Legal Lights Issue 22

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ISSUE 22

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FEATURING Article Sweeping reform for EU Data Protection

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UNDERSTANDING ISLAMIC BANKING P.6

Daniel Greenberg

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22

6

UNDERSTANDING THE SOURCES OF LAW THAT GOVERNS ISLAMIC BANKING

STROUD’S JUDICIAL DICTIONARY OF WORDS AND PHRASES

18

GOFF & JONES: THE LAW OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT

11 22 ALSO INSIDE

HYDRAULIC FRACTURING AND THE SHALE GAS BOOM

10 AUTHOR PROFILE Daniel Greenberg 12 ARTICLE Sweeping Reform For EU Data Protection 22 ARTICLE Hydraulic Fracturing and the Shale Gas boom

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5

ARTICLE

UNDERSTANDING THE SOURCES OF LAW THAT GOVERNS ISLAMIC BANKING

Sherin Kunhibava LLB (Hons), CLP, LLM, PhD

ARTICLE

6

"O FGGFDUJWF MFHBM JOGSBTUSVDUVSF JT FTTFOUJBM GPS UIF EFWFMPQNFOU PG BOZ UZQF PG TFDUPS JO B DPVOUSZ *O .BMBZTJB CPUI UIF DPOWFOUJPOBM BOE *TMBNJD banking systems are subjected to sources of law which include legislation passed out by the State and Common law decisions made by judges when there is a lacuna in the law (this will be DPMMFDUJWFMZ EFTDSJCFE BT DPOWFOUJPOBM MBX GPS FBTF PG VOEFSTUBOEJOH )PXFWFS *TMBNJD CBOLJOH CVTJOFTT JT BMTP HPWFSOFE CZ BOPUIFS TPVSDF PG MBX BOE UIBU JT 4IBSJBI *TMBNJD MBX

This article’s focus is on the description of the sources of law PG *TMBNJD CBOLJOH *U BMTP CSJFȯ Z discusses the sources of law of DPOWFOUJPOBM CBOLJOH BOE UIF QPTTJCMF link of Common Law with Islamic MBX 5IJT BSUJDMF XJMM GVSUIFS IJHIMJHIU certain distinguishing elements between Islamic banking law sources BOE DPOWFOUJPOBM CBOLJOH TPVSDFT Islamic Law (Shariah) Sources Shariah literally means ‘the way to

ARTICLE

The ďŹ rst source is the Islamic Holy Book DBMMFE "M 2VSBO 5IF )PMZ 2VSBO JT UIF original and eternal source of Shariah MBX *U DPOTUJUVUFT NFTTBHFT UIBU "MMBI swt inspired the Prophet pbuh to relay GPS UIF HVJEBODF PG NBOLJOE

JO 3PNF CFGPSF UIF $ISJTUJBO FSB 4 Canon law, on the other hand, is the body of laws and regulations made by or adopted by ecclesiastical authority, GPS UIF HPWFSONFOU PG B $ISJTUJBO PSHBOJ[BUJPO BOE JUT NFNCFST 5

The Hadith, the second foundation of 4IBSJBI JT OFYU JO JNQPSUBODF UP UIF "M 2VSBO *U JT B QJFDF PG JOGPSNBUJPO TVDI BT BO BDDPVOU OBSSBUJWF PS TUPSZ and constitutes a record of the Sunnah of the Prophet pbuh, handed down from generation to generation and XIJDI IBWF CFDPNF UIF SVMFT PG GBJUI BOE QSBDUJDF PG .VTMJNT

6OEFS UIF $JWJM MBX KVSJTEJDUJPOT DBTF MBX XBT USBEJUJPOBMMZ HJWFO MFTT XFJHIU )PXFWFS JU XPVME TFFN that the distinction between the two systems are becoming blurred as the JNQPSUBODF PG KVEJDJBM EFDJTJPOT JO $JWJM KVSJTEJDUJPOT BSF HJWFO NPSF XFJHIU BOE the growing importance of statute law BOE DPEFT JO $PNNPO MBX DPVOUSJFT

The third source of Shariah law is UIF *KNB *KNB NFBOT B DPOTFOTVT of opinion of the mujtahids, or an agreement of the Muslim jurists of a QBSUJDVMBS BHF PO B RVFTUJPO PG MBX

8IJMF $JWJM MBX MFHBM TZTUFN EFTDFOEFE from Roman law and Canon law, $PNNPO MBX JT WBHVFMZ EFTDSJCFE BT IBWJOH CFFO EFWFMPQFE GSPN DVTUPNT or Roman and Canon law 6 and thereafter institutionalised in the UXFMGUI DFOUVSZ CZ ,JOH )FOSZ ** 7

2JZBT JT UIF QSPDFTT PG SFBTPOJOH CZ analogy of the mujtahids with regard to certain difďŹ cult and doubtful questions of doctrine or practice, by comparing them with similar cases already settled CZ UIF BVUIPSJUZ PG UIF " 2VSBO BOE 4VOOBI BOE UIVT BSSJWJOH BU UIF TPMVUJPO PG VOEFDJEFE RVFTUJPOT Conventional Law Sources

REUTERS

B XBUFSJOH QMBDFČŽ It is the path that must be followed by Muslims, and HPWFSOT NBO JO DPOEVDUJOH IJT MJGF JO PSEFS UP SFBMJTF UIF %JWJOF 8JMM JU JODMVEFT BMM GPSNT PG CFIBWJPVS TQJSJUVBM NFOUBM BOE QIZTJDBM There are four fundamental sources PG 4IBSJBI MBXČ‹ "M 2VSBO UIF IBEJUI *KNB BOE 2JZBT

%0* " 3 * 4IBSJBI UIF *TMBNJD -BX ,VBMB -VNQVS " 4 /PPSEFFO 1

-"-%*/ . " *OUSPEVDUJPO UP 4IBSJBI BOE *TMBNJD +VSJTQSVEFODF ,VBMB -VNQVS $FSU 1VCMJDBUJPOT

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"T GPS DPOWFOUJPOBM MBX UIFSF BSF UXP deďŹ ned sources of legal jurisdictions, known as the Common law legal system BOE UIF $JWJM MBX MFHBM TZTUFN 8IFUIFS a jurisdiction follows a Common law MFHBM TZTUFN BT PQQPTFE UP $JWJM MBX legal system depends on the historical CBDLHSPVOE PG B OBUJPO $PNNPO MBX systems usually descend from the English legal system, and therefore all commonwealth countries including UIF 64 IBWF $PNNPO MBX TZTUFNT 3 Common law systems place emphasis on judicial decisions, which are DPOTJEFSFE Č?MBXČ‘ KVTU BT BSF TUBUVUFT $JWJM MBX KVSJTEJDUJPOT PO UIF PUIFS hand, descend from Roman law through either the Napoleonic code or UIF (FSNBO $JWJM $PEF BOE BMTP GSPN $BOPO MBX 3PNBO MBX JUTFMG FWPMWFE

-&& 3 8 5IF $JWJM -BX BOE UIF $PNNPO -BX " 8PSME 4VSWFZ .JDIJHBO -BX 3FWJFX

)PXFWFS UIFSF BSF BVUIPST TVDI BT Makdisi, XIP CFMJFWF UIBU UIF PSJHJOT of Common law is actually from Islamic law, due to the uniqueness of Common law which is apart from any other European legal system, but has TJNJMBSJUJFT XJUI *TMBNJD MBX .BLEJTJ identiďŹ es three unique and highly important features of Common law UIBU POMZ FYJTUFE JO 4IBSJBI PS *TMBNJD MBX BU UIBU UJNF 5IFTF UISFF GFBUVSFT are ďŹ rstly the transfer of property ownership on sole basis of offer and acceptance through the action of debt, secondly the speedy means for the loss of land ownership known as the Č?BTTJ[F PG OPWFM EJTTFJTJOČŽ BOE UIJSEMZ by the settling of disputes through trial CZ KVSZ Researcher Badr has written of his

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#06%*/)0/ " $BOPO -BX 5IF $BUIPMJD &ODZDMPQFEJB 7PMVNF *9 /FX :PSL 3PCFSU "QQMFUPO $PNQBOZ /JIJM 0CTUBU 7JFXFE %FDFNCFS BU IUUQ XXX OFXBEWFOU PSH DBUIFO B IUN

