COV E R T C IT Y SUZ IE S HA NG M .A RCH 2 018
COVERT CIT Y A Study of Chicago Underground By Suzie Shang
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture in interior architecture
Department of Architecture, Interior Architecture, and Designed Objects (AIADO) School of the Art Institute of Chicago 2017/2018 Academic Year
ABSTRACT
In Chicago, a city known for its “make no little plans,� many constructions underground serve the hidden transportation of goods, wastes, electricity, water, vehicles and people, leaving the civic above ground unscathed and oblivious. Embracing this essential service layer as urban infrastructure of the contemporary metropolis, this thesis reveals potentialities of lower level streets, underground caverns, and explores their unique social flow.
TA B L E O F CO N T E N T S
00 ABSTRACT 01 SITE ANALYSIS: CHICAGO UNDERGROUND LAYERS 02 FIELD STUDY: LOWER LEVEL STREETS 03 PRECEDENT STUDY: A GLOBAL RESEARCH 04 LOOKING FORWARD: CHICAGO UNDERGROUND, 2118 05 REFERENCES
01 sit e analysis CHICAGO UNDERGROUND
Throughout the history, Chicagoans have never stopped to explore the potential value of the underground world. As early as Daniel Burnham’s 1909 Plan of Chicago, underground has been concluded in the city’s master plans as an important service layer. Its development tells
stories of the city’s evolution, with issues regarding to
local demands capital needs, technological developments, histrical concerns,
and
expectations
towards
the
future.
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+2060’|Roof of Willis Tower
+610’|Ground (1 N Michigan ave) +602’|PEDWAY +590’|Lower Level Streets +582’|Chicago River +561’|CTA Red& Blue Line +554’|Freight Tunnel +534’|Cable Car Tunnel +512’|Ground Water +485’|Bedrock +378’|Water Crib +244’|TARP
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A P E D WAY SINCE 1951
The Chicago Pedway is a network of tunnels, ground-level concourses and bridges connecting skyscrapers, retail stores, hotels and train stations throughout the central business district.
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B LOWER LEVEL STREETS SINCE 1911
Although mentioned here as a whole, lower level streets in Chicago were actually developed in different times for diverse motivations. Lower Michigan and Lower Wicker are two famous cases among them, while there is a special triple-deck zone among the Illinois Center.
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C CTA TRAIN SERVICE UNDERGROUND PORTION SINCE 1943
CTA Red Line and Blue Line are the only two “L”
Lines
that
have
underground
portions.
They
are also the only two that run 24 hours a day.
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D FREIGHT TUNNEL 1899-1959
The 60 miles of Freight Tunnel used to transporting coal under the downtown of chicago in the early 1900s. Nowadays it is abandoned and, due to the flood in 1992, it is no longer accessible.
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E CABLE CAR TUNNEL 1866-1952
The three tunnels under river were built for cable cars to go across the Chicago River from below. The tunnels got abandoned following the decline of cable car.
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F WATER CRIB SINCE 1865
The water cribs were built to house and protect offshore water intakes, which supplied the City of Chicago with drinking water from Lake Michigan. Only two of the cribs are still in use now.
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G TARP SINCE 1975
The Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (more commonly known as the Deep Tunnel Project) is an on-going civil engineering project that aims to reduce flooding and the harmful effects of flushing raw sewage into Lake Michigan.
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> Layers in Chicago underground honestly record the issues, demands, and results by mixed powers from government, capital, and individuals. From the timelines, it is not hard to say that Chicago is one of the several cities around the world which has had many efforts happened underground and always steps in front of trends. Michigan ave/ Wicker st/ pedway/ freight tunnel. However, many of these early practices were soon abandoned or neglected. The rise and decline of capital power and civic demand were definitely unstoppable. Though, the question of how to take care of their after-life needs its answer. Because it takes a lot effort to cover an underground construction back to its origin, while underground space is far less precious than a property on the ground, underground construction is considered almost irreversible. In Chicago, most abandoned underground constructions, like the freight tunnel and the cable car tunnels, were simply sealed and forgotten, but physically they are a part of the city’s present. Then, how can we carry the part of history on to the future and how can the abandoned spaces find their position and go alive again need their answer.
