KUWAIT - 50 Years (English)

Page 1

1 - Evidence found at Subiya indicates the existence of maritime trading in our land since prior to 5,000 BC

Published by PH7 Publishing House - Kuwait

1 - Evidence found at Subiya indicates the existence of maritime trading in our land since prior to 5,000 BC

Published by PH7 Publishing House - Kuwait. This copy is with the compliments of Gulf Bank

1 - Evidence found at Subiya indicates the existence of maritime trading in our land since prior to 5,000 BC

Published by PH7 Publishing House - Kuwait. This copy is with the compliments of Wataniya Telecom

2 - Legendary ships of the desert entering Kuwait through one of its gates

“And they carry your loads to a land you could not Indeed, your Lord is Kind and Merciful.�

3 - Building a 21st century city - downtown Kuwait

Foreword

F

rom a city which cloaked itself from shore to shore with a 6.5 kilometre wall in which the gates were locked at dusk every day, Kuwait has developed into a nation which welcomes the world.

! ! " # country we see today: a Kuwait whose voice is heard and respected around the globe. Here, in ‘50 Years of Independence, 50 Years of Development’, we pay homage to that growth and to the distinguished Kuwaitis who built this proud nation. Kuwait has a rich and diverse history, one that stretches back many thousands of years to the earliest settlers on these shores. This land was always a vital staging-post for ancient traders and became increasingly so as years passed by. Known as Qurain (taken from the Arabic word ‘qarn’, meaning ‘hill’) from the 1600s, later it was renamed Al-Kout, meaning $ % & " Records of the British East India Company show that during the early 18th century, the Al-Sabah family were established traders in the region. In an effort to add stability to Kuwait, the Al-Sabah family were chosen to rule Kuwait and Sabah bin ' # " % For nearly three-hundred years the Al-Sabah family have continued to rule Kuwait with great wisdom and dignity. At no

# #

In 1961 Kuwait secured independence from Great Britain, under whom Kuwait had enjoyed the status of protectorate for many years. It was time for the State of Kuwait to step forth and establish itself as a fully independent nation. Under the continued guidance and benevolence of His Highness the Amir Abdullah Al-Salem Al Sabah (Abdullah III) and # ! " & # * ! * once there swirled dust, there now grows a forest of towers. Its people, whose tradition in regional commerce has long been held in high regard, have taken their skills to a higher level and now walk the global business stage. Kuwait’s wealth and # # # % # + " Welcome to ‘50 Years of Independence, 50 Years of Development’.

50 Years Of Independence, 50 Years Of Development Kuwait 1961 - 2011 1.

THE RULERS OF KUWAIT

1 -

3

2.

RULERS OF KUWAIT THROUGHOUT HISTORY

4 -

5

3.

KUWAIT AGAINST ADVERSITIES

6 -

7

4.

THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE

8 - 15

5.

THE KUWAITI FLAG

16 - 17

6.

KUWAIT’S NATIONAL ANTHEM

18 - 19

7.

OIL

20 - 27

8.

BANKING

28 - 35

9.

COMMERCE

36 - 45

10.

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

46 - 55

11.

EDUCATION

56 - 63

12.

HEALTH

64 - 71

13.

PORTS & AIRPORTS

72 - 81

14.

COMMUNICATION

82 - 91

15.

INFORMATION & MEDIA

92 - 101

16.

LANDMARKS & CULTURE

102 - 111

17.

BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE

112 - 115

18.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND CREDITS

116 - 117

His Highness Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah The Amir of The State of Kuwait

On 26th August, 1961 the Higher Executive Committee, which carried out the duties of today’s cabinet, was formed and HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah became a member as chairman of two departments and later became a member of the Constituent Assembly assigned with formulating the Kuwaiti Constitution.

Born in 1929 the Amir of Kuwait His Highness Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, fourth son of the late Amir, His Highness Sheikh Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, was educated in Mubarakia school and then was sent abroad for further study as well as to gain international experience and to learn more about European and Asian countries. He later completed his studies in schools of Kuwait and with private tutors.

; <Z ' ! <=[\! # ! XX * Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was appointed Minister of Information (in what at the time was the Ministry of Guidance). In February, 1963 HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was appointed as Kuwait’s representative to the United Nations and the Arab League. Following this he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs on 28th January, 1963. He remained in this position until 1991.

; <= ' ! <=>? # late Amir, HH Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, as a member of the In February, 1978 he was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in addition to Higher Executive Committee and assigned with regulating operations in his role as Minister of Foreign Affairs. On 13th July, 2003 HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was appointed, by Amiri Decree, the governmental departments and formulating plans for their activities. Prime Minister of Kuwait. In 1955 HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was appointed Chairman of the Department of Social Affairs and Chairman of the HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah had represented the Department of Press and Publications and he also presided over the late Amir, HH Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, in many local Kuwait Teacher’s Association. In 1956 he was a member of the organization and international conferences and meetings in the years preceding the of the High Council which advised the ruler of Kuwait. demise of HH Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah and the abdication of HH Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah. @ <=>? XX * # ' # # publication of Kuwait El Yom. He established The Kuwaiti Government HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah became the 15th ruler of Press and worked on issuing Al-Arabi magazine in 1958. Kuwait since 1752, and its 5th Amir, on 29th January, 2006.

1

His Highness Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah The Crown Prince of The State of Kuwait

Born in 1937, Kuwait’s Crown Prince is His Highness Sheikh Nawaf AlAhmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah - the sixth son of the late Amir, His Highness Sheikh Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah. His Highness Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah received his education in several Kuwaiti schools.

Among HH Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah’s notable achievements was the creation of the Legal Department and the Mayors’ Affairs Department at the Ministry of Interior. HH Sheikh Nawaf Al ' # # establishment of the Private Contracts Department and the Legal Department at the Defence Ministry. He also established the Legal Affairs Undersecretary’s post at the Ministry of Social Affairs. During his term as ^ @ ! X X teamwork to preserve the unity of Kuwait.

In the humanitarian domain, His Highness Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad On 12th February, 1962 HH Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah established a centre for social care during his term as ] X ! X the Minister of Social Affairs and sponsored several cultural, recreational # ! * and social activities for the National Guards personnel. for the establishment and development of the State of Kuwait. On 7th February, 2006 His Highness the Amir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad On 19th March, 1978 he was appointed as the Minister of Interior - his Al-Jaber Al-Sabah nominated His Highness Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Alfirst political appointment. HH Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Jaber Al-Sabah as Crown Prince. The nomination said that His Highness Al-Sabah was then re-appointed as the Minister of Interior in 1986 to the Amir recommended His Highness Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber ^ _ Al-Sabah for the Crown Prince’s post in accordance with Article 4 of the on 26th January, 1988 and again on 20th June, 1992. On 20th April, 1991 he Constitution and law 4/1964 for Emirate Succession; and it was based on was appointed the Minister of Social Affairs and Labour to serve until HH Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah’s recognised integrity 17th October, 1992. Two years later, on 16th October, 1994 he was and merit for the Crown Prince’s post. appointed as the Deputy Chief of the National Guards to serve until he was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior on 13th On 20th February, 2006 an Amiri Decree was issued confirming July, 2003. HH Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was then His Highness Sheikh Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah as the appointed as the First Deputy Prime Minister on 16th October, 2003 while Crown Prince of the State of Kuwait - unanimously the parliament pledged allegiance. he continued serving as Minister of Interior.

2

His Highness Sheikh Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah The Prime Minister of The State of Kuwait

Al-Jaber Al-Sabah became the Ambassador to Iran and in 1971 was appointed by an Amiri Decree as a Non-Resident Ambassador to Afghanistan. Between 1975 and 1979, he served as the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in Iran - the youngest ever to hold this position.