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.",%*4* + " 5IF *TMBNJD 0SJHJOT PG UIF $PNNPO -BX /PSUI $BSPMJOB -BX 3FWJFX 1

4VQSB O

7

ARTICLE

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own research on the parallels between $PNNPO MBX BOE 4IBSJBI "OPUIFS writer Gaudiosi , claims that the institution of trusts in English law PSJHJOBUFE GSPN UIF *TMBNJD XBRG &M (BNBM has also noted that there are factors to show the similarities and inuence of Islamic law on Common law, such as the methodology of legal precedent in English Common law and the reasoning by analogy in Islamic law LOPXO BT 2JZBT Shariah in depth Coming back to the topic at hand, it is TBGF UP TBZ UIBU $PNNPO MBX BOE $JWJM MBX TIBSF DPNNPO DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT They both deal with the interpretation PG NBO NBEF MBXT XIFUIFS JU JT UIF DBTF MBXT PS UIF TUBUVUFT As for Shariah, it deals in religious matters and God made law, and therefore differs from Common law BOE $JWJM MBX JO UIBU NBOOFS )PXFWFS Shariah deals not only with purely religious matters but also with all those subjects which comprise the content PG $PNNPO MBX BOE $JWJM MBX MFHBM TZTUFNT 4IBSJBI DPNQSJTFT PG UISFF basic elements, namely, aqidah, ďŹ qh, BOE BLIMBR "RJEBI DPODFSOT BMM GPSNT of faith and belief in God and His will IFME CZ B .VTMJN 'JRI JT DPODFSOFE XJUI HPWFSOJOH UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO man and his Creator and between NBO BOE NBO 'JOBMMZ BLIMBR DPWFST BMM BTQFDUT PG B .VTMJNČŽT CFIBWJPVS attitudes and work ethic with which he QFSGPSNT IJT QSBDUJDBM BDUJPOT

It is with the Shariah branch of ďŹ qh UIBU *TMBNJD CBOLJOH JT HPWFSOFE 'JRI DBO CF GVSUIFS EJWJEFE JOUP UXP BSFBT DBMMFE JCBEBU BOE NVBNBMBU *CBEBU is concerned with the practicalities of a Muslim’s worship to God, whereas NVBNBMBU JT DPODFSOFE XJUI UIF NBO UP NBO SFMBUJPOTIJQ /FWFSUIFMFTT BTQFDUT TVDI BT QPMJUJDBM BDUJWJUJFT FDPOPNJD BDUJWJUJFT BOE TPDJBM BDUJWJUJFT XJMM CF VOEFS UIF BNCJU PG NVBNBMBU Islamic ďŹ nance, being part of economic BDUJWJUJFT JT UIVT MJOLFE XJUI UIF 4IBSJBI QSJODJQMFT UISPVHI NVBNBMBU With regards to injunctions relating to aqidah, ibadah and akhlaq, these BSF ČŽYFE BOE VODIBOHFBCMF BT UIFZ are considered to be suitable to be JNQMFNFOUFE BU BMM UJNFT BOE QMBDFT )PXFWFS JOKVODUJPOT PG 4IBSJBI XIJDI regulates the relationship between man and man and other creatures change with the changes in circumstance, DVTUPN UJNF BOE QMBDF *U JT UIJT GFBUVSF of Shariah that makes it suitable to be implemented at all times as it can accommodate the needs of people in EJGGFSFOU UJNFT BOE TJUVBUJPOT The rulings in relation to muamalat BSF EFSJWFE GSPN UIF TPVSDFT PG 4IBSJBI IPXFWFS EVF UP UIF DIBOHJOH circumstances of the world and the needs and interests of the people (maslaha) many of the legal injunctions had to be formulated from the sources of Shariah through reason by rightly qualiďŹ ed Muslim Jurists, this is known BT JKUJIBE J F Č?FYFSUJOH POFČŽT SFBTPOJOH GBDVMUZ UP EFUFSNJOF B QPJOU PG MBXČŽ The process of applying and deducing laws from Shariah and the laws thereby EFEVDFE JT DPMMFDUJWFMZ LOPXO BT ČŽRI

("6%*04* . . 5IF *OČŻVFODF PG UIF *TMBNJD -BX PG 8BRG PO UIF %FWFMPQNFOU PG UIF 5SVTU JO &OHMBOE 5IF $BTF PG .FSUPO $PMMFHF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 1FOOTZMWBOJB -BX 3FWJFX

4JODF UIF UI DFOUVSZ UIF NBJO

&- ("."- . " *TMBNJD 'JOBODF -BX &DPOPNJDT BOE 1SBDUJDF $BNCSJEHF $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT

"#%"- )"22 * *TMBNJD -BX "O 0WFSWJFX PG JUT 0SJHJO BOE &MFNFOUT +PVSOBM PG *TMBNJD -BX 1

ARTICLE

MBX NBLJOH BDUJWJUZ IBWF DFBTFE BOE BDUJWJUZ PG UIF KVSJTUT SFNBJOFE MJNJUFE UP JOUFSQSFUBUJPO BOE FYQMBOBUJPO PG UIF FYJTUJOH EPDUSJOFT CSJOHJOH JU up to date with life as the conditions DIBOHFE CFDBVTF JU XBT CFMJFWFE that any principle that could be deduced by ijtihad had already been EFEVDFE PS FYUSBDUFE "GUFS UIJT time any new decision or fatwa (legal PQJOJPO XBT CBTFE PO QSFWJPVTMZ recorded determinations made by a particular madhab, this concept is known as taqlid or conformity and is sometimes compared to the concept of stare decisis or judicial precedent in $PNNPO MBX

SFXBSE GPS BWPJEBODF CVU OP QVOJTINFOU for performance; and W GPSCJEEFO XIFSF UIFSF JT SFXBSE GPS BWPJEBODF BOE QVOJTINFOU GPS QFSGPSNBODF

Therefore ďŹ nding the injunctions of Islamic law requires reference to not only the sources of Shariah but also the CPPLT PG ČŽRI -FHBM PQJOJPO PG TDIPMBST in Islamic ďŹ nance often refer back to these sources of law when formulating an opinion on the permissibility of otherwise of a contract or instrument in *TMBNJD CBOLJOH

Conclusion

Another signiďŹ cant feature of Islamic law which differentiates it from DPOWFOUJPOBM MBX JT UIF GBDU UIBU not all acts done under Shariah are DIBSBDUFSJTFE BT MFHBM PS JMMFHBM 5IFSF BSF JOUFSNFEJBUF WBMVFT BT UP B QFSTPOČŽT BDUJPO 5IFSF BSF HFOFSBMMZ ČŽWF DBUFHPSJFT PG BTTFTTNFOU These are acts that are: i) obligatory, where performance will amount to a reward and omission will amount to a punishment from God, ii) recommended, performance of act is rewarded but neglect is not punished, iii) permitted, acts which neither get reward nor punishment JW EJTDPVSBHFE BDUT XIFSF UIFSF JT B

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Therefore while in other legal systems an act might be allowed, prohibited PS JOEJGGFSFOU JO 4IBSJBI BO JOEJWJEVBM is not only guided as to what he is entitled or bound to do in law, but also what he or she ought, to do or refrain GSPN EPJOH *O PUIFS XPSET 4IBSJBI encompasses legal injunctions and moral or ethical injunctions whereas DPOWFOUJPOBM MBX JT DPODFSOFE XJUI MFHBMJUZ JTTVFT BMPOF

There are certain similar elements XJUIJO 4IBSJBI BOE DPOWFOUJPOBM MBX especially between Common law and 4IBSJBI 4VDI BT UIF DPODFQU PG UBRMJE in Shariah and the concept of stare EFDJTJT JO $PNNPO MBX 4JNJMBSJUJFT JO these two sources of law could point to the fact that Islamic law was a source PG $PNNPO MBX IPXFWFS UIJT GBDU IBT ZFU UP CF FNQJSJDBMMZ QSPWFO )PXFWFS UIFSF JT POF HMBSJOH EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO 4IBSJBI BOE DPOWFOUJPOBM law and that is the fact that Shariah encompasses legal injunctions and moral or ethical injunctions whereas DPOWFOUJPOBM MBX JT DPODFSOFE XJUI MFHBMJUZ JTTVFT 5IJT NFBOT UIFPSFUJDBMMZ *TMBNJD CBOLJOH XIJDI JT HPWFSOFE CZ principles of Shariah should undertake BDUJWJUJFT XIJDI BSF OPU POMZ MFHBM CVU BMTP BDUJWJUJFT XIJDI BSF DPSSFDU BOE NPSBMMZ SJHIU UP EP 5IBU JT XIZ from the sources of the two banking systems one may make a conclusion that that there are more fundamental differences than similarities between UIFTF UXP CBOLJOH TZTUFNT

AUTHOR PROFILE

AUTHOR PROFILE

DANIEL GREENBERG

WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE MAIN CHALLENGES FACING PRACTITIONERS TODAY?