02 field study lower level streets
Chicago is a city with well-organized and clean streets. In its center, the travel-attraction Michigan Avenue is a great representative of Chicago’s modern appearance- always prosperous, organized, and clean. But stepping down from the iron staircases on the sides of Michigan Avenue, there is a totally different world waiting for you. This is the Lower Michigan Avenue, a world of big trucks overloaded dumpsters, trash bags blown by wind, and puddles of rainwater from yesterday.
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Welcome to the service layer of Chicago. This is the place that serves to keep the layer above it maintained, and the place that holds what layer above it don’t want to see. Heavy Traffic run through. Trashes accumulate in dumpster and wait to be moved away. It’s made up of accumulated trash, cars running through, puddles in the cracked ground, rusted fences, columns of awkward shapes. All shape its chaotic nature.
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This is a fairly autonomous world.
Comparing to the genetic world on ground with a pursue towards commercial value and capital interest everywhere, the underground
world
with
its
little
commercial value grows quiet wildly.
It is illogical while playful. You won’t understand why the column has so many decorating nodes which make it almost a monumental tower, nor will you get the overly intense cage near the staircase that hangs stuff dropped from above. But hopefully, you will find them lovely and precious at some moments.
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In a raining day, I walked through a red light which caught my whole attention. Rainwater pulled down from a gap above, offering the red light a shower. The rapidly changing light color and the continuously dropping rainwater dance together, presenting a show with fantastic light and sound experience.
Here you have art.
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To be a part of Lower Michigan, you need to understand that people are not the dominant power here. There are little human activity. Most of the time you can only see staff working in surrounding building taking smoke breaks, or tourists waiting for buses going to the navy pier. This is not a realm for public activities, as you can hardly find a group of more than 3 people hanging around here. Except, on raining days it becomes popular, as a good shelter for people without their umbrella.
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When people do not dominate the space, labels become the dominant voice.
The world takes care of itself.
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Lower level streets bring a sense of enclosure. The “walls” and “ceiling” makes it an urban interior space. However, they do connect tightly to the outside world, hints of which can be found everywhere.
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>
Discussions about contemporary city always seem to stay very far from trashes, puddles, and rusted columns. But can we truly create a world without them? Just like light and shadow always go together, a city of cleanness and brightness needs a place to hold its glossy and dark components.
Although in this particular case, the Lower Michigan Avenue works like a server to the Upper Michigan Avenue, there are other kinds of relationships between the ground level and underground space in a global discussion. To present a whole picture of “underground,” it’s needed to think of its rebelling meaning culturally and poetically. In the Lower Michigan, Space is rebelling and start to dominate people, smokers are rebelling by ignoring “no-smoking” marks, and trashes are rebelling through accumulating and overflowing. Further, more stories are going to take place.
03 UNDERGROUND A
G LO BA L
R E S E A RCH
Land property is always rare and valuable in an urban conversation. Thus, the development of urban underground space has never been stopped in big cities around the world. Research of global underground space uses together with their causes and influences shapes a picture of underground’s meaning in the unremitting progress of urbanization from the past to the future.
Ever since the first underground railway line got constructed in London, 1863, underground repid transit has became an indispensable component in an urban transportation system. Its great capibility to transport a huge amount of people in a short range of time makes it an efficient transportation method, while its strict schedule and route makes it into a precisely runing machine. Until Janarary 2018, 207 cities on the earth have repid transit systems, which have a combied length of 14,612 km serve 12,233 stations carrying some 120 million passengers per day. No matter how large the city is, a repid transit system makes commutting easier and commutting time shorter. It encourages a distribution of population from the center of a city to its circums, and activate these area. Further, with a network of public transportation system, the use of private viechles would be reduced, and a energy-saving economic would be shaped in the city.