Born in 1940 His Highness Sheikh Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Ahmad ' # # " % ^ _ ! Sheikh Mohammed Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah - received his elementary and primary education at Kuwait schools followed by the ] | } ~ " Higher Diploma in French Language studies. In 1964 he obtained his bachelor’s degree in Political Science and Economics from the University of Geneva, Switzerland. His appointment as the Third Secretary at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in August 1964 was the beginning of his political career. In October of the same year, he was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Permanent Mission of Kuwait to the United Nations in New York, USA; and then to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in June 1965. In December 1965 his career saw two rapid changes. First as the Minister at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and then as the Permanent Representative " } ; ~ ] ! X Kuwait Permanent Mission in Geneva in 1966 and also became the First Consul General of Kuwait to the Swiss Confederation in Geneva in the same year. In October 1968, HH Sheikh Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Ahmed

In May 1979, he was recalled to Kuwait to serve in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; and between 1979 and 1985 he served as the Under Secretary at the Ministry of Information and then between 1985 and 1988 as the Minister for Information. During this period he also served as President of the National Council for Culture, Arts, and Letters. He served as Minister for Social Affairs and Labour between 1988 and 1990, and as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1990 - 1991. From 1991 until 2006 he served as the Minister for Al-Diwan Al-Amiri Affairs (the Royal Court) to which he was appointed by an Amiri Decree. His Highness has served his country with distinction and has been decorated on several occasions including the First Persian Imperial Order Decoration from the Shah of Iran; a Decoration from the Mayor of Paris Jacques Chirac; and the First Degree National Decoration of the Republic of Argentina from His Excellency the Argentinean President Carlos ^ ! " # from Kuwait Radio during the Iraqi aggression, saying “This Is Kuwait�. HH Sheikh Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah was appointed as the Prime Minister of the State of Kuwait by an Amiri Decree on 7th February, 2006 by the order of His Highness the Amir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, and was entrusted on that day with forming the 22nd Government of the State of Kuwait.

3

The Rulers Of Kuwait Throughout History

Sheikh Sabah Al-Awwal

1752 – 1762

Sheikh Abdullah Bin Sabah

1762 – 1813

Sheikh Jaber Bin Abdullah

1813 – 1859

Sheikh Sabah Bin Jaber

1859 – 1866

Sheikh Abdullah Bin Sabah

1866 – 1892

Sheikh Mohammad Bin Sabah

1892 – 1896

Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah 1896 – 1915

Sheikh Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah 1915 – 1917

Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah 1950 – 1965

Sheikh Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah 1965 – 1977

Sheikh Salem Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah 1917 – 1921

Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah 1977 – 2006

Sheikh Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah 1921 – 1950

Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah 2006

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5

Kuwait Against Adversities

K

4 - Workmen dismantling part of Kuwait’s city wall – its removal began on 4th February, 1957

uwait sits at a key and strategically valuable point of the Arabian Gulf; a vital trading post whose control has long been desired by those who sought to rule important trade routes.

water, it is to Kuwait’s supreme credit that it has secured ample resources for the nation and its people in order to achieve growth amidst a stable social environment.

& " * € #

The solidarity of the Kuwaiti nation, and a true test of its standing in This is not untypical for the history of many countries; but in Kuwait’s the international community, was proven most recently in 1990 with case it is easy to see that on many occasions it has been the defender Saddam’s unlawful and barbaric occupation of Kuwait’s sovereign land. rather than the aggressor. In 1991, after seven months of suppression under enforced Iraqi rule, Kuwait has always vigorously, fearlessly and victoriously defended its Kuwait was liberated by a coalition of forces supported by Kuwaiti troops sovereignty and has often led the way in times of crisis with its insistence and their allies from other Arab nations and led by the United States and on diplomacy and non-confrontation. The country is seen at the heart their Western partners. * ! major one of which was signed with Saudi Arabia and Iraq in 1922 – the Once again Kuwait had proven that it will stand strong and united in the Al-Aqeer Agreement. face of all challenges. Another perhaps less obvious aggressor is the climate. As the world’s hottest inhabited city and a country virtually devoid of any natural fresh

Timeline

529 BC Al-Monther Bin Ma Al-Sama defeats Ali Harith Al-Kandi at Wara, in the area now known as Kuwait 633 AD Arab Muslims, under the leadership of Khaled Bin Al-Waleed, defeat the Persians at Kathma in the battle of That Alsiasli 1783 The Rigga naval battle against Beni Kaab the rulers of Arabistan - Kuwait victorious 1798 ! ! 1814 A second defensive wall is constructed 1871 " € @ ; ! 1914 " ! # | 1920 The Al-Jahra Battle 1920 A third defensive wall is constructed 1922 Al-Aqeer Treaty is signed between Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Iraq 1934 Heavy rain on 7th December washes away many of the city’s homes 1942 Fresh water is discovered underground at Abdaly 1953 & % 2nd August, 1990 Saddam invades and occupies Kuwait. The world protests and nations come to Kuwait’s support 26th February, 1991 Kuwait is liberated; the allied forces easily push Saddam’s troops back over the border

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7

5 - 19th June, 1961 - The Amir His Highness Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah signs the Declaration of Independence

The Road to Independence

1711 The Al-Sabah family arrives in Kuwait

1752 " # # # * # # "

23rd January, 1899 Kuwait signs an agreement with the British government and becomes a British protectorate

19th June, 1961 Kuwait declared its independence and the 1899 treaty with Britain was cancelled

8

9

6 - <Z ' ! <=[\ " % # # XX * # #

Kuwait’s First Cabinet

17th January, 1962 " % # & # " % #  ‚ƒ Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah (Minister of the Interior); Sheikh Mubarak Al-Abdullah Al-Sabah (Minister of Communications); Sheikh Salem Al-Ali Al-Sabah (Minister of Labour); Sheikh Jaber Al-Ali Al-Sabah (Minister of Electricity and Water); Abdulaziz Al-Sager (Minister of Health); Sheikh Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah (Minister of Foreign Affairs); Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah (Minister of Information); Sheikh Abdullah Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (Minister of Education); Sheikh Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah (Minister of Islamic Affairs); Sheikh Mohammed Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah (Minister of Defence); Sheikh Khalid Al-Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah (Minister of Ports and Customs); Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah (Minister of Finance); Humoud Al-Zaid AlKhalid (Minister of Justice); Mohammed Al-Nisf (Minister of Social Affairs)

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7 - 8th November, 1962 - The Amir HH Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah receiving the Constitution of Kuwait

Kuwait’s Constitution

8th November, 1962 Kuwait’s constitution was issued on 8th November. It set out the principles for the ruling of Kuwait in 5 parts and through 183 articles 11th November, 1962 HH Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah approves and signs the constitution The photograph HH Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah receives the constitution at Seif Palace on 8th November from Abdulatif Hamad Thunayan Al-Ghanim, the Chairman of the Establishing Committee for the Constitution.

X † " ! ^ '

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8 - & XX * # # ! #

Kuwait’s First National Assembly 23rd January, 1963 & " ] * >‡ #

& # # # X & " % # ƒ Mohammed Qabazard, Hassan Jawhar Hayat, Sayed Yousef Al-Sayed Hashem Al-Rifai, Rashed Abdullah Al-Farhan, Abdulrazzaq Khalid Al-Zaid Al-Khalid, Mohammed Ahmad Al-Rashid, Khalid Saleh Al-Ghunaim, Hamad Mubarak Al-Ayyar, Yousef Khalid Al-Mukhled, Khalid Al-Nazal Al-Moasaab, Abbas Habib Monawer, Khalid Al-Masaud Al-Fuhaid, Rashid Saleh Atawheid, Suleiman Ahmad Al-Haddad, Abdulbarki Abdullah Al-Nouri, Abdulaziz Ali Al-Khalid, Hossam Faleh Al-Lamee, Zaid Abdulhussein Al-Kazmi, Dr. Ahmad AlKhatib, Suleiman Al-Mutawa, Ali Al-Fadala, Ali Thunayan Al-Ozainah, Murda Abdullah Al-Ozainah, Mubarak Al-Dabbous, Naif Al-Dabbous, Ibrahim Ali Al-Khraybit, Ahmad Sayed Abed Al-Musawi, Abdulaziz Al-Hamad ! @# ^ ! # ^ ˆ ! # ‰ Š ! ‰ ^ # * X ‹ ! Œ Š ! ^ X Œ *! ^ Al-Moasaab, Jasim Abdulaziz Al-Qatami, Yagoub Yousef Al-Humaidi, Khalil Ibrahim Al-Muzain, Hamad Abdulmohsin Al-Mishari, Ahmad Khalid Al-Fozan, Saud Abdulaziz Al-Abd Al-Razzak, Khalid Ahmad Jasim Al-Mudhaf, Humoud Yousef Al-Nisf, Sami Al-Mounayyes, Ahmad Al-Sirhan, Hamad Khalifa Al-Homaida, Mohammed Wasmi Al-Sadiran, Salem Ghanim Al-Harees, Khalifa Talal Al-Jeri and Ali Ghanim Al-Dabbous. The photograph X X Š * # # National Assembly. To his left are the Late Amir Sheikh Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, who was the Prime Minister ! # * # & * " # _ 14th May, 1963 Kuwait joins the United Nations

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The Kuwaiti Flag A new era of independence demanded a new symbol of pride

E

" € ! # <Z<?! # designs on a solid red background.