DANIEL GREENBERG

STROUD’S JUDICIAL DICTIONARY OF 803%4 "/% 1)3"4&4 TH EDITION Daniel Greenberg is Parliamentary Counsel in the Parliamentary team at Berwin Leighton Paisner LLP, and the General Editor of Annotated Statutes, 8FTUMBX 6, )BWJOH TFSWFE BT FEJUPS of Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary of Words BOE 1ISBTFT GPS OFBSMZ ZFBST IF JT also the Editor of Craies on Legislation, the General Editor of Jowitt’s Dictionary of English Law, and the Editor of the 4UBUVUF -BX 3FWJFX COULD YOU TELL US A LITTLE BIT ABOUT YOUR PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND? * KPJOFE UIF QVCMJD MFHBM TFSWJDF JO BT B MFHBM BEWJTFS JO UIF -PSE $IBODFMMPSČŽT %FQBSUNFOU BOE NPWFE to the Parliamentary Counsel OfďŹ ce JO XIFSF GPS UIF OFYU ZFBST * drafted Acts of Parliament in most ďŹ elds of law, including constitutional MBX UBY FOWJSPONFOUBM MBX BOE DSJNF * MFGU UIF QVCMJD TFSWJDF JO GPS UIF Parliamentary team at Berwin Leighton 1BJTOFS --1

5IF TIFFS WPMVNF BOE DPNQMFYJUZ PG MFHJTMBUJPO FYBDFSCBUFE CZ UIF JNQBDUT PG UIF &6 BOE EFWPMVUJPO BSF QPTTJCMZ UIF HSFBUFTU DIBMMFOHF FWFSZ BSFB PG IVNBO FOEFBWPVS JT OPX QFSNFBUFE with regulatory law in one form or another, and much of the legislation is EJGČŽDVMU PS JNQPTTJCMF UP VOEFSTUBOE Another modern challenge is the speed with which clients need answers: when I started, a rapid response was where you read a letter today, dictated a reply tomorrow, your secretary typed it the OFYU EBZ BOE ZPV TFOU JU PVU PO UIF day after that! Nowadays if the email hasn’t been answered in two hours the client is checking with your secretary UIBU ZPVČŽSF TUJMM BMJWF DPNNVOJDBUJPO has replaced thought in all areas of life, BOE UIF MBX JT OPU JNNVOF WHAT ARE THE KEY RECENT DEVELOPMENTS THAT HAVE AFFECTED THE NEW EDITION OF STROUD’S JUDICIAL DICTIONARY OF WORDS AND PHRASES? Stroud has to reect decisions and deďŹ nitions throughout the courts and legislation: it is rare for any of them to TUBOE PVU JOEJWJEVBMMZ BT QBSUJDVMBSMZ TJHOJČŽDBOU 1FPQMF UVSO UP 4USPVE CFDBVTF JU JT IPQFGVMMZ DPNQSFIFOTJWF BOE XJMM HJWF UIFN B HPPE TQSFBE PG leads and ideas on a particular term, whether in an interpretation or a ESBGUJOH DPOUFYU TP * USZ OPU UP FYDMVEF BOZUIJOH KVTU CFDBVTF JU JT USJWJBM FWFO JO JUT PXO DPOUFYU 1SPWJEFE JU is sufďŹ ciently clear to be likely to be IFMQGVM * BJN UP JODMVEF JU 5IF SFTVMU is that Stroud grows all the time, and * UIJOL JU NBZ IBWF UP TVGGFS B TFMFDUJWF DVMM CFGPSF UIF OFYU FEJUJPO BT XF EJE JO

HOW DID YOU COME TO WRITE THIS BOOK IN THE FIRST INSTANCE? * XSPUF UP 4XFFU .BYXFMM UP DPNQMBJO BCPVU BO FOUSZ UIBU * UIPVHIU EFČŽDJFOU *OTUFBE PG B XSJUUFO SFQMZ * SFDFJWFE B WJTJU GSPN UIF DPNNJTTJPOJOH FEJUPS asking me if I would like to become JOWPMWFE " GFX ZFBST MBUFS * GPVOE NZTFMG UIF FEJUPS PG 4USPVE IBWJOH CFDPNF JODSFBTJOHMZ DBQUJWBUFE CZ UIF CPPL JO UIF NFBOUJNF HOW DO YOU MANAGE YOUR TIME BETWEEN BEING AN AUTHOR AND :063 %": 50 %": 803, 8JUI B DFSUBJO BNPVOU PG EJGČŽDVMUZ DO YOU HAVE ANY OTHER PROJECTS ON THE HORIZON YOU CAN TELL US ABOUT? 5IF NPTU FYDJUJOH JT UIF OFX 8FTUMBX UK project which aims to produce an online encyclopaedia of the whole of the law of the United Kingdom: this is an enormously challenging project CVU POF XIJDI * CFMJFWF DPVME HP B signiďŹ cant part of the way towards meeting the challenges for lawyers EJTDVTTFE BCPWF 5IF OFYU FEJUJPO PG Craies on Legislation is also due out this year, and after the publication of NZ CPPL BCPVU UIF MFHJTMBUJWF QSPDFTT Č‹ -BZJOH %PXO UIF -BX Č‹ JO * BN beginning to feel ready to think about UIF OFYU CPPL HOW DO YOU SPEND YOUR FREE TIME? If by “free timeâ€? you mean the time XIFO * BN OPU BEWJTJOH DMJFOUT drafting UK or foreign law, teaching MBX XSJUJOH CPPLT HPWFSOJOH schools, and teaching Jewish law and philosophy, then my free time is EJWJEFE CFUXFFO SFDFJWJOH HPPE BEWJDF from my four children, eating my wife’s

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AUTHOR PROFILE

STROUD’S JUDICIAL DICTIONARY OF WORDS AND PHRASES REUTERS/Tony Gentile

wonderful cooking, and reading books JO UIF CBUI * BMTP USZ UP SFNFNCFS to ďŹ nd the time to thank God for His many, many blessings, and to pray for the health and strength to continue to FOKPZ UIFN

The eagerly anticipated Stroud’s Judicial Dictionary of Words and Phrases allows you the ability to deďŹ ne XPSET BOE QISBTFT QSFDJTFMZ BOE IBWF RVJDL BDDFTT UP UIF FYBDU BVUIPSJUBUJWF NFBOJOH PG UFSNT

8TH EDITION

5IJT UISFF WPMVNF XPSL QSPWJEFT EFČŽ OJUJPOT JO WBSJPVT MFHBM DPOUFYUT JO CPUI IJTUPSJD BOE NPEFSO UFSNT *U is a guide to the present construction of words and phrases occurring in legislation, decided cases and other legal documents as well as references DPOUBJOFE JO TUBUVUFT 1SPWJOH UP CF a practical source of guidance for the setting out of deďŹ nitions of particular concepts in the drafting of contracts and other legal documents The 8th Edition published in July 2012, priced at ÂŁ605 Visit sweetandmaxwell.co.uk to order your copy, or contact your "DDPVOU NBOBHFS

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ARTICLE

SWEEPING REFORM FOR EU DATA PROTECTION Monika Kuschewsky

ARTICLE 1SJWBDZ SJHIUT JT KVTU POF PG UIF BSFBT XIJDI UIF QSPQPTFE EJSFDUJWF PO EBUB QSPUFDUJPO XJMM DPWFS .POJLB Kuschewsky discusses the implications PG UIF OFX SFHJNF 0O +BOVBSZ UIF &VSPQFBO $PNNJTTJPO PGČŽDJBMMZ VOWFJMFE JUT

