attitude, Lack of knowledge, Physically

9.

Unsuited, poor Physical conditions Consequences –  Accident, injury to person,  Health hazards due to lack of knowledge of working with hazardous area,  Electrical hazard such as shock burn and fire due to wrong interpretation 

of safety sign board, working without permission of authority.

Machinery hazards- crush, cut, caught between object due to unguarded machine and operating without authority

24.

Unsafe condition

1.

It means existence of a mechanical, physical, chemical or environmental

2.

3.

4.

condition, situation or state of affairs, which may cause hazard or accident.

The unsafe condition might be the result of any unsafe act (human failure The unsafe condition may be the sole accident cause or one of several causes.

Examples are, wrong design, no guard on dangerous part, no control of chemical process, no provisions of safety devices, poor light, poor ventilation, confined

5.

space, high noise etc.

Unsafe condition is concerned with the position, situation, existence or accidental alteration of the safe condition into such position, situation, existence or state of

6.

affairs leading to the causation of any hazard or accident.

Such unsafe conditions are due to non-provision, non-maintenance, poormaintenance, poor-supervision, lack of training, improper design and layout of plant & machinery, poor lighting, poor ventilation, absence of guards and safety

7.

devices, Observation for unsafe working conditions should include basic techniques of

8.

look, listen, smell and feel (LLSF) to detect unusual condition Consequences- fall from height, hand crush cut, caught between unguarded machine part, electric shock burn and fire, noise induced hearing loss, eye stain, ergonomically disorder etc.

25.

Q) Explain the term near miss and why it is imported to report?

1.

Near misses describe incidents where no property was damaged & no personal injury was sustained, but where, given a slight shift in time or position, & / or

2.

injury easily could have occurred.

If near miss is detected and prevented, possible accident due to that near miss

3.

4.

can be avoided or prevented.

If causes of near miss are not removed, they can result in accident.

Therefore importance to identify and control near miss is more than that of controlling accident.

26.

Q) List down the different accident theory and explain any one?

27.

Q) Explain Heinrich and frank lee bird theory of accident causation?

28.

Q) Draw neat sketches and explain Heinrich domino theory of accident?

29.

Theories of Accident Causation

30.

1. Domino Theory of Domino ( emphasis on Management model) –

Heinrich’s

–

Frank Bird, Jr( Ist update)

–

Edward Adams( 2nd update)

–

D. A. Weaver( 3rd update)

–

Dr. Michael Zebetakis Director of Mine safety and Health Admn. ( 4th update)

2. Behavior Models ( Life change unit theory, Goals freedom Alertness theory, Motivation models) 3. Human Factor Model Theory( The Ferrell theory, The Petersen accident – incident causation model) 4. Epidemiological Models 5. System Models 6. Decision Models 31.

32.

HEINRICH THEORY:

33.

34.

This theory was first introduced by Herbert William Heinrich while working at Travelers Insurance Company in 1929. In his research he found that:

•

88% of all accidents are caused by unsafe acts of people,

•

10% by unsafe conditions,

•

2% are unavoidable

35.

According to Heinrich for every 300 no injury there might be 29 minor injury and 1 disable injury in the ration of 1:29:300

36.

Heinrich has made axioms of industrial safety as follows:

1.

The occurrence of an injury invariably results from a completed sequence of

2.

3.

factors The unsafe acts of persons are responsible for a majority of accidents.

The person who suffers a disabling injury caused by an unsafe act, in the

4.

5.

average case has had over 300 narrow escapes from serious injury The occurrence of the accident that results in injury is largely preventable.

The four basic motives or reasons for the occurrence of unsafe acts provide a guide to the selection of appropriate corrective measures. These are: Improper attitude. Lack of knowledge or skill, Physical unsuitability and improper

6.

mechanical or physical environment.

Four basic methods are available for preventing accidents. These are engineering revision, Persuasion and appeal. Personnel adjustment and Discipline.

7.

Management has the best opportunity and ability to initiate the work of

8.

prevention, The supervisor or foreman is the key man in individual accident prevention.

37.

Accident Sequence: The five factors in accident occurrence series in chronological order are: Ancestry and social environment.

Fault of person.

Unsafe act and/or mechanical or physical hazard.

Accident and Injury

     38.

1

2

3

4

5

1.

2.

In above dominos, social environment includes family and surrounding Undesirable traits include unsafe behaviour, negligence, lack of knowledge,

3.

4.

5.

violent temper, nervousness, recklessness etc.

Unsafe act or conditions are the results of undesirable traits.

Accident is caused because of unsafe act or condition.

Injury is the result of accident.

39.

Frank Bird's Domino Theory

40.

Heinrich’s theory of domino sequence is updated by Frank Bird Jr. to explain the circumstances that lead to losses (injury) in the chronological order of five dominoes.

41.

42.

Frank E Bird, in 1969, analysed 1753498 accidents reported by 297 companies of America. His conclusion is shown in Fie. 4.5.

43.