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were on the opposite side to Britain during the First World War. XX * ^ # * # # " % € ‘ # $" % # } ! ! € # " <=[< " % € # # Green, black, red and white are referred to as pan-Arab colours and have been linked to the Arab people and Islamic faith for & € & # nations and the black represents the defeat of enemies. The red stands for the blood of the martyrs and white symbolizes honour, purity and peace. & " € Z # ! <=[< \? # & " € # # # # ˆ ‰ <=<[! # # nationalism during liberation struggles against Ottoman Turkish rule.

From 24th November, 1961

1914 - 1961

1903

1921 - 1940

1940 - 1961

1940 - 1965

Prior to 1956

1956 - 1962

1921 - 1961

The Amiri Flag 1961

From 1714 more than twenty variations of white script on a red background were used as Kuwait’s flag. Shortly after independence in 1961 the now well-known green, white, red and black flag was adopted.

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Kuwait’s National Anthem

A

fter the proclamation of Kuwait’s independence, a committee was formed with the objective of introducing a new national anthem to replace the Amiri Salute that had been used on state occasions since 1961. The committee was headed by HH Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, at the time the Crown Prince. A public competition was announced and an invitation was extended for Kuwaitis to submit suggestions for both words and music. Although the poet and writer Ahmad Meshari Al-Adwani’s work was chosen as the winner and announced as Kuwait’s national anthem during the reign of HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, HH Sheikh Sabah passed-away on 31st December, 1977 before the new national anthem was # Following the mourning period for HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, Kuwait’s new Amir, HH Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah # " % National Day on 25th February, 1978. The music was composed by Ibrahim Al-Soula and arranged by Ahmad Ali.

Č•Č•

Refrain Kuwait, my country, may you be safe and glorious! May you always enjoy good fortune! You are the cradle of my ancestors, Who put down its memory. With everlasting symmetry, showing all eternity, Those Arabs were heavenly, Kuwait, my country, May you be safe and glorious! May you always enjoy good fortune. Blessed be my Country a homeland for harmony, Warded by true sentry giving their soils aptly, Building high its history, Kuwait, My country, we’re for you my Country, Led by faith and loyalty, With its Amir equally, Fencing us all fairly, with warm love and verity, Kuwait, my country, May you be safe and glorious. May you always enjoy good fortune!

Č•Č•

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Refrain Watani ´l-Kuwait salemta Li ´l-majdi Wa `ala jabeeneka talio ´s-sa`di Watani ´l-Kuwait watani ´l-Kuwait Watani ´l-Kuwait salemta Li ´l-majdi 1 Yaa mahda aabaai ´l-`ola katabou Sifra ´l-kholoudi fa-naadate ´sh-shohobou Allaho akbaro ennahom arabou Tala`at Kawaakebo jannato ´l-kholdi 2 Bourekta Ya Watanil Kuwaita Lana Sakanan Wa Eshta Alal Mada Watana Yafdeeka Horron Fi Hemaka Bana Sarhol Hayati Be Akramil Aydi 3 Nahmeeka Ya Watani Wa Shahidona Sharoul Hoda Wal Haqqo Ra-Edona Wa Amirona Lil Ezzi Qa-Edona Rabbol Hamiyati Sadqol Waadi

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24 - KD10 - The First Issue 1961 BANKING IN KUWAIT

BANKING IN KUWAIT BANKING IN KUWAIT

25 - 26 - 27 - In 1952 the first branch of NBK opened. The 1960s witnessed the opening of Gulf Bank, Al-Ahli Bank and the Central Bank of Kuwait

Banking in Kuwait Although with many generations of history as being the Gulf’s supreme traders, it wasn’t until 1941 that the late Amir, His Highness Sheikh Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, formally sanctioned

# * " ! # Πowned Iranian Imperial Bank. Another eleven years would pass before Kuwaitis had a bank to call their own.

BANKING IN KUWAIT

28 - 29 - 30 - Today, local and international banks dominate the city and find their homes in many of Kuwait’s most modern buildings - meanwhile the city’s investment heart remains the Stock Exchange

I

n 1952 a prominent Kuwaiti merchant, Khalifa Al-Ghunaim, went to the British Bank of the Middle East to open a Letter of Guarantee for the amount of 10,000 Indian Rupees, (which is equivalent today to KD750). He was shocked to hear that his request was rejected on the condition that he provided a guarantor. The merchant was incensed by the treatment that he had received. News of this incident spread quickly, along with discomfort that this could happen.

This incident gave rise to the question and the idea of having a national bank with a mission to serve the national needs as its priority, to help the economic growth of the country and look after the savings of its clients. A meeting was held with the late Amir HH Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah, who congratulated them on the idea and promised them his complete support. An Amiri decree was issued on 19th May, 1952 to open the National Bank of Kuwait. NBK started operations on 15th November, 1952. NBK founders included members of many of the great trading families of past and present: Khalid Zaid Al-Khalid, Ahmed Saud Al-Khalid, Khalifa Khalid Al-Ghunaim, Khalid Abdullatif Al-Hamad, Sayed Ali Sayed Sulieman Al-Rifai, Yousef # ‰ ‹! › ] ! ^ # " # X BANKING IN KUWAIT

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31 - The first cheque issued in Kuwait was issued through NBK for Mohammed Ahmad Al-Rushaid

34 - A collection of ancient coins discovered on Failaka Island, dating from the Greek settlement period, around 300BC

32 - On 1st April 1961 Kuwait issued its first currency - the Kuwaiti Dinar

35 - A ‘taweelat al-hassa’ which was used as currency for around 50 years from the Al-Sabah’s arrival in Kuwait in 1711 - they were made of gold, silver, and bronze

36 - The Maria Theresa thaler – also known as the Austrian rial and the French rial – was widely used across much of the world, and in Kuwait particularly between 1790 and 1920

33 - On 17th November 1970 the second issue of the Kuwaiti Dinar was introduced

37 - between 1830 and 1901 Indian rupees formed the currency of Kuwait - these were struck showing the heads of the Emperors of India – firstly King William IV, and latterly Queen Victoria

The Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA) was established in 1953 when Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah decided that oil revenue could be used to create a fund for the future and to reduce its reliance on a single non-renewable resource. In 1961 the Minister of Finance, Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, created the main investment policies for the funds that are still in use today. As oil-wealth began to grow and independence became a certainty for Kuwait, much rapid % # In 1960 the Kuwait Currency Board (KCB) was established. The role of the KCB, unlike central banks which carry out broad # * ! the issuance of bank notes and coins. It was not until 1968 that the Central Bank of Kuwait (CBK) was established by virtue of the Law No. 32 of 1968 concerning currency. The establishment of CBK was in response to the need for keeping abreast of both domestic and international economic ! and economic development in the country. BANKING IN KUWAIT

38 - On 1st February 1982 the third issue of the Kuwaiti Dinar was introduced

41 - To celebrate Kuwait’s sovereignty, HH Sheikh Abdullah Bin Sabah struck Kuwait’s first coin in 1886 - it was the equivalent of one pesa, and remained in circulation for only a few years

39 - On 24th March 1991 the fourth issue of the Kuwaiti Dinar was introduced

42 - In 1913 the Indian rupee was printed on paper for the first time

40 - On 3rd April 1994 The current series of notes, the fifth, were issued

43 - Between 1st June 1959 and 30th March 1961 a special issue of the rupee was issued - it was circulated exclusively for use in the Gulf states