REUTERS/Petr Josek

proposal reform the European Union’s MFHBM GSBNFXPSL PO EBUB QSPUFDUJPO "DDPSEJOH UP 7JWJBOF 3FEJOH Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship, this reform is primarily aimed at strengthening POMJOF QSJWBDZ SJHIUT )PXFWFS UIF reform proposal in fact goes much further and will basically affect all businesses that are processing QFSTPOBM EBUB The reform proposal has come as a SFTQPOTF UP NBTTJWF UFDIOPMPHJDBM progress and the ongoing march of HMPCBMJTBUJPO XIJDI IBWF QSPGPVOEMZ changed the way personal data is DPMMFDUFE BDDFTTFE BOE VTFE 5IF current framework which is based on UIF %BUB 1SPUFDUJPO %JSFDUJWF BEPQUFE JO UIF QSF JOUFSOFU BHF is considered not to be ďŹ t for the DIBMMFOHFT PG UIF TU DFOUVSZ

.PSFPWFS UIF NFNCFS TUBUFT PG UIF &6 IBWF JNQMFNFOUFE UIF current rules in different ways, SFTVMUJOH JO TVCTUBOUJBM EJWFSHFODFT JO interpretation and application, as well BT DBVTJOH NVDI MFHBM VODFSUBJOUZ Finally, following the entry into force PG UIF -JTCPO 5SFBUZ JO UIF SJHIU to data protection has been enshrined in primary EU law and there is now a speciďŹ c legal basis empowering the EU UP BEPQU MFHJTMBUJPO PO EBUB QSPUFDUJPO The proposal is largely the result of a UXP ZFBS SFWJFX QSPDFTT MBVODIFE JO CZ UIF $PNNJTTJPO EVSJOH XIJDI JU DBSSJFE PVU FYUFOTJWF DPOTVMUBUJPOT XJUI TUBLFIPMEFST " ESBGU UFYU PG UIF QSPQPTBM XBT MFBLFE JO %FDFNCFS prompting ďŹ erce opposition from as NBOZ BT TJY PUIFS %JSFDUPSBUF (FOFSBMT of the European Commission, in BEEJUJPO UP B IPTU PG JOEVTUSZ BDUPST " OVNCFS PG QSPWJTJPOT UIFSFGPSF needed to be watered down before the EFČŽOJUJWF WFSTJPO DPVME CF QVCMJTIFE Proposals The reform basically consists of two MFHJTMBUJWF QSPQPTBMT JO BEEJUJPO UP some complementary documents, TVDI BT B QPMJDZ DPNNVOJDBUJPO 5IF proposals include a draft General Data Protection Regulation setting out a general EU framework for EBUB QSPUFDUJPO UP SFQMBDF UIF %BUB 1SPUFDUJPO %JSFDUJWF BOE B ESBGU EJSFDUJWF JO UIF BSFB PG QPMJDF and judicial cooperation in criminal NBUUFST The main body of the reform which is PG SFMFWBODF UP QSJWBUF CVTJOFTTFT JT contained in the draft regulation, which

would be directly applicable in the member states without the need for BOZ OBUJPOBM JNQMFNFOUJOH NFBTVSFT While such a single law would do away with the present legal fragmentation, enhancing the internal market dimension, it would also come at a cost UP CVTJOFTTFT 5IF SFGPSN XJMM CVJME VQPO XFMM FTUBCMJTIFE QSJODJQMFT PG UIF FYJTUJOH SFHJNF CVU XJMM BMTP HJWF JU TPNF NVDI OFFEFE UFFUI NBLJOH JU NPSF CVSEFOTPNF BOE IBSE IJUUJOH GPS CVTJOFTTFT BOE PSHBOJTBUJPOT Companies will no longer be able UP QBZ MJQ TFSWJDF UP UIF &6ČŽT EBUB QSPUFDUJPO SVMFT BOE NVTU FOEFBWPVS to introduce a genuine ‘culture’ of accountability in their data processing QSBDUJDFT Most of the proposed changes will affect larger companies rather than TNBMM BOE NFEJVN TJ[FE FOUFSQSJTFT 4.&T XJUI MFTT UIBO FNQMPZFFT which will beneďŹ t from a number of FYFNQUJPOT UP UIF QSPQPTFE BEEJUJPOBM PCMJHBUJPOT PO DPNQBOJFT 5IF European Commission also proposes to FYUFOE UIF UFSSJUPSJBM TDPQF PG &6 EBUB protection law, closing any loopholes UIBU FYJTU VOEFS UIF DVSSFOU SFHJNF *O QBSUJDVMBS UIF OFX SVMFT XJMM DPWFS BOZ companies established abroad insofar BT UIFJS EBUB QSPDFTTJOH BDUJWJUJFT are related to the offering of goods PS TFSWJDFT UP &6 SFTJEFOUT PS UP UIF NPOJUPSJOH PG UIFJS CFIBWJPVS 5XP PG UIF $PNNJTTJPOČŽT LFZ PCKFDUJWFT for a reform of the EU data protection framework were the strengthening of JOEJWJEVBMTČŽ SJHIUT BOE NPSF FGGFDUJWF

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REUTERS/Toru Hanai

enforcement of the data protection SVMFT CPUI PG XIJDI IBWF CFFO BEESFTTFE CZ UIF QSPQPTBM Main changes There are a number of key changes to UIF DVSSFOU SVMFT Companies will be obliged to comply with the new rules, to implement

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appropriate measures and to BDUJWFMZ EFNPOTUSBUF BOE EPDVNFOU their compliance (principle of BDDPVOUBCJMJUZ *O QBSUJDVMBS UIFZ XJMM CF PCMJHFE UP SFUBJO FYUFOTJWF documentation of all data processing operations, carry out data protection impact assessments before any risky processing and appoint a dedicated data protection ofďŹ cer within their

PSHBOJTBUJPO 5IFZ XJMM BMTP IBWF UP OPUJGZ UIF OBUJPOBM TVQFSWJTPSZ authority of personal data breaches without undue delay (if feasible, within IPVST BOE JO TFSJPVT DBTFT OPUJGZ UIF JOEJWJEVBMT XIPTF EBUB IBT CFFO DPNQSPNJTFE Business organisations must ensure compliance with the new framework GSPN B WFSZ FBSMZ TUBHF CFGPSF UIF

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QSPDFTTJOH IBT FWFO CFHVO QSJODJQMF PG QSJWBDZ CZ EFTJHO *O BEEJUJPO POMZ personal data which is necessary for a speciďŹ c purpose can be processed and cannot be collected or kept beyond the minimum necessary (principle of QSJWBDZ CZ EFGBVMU

QSPWJEFS UP BOPUIFS NPSF FBTJMZ UIF SJHIU UP EBUB QPSUBCJMJUZ " Č?SJHIU UP CF forgotten’ will help people to better manage data protection risks online, allowing them to ensure that their data is deleted if there are no legitimate HSPVOET GPS IBWJOH JU SFUBJOFE

8IFSFWFS EBUB QSPDFTTJOH JT CBTFE PO DPOTFOU DPOTFOU XJMM IBWF UP CF HJWFO FYQMJDJUMZ SBUIFS UIBO TJNQMZ BTTVNFE

*OEJWJEVBMTČŽ SJHIUT UP KVEJDJBM SFNFEJFT IBWF BMTP CFFO FYQBOEFE JODMVEJOH B OFX QPTTJCJMJUZ PG SFQSFTFOUBUJWF MFHBM BDUJPOT .PSFPWFS DPNQBOJFT must adopt internal procedures and NFDIBOJTNT UP GBDJMJUBUF UIF FYFSDJTF PG EBUB TVCKFDUTČŽ SJHIUT

.PSFPWFS UIF OFX MBX XJMM SFJOGPSDF child protection, among others, by requiring parental/custodial consent JO DBTF PG UIF QSPWJTJPO PG JOGPSNBUJPO TPDJFUZ TFSWJDFT UP DIJMESFO VOEFS 5IF QSPQPTBM QSPWJEFT GPS JODSFBTFE transparency, complemented by BEEJUJPOBM JOGPSNBUJPO PCMJHBUJPOT *OEJWJEVBMT NVTU CF BCMF UP USBOTGFS QFSTPOBM EBUB GSPN POF TFSWJDF