5 Greatest Repid Transit Systems City
Distance Ridership/ day
1. Shanghai
588.0 km
6.24 mi
2. Beijing
572.0 km
6.74 mi
3. London
402.0 km
3.21 mi
4. New York
380.2 km
4.53 mi
5. Moscow
346.2 km
6.55 mi
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REPID TRANSIT RAIL SYSTEM
Underground road tunnel is a passageway that allows vehicles to enter and exit. In an urban area, an underground road tunnel helps carry heavy traffic especially during rush hours. In the meantime, it leaves the ground above it unscathed and great for civic or landscape uses. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of road tunnels under urban context: transit road and ring road. A transit road connects an end to another, which can be built depandently at places with road traffic or historic preservation needs. A ring road also helps carry traffic. Besides, it connects more roads and evern parking lots, bringing convience for road driving. The Yamate Tunnel lays 30m below the ground of Tokyo. As a ring road, it has 8 exits and connects several central business and commercial districts like Shibuya, Shinjuku, and Ikebukuro. An air ventialtion system in the tunnel helps filtrate and decompose vehicle exhaust to reduce gas pollution. The Central Artery/ Tunnel Project (also called the Big Dig) turned a portion of I-93, which used to be a highway of enormous congestion to an underground tunnel. Comparing to before, the tunnel reduced hours of travel by 62% and carbon monoxide yields by 12%. The Lefortovo Tunnel in Moscow is a section of the city’s Third Ring Road, which goes underground to protect a historic district that lays above it.
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ROAD TUNNEL
PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY
For an urban area with intense traffic, an underground walkway can be applied for pedestrains to move without going through crossroads. Oftenly these walkways connect underground railway and basements of surrounding buildings, allowing people to commute without a need to go outdoor, which is an absolute advantage for cities with extreme weather conditions. In addition, when there is huge population in underground, commercial facilities in basements got their chance to be active. Montreal underground city and Dallas Pedestrian Nestwork are both examples for that. However, since developing underground walkways rely heavily on the negotiating between local government and property owners, it is not always easy to find a solution that meets all quests. There are existing walkways around the world that have excessively complicated or dispersive routes, which are usually due to coordination and compormise.
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retail stores are always indispensable in underground walkways. Located on the sides of a walkway, stores decorate the space and create attractions along the way. For storekeepers, the underground walkway has constant amount of travelers day by day from surrounding buildings and transportation stations, and not very susceptible to weather (sometimes even profit from bed weather). In Japan, The first underground commercial facility appearred in the walkway of Ueno train station in 1930. Then, more of then grow and expand following the developing of
COMMERCIAL FACILITY
underground railway since 1950s. Until the end of 20th century, the total area of underground commercial facility in Tokyo had increased to 223,000 m². Comparing to a general commercial facility, an underground retail street has more safety issues to deal with, such as egress, fire protection, and ventilation. After a fire in Osaka and a gas explosion in Shizuoka, Japan’s five ministries announced “地下街に関する基本方針 ” (Basic Policy Regarding Underground Street Construction) in 1981, in which regulations like “the total area of commercial facilities must not exceed the area of passageway” and “the second floor underground cannot must not contain commercial use“ help secure the safety in underground space.
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There is a group of architectural practices around the world putting major programs underground, such as the Velodrom in Germany, Busan Aquarium in Korea, and National Diet Library in Japan. Underground building leaves the ground above it for open plaza or landscape and is more energy-saving since underground is thermalstatic. On the other hand, another kind of underground activity happens in abandoned underground tunnels. When tunnels go out-of-service, they are mostly just get sealed or discarded, because covering a tunnel is laboursome and unporfitable. However, an abandoned tunnel may become a fairyland for people who seek to use the space for their own purposes. Without regulation, underground is an incubator for sub-culture activities, like an anime party, a skateboard assembly, or an urban explorer club. Further more, under special situations like wars, hints of colorful urban life can be find underground. In the past, there are underground theatres sharing joy and optimism during iranian revolution. Nowadays, Underground tunnels linking Eygpt and Gaza is where some Palestinian get there daily necessities from. All these independent activities by individuals lays in the gray zone between legal and illegal, but when the world on ground has its standard and order, the chaotic and self-governing nature of underground make it a good container for activities that the on-ground world does not accept. Like light and shadow always go together, order and anarchy integrate the idea of urban.