Its roles, then as now, are to exercise the privilege of the issue of currency on behalf of the State, to secure the stability of the Kuwaiti currency and its free convertibility into foreign currencies, to direct the credit policy to assist social and economic progress and increase national income, to supervise the banking system in the State of Kuwait, to serve as banker and The advent of independence saw the establishment of a further two Kuwaiti banks: the Gulf Bank and the Commercial Bank " ] Œ * # # _ ??™<=[‡ ; # \=! <=[‡ & # * € Fahad Al-Salem Street in Kuwait City with a total of 50 employees and 1.8 million Kuwaiti Dinars. The Gulf Bank’s board members of the time also included many prominent names from Kuwait’s trading families. Khaled Al-Yusuf Al-Mutawa was Chairman, Ali Abdulrahman Al-Bahar was Vice Chairman. Abdulaziz Al-Saleh, Ahmad Bazea AlYassin, Abdulwahab Abdulaziz Al-Qatami, Abdulaziz Abdulmohsen Al-Rashed, Abdulwahab Al-Khalifa Al-Shaheen AlGhanim, Dawoud Musaad Al-Saleh, Khalid Fulaij Al-Ali Al-Fulaij, Mustafa Sultan Al-Essa, Abdullatif Abdullah Al-Mehri and Jassem Mohammed Al-Wazzan comprised the board. BANKING IN KUWAIT

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44 - The Central Bank of Kuwait was established in 1968

45 - By 2012 it will have moved to its new head office currently under construction

As well as looking inwards to their people, in 1961 Kuwait began to look outwards and established the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED). The object of the Fund being to assist Arab and other developing countries in further expanding their economies. Throughout its history, KFAED has facilitated loans and grants worth billions of Kuwaiti Dinars. Although several share holding companies (such as NBK from 1952) existed in Kuwait prior to the creation of the Kuwait Stock Exchange, it was not until October 1962 that a law was passed to organize the country’s stock market. & " * }  " }‚ * ] prominence as one of the most potentially important in the world. The 1970s saw a burgeoning of new banks and the opening of the bourse, all of whom built on the great wisdom and # " % | Œ * # # the envy of the region and much of the world. Years of prudent management and growth sees Kuwait’s domestic banking industry further enhanced today by the addition of numerous regional and international banks including the National Bank of Abu Dhabi, Qatar National Bank, Bank Muscat, HSBC, Citibank, and BNP Paribas. BANKING IN KUWAIT

Timeline 1941 & # * " ƒ Œ @ @ Œ *! Œ Œ * ^ } <=>\ 1952 " % # *! Œ * " ! 1953 The Kuwait Investment Authority is established to create a sovereign wealth fund for future generations 1960 The Kuwait Currency Board is established 1960 Gulf Bank is established, as is the Commercial Bank of Kuwait 1961 The Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development is established 1962 & ! paving the way for the establishment of the Kuwait Stock Exchange 1967 Al-Ahli Bank of Kuwait is established 1968 The Central Bank of Kuwait is established 1971 Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait is established in both the Kingdom of Bahrain and Kuwait 1971 The Bank of Kuwait and the Middle East is established. In 2010 the bank converted to an Islamic bank and changed its name to Ahli United Bank 1973 The Industrial Bank of Kuwait is established by the Ministry of Finance, the Central Bank and a number of large industrial companies 1973 The Kuwait Real Estate Bank (KREB) is established. In 2007 the bank converted to an Islamic bank, and changed its name to Kuwait International Bank 1977 Burgan Bank is established 1977 " ‰ X # " % # * @ % 1977 & " * } 1983 Œ " * } # 1996 & " * } # * * # 2000 The Foreign Investment Law is issued to allow non-Kuwaitis to invest in the Kuwait Stock Exchange 2004 Boubyan Bank is established in accordance with the Islamic Shari’a 2010 Today Kuwait sees its domestic banking industry further enhanced by the addition of numerous regional and international banks including the National Bank of Abu Dhabi, Qatar National Bank, Bank Muscat, HSBC, Citibank, and BNP Paribas BANKING IN KUWAIT

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35

46 - A bustling marketplace of the 1950s - many of the biggest businesses of today were established in this period

COMMERCE IN KUWAIT

47 - Safat Square as it was in the 1960s, then Kuwait’s center of commerce

Commerce in Kuwait Kuwait, quite rightly, has retained the title of ‘the trading capital of the Gulf’ for generations. Kuwait and Kuwaitis have maintained their business acumen and continue to build with great wisdom on the legacy of their forefathers.

COMMERCE IN KUWAIT

48 - Safat Square today - at the heart of a 21st century city

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} ! the Middle East and across to India. Commodities that passed through Kuwait in the 16th century included horses, wood, spices, coffee, dates and most importantly, pearls. Whilst Kuwait’s strategic importance was quickly realised, there was also a drive from a number of families with the ambition to become traders themselves. The usual ingredients for a vibrant trading nation - natural resources and a large labour-force - were notable by their absence. X ! " # #

# In fact, it was through commerce itself that Kuwait was born. An agreement was reached between the families of Al-Sabah, Al-Jalahma and Al-Khalifa that gave the Al-Sabah family prominence in the country in return for a structured economic, political and social constitution.

COMMERCE IN KUWAIT

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49 - 50 - 51 - Trading, and the sea, have long been linked throughout the history of Kuwait

The Al-Sabah family, with its traditional ties to the desert caravan trade, continued to lead foreign trade and also, through their renowned deft and diplomatic touch, became defacto ambassadors for Kuwait as they travelled. Kuwait continued to solidify its importance in the region throughout the early years of the 20th century. Pearl diving and trading became the mainstay of the maritime business. In turn this spawned a hugely successful and # # ! " ties with its neighbours in order to support its own ever-growing mercantile ambitions. The discovery and successful extraction of oil coincided, rather fortuitously, with the rapid collapse of the pearl trading # & # " % trading heritage as well as to the other traditional markets that had grown up to support it. Without the discovery of oil, the economic stability of Kuwait would have been placed under pressure. COMMERCE IN KUWAIT

52 - A modern hub for commerce - Kuwait’s Free Trade Zone, where commerce continues to meet the sea

Oil would ultimately provide previously unimagined levels of wealth for the country and its people. It is on the depth and spread of this wealth that Kuwait’s second economic surge was built. Wealth, on its own, is not enough to sustain a country. Kuwaitis realised that it would be through how this wealth was put to work that they would secure their future. Building on their strong heritage as traders and entrepreneurs, the 1950s and 60s saw the founding of companies that were to become giants on not just the Kuwait or regional stage, but globally too. The first banks, a key to the success of any economy, have grown today to become amongst the largest and most respected in the world. Many trading companies, which opened initially as family businesses, have grown to become international corporations.

COMMERCE IN KUWAIT

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53 - 54 - 55 - The 1960s witnessed the widespread entry of international products and brands to Kuwait

At the heart of this growth has been Kuwait’s Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KCCI). Established in 1959, just prior to Kuwait’s independence, it initially saw a role for itself as arbiter in commercial disputes as well as a resource for the burgeoning start-up businesses of the time. Œ ! "||@ ?–< # ! would be assured through working with the Chamber. Today this membership stands in excess of 30,000 companies. A truly | # ! # # In Kuwait’s 50th year of independence, the country sees the broadest range of commerce ever conducted within Kuwait and throughout its borders. There are an unprecedented number of foreign companies trading in Kuwait, naturally in close cooperation with their Kuwaiti partners.

COMMERCE IN KUWAIT

56 - Today Kuwait’s skyline is a testament to 50 years of sustained development

Innovation, entrepreneurship, private enterprise; these are the keys to Kuwait’s ongoing growth. As such Kuwaitis are known globally for their shrewdness in business and commerce. The last ten years have seen a further boom in international trade. Whilst Kuwait will remain reliant on oil for the majority of its foreign exports - fuel exports account for around 90% of the country’s total export value - an increasing amount of trade is seen through other sectors. Kuwait is an exporter of foodstuffs and has a sizeable dairy industry from which products are exported to other countries in the region. So too it is an exporter of iron and steel products and Kuwait is establishing itself as a major global exporter of chemicals. Without doubt, Kuwait looks set to maintain the pre-eminence and standing of its nation as a proud trading partner across the globe. COMMERCE IN KUWAIT