Serious or disabling injury 1 Minor injuries

10

Property damage accidents 30 Incidents with no visible injury or damage 600

44.

45.

The Bird's accident ratio study

46.

Inference of this 1-10-30-600 ratio is that 630 no injury accidents, with 10 minor and I major (serious) injury accidents

47.

48.

1

2

3

4

5

49.

50.

1. Lack of control - Management.

51.

2. Basic causes - Origins.

52.

3. Immediate causes - Symptoms.

53.

4. Accident - Contact, and

54.

5. Injury/damage - Loss.

55.

1.

Lack of control is the first domino and refers the fourth function of the management (planning, organising, directing, controlling and coordinating). It involves accident investigation, facility inspection, job analysis, personal communication, selection and training,

2.

Basic Causes (origins) are (1) Personal factors lack of knowledge or skill, improper motivation and physical or mental problems and (2) Job factors inadequate work standards, design, maintenance, purchasing standards, abnormal usage etc.

3.

Immediate causes are only symptoms of the underlying problem. These causes should be identified, classified and removed by appropriate measures.

4.

Accident or incident is the result of unsafe acts or/and unsafe conditions.

5.

Injury includes traumatic injury, diseases and adverse mental neurological or systemic effects resulting from workplace exposures.

56.

57.

Q) Explain with neat sketches the system model of accident prevention?

58.

*******Refer page no 4-22********

59.

Q) State the principles of accident prevention?

60.

Q) What are the steps in accident prevention?

61.

*****refer page no 4-44 section 8********

62.

63.

Thus accident prevention may be defined as an integrated programme, a series of co-ordinated activities, directed to the control of unsafe acts and unsafe conditions and based on knowledge, attitude and ability for safety. It aims to serve industry, country and humanity.

64.

Five basic or fundamental steps for accident prevention (safe and efficient production), suggested by H.W. Heinrich, are: 65.

66.

1.

Organisation.

67.

2.

Fact finding.

68.

3.

Analysis of the facts found

69.

4.

Selection of remedy and

70.

5.

Application of the remedy.

71.

72.

Sixth step of ‘Monitoring’ i.e. measurement o: result, assessment i.e. comparison with legal criteria or standard, feedback and further improvement

73.

74.

SAFETY 5 4 3

Application of remedy

Selection of remedy

Analysis

2 Fact finding 1 Organisation 75.

76.

Organisation:

77.

1.

Organisation is the first step of accident prevention ladder.

2.

The safety organisation, management or at least the planned procedure, which it represents, is the vehicle, the mechanism by means of which interest is kept alive and the safety programme is designed, directed and controlled.

3.

The actual work of prevention is done by safety director or manager, safety officer and the line and staff supervisors with the active support of top management

4.

Here organisation does not mean safety department only. Safety is not a function of one department only. All the members of organisation (including all departments) have to contribute and play their role for safety.

78.

79.

Fact Finding:

1.

The knowledge of probable or potential hazards (facts) is derived from surveys, inspections, safety audits, observations, review or records, inquiry, investigation and judgement.

Facts include past, present and future facts which have caused and which can

2.

cause accidents Past causes can be known by 'accident records' and inquiry.

Future (hidden) causes can be known by HAZOP, HAZAN, safety audit, inspection etc.

Heinrich classifies main causes of accident as under:

3.

80.

81.

Accident Preventable

Unpreventable

Cause (direct or contributory) Unsafe act Error Ignorance Deliberate Underlying cause human fault

Unsafe condition Mechanical Physical Chemical Environmental

82.

83.

Analysis of the Facts:

1.

The third step to accident prevention is analysis of the facts found.

2.

This is defined as the work of drawing conclusions from assembled data.

3.

Twelve steps (safety officer's procedure) to analyse the causes of accidents are as follows :  Obtain the supervisor's report of the accident containing the details given       

above.

Obtain statutory accident report form.

Obtain the injured person's report.

Obtain the reports of witnesses if any.

Obtain the doctor's report on injury. .

Investigate the accident.

Record all evidences and facts.

Tabulate the essential facts of the accident together with the similar past

accidents.  Study all the facts.  Analyse accident causes in details.  Arrange the causes in order of importance or priority of compliance.  Find and record reasons of existence of those causes.

84.

85.

Selection of Remedy:

1.

Engineering Controls : Guarding of machine and tools, isolation of hazards, revision of procedures and processes, good illumination, ventilation, colour and colour contrast, substitution of safer materials and tools, replacement, reduction, repair and a variety of mechanical, physical and chemical remedial measures for

2.

which the most of the chapters of this book are developed.

Instruction, Training, Persuasion and Appeal: Regular training as well as instruction, reinstruction, persuasion, appeal, notice, posters, supervision and

3.

motivation.

Personnel adjustment: Selection and placement with regard to the requirement of the job and the physical and mental suitability of the worker, medical

4.

examination, treatment, advice and PPE. Discipline: Mild admonition, expression of disappointment, fair insistence, statement of past record, transfer to other work and penalties.

86.

Application of the Remedy:

1.

2.