National data protection authorities will be signiďŹ cantly strengthened, in terms of independence, resources BOE QPXFST *O QBSUJDVMBS UIFZ XJMM be empowered to issue orders (for FYBNQMF CBO PS TVTQFOE DFSUBJO processing), engage in legal

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BeneďŹ ts to businesses At the same time, the proposal foresees changes which will be CFOFČŽDJBM GPS CVTJOFTTFT Business organisations that are FTUBCMJTIFE JO TFWFSBM NFNCFS TUBUFT XJMM CFOFČŽU GSPN B Č?POF TUPQ TIPQČŽ UIFZ XJMM POMZ IBWF UP EFBM XJUI B TJOHMF national data protection authority JO UIF &6 DPVOUSZ XIFSF UIFZ IBWF UIFJS NBJO FTUBCMJTINFOU -JLFXJTF consumers will be able to refer to the data protection authority in their DPVOUSZ PG SFTJEFODF REUTERS/Petr Josek

proceedings and ďŹ ne companies that WJPMBUF &6 EBUB QSPUFDUJPO SVMFT Penalty concerns Businesses are particularly concerned about the new and harsher penalties VOEFS UIF QSPQPTFE SVMFT 5IF MFBTU TFWFSF BDUJPO BHBJOTU B CSFBDI PG UIF law will be a written warning which will be sent when there is ‘a ďŹ rst and OPO JOUFOUJPOBM OPO DPNQMJBODFČŽ )PXFWFS GPS NPSF TFSJPVT PGGFODFT BENJOJTUSBUJWF ČŽOFT PG VQ UP million or two per cent of a company’s BOOVBM XPSMEXJEF UVSOPWFS XJMM BQQMZ to infringements such as a failure to appoint a data protection ofďŹ cer or to notify authorities of a personal data CSFBDI 5IF QPUFOUJBMMZ TUFFQ MFWFM PG such ďŹ nes is a groundbreaking reform, reminiscent of the penalties applied for CSFBDIFT PG &6 DPNQFUJUJPO MBX

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6OOFDFTTBSZ BENJOJTUSBUJWF CVSEFOT such as registration notiďŹ cation for DPNQBOJFT XJMM CF SFNPWFE FYDFQU JO MJNJUFE DBTFT 5IJT NVDI XFMDPNFE SFNPWBM PG SFE UBQF JT FYQFDUFE UP HFOFSBUF BOOVBM OFU TBWJOHT GPS DPNQBOJFT PG BSPVOE CJMMJPO In addition, the transfer of personal EBUB UP OPO &6 DPVOUSJFT XJMM CF facilitated by a more streamlined set PG SVMFT GPS JOTUBODF CZ UIF FYQMJDJU recognition of binding corporate rules BOE B TJNQMFS BQQSPWBM QSPDFTT Debating the options 5IF &VSPQFBO $PNNJTTJPOČŽT MFHJTMBUJWF proposal will now be debated by the European Parliament and EU member states (meeting within the Council of Ministers), which can both TVHHFTU DIBOHFT UP UIF UFYU *O IFS QSFTT DPOGFSFODF PO +BOVBSZ .T 3FEJOH PQFOMZ BENJUUFE UIBU the European Commission has been subject to ďŹ erce lobbying in respect of the draft law and this will certainly

DPOUJOVF UISPVHIPVU UIF MFHJTMBUJWF QSPDFTT *U JT FYQFDUFE UIBU UIF MFHJTMBUJWF process will take around two years, although the European Commission IBT BO JODFOUJWF UP HFU UIF QSPQPTBM passed before the end of the current terms of the European Commission and &VSPQFBO 1BSMJBNFOU On the other hand, the proposal is certain to face robust political PQQPTJUJPO 4PNF NFNCFS TUBUFT NJHIU CF SFMVDUBOU UP HJWF VQ UIFJS own national laws, especially if they BSF DPOTJEFSFE UP QSPWJEF B IJHIFS MFWFM PG QSPUFDUJPO UIBO UIF QSPQPTFE rules (for instance, in the case of Germany), or if they are considered to be less burdensome for businesses GPS JOTUBODF JO UIF DBTF PG UIF 6, 5IF ESBGU QSPQPTBM NBZ FWFO CF challenged in court; in Germany for FYBNQMF UIF MFHBMJUZ PG UIF QSPQPTBM has been questioned in light of German DPOTUJUVUJPOBM MBX The current proposal foresees a USBOTJUJPO QFSJPE PG UXP ZFBST *U JT UIFSFGPSF FYQFDUFE UP UBLF VQ UP GPVS years in total before the law enters into full force and it is quite likely that substantial changes will be made to UIF UFYU EVSJOH UIF MFHJTMBUJWF QSPDFTT Monika Kuschewsky is a partner and head of the European data protection practice at Van Bael & Bellis. She is the editor of Data Protection 2012, published by Thompson Reuters European Lawyer Reference Books. Euro. Law. 2012, 112, 12-14 Š 2012 FutureLex

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GOFF & JONES: THE LAW OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT $IBSMFT .JUDIFMM 1BVM .JUDIFMM 4UFQIFO 8BUUFSTPO BOE 3FWJFXFE CZ +BNFT &EFMNBO

PUBLICATION REVIEW Subject: Restitution. Other related subjects: UnjustiďŹ ed enrichment - 2 3 " NBSL PG UIF WFOFSBUJPO in which Goff and Jones is held is the number of stories concerning JUT JODFQUJPO " DPNNPO BDDPVOU JT UIBU JO UIF FBSMZ T B ZPVOH EPO at Lincoln College named Robert (PGG BQQSPBDIFE 4XFFU .BYXFMM publishers with a proposal to write a CPPL PO UIF MBX PG SFTUJUVUJPO *OJUJBMMZ Goff was intending to write it with his colleague, Ron Maudsley, then at #SBTFOPTF #VU .BVETMFZ XJUIESFX "OPUIFS 0YGPSE DPMMFBHVF PG (PGGČŽT UIF late Brian Simpson, introduced Goff to a college lecturer at Oriel College, (BSFUI +POFT 4JNQTPO IBE FBSMJFS JOUSPEVDFE +POFT UP 7JWJFOOF UIF XPNBO +POFT NBSSJFE "OE IF DSFBUFE BOPUIFS MPOH TUBOEJOH NBSSJBHF PG TPSUT (PGG BOE +POFT Soon after the publication proposal XBT BQQSPWFE BOPUIFS ZPVOH BDBEFNJD DBMMFE )BSWFZ .D(SFHPS JT TBJE UP IBWF BQQSPBDIFE 4XFFU .BYXFMM XJUI B QSPQPTBM GPS B CPPL PO SFTUJUVUJPO 4XFFU .BYXFMM suggested, instead, that McGregor edit UIF OFYU FEJUJPO PG .BZOF PO %BNBHFT "U B TUSPLF 4XFFU .BYXFMM TFDVSFE the future for what became two of the leading books in their subjects in the common law world: Goff and Jones’ The Law of Restitution and McGregor PO %BNBHFT