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RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY
Long term before people start to escape the world by having fun in abandoned underground tunnels, underground shelters have been created to ecsape from wars. Underground shelters are not noticable- if their entries are unconspicuous enough, also, they won’t be destoried by bombs. During the Arab- Byzantine War, an underground city was constructed in Derinkuyu, Turkey to accommodate up to 20,000 people and their goods. During the WWII, underground shelters are widely used in Europe and East Asia to defend repid air attacks. In China, tunnels were also applied as passageways in guerrilla warfares. Nowadays, for a precaution of nuclear crisis, underground shelter catches attention again. For future study, issues like how to great hospitable underground environment and what means a good building system for underground apartment buildings needs further discussion.
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UNDERGROUND SHELTER
UNDERGROUND COMPLEX
A pursue of nature and the high land value in contemporary cities sometimes leads to building complexes with parks on ground and facilities underground. By expanding vertically, these complexes satisfies both a need for urban life and a wish to approach nature. In some of these practices, like the Sapporo Odori Park in Japan, diverse
programs
including
retail,
recreational, and transportational spaces are put underground, which shapes a rudiment of underground city. Underground complex holds the potentiality to expand or link with other complexes. As city land use approached to be saturated
and
energy
consumption
become a much more severe topic, underground city taking care of both land-saving and energy-saving issue would be more valuable in the future.
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LOGISTICS SYSTEM
Just like transporting viechles and people, underground transportation of goods is also an everlasting conversation since the 19th century. An underground logistics system has a network of pipes or tunnels that sends automated carriers from transfer stations to destinations. By reducing logistics using automotives, an underground logistics system contributes to relief traffic congestion, reduce urban pollution, and make logistics more efficient. Early underground logistics practice like Mail Rail in London and Freight Tunnel in Chicago are limited by technology at that time. Now, as technologies of automated transportion are developed, more and more cities starts to, or are planning to, be benifit from underground logistics systems. In Amsterdam, the OLS-ASH system connects Aalsmeer flower auction (the largest flower auction in the world), the Schiphol Airport, and the Hoofddrop Train Station. Not only does the it keeps the freshness of flowers, it also alters highway traffic on the way.
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UNDERGROUND UTILITY TUNNEL
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UNDERGROUND SUBSTATION
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LA DÉFENSE, PARIS In 1964, EPAD, a state-controlled firm now named EPADESA, made a master plan for La Défense and soon got approved by the French State. In this plan, a giant elevated platform divided the district into two parts: a pedestrian plaza above it connecting to surrounding buildings, and a dense transportation zone for all traffic flows to run through. The La Défense master plan has been valued as a unique experiment to test out the practicability of this special urban structure. However, the top-down decision comes with discarding the surrounding territory while surrounding skyscrapers were constructed without considering the public spaces they are sharing. The question of how to have the area meet contemporary needs while still keep its unique strategies has long been the key in discussions toward La Défense renovation.
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HONG KONG With its buildings and population at incredible density, Hong Kong is a city of great vertical and horizontal connectivity. Starting from the ground level, the transportation system goes both directions, extending to the underground while also connecting to the inside of buildings. The comprehensive transportation network runs like a living machine, bringing people everywhere, linking the whole city tightly, and activating commercial and business activities along its way.
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TOKYO Known as a city of great population and limited land resource, Tokyo has long been a pioneer in exploring underground potentialities. In Tokyo, a lot of underground practices have been taken place at around 50m below ground, which is much deeper than other cities around the world. In addition, futuristic plans like the Geo-Space Urban Design by Toshio Ojima and the Theory of Hierarchy by Yashiro Watanabe brings attention to urban-scale comprehensive underground development. In Toshio Ojima’s plan, a recycle system with pipes, cables, and tunnels is laid 50m-100m below the city. On every node where they intersect, there is a multi-layer underground construction that contains recycle station and space for human activities. The system aims to solve multiple urban issues in one master plan.