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43

57 - An early meeting of the board at Kuwait’s Chamber of Commerce and Industry

58 - The current home of the KCCI COMMERCE IN KUWAIT

Timeline

1600s The settlement that became known as Kuwait is established as a key port on the East / West trade routes 1716 The Al-Sabah family is granted pre-eminence in political affairs in return for allowing the Al-Khalifa and Al-Jalahma families to control commerce and maritime affairs respectively 1766 The Al-Khalifa and Al-Jalahma families depart Kuwait for Qatar and Bahrain, leaving the Al-Sabah undisputed rulers of Kuwait 1800s The Al-Sabah family continues to build on their early success as political and commercial masters, deriving much of their income through collecting taxes on goods shipped through Kuwait early 1900s Pearl diving, and trade in pearls, continues to provide the main source of international trade for Kuwait 1930s & # " 1952 & # " % # *! Π* " ! in the country 1959 Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry is established with 481 members, further boosting local and international trade 1960 OPEC is established. Kuwait has been a constant and active participant in discussions to maximise the oil it sees as its legacy 1960s After independence, Kuwait, funded by riches provided from oil discoveries, embarks on a massive expansion in international trade 1971 The World Economic Forum is established - Kuwait has been a constant and active participant 2009 Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry celebrates its 50th anniversary, now with more than 30,000 individual and corporate members 2010 The economy of Kuwait generates a GDP of $105 billion, a per capita GDP of more than $30,000

COMMERCE IN KUWAIT

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EDUCATION IN KUWAIT

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111 - This desert airstrip provided support to KOC’s exploration in the 1940s

PORTS & AIRPORTS IN KUWAIT

112 - At first, British-registered aircraft were given Kuwaiti flags to fly

113 - At Nuzha airport opened in 1947

114 - A Ford Tri-Motor taxi-ing at Nuzha Airport

Ports & Airports in Kuwait Kuwait’s land and air gateways to the world have been transformed dramatically during the past 50 years. Kuwait’s ports, and the ambitious plans for future ports, are commercial jewels of the Arabian Gulf. Kuwait’s International Airport stands today as one of the most modern in the region and seeks to transform itself into a hub for intercontinental aviation. It wasn’t always this way.

PORTS & AIRPORTS IN KUWAIT

115 - The VIP lounge at Sheikh Saad terminal

116 - Kuwait International Airport

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_ " % # ! <=\Z Kuwait’s city limits. Initially operated by Britain’s Imperial Airways (a forerunner of British Airways), scheduled civil € # _ <=”\ The discovery of commercially extractable oil spurred on the development of Kuwait’s airport and in 1934, in co-ordination " ; |  ";|‚! " % build it to a size to match the foreseen growth of the country. However, with the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, construction of Kuwait’s airport was postponed. In 1947, after the conclusion of the war, a new KOC-developed airport was opened as Al-Nugra Airport in the Nuzha area. & # " <=>? ‰ pilots were able to qualify under Kuwait’s own licensing authority and successful pilots were issued with licences by the

PORTS & AIRPORTS IN KUWAIT

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118 - 119 - 120 - Kuwait International Airport opened in 1961, Kuwait Airways was soon joined by international airlines flying routes from Kuwait

newly-formed Kuwait Aero Club. In 1955 the Kuwait government doubled the capital of Kuwait National Airways and took a 50% share of the company in return, creating Kuwait Airways. & | _ # _ • # <=>> further discussed for a new airport to replace what was rapidly becoming too small a facility at Nuzha. As Kuwait grew in prosperity the city expanded and it wasn’t long before there was pressure on the airport at Nuzha to be given over as a commercial and residential area. @ <=[<! " # ! | ^  " % # " International), when opened it comprised of just one terminal but with full passenger and aviation facilities. An extension of the runway was completed in 1964 and since then the airport has been the focus of continual improvement and <=–‡ <=–[

PORTS & AIRPORTS IN KUWAIT

121 - Kuwait Airways, Kuwait’s national carrier

<\\ ' " % be established since nationalization of the airline industry after independence

123 - Wataniya Airways first flew in 2009

! # # € @ + <==< Much of the airport infrastructure was looted or destroyed. Yet within four days of liberation, Kuwait International # € Œ \‡‡‡ \‡‡”

# airport’s terminal buildings was undertaken, completely changing the face of Kuwait International Airport. \‡‡> " % ! ' ! ! ! ushered in a new era of growth in regional air-travel. In 2009 a further terminal was added. The Sheikh Saad General & € & € " % second privately-owned airline, Wataniya Airways, which began services in the same year. With its aviation and passenger facilities it now stands shoulder-to-shoulder with the region’s best airports. Yet Kuwait knows that such is the importance of the airport that this is a project that can never be complete. A new airport is included in Kuwait’s 2035 plan, and work is expected to begin by 2025.

PORTS & AIRPORTS IN KUWAIT

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124 - 125 - 126 - Kuwait, since the earliest years, was a key port on the Arabian Gulf. Its importance grew throughout each decade of the 20th century

Kuwait’s Ports @ # % ! " #

# # with the greatest gift a coastal nation could have: a secure natural harbour. On the strength of this, Kuwait became the region’s greatest maritime trading nation. In the same way Kuwait’s airport has been constantly reviewed and upgraded to face the challenges of its changing status in the global commercial world, the ports have been regularly redeveloped, in particular with reference to the country’s vital oil and petroleum trade. Since the middle years of the last century, Kuwait’s commercial ports have developed progressively from a wooden jetty * <=>” * ! # _ ! together include berths offering in excess of 11 kilometers in total length.

PORTS & AIRPORTS IN KUWAIT

127 - Shuwaikh Port – a modern, and expanding, container port facility

These berths have been equipped with modern equipment to accommodate new generations of vessels and to handle all types of commodities and containers. The strategic location of a country has always been an important determinant of its trade and commerce. Kuwait is, without doubt, perfectly located to service the emerging markets in northern Iran, Iraq, Turkey, the Commonwealth of Independent States or the CIS. The Kuwait Free Trade Zone (KFTZ), located strategically in Shuwaikh Port, provides access to these big, potential markets. * • ! "‰&†! # " •  "• ‚ _ years, KPA has engaged in massive renovation and modernisation of its management and operation systems resulting # # & ! "• PORTS & AIRPORTS IN KUWAIT

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128 - From loading goods into small boats

129 - To loading containers onboard today’s ocean-going giants PORTS & AIRPORTS IN KUWAIT

Timeline

1927 " % _ 1932 € # 1934 _ # 1939 _ # * ! * 1947 New airport, Al-Nugra, opens at Nuzha 1954 Kuwait National Airways Company (KNAC) is established 1955 Government acquires ownership of 50% stake in KNAC and re-names it Kuwait Airways 1961 Mugwa Airport (now Kuwait International) opens 1964 Runway extension is completed 1980 Second terminal is added 2000 - 03 Extensive redevelopment of Kuwait International is completed 2005 " % # ƒ ' 2009 New terminal, named Sheikh Saad General Aviation, is opened 2009 Wataniya Airways is established 2010 Today Kuwait International Airport handles more than 2,000,000 passengers per year, and is scheduled for further massive growth PORTS & AIRPORTS IN KUWAIT

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130 - Communication, 1950s-style COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT

COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT

131 - 132 - 133 - Collecting, sorting, and preparing mail for delivery in the 50s and 60s

Communication in Kuwait A key to the success of any great nation is an efficient and effective communications network. Whereas traditionally, many Kuwaitis’ preferred form of communication was through verbal contact, an increasingly sophisticated outlook, together with external influence, demanded that a formal method be developed for the transmission of official communications. A rudimentary postal delivery service was initially introduced but this was to form the basis of what has become the fully integrated mail collection and delivery service the country has today. Likewise, Kuwait can boast cellular and Internet connectivity on a par with those anywhere else in the world. Today Kuwait communicates with the world. COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT

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134 - from 1923 the first stamps used were Indian postage stamps overprinted with the name of Kuwait, 135 - from 1947 Kuwait began issuing commemorative collections showing HH Sheikh Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, 136 - from 1948, when India gained its independence from Great Britain, and until 1961 British postage stamps were used 137 - in 1952, when Queen Elizabeth II took the British throne, a new collection of stamps was issued, 138 - in 1959 the first issue of Kuwait’s own stamps showed HH Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah and included values from 10 rupees down to 5 n.p., 139 - issued in 1962 to celebrates Kuwait’s National Day, by now the stamps included values in the adopted fils, 140 - in 1966, after HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah became the Amir, a new set of stamps showing his image was introduced, 141 - also in 1966 a commemorative set was introduced to mark the appointment of HH Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah as Crown Prince, 142 - in 1972 a special set was printed highlighting Kuwait’s fine antiquities, 143 - in 1978 the first stamps to feature the new Amir HH Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah were introduced, 144 - to mark the courageous 1991 liberation of Kuwait, a set of commemorative stamps was issued, 145 - to mark the 48th anniversary of Kuwait’s independence a special set of commemorative stamps was issued showing both HH the Amir Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, and the independent Kuwait’s first Amir HH Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah

Postal Service The postal history of Kuwait dates to 1775, when the East India Company began an overland desert camel service from the head of the Arabian Gulf to Aleppo and Constantinople, as an alternative to slower sea travel around the Arabian Peninsula. & <Z=> Œ <–==! % ! Bushire in Iran and forwarding mail to Bushire or putting it on passing ships. " % <=<> @ ‰ <=\”! @ ‘Kuwait’ overprints. This practice continued for many years. On 31st January, 1959 and in anticipation of their coming independence, Kuwait took over the administration of the nation’s postal system. COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT

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146 - The Post Office, for so long Kuwait’s sole means communication with the rest of world

" ! > <‡  ! 100np was equivalent to 1 rupee) values depicting HH Sheikh Abdullah III, and a 40np value showing a dhow, which was # <=>– & <” < ‰ # ! <=>= oil-related activities. As part of independence in 1961, the government established the Kuwaiti Dinar as its currency and reissued the 1959 stamps ! ! <– ! < ” Subsequently Kuwaiti stamp issues followed a pattern typical of many Arab countries, with designs tending to incorporate a fair amount of text, in both English and Arabic. The usual inscription reads ‘State of Kuwait’. _ <=[?! * # <=[= ”\ series in 1977 depicting popular games.

COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT

147 - Kuwait’s modern city is dominated by the modern hub for global communications – Liberation Tower

Kuwaiti issues came to an abrupt end with the 1990 invasion by Iraq. Upon liberation the Kuwaiti stamp program continued as before, with the regular addition of issues commemorating the occupation and brave liberation of Kuwait. The postal service has continued to develop and is a fully-integrated part of the global mail network. In 2011 the Kuwait ! ‹ ! rather than through pen-and-paper. However, the national postal service retains a vital role within the communications sphere both domestically as well as internationally.

Telephone Service: " <=?\ - there is perhaps no single greater measure of how the country advanced in the latter half of the twentieth century. This was demonstrated in particular in the early years after independence and then again when Kuwait took its full role in the

# COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT

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148 - 149 - 150 - Public telephones, lengthy cables, and teams of telephone operators - Kuwait mirrored the world as telephony became more established from the end of the 50s

Although the country’s telephone system was a relatively piece-meal affair initially, after 1956, when the telephone and cables network was nationalized, there developed a systematic roll-out throughout the country. # # ! # communications that has proved more extraordinary, a trend that mirrored telephony around the world. @ <=–” ^ # & |  ^&|! # † ‚ # @ partnership between public and private enterprise, with the Kuwaiti government owning a 49% stake. @ <==? ^&| # ] ^ @ <=== & # " % subscribers a full cellular mobile service. In 2008, a third mobile network, Viva, was established. COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT

151 - Today there are fewer cables, and our telephone calls are transmitted through ‘hidden’ aerials. The second ‘palm tree’ from the left is in fact a mobile telephone aerial

Kuwait and Kuwaitis have taken to their mobile phones like no other nation and today cell phones in Kuwait have a higher market penetration than anywhere in the world. With an average of more than one handset per capita Kuwait also has the highest spend per user in the region, as well as one of the highest in the world.

Internet Service: Today Kuwait has in excess of one million users connected to the Internet, one of the highest per capita ratios in the world. Kuwait has always been at the forefront of Internet-adoption since the Internet’s early days in the 1990s. Initially, connection was solely through Ministry of Communication lines where users connected through a dial-up modem typically supplied through KEMS who began commercial services in 1992 before opening to home-users in 1995. As global technology advanced, " + * @ # ‰

COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT

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152 - Today Kuwait mostly communicates with the world via the internet

the Ministry of Communication’s licensing for private companies to provide data communication services, Qualitynet was # <==– ˜ % # # # *# ' # # @ ‰

# \‡‡< ]  # # in 1991 to serve other countries in the Gulf) opened in Kuwait in 2003 - the country witnessed a further enhancement in terms of user numbers and technology. Today Kuwait remains fully switched-on and is an integral part of the communications super-highway with increasing # # & # # in the region. " % ! ^ ! * nation’s world-class Internet connections each play a vital role in communication within Kuwait and each carry Kuwait’s voice to the world. COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT

Timeline

1775 The East India Company begins overland camel service – effectively the birth of a mail service in Kuwait 1899 Under the co-ordination of the British, a new mail service is established 1915 " ! @ 1942 & "

1956 Kuwait’s telephone service is brought under the control of the government 1959 Kuwait establishes control over its sovereign mail service 1961 " " _ 1983 In partnership with the government, MTC is established to provide a cellular communications network 1992 "}^ @ ! <==> 1998 " % @ ! ˜ ! # 1999 & # " % 2001 ‰

# 2003 GulfNet opens in Kuwait 2008 Viva Telecom established - it becomes Kuwait’s third cellular communications company 2010 & # # # # the government. The challenge to keep the country at the forefront of global communications is being met by both public and private companies COMMUNICATION IN KUWAIT

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153 - The government’s own printing press was established in 1954 INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT

INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT

154 - June, 1928 - first edition of Al-Kuwait, it is printed in Cairo

155 - July, 1948 - first edition of Kazma, the first magazine printed in Kuwait

156 - December, 1954 - first edition of Kuwait Al-Youm, the government’s first official publication

157 - December, 1958 first edition of Al-Arabi, published by Pubication Department

Information & Media in Kuwait The press in Kuwait enjoys a high degree of freedom and is supported extensively by the Ministry of Information. Kuwait has always taken pride in its free and vibrant press, which it regards as a democratic form of freedom of expression.

INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT

158 - March, 1960 - first edition of the Chamber of Commerce Newsletter

159 - 1960 - first edition of Huna Al-Kuwait, published by the Ministry of News and Guidance. In this picture is issue # 24

160 - 1962 - first edition of Adwa’a Al-Kuwait. In this picture is issue # 8

161 - The first book of a series of cultural books published by the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters

T

# # " " <=\–! # # # Rushaid. It was a historical, literary and religious magazine. It was followed by Al-Baatha, published by Kuwaiti students in Cairo from 1946. & " # " ‰ # <=?– magazine paved the way for what was to become a dynamic media across print, radio and television in Kuwait. Today there are more than ten newspapers in Kuwait published in Arabic and three in English. From 1954 Kuwait Al-Youm has been published on a weekly basis. In 1958 Al-Arabi magazine began publishing and remains the most widespread Arabic magazine in the region. # ˆ # <=[< <=[\ * # " ! ‹ # ! published as a weekly in 1965 and from 1968 as a daily, and Al-Qabas, a somewhat liberal publication founded in 1972.

INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT

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162 - 16th April, 1961 - first edition of Al-Rai Al-Aam (pub. Masaeed)

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164 - 5th June, 1962 - first edition of Al-Watan

165 - 8th April, 1968 - first edition of

Al-Watan was relaunched in a new format in 1974 and Al-Anbaa was founded in 1976. Amongst them these newspapers formed the core of Kuwait’s news media until deregulation of the newspaper industry saw them joined by more than ten new titles as of 2007. X " $X " % & Z <\ ^ ! <=><! ˆ " ! " ˆ " ‡ > "

• @ # on short and medium wave lengths from the current Ministry of Information building. In 1960, a year before independence, four more transmitters were added. Efforts continued to boost the station’s transmission and in 1990, before the Iraqi invasion, the station’s transmission capacity was 500 kilowatt and its reach included most of Europe and North America.

INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT

166 - 22nd February, 1972 - first edition of Qabas

167 - 5th January, 1976 - first edition of Anbaa

168 - February, 1977 - first edition of Arab Times, in the picture is an issue from January 1979

169 - 14th May, 1996 - first edition of Al-Rai Al-Aam (pub. Boodai), later renamed Al-Rai

_ @ + ! ˆ " # # # ! " determined to rebuild what it had lost. Radio Kuwait restarted transmissions from Kuwait on 3rd March, 1991 and two days later the medium wave channels were operational. By the end of 1991, all channels had started operating again. Today, Radio Kuwait, under the auspices of the Ministry of Information, uses state-of-the-art broadcasting technology and its programmes reach out to a much wider audience inside and outside Kuwait. Its programmes in Arabic are broadcast ‰^! ^ + #‹ #  * ‚! ! discussions and religious, current and social affairs. Kuwait’s English language FM radio stations broadcast a mix of current hit music and popular oldies in rock, contemporary & # ; 24 hours a day from one of the most sophisticated studios in the world, local DJs and presenters are very popular on both live and pre-recorded shows.

INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT

96

97

<Z‡ <Z< <Z\ " & ! # <=[<! " & # services to the world

@ \< % #

& ƒ ^ ‰^ ˆ & & " * # <=>Z! !

* # <=[< " ! * # # ! " &Â #

" & # ^ ] ! * ^ @ ! ^ % # _ " • # " & # programmes in black and white for four hours per day from 15th November, 1961 until 15th March, 1974. The second phase began from this time with the transmission of the colour ‘PAL’ signals. The third phase began with the inauguration of its new headquarters in the Information Complex on 17th February, 1979. The new building was equipped with the most sophisticated equipment enabling the station to offer a variety INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT

<Z” <Z? <Z> ‰ " & ! ^ ‰^! ˆ & ! &Â

ƒ ! ! ! ! ! # ! ! ! programmes, news and political programmes. It could be said that Kuwait entered its fourth phase with the launch of private broadcasting channels. This began with " % ! ˆ & ! \‡‡? & # # \‡‡Z & Œ # homes of Kuwait but also the region and the world. In addition to overseeing both print and broadcast media, the Ministry of Information also publishes a number of its own specialised books, periodicals and other informative magazines. " % € # @ # cooperation as well as respect for non-interference in the affairs of other countries. The policy is planned collectively with an emphasis on intellectual, social, political and economic development. INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT

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99

176 - XX * ' # ' # #

Publication Department’s printing press

177 - Today’s Ministry of Information building INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT

Timeline 1928 " ! # ! | # # ˆ 1934 & # " # ^ ‹ X X XX * ' # # 1948 & # " " ! # 1951 Radio transmission begins 1954 &

$" › %! # # $• # _ %! 1957 & # "

1958 & # # ] 1961 ˆ # ! # # ^ <==[ under new publisher Boodai 1961 " & # } in the Gulf region 1961 Television broadcasting is brought under state control 1962 & # 1968 & # 1972 & ˜ # # 1974 Colour television broadcasting begins in Kuwait 1976 & # # 1979 & ! "  "~ ‚ # 2004 ˆ & ! % & 2007 Deregulation of newspaper industry results in the opening of more than ten new titles 2007 & ! % & ! 2010 Further consolidation of Kuwait’s print media continues, while broadcast media widens its global footprint and is today watched via satellite throughout the world INFORMATION & MEDIA IN KUWAIT

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101

178 - The remains of Ancient Greek settlement on Failaka Island dating from 300BC

LANDMARKS & CULTURE IN KUWAIT

<Z= " %

<–‡ & " % residential areas

<–< & " % National Assembly building sweeps dynamically on the edge of the Arabian Gulf

Landmarks & Culture in Kuwait Kuwait is anything but a desert as far as the arts and culture are concerned. Kuwait and Kuwaitis have a deep and noble heritage # € % looks, be that in their museums, art galleries, or indeed in their dynamic contemporary and traditional architecture.

LANDMARKS & CULTURE IN KUWAIT

182 - The Grand Mosque

183 - Liberation Tower

184 - Green Island, a favourite recreation area built into the sea

F

ine buildings have long been associated with strong nations and are visible proof of powerful economies, so it is natural that we judge cities through their architecture. Building a city for the future takes great vision and it is to " % # >‡ outstanding of their kind. The country is most often associated with the iconic Kuwait Towers. Construction commenced in 1971 and when they opened to the public in 1979 they were the tallest structures in the region. The tallest of the three towers stands at 187 metres. Together with the second, only slightly less tall tower, these two structures serve a practical purpose as water towers supplying the city at their feet. Another key landmark on the skyline is what is today known as Liberation Tower. Still under construction at the time @ +% # # <==‡! # " Telecommunication Tower. When construction was completed and the tower reached its full 372 metres in 1993, it was Š # & ! # ! " % # # LANDMARKS & CULTURE IN KUWAIT

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105

<–> <–[ <–Z & % ! # • ! Œ } # ! # * _ * X ! " % #

• # " % \< be Al-Hamra Tower. Having become globally renowned during its construction phase, the building is due to be completed

\‡<< ?<\ %

+ " % * ! ! # ! " ! & " # % ƒ Palace and Bayan Palace. Such was the importance of Kuwait as a key land and sea port on the trade routes, that in 1904 it was decided to establish + % " | @

! $ % # # • " % ! " • @ <==‡ ! # Palace remains in place and in the hearts of Kuwaitis.

LANDMARKS & CULTURE IN KUWAIT

<–– <–= <=‡ & % Œ ! •

Œ • <=–[ " % ‰ | # Š It remains the prime venue for top-level governmental and royal visits. " % # ! # ! * @ * Kuwait Bay and was designed by the same architect responsible for the Sydney Opera House, Jorn Utzon. } # <=–” # " % " ^ # • # ! % collection of Islamic art and artefacts - The Al-Sabah Collection. When Kuwait was invaded by Iraq in 1990, this vast store of priceless pieces was an immediate target for the marauding @ were on display in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) at the time of the invasion or the situation would have been far worse.

LANDMARKS & CULTURE IN KUWAIT

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107

191 - Kuwait National Museum

192 - Kuwait National Library

193 - The clock tower at Kuwait ~ % *

It speaks much for the resilience of Kuwait in the face of all adversity that not only have all but a handful of pieces now been recovered, but that the museum is being rebuilt and will once again stand as a jewel showcasing Kuwait and the Islamic % • # " % # # # ‰ building. Completed in 1994 - its completion having been delayed during the occupation - it stands proudly on a 12,000 square metre site and is truly a marvel of concept, design and construction. The National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters was established in 1973 and was entrusted with the responsibility of " # ! | also funds promising Kuwaiti artists who wish to travel to foreign shows. There is a dynamic private art scene in Kuwait, with a number of galleries commanding great respect throughout the Arab & & ] ! # <=[= # ‹ # ] ^ # % " ! * LANDMARKS & CULTURE IN KUWAIT

194 - Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Soccer Stadium

195 - Abdulaziz Al-Babtain Library for Arabic poetry

196 - Al-Watiya’s Behbehani villas. Few examples of traditional homes remain so well preserved today

arts which dates back through the generations. Theatre and music remain close to the hearts of the Kuwaiti people. Recent years have seen a resurgence in interest in traditional music and the city is home to the annual Qurain Festival - a celebration of Arab culture. Kuwait continues to develop internationally-famed playwrights and directors whose works have been performed beyond the Arab world as well as within. Kuwait stands as the region’s modern sports pioneer, with a history extending as far back as 1932. Indeed in 1935 Kuwait $& % › % & * in Kuwait society. The government continues to fund sporting clubs and societies in Kuwait, and the nation has seen its sportsmen and women go on to challenge, and beat, the best in the world. Medals and championships have been won at international levels in soccer, shooting, fencing, swimming, athletics, equestrian events and numerous other sports. While other countries in the region may lay claim to the title of being the leading cultural and arts city of the region, Kuwait’s cultural history continues to build steadily and with great reverence for the past.