The final step in accident prevention is application of the selected remedy If the personal performance is unsafe, employees must be selected, instructed,

3.

trained, cautioned, persuaded, convinced and appealed for improvement.

If machines, tools, vessels, equipment, structures, procedures etc., are unsafe, they must be guarded, ' replaced, revised or otherwise made mechanically safe

4.

5.

or accident free.

Application of selected safety measures should be immediate and long-term.

Application of remedy is the dynamic part of accident prevention. Unless the remedy is successfully applied, all prior steps are of no use and wasted.

87.

Q) Explain how accident has multiple causes and which are these causes?

88.

Q) Mention the fundamental causes of accident and minimum three example of each of this cause?

89.

As per accident prevention manual

1.

Accident is an occurrence in a sequence of events that produces unintended injury, death or property damage. Accident refers to the event, not the result of the event.

90.

OR

2.

An accident is unintended, unplanned event or its sequence caused by unsafe condition(s) or/and unsafe act(s) and may result in immediate or delayed undesirable effects.

91.

From above definition of accident it shows that accident has a multiple cause.

92.

As pr IS 3786

93.

The principal factors related to causation of accidents are:

1. Agency 1. Machine 2. Means of transportation 3. Other equipment i.e.

4. Material

substance and

radiation 5. Working environment.

furnace, refrigerating plant, pressure vessels 2. unsafe mechanical or physical condition, 1. Improperly guarded agency 2. Defects in agency 3. Hazardous arrangement,

4. Improper illumination 5. Unsafe dress or apparel 6. Improper ventilation

procedure 3. unsafe act 1. Operating without authority 2. failure to secure or warn 3. Operating at unsafe speed 4. Marking safety devices inoperative 5. Using unsafe equipment, hand instead of equipment, or equipment unsafely 6. Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc 7. Taking unsafe position or posture 4. unsafe personal factor 1. Unsuitable anatomical, physiological, or psychological characteristics 2. Lack of knowledge or skill 5. type of accident 1. Fall of person 2. Fall of object

3. Caught between object 4. explosion

6. nature of injury 1. Fracture

2. Dislocation

3. Amputation

4. burns

7. Location of injury 1. Face 2. Head 3. Ear

4. Nose 5. Upper limb 6. Lower limb.

7.

8.

9. Chapter 7 Education and Training 10. Q) Explain the assessment of training cycle and assessment of need?

11. Q) Write down the full cycle of training program and assessment of need?

12. Q) What are the element of training program explain with example?

13. Q) Describe the steps required for organising effective and fruitful training program?

14. ******refer page no 6-43******* 15.

16. Q) Classify the types of training method?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Lecture method Discussion method Case study method Role playing method Sending to training centre Job instruction training

7.

Programmed

8.

9.

training Project work Other method-

instruction

Group

discussion Meeting, pictures, film, poster, bulletin, exercise

10.

****** refer page no 6-43******

11.

12.

Q) Explain the two training technique in detail (OR) Explain two important technique with suitable example?

13.

Q) On the Job training?

1. On-the-job training is practical in nature and generally takes place on the job.

2. Such job contact sessions may involve individual on one to one basis with the supervisor.

3. First the supervisors are trained for this purpose showing them the job safety or risk analysis.

4. Then in turn they train the employees mostly new.

5. It imparts necessary skill for the job involving worker to do the job systematically and safely.

6. Injury to the trainee or the job is possible due to normal mistake of the trainee.

7. Therefore its usage is limited to situations where mistakes can be tolerated.

8. Some methods used in this type of training are coaching (personal attention), job instruction training (JIT), special assignment and job rotation.

9. It is supervisor's or training instructor's responsibility to train the employees under him for safe and efficient work.

14. Off-the-job training:

1. All types except on-the-job are called off-the-job training.

2. It includes classroom or lecture method, audio-visual, film, reading list, books, correspondence course, panel discussion, conference or discussion group, T(training) group, computer based instruction, case study, role playing, in-basket, vestibule, mock-up, business game etc. and explained as "training methods" earlier 15.

****** refer page no 6-46 & 47 sections 10.8******

16.

17.

Q) Discuss the importance of evaluation and review of training program?

18.

****** refer page no 6-49 sections 10.14******

19.

20.

Q) Explain Training with respect to competence building technique shows that safety is online function?

1. The concept or basic object of any training is to generate or build competence in participants (workers). Only knowledge is not sufficient.

2. Knowledge alone cannot give competence or confidence of safe or successful working.

3. Knowledge should be put into practice by necessary training.

4. Training shows the practical part of knowledge and generates competence of work gradually.

5. Competence in safe working is necessary.

6. Due to advancement in technology, new processes, new equipment, modification or changes, training is always required to become familiar with tins.

7. It should not end with any slogan, suggestion, and award or safety day celebration.

8. It should be considered as' a part of continuous or ongoing activities.

9. For this purpose, induction training and refresher training are organized.

10. Effective communication system should be utilized.

11. Role of multimedia and computers should be utilized.

12. Safety films, pictures, hazard points, accident case studies etc should be shown and explained during training 13. From above discussion its shows that, safety is an online function.