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>
The expanding of underground space usage honestly reflects the progress of urban development. War tunnels, rail tunnels, commercial streets, logistic systems‌ each kind of underground construction appears due to one or several social issues. Also, following the developing of a city, limited land resources would bring attention of developers to the underground space, and let them develop the space from the superficial layer to deeper layers until it becomes an underground city.
Urban is an aggregation shaped by diverse demands, welfares, and issues, which bring the place bright and clean, as well as dark and chaotic. Although dirty and chaos rarely show up in conversations around contemporary cities, they need their place to stay, and underground is a good spot. Ideologically, underground versus ground sometimes equal to shadow versus light, secondary versus primary, or diversity versus homogeneous. It is here as the other ground of the city and is here to tell the city’s story from a different point of view.
04 LOOKING FORWARD C h i c a g o U n d e r g r o u n d , 2 11 8
The accumulativeness of underground programs creates a spatial record of time and social events that associated. Going further, this thesis is going to project a picture of Chicago underground in 100 years. The accumulating of underground constructions through time mixes the past and the future from our standing point, making an integration of events that reflects technological developments, political issues, , cultural changes while evoking a discussion of underground’s spatial quality to accumulate and record social evolution.
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> A proposal.
This work does not tend to make a serious prediction of the future. Rather, it is a combination of a record of existing past and an imagination of possible future’s projections in the underground world.
The installation is going to showcase the accumulativeness of underground space through flatting time and extracting moments. By showing views of underground usage in different time periods, it brings an experience of walking through times and encourages the audience to think about urban evolution from here.
05 references
BIBLIOGRAPHY Ashihara, Yoshinobu. The Aesthetic Townscape. Translated by Lynne E. Riggs. 1st edition. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, 1983. Akkar, Z. Muge. “QUESTIONING THE ‘PUBLICNESS’ OF PUBLIC SPACE IN POSTINDUSTRIAL CITIES.” Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review 16, no. 1 (2004): 24–24. Chen, Zhilong. Wang,Yubei. “The Planning of City Underground Space.”1st edition. Nanjing: Southeast University Press, 2005. “Chicago’s Freight Tunnels, circa 1930.” Accessed November 20, 2017. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/3718.html. “DWM Capital Plan, 2014.” Chicago Department of Water Management. 2014. Evan Andrews. “8 Mysterious Underground Cities.” HISTORY.com. Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www. history.com/news/history-lists/8-mysterious-underground-cities. Europe, Christian Horn · in, France, and Urbanism. “La Défense, a Unique Business District - France.” Urbanplanet (blog), April 1, 2014. http://urbanplanet.info/urbanism/la-defense-unique-business-district/. Frampton, Adam, Jonathan D. Solomon, and Clara Wong. Cities Without Ground: A Hong Kong Guidebook. ORO Editions, 2012. Gissen, David. Subnature: Architecture’s Other Environments. 1 edition. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009. Golany, Gideon S., and Toshio Ojima. Geo-Space Urban Design. John Wiley & Sons, 1996. Harvey, David. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. 1 edition. London: Verso, 2013. Harteveld, Maurice, and Denise Scott Brown. “On Public Interior Space.” AA Files, no. 56 (2007): 64–73. Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Reissue edition. New York: Vintage, 1992. Lee, Eun H, Christopoulos ,George I, Kwok, Kian W. Robert, Adam C., and Soh, Chee-Kiong. “A Psychosocial Approach to Understanding Underground Spaces.” Frontiers in Psychology 8 (March 1, 2017). https://doaj. org. Li Chun 李春, “Chengshi Dixia Kongjian Fengceng Kaifa Moshi Yanjiu” 城市地下空间分层开发模式研究 [ Urban Underground Space Multi-Layer Development Model Study], Tongji University 同济大学, 2007:1-92.