LANDMARKS & CULTURE IN KUWAIT

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109

197 - Kuwait Towers - the iconic symbol of Kuwait - under construction

198 - " % X LANDMARKS & CULTURE IN KUWAIT

Timeline 1890s # * $_ * X % # @ # Œ _ ^ <–== <=”> 1897 The Red Fort (Al-Qasr) is built in Jahra, a summer house for HH Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah early 1900s Beit Ghaith Bin Abdullah is constructed 1904 & • # XX * ^ # * # 1911 Mubarakiya School opens, as does the American Mission Hospital 1919 Œ # ! <=[< # ‰ || Š of the NCCAL are other historical and recently restored buildings including Beit Al-Bader and Sadu House <=?[ Al-Sharqiya Boys School opens, following the earlier opening of the Girls School <=>Z Demolition of the wall begins <=[= " % # ƒ & ] 1971 | " % & 1973 The National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters (NCCAL) is established 1977 | " % # # 1979 Construction of Kuwait Towers complete, they open to the public 1983 Kuwait National Museum opens <=–> National Assembly building completed <=–[ Bayan Palace and the Grand Mosque sre completed 1992 & • # ›  • › ‚ # 1993 Liberation Tower is completed 1994 Arab Fund building completed 2003

*! Œ " # || Š 2004 Construction of Al-Hamra tower commences 2010 ‰ " % ] | ! ‰ | <=–\ | 2010 As part of their ongoing program of preservation and reconstruction, the National Council for Culture, Š

# " % * LANDMARKS & CULTURE IN KUWAIT

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111

199 - A bold vision for the future - Silk City will provide a new centre for business and culture

BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE

Building for the Future " # @ ! ! ! % ! # ‹ & "

>‡ }

Â&#x; &  " % ! # \> \‡<‡ @ " # ‹ ” > > > # \‡”>! # @ # "_”Z # # & # # # # & Â&#x; Silk City Â&#x; # # # " % \< Š * * | ! " ÂŒ ! * # # \>* Subiya | ! ! # ' # # ÂŒ A development of Boubyan Island " & #

# &

‹ * Œ # # ! @ + @ & Œ # " % # # new international airport which

% \‡ & * # ‹ # # ‰ * @ & ! ! ! ‹ ”‡‡ # # * " BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE

\‡‡ * |

\‡< <!‡‡‡ meter high tower

ˆ ‹ " % & # ‰ ! * # # ' # | ! # ! Sabah Al-Ahmad (Future City) and " !

>‡‡!‡‡‡ " % * The Kuwait Metropolitan Rapid Transit System [‡* # * & " • ! ' # # X Already well ! <!\‡‡ # # & ‹ ! * " ! Al-Hamra Tower # amongst them - seek to secure and consolidate Kuwait as the leading destination for business and culture in the Gulf \< BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE

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Acknowledgements “50 Years of Independence, 50 Years of Development – Kuwait 1961 - 2011â€? Published by: PH7 Publishing House ! ^ # * ! † | ! ; ¢ ”[ Telephone: 2572 0810 Fax: 2572 0860 Email: info@ph7-kw.com Editor in Chief: Sayer Bader Al Sayer “50 Years of Independence, 50 Years of Development – Kuwait 1961 - 2011â€? Directed and Managed by: Zeina Mokaddam Written by: Simon Balsom Designed by: Ali Sultan and Hamad Al-Saab Design implementation by: Peter Conquillo Translated by: Rima Termos Special credits go to: " ^ # Contributors: Khaled Al-Saleh for many of the contemporary pictures Romeo Debs for photographing Kuwait’s cityscape Acknowledgements: This book was made possible through the help, support and contribution of many of our colleagues and friends (in alphabetical order): Abdul Khaleq Al-Ali, Moutaz Al-Banna, Hameed Boushehri, Gaby Deeb, Mazen Al-Essa, Nawal Al-Failakawai, Rabaa Al-Faraj, Dr. Yagoub Al-Ghuneim, Nouf Al-Hajri, Mahmoud Iqbal, Mohamad Jamal, Zugheibi Jehjah, Ghadah Alkandari, Ahmad Al-Khaja, Ziad Majzoub, Manal Al-Mattar, Fouad Al-Maqhawi, Hamza Olayan, Ibrahim Qaddoumi, Redha Al-Qallaf, Adnan Al-Rashid, May Roumani, Adnan Saad, Sheikha Mona Jabir Al-Abdullah Al-Jabir Al-Sabah, Maha Al-Sahli, Fareed Salloum, Bader Al-Sanousi, Raymond Sauma, Sahar Al-Sayegh, Hamad Al-Sayer, Suzan Abu Shakra, Salwan Al-Shatti, Nada Shirazi, Nur Soliman, Lysa Warren, Emiranda Winter, Ali Hussein Al-Youha, Dr. Mohamad Al-Zuhair and many more who have enthusiastically provided us with material and opened their doors to us. Copyright 2011 All Rights Reserved

Image Sources: Picture 1 Picture 2 • ” Pages 1 - 5 Picture 4 Pictures 5 - 8 Page 17 • = \” Picture 24 Picture 25 Picture 26 Picture 27 Picture 28 Picture 29 • ”‡ • ”< • ”\! ”” • ”? • ”> • ”[ • ”Z ”= Picture 40 Picture 41 • ?\! ?” Pictures 44, 45 Pictures 46, 47

NCCAL MOI ˆ KOC KOC MOI MOI ";| NCCAL NBK CBK Gulf Bank MEMAC PH7 •XZ Œ" || Š |ˆ " || Š |ˆ " || Š PH7 NCCAL |ˆ " PH7 KOC

Picture Pictures Picture •

48 49 - 51 52 >”

Picture 54 Picture 55 Picture 56 Picture 57 Picture 58 Picture 59 Pictures 60, 61 Picture 62 • [” Picture 64 Picture 65 Picture 66 Picture 67 Picture 68 Pictures 69 - 71 • Z\! Z” Picture 74 Pictures 75 - 78 Picture 79 Picture 80

Romeo Amiri Diwan PH7 › Private Collection MOI KOC Romeo KCCI PH7 MOJ MOI KOC _ + AGI TRACCS Amiri Diwan MOI KOC PH7 _ KOC PH7 MOI PH7

Picture Pictures Picture Picture Pictures Pictures Picture Picture • Picture Picture Picture Pictures Picture Picture

81 82- 84 85 86 87, 88 89, 90 91 92 =” 94 95 96 97 - 99 100 101

KU KOC AUK AIS KU KOC GUST ACK ~" PH7 KU DAI KOC Al-Salam New Mowasat Hospital Picture 102 Al-Seif Clinic • <‡” <‡> ";| Pictures 106, 107 Royale Hayat Picture 108 New Mowasat Hospital Picture 109 KOC Picture 110 BAACH Picture 111 MOI Pictures 112 - 114 Al-Qaddoumi Private Collection

Picture 115

Civil Aviation Authority Picture 116 PH7 Pictures 117 - 120 KOC Picture 121 Wataniya Airways Picture 122 Jazeera Airways • <\” " Picture 124 MOI Pictures 125 - 128 KOC Picture 129 Romeo • <”‡ ";| • <”< <”” ˜ # • <”? <?> ' Picture 146 KOC Picture 147 Romeo Pictures 148 - 150 Al-Qabas Pictures 151, 152 PH7 • <>” ^;@ Pictures 154 - 161 Private Collection of Saleh Al-Misbah Picture 162 CRSK • <[” " & Picture 164 Al-Watan Picture 165 Dar Al-Seyassah Picture 166 Al-Qabas Picture 167 Al-Anbaa

Picture Picture Pictures • Picture Picture Picture

168 169 170 - 172 <Z” 174 175 176

Picture Picture Pictures Picture Picture Pictures Pictures • Picture Picture Picture Picture Picture

177 178 179 - 184 185 186 187 - 190 191, 192 <=” 194 195 196 197 198

Pictures 199 - 201 Skylines

Dar Al-Seyassah Al-Rai Al-Aam Al-Qabas ^ ‰^ Al Rai Media PH7 Fouad A Al-Maqhawi PH7 MOI Samir Hassan MOI KOC Amiri Diwan PH7 X KUNA Al-Babtain Library PH7 KOC Al-Hamra Real Estate Company Eric Kuhne & Associates KOC

Key: NCCAL - National Council for Culture; Art and Letters; KOC - Kuwait Oil Company Archives; Romeo - Romeo Productions; MOI - Ministry of Information; PH7 - PH7 Publishing House; KCCI - Kuwait Chamber of Commerce and Industry; NBK - National Bank of Kuwait; CBK - Commercial Bank of Kuwait; CRSK - Center for Research and Studies on Kuwait; MOJ - Ministry of Justice; AGI - AGI Architects; KU - Kuwait University; AUK - American University of Kuwait; AIS - American International School; GUST - Gulf University for Science and Technology; ACK - Australian College of Kuwait; DAI - Dar Al-Athar Al-Islamiyyah; BAACH - Beit Abdullah; KUNA - Kuwait News Agency; TRACCS - Trans-Arabian Creative Communications

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‫وأﻓﻖ اﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺒﺪو ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮور ﺧﻤﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﻮﻳﺦ‬ ‫‪Kuwait skyline as seen from Shuwaikh area 50 years later‬‬

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