21.

Q) Describe use and impact of audio visual publicity in relation to safety and other promotional aspect? 8M

22.

Audio Visual publicity

1. A trainee tends to remember 50% of what he sees and hears and 70% of what he sees and talks. This is possible by audio visual aid only.

2. Television and video effectively reproduce actual happening.

3. Therefore safety education and training by safety films on TV is the most powerful method.

4. Only difficulty is in getting safely films or safety video cassette easily and frequently.

5. This should be made possible if we wish to utilise its full role in increasing safety.

6. Slides, filmstrips and transparencies are easily available or prepared and therefore they should be used to die extent possible to hold the picture to discuss and understand it in details which is not possible with a moving film.

7. Modern media is a closed circuit television.

8. Travelling units are complete television studios in themselves and have up-to-date equipment with the control room housed in a single vehicle.

9. There are fixed and moving cameras, telecine equipment, a video tape recorder and monitor screens which can be installed up to 500 meter away from the studio.

10. Using both inside and outside cameras, extensive safety programmes can be broadcast through the closed network.

23.

24.

Other Promotional Methods:

25.

Other promotional teaching methods for employees' participation are

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Safety posters, Cartoons, signs and slogans, Publications, booklets, Bulletin boards, Safety contests and rewards, Counselling of education

training, 7. Demonstration,

8. Safety meetings, safety campaigns and stunts, 9. First-aid training, 10. Fire brigades, safety- inventory or and

questionnaire, 11. Accident investigation, inspection, 12. Job safety analysis etc.

26.

27.

28.

Q) Explain different audio visual used for training? 8M

29.

30.

31.

CHALK BOARD:

1. It is the most commonly used a/v aid. It is also known as black board.It gives 2.

motivation and gives instruction concrete and understandable It is convenient for group training. It can be used for drawings and illustrations from the textbooks.

32.

Charts –

1. For showing development of structure. For presenting the material symbolically. T 2. o show continuity in process.

3. To show the relationships by means of facts and figures.

33.

Posters-

1. Posters are simple graphic visual aid which conveys single idea or single subject.

2. A poster must be brief, so that it can be read in the shortest time possible not more than five words is best.

3. The message should be clear and Simplicity: 4. Too many words should not be used on a paper.

34.

35.

METHODS OF USING OVERHEAD PROJECTOR-

1. It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector thus enabling her to point out features appearing on the screen 2. It can be used in a fairly lighted room Material projected can be changed easily and quickly 36.

TELEVISION-

1. The TV can work as a powerful medium of mass education.

2. Television equipment is the compact piece of equipment which is easy and convenient to handle.

3. It can directly show the current happening and live shows happening even in the remote parts. Television appeals to eyes, ear and emotion.

37.

FILM STRIP:

1. Film strip is a continuous strip of film consisting of individual frames or pictures arranged in sequence usually with explanatory titles.

2. Each strip contains from 12 to 18 or more picture 38.

39.

Q) Audio visual and their effectiveness? 4M

1. Audio visual assist the communication and learning process by presenting information concisely and with impact.

2. Visual involve people more than abstract word.

3. Sometime spoken or return words/sentence not only provided little meaning, may be misconstrued by learner.

4. Effectiveness of audio visual media 1. Actual direct experience 2. Simulation- “Hands” on “ Device” 3. Demonstration- show & tell 4. Field trip – familiarization 5. Exhibits- display 6. Live television 7. Motive pictures 8. Still pictures 9. Auditory aids 10. Graphics charts 11. Word spoken or return

Max

Min

40.

41.

Q) Explain the importance of audio visual method in training and explain how the computers are used in training?

42.

Importance

1. Conveyor of information 2. Broadening of knowledge

3. Photos and picture provide the visual evidence useful in report to management.

4. Motivate the new employees 5.

6.

7.

8.

Developing skill for safe behaviour and to work efficiently.

Modifying attitudes more favourable to safety, production, co-operation, discipline etc.

To give a worker a new, necessary and broader view point of his safety responsibility Easily to explain him potential hazards of unsafe working conditions, actions,

environment and safe views to prevent them and 9. To increase his safety consciousness, perception of danger, knowledge, experience, confidence, responsibility and ability in safe performance.

10. Build up and generate competence in participant 11. Clear Images-Clear images are formed when we see, hear, and tend to remember 70%.

12. Visual that appeal to the emotion that can help to change the attitude 13. Encourage the safe work habit and compliances with the safety rules 14. Easily understandable and reduce time and cost.

15. Participant not feels boredom.

43.

44.

Use of computer in training

1. Saving money and improving performance, companies or organizations are using computer based training 2. Instructing the students using PowerPoint slides, Word documents or Web pages and using hyperlinks for better concept clarity 3. Readymade software could give practice material to students 4. Inspiring and encouraging the employee to get more detail about safety 5. Collecting safety notes /pictures/videos from web pages for detailed training program.