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Macaulay, David. Underground. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976. “Model Simulation of Past, Present and Future Climate Change | UCAR Center for Science Education.” Accessed January 29, 2018. https://scied.ucar.edu/model-simulation-past-present-and-future-climate-change. Morton, Margaret. The Tunnel : The Underground Homeless of New York City /. New Haven, CT : Yale University Press, c1995. Novljan, Tomaž. “Underground Spaces/Cybernetic Spaces.” Urbani Izziv 11, no. 2 (2000): 153–56. Notebaart, Richard A., Balázs Szappanos, Bálint Kintses, Ferenc Pál, Ádám Györkei, Balázs Bogos, Viktória Lázár, et al. “Network-Level Architecture and the Evolutionary Potential of Underground Metabolism.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 32 (2014): 11762–67. “Pros and Cons of Subterranean Architecture.” International Design Group, January 6, 2017. http://www.internationaldesigngroup.co.uk/pros-cons-subterranean-architecture/. Rohde, Michael. “World Metro Database - Metrobits.org.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://mic-ro.com/metro/table.html. “SAP NetWeaver Portal.” Accessed November 20, 2017. https://www.mwrd.org/irj/portal/anonymous/tarp. Shane, Grahame. “The Emergence of ‘Landscape Urbanism’.” Harverd Design Magazine, No.19(2003-2004). Sorkin, Michael. Twenty Minutes in Manhattan. New York: North Point Press, 2013. “Street Grades, Raising.” Accessed November 20, 2017. http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1202.html. “Tokyo’s ‘Underground Temple’ - The Largest in the World.” Akademi Fantasia Travel (blog), February 26, 2009. http://www.akademifantasia.org/east-asia/tokyos-g-cans-drainage-system-the-largest-in-the-world/. Tong Linxu 童林旭，“Riben De Dashendu Dixia Kongjian Liyong Dongxiang”日本的大深度地下空间利用 动向[Tendencies in Japanese Great Depth Underground Space Utilization], Underground Space 地下空间, vol 14, no. 3 (1994): 193-199. Tschumi, Bernard. Architecture and Disjunction. MIT Press, 1996. “Under Your Feet, Chicago’s Water, Freight, Subway and Storm Tunnels: Highlights from the Library’s Collections.” Accessed November 20, 2017. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/webexhibits/underyourfeet/waterwaste.
LIST OF IMAGE
Figure 0.01 Lower Michigan Avenue, Suzie Shang, 2017 Figure 0.02 A Man Smoking in Lower Michigan Avenue, Suzie Shang, 2017 Figure 1.03 Cozzi, Vinnie. Generic. May 17, 2010. Photo. https://www.flickr.com/photos/vinniecozzi/4617725792/. Figure 1.04 Passenger, Lower Michigan Avenue, Suzie Shang, 2017 Figure 1.05 Grand Station, Accessed January 29, 2018. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/CTA_red_ line_subway_at_Grand.jpg. Figure 1.06 “200812973024_Chicago Freight Tunnel Motor.JPG (598×385).” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www.railroadline.com/forum/data/hudsonelectric/200812973024_Chicago%20Freight%20Tunnel%20Motor.JPG. Figure 1.07 “Ask Geoffrey: A Look Back at Chicago’s Streetcar Era | Chicago Tonight | WTTW.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://chicagotonight.wttw.com/2016/06/01/ask-geoffrey-look-back-chicagos-streetcar-era. Figure 1.08 “Ask Geoffrey: A Look Back at Chicago’s Streetcar Era | Chicago Tonight | WTTW.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://chicagotonight.wttw.com/2016/06/01/ask-geoffrey-look-back-chicagos-streetcar-era. Figure 1.09 “Msb1959’s Blog | Right With The Ship WordPress.com Weblog | Page 9.” Accessed January 29, 2018. https:// msb1959.wordpress.com/page/9/. Figure 2.01-2.20 Lower Michigan Avenue, Suzie Shang, 2017 Figure 3.01 “Enhanced-Buzz-Wide-17246-1393412051-14.jpg (990×1478).” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://ak-hdl. buzzfed.com/static/2014-02/enhanced/webdr07/26/5/enhanced-buzz-wide-17246-1393412051-14.jpg. Figure 3.02 “New-York-Subway-System.jpg (1920×1200).” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://theashleylawfirm.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/new-york-subway-system.jpg. Figure 3.03 “Tokyo Metro 01 Series Train 613 Leaving Tameike-Sanno Station 130808 1.jpg - Wikimedia Commons.” Accessed January 29, 2018. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tokyo_metro_01_series_train_613_leaving_tameike-sanno_station_130808_1.jpg. Figure 3.04 “Komsomolskaya_2013979b.jpg (620×388).” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/ archive/02013/Komsomolskaya_2013979b.jpg. Figure 3.05 “DSC05118.jpg (1200×800).” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://radiate.jp/photo/shutoko/yamate-tunnel-open_2015/DSC05118.jpg.