Lord Goff retired from the editorship of Goff and Jones prior to the fourth FEJUJPO 1SPGFTTPS +POFT IBT OPX BMTP SFUJSFE 5IF FJHIUI FEJUJPO is the ďŹ rst edition of this foundational XPSL XJUIPVU FJUIFS (PGG PS +POFT Nearly half a century after its ďŹ rst publication the book is now edited by a formidable team of Professor Charles Mitchell, Professor Paul Mitchell and %S 4UFQIFO 8BUUFSTPO 1SPGFTTPS $IBSMFT .JUDIFMM FYFSDJTFE HFOFSBM FEJUPSJBM PWFSTJHIU 'PS UIPTF XIP BSF interested, the preface contains the DPNQMFY BMHPSJUIN PG UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG XSJUJOH BOE FEJUJOH PG FBDI DIBQUFS 5IF OFX FEJUPST IBWF SBEJDBMMZ DIBOHFE UIF CPPL The law of unjust enrichment has BMXBZT FYJTUFE JO &OHMJTI MBX BT JU did in Roman law, and indeed as in BOZ Č?DJWJMJTFE MFHBM TZTUFNČ‘ UP VTF the dated phrase of Lord Wright: 'JCSPTB 4QPMLB "LDZKOB W 'BJSCBJSO -BXTPO $PNCF #BSCPVS -UE < > " $ BU "MUIPVHI -PSE 8SJHIU IBE SFDPHOJTFE UIF FYJTUFODF PG UIJT category of law it was barely known in &OHMBOE BOE BMNPTU OFWFS EJTDVTTFE judicially, until the publication of the ČŽSTU FEJUJPO PG (PGG BOE +POFT *O )PMU W .BSLIBN < > , # BU 4DSVUUPO - + IBE EFTDSJCFE UIF SPPUT PG VOKVTU FOSJDINFOU BT Č?XFMM NFBOJOH TMPQQJOFTT PG UIPVHIUČ‘ 5IBU XBT UIF QSFWBJMJOH - 2 3 PQJOJPO 5IF respectability of the law of unjust enrichment depended upon its disguise JO DPOUSBDU UFYUT BT RVBTJ DPOUSBDU or simply by incantation of the names PG MPOH BCPMJTIFE GPSNT PG BDUJPO NPOFZ IBE BOE SFDFJWFE NPOFZ QBJE RVBOUVN NFSVJU *O UIF PQFOJOH pages of the ďŹ rst edition of Goff and Jones’ The Law of Restitution seemed

to suggest that the recognition of unjust enrichment ought to proceed CBTFE VQPO UIFTF WBHVF QSJODJQMFT “unjust enrichment is simply the OBNF XIJDI JT DPNNPOMZ HJWFO UP UIF QSJODJQMF PG KVTUJDFČ‘ Q BOE Č?JO a search for unifying principle at this

MFWFM XF TIPVME OPU FYQFDU UP ČŽOE BOZ precise ‘common formula’, but rather an abstract proposition of justiceâ€? Q 5IF GPDVT PG UIFJS XPSL XBT PO SFTUJUVUJPO *U XBT B GPDVT VQPO B clear and established legal response which, Goff and Jones assumed, was a response which was always underpinned by the principle of unjust FOSJDINFOU In this respect, the statements by Goff and Jones also echoed the approach taken by the reporters, Scott and

PUBLICATION REVIEW

4FBWFZ JO UIF "NFSJDBO -BX *OTUJUVUFČŽT Restatement of the Law of Restitution 5IF QSFNJTF PG UIBU XPSL XBT that unjust enrichment and restitution XFSF UXP TJEFT PG UIF TBNF DPJO #VU UIFSF XBT POF WFSZ TJHOJČŽDBOU SFTQFDU in which Goff and Jones differed from the earlier thinking on the other side of UIF "UMBOUJD 5IF JOJUJBM TUBUFNFOUT CZ Goff and Jones about the “principleâ€? PG VOKVTU FOSJDINFOU XFSF RVBMJČŽFE 5IFZ FYQMBJOFE UIBU Č?UIF TFBSDI GPS principle should not be confused with UIF EFČŽOJUJPO PG DPODFQUTČ‘ Q And unjust enrichment could also CF VOEFSTUPPE BT B Č?DPODFQUČ‘ *U XBT introduced two pages later in the GPMMPXJOH UFSNT Q

REUTERS/Nicky Loh

REUTERS/Bogdan Cristel

“The principle of unjust enrichment is capable of elaboration. It presupposes three things: ďŹ rst, that the defendant has been enriched by the receipt of a beneďŹ t; secondly, that he has been so enriched at the plaintiff’s expense; and thirdly, that it would be unjust to allow him to retain the beneďŹ t.â€? Since the recognition of unjust FOSJDINFOU JO -JQLJO (PSNBO W ,BSQOBMF -UE < > " $ BOE particularly the leading speech of

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-PSE (PGG PG $IJFWFMFZ UIF Č?DPODFQUČ‘ idea of unjust enrichment began UP EFWFMPQ JO QMBDF PG UIF OPUJPO of unjust enrichment as a broad QSJODJQMF PG KVTUJDF 8JUI UIF IFBWZ inuence of Birks’ Introduction to UIF -BX PG 3FTUJUVUJPO DPVSUT focussed upon the concept of unjust enrichment in a reductionist manner: was the defendant (i) enriched; (ii) at UIF FYQFOTF PG UIF DMBJNBOU JJJ JO particular circumstances of injustice; JW EFGFODFT It soon became clear that greater conceptual clarity was needed in SFMBUJPO UP JJJ "HBJO XJUI #JSLT BU UIF lead, courts soon recognised that it was incoherent to include established legal wrongs in the circumstances of injustice necessary for an action based VQPO VOKVTU FOSJDINFOU 5P EP TP XPVME DSPTT DVU UIF DPODFQUT PG MFHBM wrongdoing (such as the law of torts) and the law of unjust enrichment: 4FNQSB .FUBMT -UE W ).3$ < > 6,)- < > " $ BU < > -PSE /JDIPMMT < >Č‹< > -PSE 4DPUU < >Č‹< > -PSE .BODF 5IJT narrowing of the concept of unjust FOSJDINFOU DSPTTFE CBDL PWFS UIF Atlantic last year in the American Law Institute’s Restatement of the Law (Third) Restitution and Unjust &OSJDINFOU BU Q Č?VOKVTU FOSJDINFOU <JT> BO JOEFQFOEFOU CBTJT PG liability in common law legal systems— comparable in this respect to a liability JO DPOUSBDU PS UPSU<T>Č‘ - 2 3 This mature conception of an independent law of unjust enrichment precipitated one radical change which UIF OFX FEJUPST IBWF NBEF UP UIF FJHIUI FEJUJPO PG (PGG BOE +POFT 4JODF restitution might be a legal response UP XSPOHEPJOH BOE FWFOUT PUIFS UIBO unjust enrichment, the book is no MPOHFS DBMMFE 5IF -BX PG 3FTUJUVUJPO *U JT 5IF -BX PG 6OKVTU &OSJDINFOU 5IF TFWFO DIBQUFST JO TFDUJPO PG UIF QSFWJPVT FEJUJPO EFBMJOH XJUI Č?8IFSF the Defendant has Acquired a BeneďŹ t 5ISPVHI IJT PXO 8SPOHGVM "DUČ‘ IBWF BMM CFFO BYFE 4FQBSBUF DPOUFYUVBM chapters such as attornment, claims under a will or intestacy, perfection of JNQFSGFDU HJGUT IBWF BMTP HPOF "OE

UIF TUSVDUVSF IBT SBEJDBMMZ DIBOHFE The book is now structured along the lines ďŹ rst mooted by Goff and Jones in UIFSF BSF QBSUT PO J FOSJDINFOU JJ BU UIF FYQFOTF PG UIF DMBJNBOU JJJ HSPVOET GPS SFTUJUVUJPO BOE JW EFGFODFT *O UIJT OFX FEJUJPO UIF FEJUPST IBWF UBLFO UIF MVNCFSFSČŽT BYF SBUIFS than the surgeon’s scalpel to the CPPL 5IF UIFPSFUJDBM DMBSJUZ UIBU IBT CFFO CSPVHIU CZ UIFJS FYFSDJTF PG JOTUBVSBUJPO IBT DPNF BU B QSJDF 5P those who are accustomed to it, the CPPL JT OP MPOHFS GBNJMJBS 1SBDUJUJPOFST XJMM BMTP TFBSDI JO WBJO GPS GBNJMJBS chapters dealing with problems of attornment, or intestacy, breach of ďŹ duciary duty, breach of conďŹ dence, BOE TP PO "OE UIF CPPL XJMM OPU CF able to be understood without reading UIF JOUSPEVDUJPO #VU UIJT JT B QSJDF XIJDI NVTU CF QBJE -FBEJOH UFYUT NVTU MFBE 6OKVTU FOSJDINFOU JT B subject which has been shaped by leadership from the academy in the last IBMG DFOUVSZ 5IJT OFX FEJUJPO XJMM FOTVSF UIBU UIJT DPOUJOVFT UP CF UIF DBTF *O B MPOHFS SFWJFX NVDI NPSF NJHIU CF said about the theoretical dimensions of the book, particularly the two parts concerning “Justifying Groundsâ€? and Č?3FNFEJFTČ‘ *O UIJT TIPSU SFWJFX JU JT FOPVHI UP TBZ UIBU EJGGFSFOU WJFXT FYJTU PO UIFTF UXP BSFBT 4PNF NBJOUBJO that there are no separate “justifying HSPVOETČ‘ "OE TPNF NBJOUBJO UIBU a “remediesâ€? enquiry is a false step because different measures of restitution correspond with different conceptions of enrichment; the issue is not one of remedy but instead it is a RVFTUJPO PG UIF OBUVSF PG FOSJDINFOU #VU XIBUFWFS WJFX JT UBLFO UIFSF DBO CF MJUUMF EPVCU UIBU UIJT UFYU IBT BHBJO BEWBODFE UIF MBX PG VOKVTU FOSJDINFOU And for that we owe the new editors, BOE UIFJS UXP GPSFCFBST NBOZ UIBOLT James Edelman Supreme Court of Western Australia 5IF -BX 2VBSUFSMZ 3FWJFX 0DU i 4XFFU .BYXFMM BOE JUT Contributors