6. Saving the documents as soft copy for future use 7. Learning through animations 8. E-books/online libraries/online encyclopaedias regarding safety help to guide in minutes and save precious time and resources.

9. Creating videos using images, albums for better power point slides.

10. Simulated Learning gives them an idea of the real situation.

11. Publication of pamphlet/brochures for awareness with institution and among community members.

12. Analysis and interpretation of the data 13. Various record can be maintained and saved and use in training program.

45.

46.

Q) Explain the role of multimedia for improvement of safety at organisation level?

1. Drawing attention to imperativeness associated with establishment of approaches into safety risk reduction.

2. Modifying form and content of educational and didactic material and tools in compliances with development of progressive attitude to solution of safety risk 3. Facilitating Risk analysis and assessment from health and safety point of view.

4. Crating the conception for implementation of occupation safety planning approaches.

5. Enforcing the utilization of digital technology for the purpose of creating the tool for 6.

7.

8.

9.

automated detection and elimination of safety risk Pressing for incorporation of innovative safety planning, Ensuring the integration of safety risk.

Promoting the innovation of teaching process Allowing the learners the creation and communication in an interactive virtual

education environment so developing their logical and critical thinking.

10. Motivating learners by unconventional innovative education technique.

11. Allowing training program more effective.

47.

48.

Q )Discuss the importance of Evaluation and reviewing of training program?

49.

Refer 6-49

50.

51.

Q) Design and develop the safety program for the worker working in hazardous process?

52.

Refer page no 6-41

53.

54.

Chapter 8 ---Employee participation in safety

55.

Q) Role of trade union?

Refer

page

no

Refer

page

no

6.33 56.

Q) Role of employee?

6.31

57.

Q) Describe the various programs for the employee participation in safety?

58.

OR

59.

Q) Important sources of employee participation in safety?

60.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Method of participation Safety committee- refer page no 6.50 Workers and union participation- refer page no 6.52 Supervisors safety contact- Refer page no 6-53 Safety suggestion schemes- Refer page no 6.53 Safety competition- Refer page no 6-53

61.

Q) Write the shorts notes on safety campaign? 4M

62.

Q) Notes on safety promotion, safety awards, Safety competition?

63.

Q) What is the safety promotional activity? Give detail.

64.

The greater the employee participation in safety program, the more effective it will be. Safety promotional program include the following.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Safety campaign Safety competition.

Safety suggestion scheme Safety publicity

65.

SAFETY PUBLICITY

66.

Safety need to be sold and hence need to be marked through various publicity

Refer page no 6-53 refer page no 6-53

medium1. House magazine- every issue contain some topic on safety. The employee can be encouraged to give articles.

2. Various types of boards can be used to publish safety achievement or to announce the campaign.

3. If there is in house TV channel it can be used effectively.

4. Small booklets on safety can be one of the medium.

5. Publish through newspaper, social media and radio can also be used effectively.

67.

68.

Safety Campaign-

69.

Key objectives for health and safety campaigns

1. Raise awareness of OSH problems, including their causes, amongst managers, employees and people who advise them on these issues, for example medical professionals.

2. Provide practical solutions through ‘good practice models’.

3. Increase workforce knowledge of relevant legislation and encourage organisations to comply with this.

4. Alert people to new risks and possible solutions.

5. Obtain support for changes to legislation or guidelines.

6. Position your organisation as an OSH authority and a valuable partner.

70.

Most campaigns involve several media, from press releases and magazine articles to posters and direct mail shots. Possibilities include:

71.

1. Publicity leaflets, posters for use in the workplace etc.

2. Advertisements etc. (in press, TV, radio or cinema or posters on hoardings, bus, metro) 3. Press activities – press releases, interviews, participation in TV or radio programmes 4. Guides and brochures 5. Newsletters 6. Seminars, workshops, conferences 7. Training 8. Telephone advice 9. Workplace visits 72.

73.

Chapter 9—Global warming and mitigation measure

74.

Q) Explain conflict and frustration? Identify the situation leading to conflict and frustration? How theses can be managed? 8

75.

Q) What the conflict and resolution and how to overcome them? 4

76.

Q) How we can deal with conflict and frustration in an industry? 8

77.

Q) Write short notes on conflict and frustration –there root causes and control measure? 4

78.

***** Refer page no 3-6 to 3-8*****

79.

80.

Q) Explain the effect of global warming on human? Human behaviour as a function of self and situation perceived as danger, risk, and responsibility?

8

81.

Q) Write the short notes on global warming and mitigation measure? 4

82.

Q) Explain the green house effect and how it is related with global warming? 4

83.

Q) Write the short notes on global warming? 4

84.

85.

Greenhouse Effect

86.

1. The mechanism that produces this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect 2. The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be in the absence of its atmosphere 3. The surface itself emits energy at the lower frequencies of infrared thermal radiation.

4. Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

5. By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapour 36–70% , carbon dioxide, 9–26%, methane, 4–9%, ozone, 3–7% 6. The enhanced green house effect is when the increasing the concentration of this gases are enhancing the natural green house effects.