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Figure 3.06 “22audi.jpg (818×548).” Accessed January 29, 2018. https://www.designboom.com/weblog/images/images_2/ richelle/191audi/22audi.jpg. Figure 3.07 “Third Ring Road (Moscow).” Wikipedia, July 23, 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Ring_ Road_(Moscow)&oldid=792015179. Figure 3.08 “11_20ba.jpg (600×555).” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www.vieux.montreal.qc.ca/plaque/horizon/gares/ images/11_20ba.jpg. Figure 3.09 “Dallaspedestriannetwork.jpg (1200×768).” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www.unvisiteddallas.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/dallaspedestriannetwork.jpg. Figure 3.10 Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www.nk-tours.com/UploadFiles/201007/201681216398.jpg. Figure 3.11-3.12 武志摩ヘロン. 大阪梅田地下街ホワイティー梅田を歩く, n.d. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=gA5WZKjphws. Figure 3.13 Ltd, August Pty. “Peddle Thorp Architects.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www.pta.com.au/portfolio/project/ busan-aquarium. Figure 3.14 “Pinterest.” Pinterest. Accessed January 29, 2018. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/348395721154509141/. Figure 3.15 “Inside the Catacombs of Paris.” Not Intent on Arriving (blog), January 30, 2011. https://adragna.org/2011/01/29/ inside-the-catacombs-of-paris/. Figure 3.16 “Le périphérique souterrain de Prague devient l’eldorado des skateurs.” Dosedeclic, November 6, 2014. http:// dosedeclic.com/peripherique-souterrain-prague-devient-leldorado-skateurs/. Figure 3.17 “Pinterest.” Pinterest. Accessed January 29, 2018. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/14636767511421888/. Figure 3.18 Underground Theatre During Revolution“After Belonging: Objects, Spaces, and Territories of the Ways We Stay in Transit - Google Books.” Accessed January 29, 2018. Figure 3.19 “Pinterest.” Pinterest. Accessed January 29, 2018. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/243546292322762705/. Figure 3.20 “Throwback Thursday: Last Secret Peeks into the Mysterious Beijing Underground City - Basic Beijing.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www.basicbeijing.com/uncategorized/throwback-thursday-last-secret-peeks-into-the-mysterious-beijing-underground-city/. Figure 3.21 “Bundesarchive Photos 1933 - 1945..+ All Fields of WWII - Page 507 - Histomil.com.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://histomil.com/viewtopic.php?t=3918&start=5060.