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Č• "O BVUIPSJUBUJWF HVJEF UP UIF QSFTFOU DPOTUSVDUJPO PG XPSET BOE QISBTFT occurring in legislation, decided cases and other legal documents

TH EDITION

Č• 4FUT PVU XIFSF BQQMJDBCMF UIF FWPMVUJPO PG B UFSNČŽT NFBOJOH Č• Assists you in construing legislation and other documents Č• 1SPWJEFT UIF KVEJDJBM EFČŽ OJUJPOT PG UFSNT PS XPSET FTUBCMJTIFE JO decided cases or statutes Č• Includes both historic and modern terms Č• Where a term is used in a number of legal areas the entry is broken EPXO BOE TVC EJWJEFE UP FOTVSF FBTF PG VTF Č• 5IF UFYU JT SFHVMBSMZ VQEBUFE WJB TVQQMFNFOUBUJPO Č• -JOLFE BOE DPNNPO UFSNT BSF DSPTT SFGFSFODFE FOTVSJOH EJGGFSFOU XPSET PS VTBHF PG XPSET BSF DPWFSFE Č• Also includes references to deďŹ nitions contained in statutes Č• &OUSJFT BSF SFWJFXFE BOE FYBNJOFE UP FOTVSF UIF XPSL SFNBJOT SFMFWBOU for modern research Č• 8IFSFWFS BQQSPQSJBUF EJSFDU RVPUBUJPOT GSPN EFDJEFE DBTFT BSF included for greater ease of research Č• $PNQSFIFOTJWF DPWFSBHF GSPN UIF PCTDVSF UP UIF FWFSZ EBZ

Daniel Greenberg Published July 2012 ÂŁ605

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HYDRAULIC FRACTURING AND THE SHALE GAS BOOM %BOJFM . 4UFJOXBZ 5IPNBT $ +BDLTPO

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Introduction 3FDFOU UFDIOPMPHJDBM BEWBODFT IBWF VOMPDLFE WBTU TPVSDFT PG OBUVSBM gas trapped in shale formations EFFQ VOEFSHSPVOE 5IF BCJMJUZ UP FDPOPNJDBMMZ QSPEVDF UIFTF SFTFSWPJST has turned the United States into the “Saudi Arabia of natural gasâ€?, changing the energy outlook for the nation and offering the potential for signiďŹ cant impacts on America’s energy security and climate change JOJUJBUJWFT 5IF LFZ UP VOMPDLJOH FYJTUJOH TIBMF HBT BOE PUIFS VODPOWFOUJPOBM HBT SFTFSWFT in the United States is hydraulic fracturing, a technology that has CFFO VTFE PWFS UIF QBTU ZFBST UP enhance production from oil and gas XFMMT JO B XJEF WBSJFUZ PG GPSNBUJPOT and that is increasingly critical to PJM BOE HBT QSPEVDUJPO )ZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH JOWPMWFT QVNQJOH ČŻVJET down a well bore at high pressures JOUP B UBSHFUFE TVCTVSGBDF GPSNBUJPO These pressures are designed to create cracks or ďŹ ssures in the rock formation

DPOUBJOJOH PJM BOE HBT SFTFSWFT BOE JNQSPWF UIF ČŻPX DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT PG UIF GPSNBUJPO )ZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH ČŻVJET BSF QSJNBSJMZ XBUFS CBTFE BOE contain small concentrations of certain DIFNJDBM BEEJUJWFT XIJDI NBLF UIF ČŻVJE WJTDPVT BOE JNQSPWF UIF ČŻVJEČŽT QFSGPSNBODF Despite a long history of successful regulation of hydraulic fracturing operations by the states and the safe BOE FGGFDUJWF VTF PG UIF UFDIOPMPHZ in the United States, increased QSPEVDUJPO PG TIBMF HBT IBT HJWFO SJTF UP DPODFSOT BNPOH FOWJSPONFOUBM BOE DJUJ[FO HSPVQT /PUXJUITUBOEJOH UIF BCTFODF PG BOZ IBSE FWJEFODF UIBU hydraulic fracturing has impacted drinking water resources, regulators and legislators at both the federal and TUBUF MFWFMT IBWF UBLFO TUFQT UP BEESFTT these concerns by imposing additional regulatory requirements on hydraulic GSBDUVSJOH 5IFTF OFX SFRVJSFNFOUT could signiďŹ cantly impact the nation’s FOFSHZ TFDVSJUZ Known and essential technology Domestic energy production depends VQPO UIF FGGFDUJWF BOE FDPOPNJD VTF PG IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH UFDIOPMPHZ &YQFSUT IBWF FTUJNBUFE UIBU PWFS per cent of all oil and gas wells in the United States today are hydraulically GSBDUVSFE 8JUIPVU IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH QSPEVDUJPO PG EPNFTUJD VODPOWFOUJPOBM oil and gas would be signiďŹ cantly MJNJUFE 'PS FYBNQMF UIF "NFSJDBO Petroleum Institute has indicated that domestic production of natural gas XPVME EFDSFBTF CZ QFS DFOU PWFS ZFBST BOE EPNFTUJD PJM QSPEVDUJPO XPVME EFDMJOF CZ QFS DFOU JG hydraulic fracturing technology could OPU CF VUJMJTFE The combination of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling techniques has played a particularly key role in making

gas trapped in shale formations BDDFTTJCMF *O UIF 1PUFOUJBM Gas Committee reported a 35 per cent increase in estimated domestic SFTFSWFT PG OBUVSBM HBT QSJNBSJMZ EVF UP UIF JODSFBTFE WJBCJMJUZ BOE production capabilities in shale plays BSPVOE UIF DPVOUSZ 4JNJMBSMZ UIF 64 Energy Information Administration (EIA) recently released its Annual &OFSHZ 0VUMPPL XIJDI JODMVEFT BO FTUJNBUF PG UFDIOJDBMMZ SFDPWFSBCMF domestic shale gas resources that is USJMMJPO DVCJD GFFU HSFBUFS UIBO the estimate issued by EIA only a year FBSMJFS 5IFTF BCVOEBOU TVQQMJFT PG natural gas can only be accessed and FGGFDUJWFMZ QSPEVDFE XJUI IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH The basic fracturing technology being used today in the shale plays remains UIF TBNF BT UIBU XIJDI UIF PJM BOE HBT QSPEVDJOH TUBUFT IBWF CFFO SFHVMBUJOH GPS PWFS ZFBST 4UBUF regulatory programs typically include QSPWJTJPOT TFUUJOH XFMM DPOTUSVDUJPO standards that are designed to protect surface and subsurface water SFTPVSDFT GSPN DPOUBNJOBUJPO 5IFTF well construction requirements include well casing and cementing standards that ensure isolation of the well bore from nearby shallow formations that NBZ DPOUBJO ESJOLJOH XBUFS BRVJGFST State permitting requirements also QSPWJEF TUBUF SFHVMBUPST BO PQQPSUVOJUZ UP SFWJFX QSPQPTFE ESJMMJOH QMBOT BOE ensure that water sources will be protected during hydraulic fracturing BDUJWJUJFT 5IFTF TUBUF QSPHSBNT IBWF CFFO IJHIMZ FGGFDUJWF JO QSFWFOUJOH contamination and protecting drinking water sources, particularly in light PG UIF GBDU UIBU UIFSF IBWF CFFO OP DPOČŽSNFE JOTUBODFT PG BEWFSTF JNQBDUT on drinking water supplies associated XJUI IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH PQFSBUJPOT