87.

88.

Global Warming

89.

1. Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth.

2. Causes of global warming  Global warming is primarily a problem of too much carbon dioxide (CO2) in the   

atmosphere As we burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas for energy Cut down and burn forests Certain waste management and agricultural practices aggravate the problem by releasing other potent global warming gases, such as methane and nitrous

oxide.

90.

Effects of global warming 3. Potential to change rainfall and snow patterns, increase droughts and severe storms, reduce lake ice cover, melt glaciers, increase sea levels, and change plant and animal behaviour.

91.

1.

Control measure Plant maximum number of trees as they releases oxygen and absorbs CO2 present in atmosphere. In this way a tree balance the temperature of air and

2.

reduces the amount of CO2 present in air.

Vehicles release many harmful gases in the air. Hence try to drive those cars which run on gas or electricity. If possible minimize the use of personal vehicle and travel by public transport. This way we can also control the problem of

3.

pollution.

Use fans more than air conditioners to use less energy. Hot air releases from air

4.

5.

6.

7.

conditioner is one of the major factor behind global warming.

Avoid to use water heater or use that on temperature lesser than 120 F. Instead of dryers take an advantage of sun light to dry wet cloths.

Unplug all the electrical appliances if they are not in use.

For less amount of carbon emission we can also use renewable energy like wind

8.

power which generate negligible amount of harmful gases.

Use recyclable materials instead of disposable materials. This is good to control on waste.

92.

93.

Q) X theory and Y theory? 4M

refer page no 3-

16 94.

Q) Motivation hygiene theory? 4M

refer page no 3-

15 95.

Q) Motivation 4M

refer page no 3-

13 96.

97.

Q) With the help of neat diagram explain Maslow’s need hierarchy theory?

4M

98.

Refer page no 3-14

99.

Q) Describe the various theory of motivation and there application to safety and health? 8M

100.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Theories of motivation

Hawthorne Studies (Behavioural Approach): Maslow's and McGregor's Hierarchy Theory of Human Needs Existence, Relatedness and Growth (ERG) Theory Motivation - Hygiene Theory Peterson's Behaviour Model (Motivation-Reward-Satisfaction Model) Magregor's X & Y theory.

101.

*******Write down any theory from above. Refer page no 3-14 to 3.16******

102.

103.

Q) Explain the role of supervisor and safety department in Motivation?

104.

*******Refer page no 3-18********

105.

106.

Q) What is accident proneness? How to remove the accident proneness of an employee?

1. Accident proneness can be defined as a higher than average susceptibility to accident, which arises from psychological, factors-and tends to be permanent, if not cured timely.

2. Old theory of accident proneness or accidents susceptibility is derived from many accident case studies and Personal Factors for its causation.

3. Age, sex and experience, emotional instability, physical condition, use of alcohol and attitude toward organisation are main factors.

4. Other factors such as height, weight, eye sight, marital status, number of dependants, distance and method of travel to work, medical history, demonization, talkativeness, neurotics, smoking, loneliness, less interest, domestic stress, temperament etc., may also provide ground for accident proneness.

107.

108.

It can be removed by following way-

1. Execute motivational program for such workers or employees.

2. Selection of people for a particular job based upon their ability free from accident proneness, disease and habit of intoxication, appropriate age, sex, experience, work habits and good safety record 3. Carry out Induction training for new workers (including contract workers) should be given necessary safety instruction and training regarding hazards and control measures in industry 4. Provide them the knowledge of hazards of raw material and processes, safe operating procedures, safety tools and equipment to be used, safety work permit systems, interpretation of MSDS, labels, signs & signals, rules of transportation, loading and unloading and role of the workers in fire fighting and operation of On-site Emergency Plan in training program 5. Proper attention should be paid for basic needs of Health, Safety and Welfare facilities under the 6. Factories Act and Rules for the workers.

7. Excessive workload, working hours, overtime work or work on holidays should be avoided 8. Exploitation of any kind should be avoided.

9. Provide better working condition. Keep good housekeeping, lighting, ventilation and temperature.

10. Team spirit and competitiveness should be built-up.

11. Encourage them to participate in safety program, safety committee,

any safety

suggestion scheme.

109.

110.

Q) Define the term Motivation and motive? Write down the factor that promote and improve the employee at work to observe the safety?

111.

112.

Motivation is a theoretical construct used to explain behaviour. It represents the reasons for people's actions, desires, and needs.

113.

Motivation can also be defined as one's direction to behaviour or what causes a person to want to repeat behaviour and vice versa

114.

A motive is what prompts the person to act in a certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behaviour

115.

116.

These are the factors classified as below

117.

1. Physical: Work layout, job demands, work rules, equipment, location, grounds, parking facilities, rest rooms, temperature, ventilation, lighting, noise.

2. Social: Work groups, coffee groups, lunch groups, social groups, office parties, ride pools, outings, sports, professional groups, interest groups.