Figure 3.22 “The World’s Most Luxurious ‘Survival Condo’ is Built Inside a Nuclear Missile Silo.” OutdoorHub (blog). Accessed January 29, 2018. https://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2014/11/19/worlds-luxurious-survival-condo-built-inside-nuclear-missile-silo/. Figure 3.23 “The World’s Most Luxurious ‘Survival Condo’ is Built Inside a Nuclear Missile Silo.” OutdoorHub (blog). Accessed January 29, 2018. https://www.outdoorhub.com/news/2014/11/19/worlds-luxurious-survival-condo-built-inside-nuclear-missile-silo/. Figure 3.24 “WGP week_3.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www.fivb.org/EN/Volleyball/Competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2007/Venues/Week_3.asp?sm=86. Figure 3.35 “Panoramio - Photos by inefekt69.” Accessed January 29, 2018. https://www.panoramio.com/user/8628714?photo_page=6. Figure 3.26 “Les Halles.” OMA. Accessed January 29, 2018. http://oma.eu/projects/les-halles. Figure 3.27 “Experimental City: The Sci-Fi Utopia That Never Was.” Zach Mortice (blog), October 20, 2017. http://zachmortice.com/2017/10/20/experimental-city-sci-fi-utopia-never/. Figure 3.28 “Image (1024×576).” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www.bigleidingen.eu/image/?width=1024&height=576&file=7f399a72-0cdb-4dca-0feb-fd625169383b. Figure 3.29 “The CargoCap System | CargoCap GmbH.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://cargocap.com/content/the-cargocap-system. Figure 3.30 “Crossrail ‘on Course’ for Value.” BBC News, January 24, 2014, sec. Business. http://www.bbc.com/news/business-25862268. Figure 3.31 “Industry Developments in District Cooling Systems - Advanced Thermal Solutions.” Accessed January 29, 2018. https://www.qats.com/cms/2017/04/25/industry-developments-district-cooling-systems/. Figure 3.32 “A New Approach for Reliable Energy: Underground Substations.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www.elp. com/articles/powergrid_international/print/volume-20/issue-7/features/a-new-approach-for-reliable-energy-underground-substations.html. Figure 3.33 “Portfolio Archive| Switch IN to the Future.” MindCore Technologies | Switch IN to the Future (blog). Accessed January 29, 2018. http://mindcoretech.com/portfolio_page/. Figure 3.34 Time Lapse Zoom of Rail & Street Traffic at La Defense - Paris France Stock Video Footage - VideoBlocks. Accessed January 29, 2018. https://www.videoblocks.com/video/time-lapse-zoom-of-rail--street-traffic-at-la-defense---parisfrance-sx5hnoqweivllib57. Figure 3.35 “Tour Trinity - Inspirer les talents.” Trinity. Accessed January 29, 2018. https://tour-trinity.com/.
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Figure 3.36 “Portfolio Archive| Switch IN to the Future.” MindCore Technologies | Switch IN to the Future (blog). Accessed January 29, 2018. http://mindcoretech.com/portfolio_page/. Figure 3.37 Frampton, Adam, Clara Wong, and Jonathan Solomon. “Admiralty,” Cities Without Ground: A Hong Kong Guidebook. Oro editions, 2012.p46-47 Figure 3.38-3.39 “STEADY ABROAD: HONG KONG PT.1 | LOUD+STEADY.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://loudnsteady.com/cal_hk1/. Figure 3.40-3.43 Tong Linxu 童林旭，“Riben De Dashendu Dixia Kongjian Liyong Dongxiang”日本的大深度地下空间 利用动向[Tendencies in Japanese Great Depth Underground Space Utilization], Underground Space 地下空间, vol 14, no. 3 (1994): 193-199. Figure 3.44 “Photos: Inside Japan’s Underground Bike Parkade.” Accessed January 29, 2018. http://www.theprovince.com/ news/asia-pacific/Photos+Inside+Japan+underground+bike+parkade/9246640/story.html.
Figure 3.45 “MiFID II: Now for the Hard Part.” Bloomberg Professional Services, September 30, 2015, sec. Import - Enterprise (3-16-2017). https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/blog/mifid-ii-now-for-the-hard-part/.
L I S T O F I L L U S T R AT I O N Figure 1.01 Map of Chicago Underground Layers, Suzie Shang, 2017 Figure 1.02 Underground Section, Suzie Shang, 2017 Figure 2.21 Map of Chicago Lower Level Streets and Surroundings, Suzie Shang, 2017 Figure 4.01 Newspaper Collage, Suzie Shang, 2018 Figure 4.02 Map of Future Underground Potentialities, Suzie Shang, 2018 Figure 4.03 Conceptual Drawing for Final Installation, 2018