3. Economic: Wages and salaries, automatic increases, profit sharing, social security, workmen's compensation, retirement benefit, paid leave, insurance, tuition, discounts.

4. Security: Fairness,

consistency,

reassurance,

friendliness,

seniority rights,

grievance procedure.

5. Orientation: Job instruction, work rules, group meetings, shoptalk, newspaper, bulletins, handbooks, letters, bulletin boards.

6. Status: Job classification, title, furnishings, location, privileges, relationships, company status.

118.

119.

Q) Human factor contributing to accident or mention two fundamental causes of accident and give minimum three example of these cause?

1. Main factors affecting work performance or influencing actions of people are broadly divided as (1) Environmental factors and (2) Human factors.

2. The environmental factors are due to (1) Physical work and (2) Physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic environment.

3. The physical environmental factors are heat load due to heat, humidity, thermal radiation, air changes, velocity, ventilation, illumination, noise, vibration, etc.

4. The chemical factors are corrosive, toxic, flammable, or explosive substances, dust, fumes, gas etc.

5. The biological factors are bacteria, virus and microorganisms.

6. The ergonomic factors are layout and design of machinery, equipment, tools, controls, workplaces and housekeeping.

7. The human factors are due to two aspects (1) Physiological and (2) Psychological.

8. The physiological factors are physiological. Fitness of an individual worker estimated from his Maximum oxygen uptake capacity. Sex, Body build, Age, Muscular work. Posture, Clothing, Nutrition, Training, skill, and Occupational workload.

9. The Psychological factors are Attitude, Aptitude, Frustration, Morale, Motivation, Individual differences etc.

10. Industrial accidents are either due to unsafe conditions which include mechanical causes (unguarded machinery, defective equipment, dangerous situation etc.), chemical causes

(toxic exposure, dust, fume, fire, explosion chemicals, their

storage, processes and equipment), and physical causes (physical workload, working hours, heat, light, noise, vibration and working conditions) physiological causes (Age, sex, body-build, posture, physical fitness, health, physical fatigue, nervous strain, sickness etc.)

11. Due to unsafe actions which include psychological causes (motivation, skill, training, carelessness, recklessness, habit, worry, emotional upsets, irresponsibility, poor attitudes etc.).

120.

121.

Chapter 10

122.

Q) Use of computer in SHE service and industries? Refer Page no 5-51

123.

Q) Discuss the status and future of computer utilization in safety?

1. Status of computer utilization is being increased and spreading very fast.

2. Today we are rapidly entering in the age of information technology, internet systems, super-computers to design, scan, develop, store, exchange and transmit data for many complex systems and for many purposes.

3. Paper files and record rooms are all shortened and 4. It seems that in every walk of life computer has to" play some role.

5. Safety, health and environment being the vital subject, cannot remain without the use of computers. Process technology, instrument and control devices, hazard control technology, emergency planning including training, education and information to workers, public, management and Government ... everywhere use of computers is being increased.

6. One earlier software for SHE services is CAMEO i.e. Computer Aided Management of Emergency Operations.

7. It is a Computer Software Package developed by the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) of USA 8. CAMEO gives vital information to help handle chemical accidents safely.

9. CAMEO provides tools to help address issues, including 9.

Response information for over 4000 chemicals commonly transported.

10.

Database templates to help manage chemical inventory information.

11.

A mapping capability that allows to identify the proximity and potential hazard 12.

The ability to create scenario using hazard analysis calculations to assist .in 13.

14.

emergency planning A drawing capability to pinpoint locations of chemicals stored An air dispersion model that can be used to help evaluate spill scenarios and evacuation options for 700 airborne toxic chemicals

124.

125.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Q) How to store and retrieve the MIS for safety health and environment?

Computer can store, process, change and print tremendous information.

Capacity of storing is day by day increasing.

Floppy, Zip, CD, VCD, Pen drive, Server etc. are the examples of progress.

Hard disk capacity is also increasing.

E-mail and V-mail transforms this stored information very fast.

They connect all departments of a factory, all offices of a State or Nation and all

countries in the world.

7. Storing and presenting of MIS has become very fast and very easy.

8. Laptop and palmtop are very handy.

9. Handwriting is being replaced by keyboard writing.

10. Correspondence and examination through keyboard have become a part of modern culture.

11. Volumes of books and libraries have been reduced to small CDs.

126.

1. Here 'retrieval' means taking back, finding or extracting information stored in a computer.

2. Any information can be directly fed to the CPU or it can be copied by inserting floppy, CD or pen drive or through an internet. Such information stored in CPU can be recovered by a floppy or CD drive.

3. Such information can also be modified, corrected, altered or added.

4. Thus computer is useful in retrieving many information as per requirement.

5. It saves too much time, labour and volume of work.

127.

128.

Q) Write the shorts notes on MIS? 4M

1. Management Information System (MIS) has become a powerful tool for industry, trade and business in the modern world.

2. It should be user friendly and easy to understand.

3. With the Age of Computers, the speed, capacity, accuracy and a variety of uses of Information has been tremendously increasing in almost all walks of life.

4. Computers are useful not only for storing information but also for generating data, designing,

programming,

processing,

controlling,

running

robots

and

microprocessors, communication, developing science, technology and management systems, analysing and using information, forecasting and personal use.

5. Types of MIS used for safety are as follow.

129.

130.

1.

Type

Examples

Operational

Process control, fire protection system, inspection

reports, test reports, environmental monitoring, training programmes etc.

131.

2.

132.

Legal Legal reports, returns, annexure. Updated law.

(Statutory)

etc. regarding accident information industrial activity,

compensation etc 133.

3.

Tactical

required for immediate need e.g procurement of safety equipment

134.

135.

Assessing training needs, daily reports etc.

4.

Strategic

required for long term planning e.g on-site, off-site emergency

plan 136.

Layout planning.

137.

138.

Others

139.

Q) What are the duties of safety officer? 8M Refer 6.39

140.

Q) Role of the occupier? 4M

1. Ensure the health safety and welfare of all the workers working in the factory.

2. The provision and maintenance of plant and system of work safe and free from risk.

3. Ensuring the safety in use of handling, storage and transport of article and hazardous substance.

4. Provide information, instruction, training, and supervision to ensure the helth and safety of all workers.

5. Maintain safe working condition in the factory.

6. Monitoring the safe working environment in the factory by providing adequate facilities and arrangement of welfare at work.

7. Shall prepare the health and safety policy 141.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Q) Explain responsibility and accountability?

Responsibility is a duty or activity assigned to a given position (s).

It comes with authority.

It requires answering for activities and results for targets.

Accountability is an active measurement by management to ensure compliance

with its intentions.

5. The main difference between responsibility and accountability is that responsibility can be shared while accountability cannot.

6. Being accountable not only means being responsible for something but also ultimately being answerable for your actions.

7. Also, accountability is something you hold a person to only after a task is done or not done.

8. Responsibility can be before and/or after a task.

142.

Q) Concept of job safety analysis?

4M

(Refer page no 19-5)

143.

Q) Define the term disaster and outline the disaster control program?

144.

A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses

145.

Disaster control program

146.

It includes On-site emergency plan and Off-site emergency plan. Its key elements are

147.

Basis of the plan or risk assessment. Hazards and emergency situations are determined with their possible effects. Typical scenarios and consequences are outlined for the purpose of offsite emergency plan

148.

Accident prevention procedures and control measures. Organisational set-up and division of responsibility. It includes listing of control measures provided in

the factory and to be managed from outside if not available in the factory. Help from outside agencies.

149.

Emergency response procedures. It includes emergency control centre, communication system and description of roles to be played by plant people and outside agencies.

150.

Recovery procedures. It includes safe shutdown or flow restriction procedure, evacuation and restoring of normal condition.

151.

152.

Q) Who should investigate the accident and why? Write down the Ethics of accident investigation?

153. 

Reasons to investigate a workplace accident include:

most importantly, to find out the cause of accidents and to prevent similar accidents in the future



to fulfil any legal requirements



to determine the cost of an accident



to determine compliance with applicable safety regulations



to process workers' compensation claims

154.

In most cases, the supervisor should help investigate the event. Other members of the team can include:

     

employees with knowledge of the work safety officer health and safety committee union representative, if applicable employees with experience in investigations "outside" expert representative from local government

155.

Ethics of accident investigation

1. To learn accident causes so that similar accidents can be prevented by improvement of working conditions, actions and supervision.

2. To make the hazard known to the management, workers and supervisors to direct their attention to accident prevention.

3. To find facts to determine legal liability and information for preventive purposes.

4. To establish procedure to battle damage claims under compensation laws.

5. In case of accident affecting the society as a whole the Government may intervene for the purpose of banning of the hazardous material or process.

6. To find out injury rates to compare safety performance.

7. To use the record for the purpose of job safety analysis.

8. To develop safety rules, procedures, bulletins, posters and material for safety meetings and motivation and 156.

157.

Q) Explain the term reaction cost and prevention cost of accident? Write down the item to be considered in the indirect cost of an accident?

158.

Indirect costs include following

159.

1. Cost of wages paid for working time lost by injured workers, other than workers' compensation payments.

2. Cost of wages paid for working time lost by workers, other than the injured worker(s).

3. The net cost to repair, or replace material or equipment that was damaged in accident.

4. Extra cost due to overtime work necessitated by accident.

5. Cost of wages paid to supervisors for their time required for activities 6.

7.

8.

9.

necessitated by accident.

Wage cost due to decreased output of injured worker after return to work.

Cost of learning period and preparation of new worker(s).

Uninsured medical cost borne by the company.

Cost of time spent by higher officers, outsiders and clerical workers on investigations or in restarting the production or in processing compensation

application, procedure and other administration.

10. Cost of work interruption due to idle machine, work stoppage or spoilage.

11. Cost of property (including material and equipment) damage due to accident.

12. Uninsured other costs and the miscellaneous unusual costs.