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REUTERS/Vladimir Nikolsky

Federal, state initiatives aimed at regulation Notwithstanding the many years PG FGGFDUJWF SFHVMBUJPO PG IZESBVMJD fracturing by state oil and gas programmes, regulators and legislators BU UIF GFEFSBM TUBUF BOE MPDBM MFWFM IBWF JODSFBTJOHMZ VOEFSUBLFO JOJUJBUJWFT PWFS UIF * & - 3 MBTU GFX ZFBST to impose additional restrictions and requirements on hydraulic fracturing BDUJWJUJFT 5IFTF JOJUJBUJWFT IBWF DPNF JO SFTQPOTF UP BMMFHBUJPOT XIJDI IBWF OPU CFFO TDJFOUJČŽDBMMZ DPOČŽSNFE CZ FOWJSPONFOUBM HSPVQT and others about drinking water well

-&("- -*()54 Č• *446&

contamination and other purported impacts of hydraulic fracturing PQFSBUJPOT "U UIF GFEFSBM MFWFM MFHJTMBUJPO SFJOUSPEVDFE JO UIF DVSSFOU $POHSFTT DPNNPOMZ LOPXO BT UIF '3"$ "DU XPVME SFRVJSF UIF SFHVMBUJPO PG hydraulic fracturing under the federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), resulting in the imposition of additional permitting requirements and other restrictions on fracturing operations that could result in signiďŹ cant, BEEJUJPOBM BENJOJTUSBUJWF CVSEFOT EFMBZT BOE DPTUT GPS XFMM PQFSBUPST This proposed legislation also would

SFRVJSF TFSWJDF DPNQBOJFT UP QVCMJDMZ disclose the chemical constituents of all fracturing uids, a requirement that HPFT CFZPOE BOZ FYJTUJOH DIFNJDBM disclosure requirement under any other BQQMJDBCMF GFEFSBM QSPHSBNNFT *O BEEJUJPO UIF 64 &OWJSPONFOUBM Protection Agency (EPA) has taken a number of steps to increase its PWFSTJHIU BOE SFHVMBUJPO PG IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH 'PS FYBNQMF TPNFUJNF in the spring or early summer of &1" QPTUFE TUBUFNFOUT PO JUT website indicating that the Agency would now be attempting to regulate hydraulic fracturing using diesel or

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EJFTFM CBTFE BEEJUJWFT BT QBSU PG UIF federal Underground Injection Control QSPHSBN VOEFS UIF 4%8" 5IJT XFCTJUF posting marked the ďŹ rst time EPA had suggested that it was attempting to JNQMFNFOU UIF BVUIPSJUZ QSPWJEFE UP the Agency under the Energy Policy Act PG UP SFHVMBUF IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH PQFSBUJPOT JOWPMWJOH UIF VTF PG EJFTFM *OEVTUSZ HSPVQT IBWF DIBMMFOHFE UIJT XFCTJUF Č?SVMFNBLJOHČ‘ GPS TFWFSBM LFZ SFBTPOT OBNFMZ JO BUUFNQUJOH to add additional new regulatory requirements on hydraulic fracturing, the Agency failed to comply with the key rulemaking requirements under UIF GFEFSBM "ENJOJTUSBUJWF 1SPDFEVSF "DU BOE &1"ČŽT QSPQPTBM UP SFHVMBUF wells being hydraulically fractured as Class II UIC wells was inconsistent with the Agency’s prior position that the regulations applicable to these wells are not well suited to hydraulic GSBDUVSJOH PQFSBUJPOT 5IF MJUJHBUJPO was subsequently settled, and EPA has now issued proposed guidance on the JTTVF GPS QVCMJD DPNNFOU 4UBUF SFHVMBUPST BOE MFHJTMBUPST IBWF also undertaken efforts to impose new or additional requirements on hydraulic GSBDUVSJOH 'PS FYBNQMF UIF $PMPSBEP 0JM BOE (BT $POTFSWBUJPO $PNNJTTJPO has recently adopted new regulatory SFRVJSFNFOUT UIBU QSPWJEF UIF QVCMJD with information about the chemicals used in hydraulically fracturing JOEJWJEVBM XFMMT UISPVHI QPTUJOH PO a national online registry known as FracFocus, while at the same time QSPUFDUJOH USBEF TFDSFU JOGPSNBUJPO " OVNCFS PG PUIFS TUBUFT IBWF UBLFO steps to address the regulation of IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH 'PS FYBNQMF Arkansas, Idaho, Louisiana, Montana, /FX .FYJDP /PSUI %BLPUB 0LMBIPNB 1FOOTZMWBOJB 5FYBT BOE 8ZPNJOH IBWF BMM VQEBUFE BOE BNFOEFE UIFJS oil and gas regulatory programmes to more speciďŹ cally address hydraulic GSBDUVSJOH PQFSBUJPOT XIJMF SVMF makings are underway in Tennessee BOE 8FTU 7JSHJOJB -FHJTMBUJPOT JO B OVNCFS PG TUBUFT GSPN $BMJGPSOJB UP 0IJP BOE 7FSNPOU IBWF MJLFXJTF BEESFTTFE UIF JTTVF

At the same time, the New York 4UBUF %FQBSUNFOU PG &OWJSPONFOUBM $POTFSWBUJPO /:4%&$ DPOUJOVFT UP DPOTJEFS SFWJTJPOT UP JUT SFHVMBUJPOT UP BEESFTT IJHI WPMVNF IZESBVMJD fracturing operations in horizontal XFMMT ESJMMFE JO UIF .BSDFMMVT 4IBMF "DUJOH JO SFTQPOTF UP BO FYFDVUJWF order issued by the former New York (PWFSOPS %BWJE 1BUFSTPO UIF /:4%&$ prepared a draft Supplemental Generic &OWJSPONFOUBM *NQBDU 4UBUFNFOU (draft SGEIS) to assess the potential FOWJSPONFOUBM JNQBDUT PG UIFTF BDUJWJUJFT JO XIJDI JU QSPQPTFE UP impose a number of new requirements on drilling and hydraulic fracturing PG .BSDFMMVT 4IBMF XFMMT /:4%&$ TVCTFRVFOUMZ JTTVFE B SFWJTFE ESBGU 4(&*4 BOE JT DPOTJEFSJOH QVCMJD DPNNFOUT JU SFDFJWFE JO SFTQPOTF FGGFDUJWFMZ FYUFOEJOH B EF facto moratorium on Marcellus Shale HBT EFWFMPQNFOU JO UIF TUBUF Additional regulatory requirements BU UIF GFEFSBM TUBUF BOE MPDBM MFWFMT could signiďŹ cantly disrupt hydraulic fracturing operations and dramatically JNQBDU EPNFTUJD HBT QSPEVDUJPO 'PS FYBNQMF UIF %FQBSUNFOU PG &OFSHZ has estimated that regulation of hydraulic fracturing under the SDWA XPVME BEE PWFS UP UIF DPTU of drilling and operating a natural gas XFMM 5IFTF BEEFE DPTUT DPVME SFOEFS some wells uneconomical for future EFWFMPQNFOU .PSFPWFS TPNF PG UIF SFTUSJDUJPOT QSPQPTFE BU UIF TUBUF BOE MPDBM MFWFM DPVME GVSUIFS TMPX PS QSFWFOU WJBCMF production of domestic oil and gas SFTPVSDFT "U UIF TBNF UJNF QSPQPTFE rules requiring the full disclosure of the formulas of proprietary products used in hydraulic fracturing would KFPQBSEJTF TFSWJDF DPNQBOJFTČŽ USBEF TFDSFUT 5IF SJTL QPTFE CZ UIJT UZQF PG required disclosure creates substantial EJTJODFOUJWFT GPS TFSWJDF DPNQBOJFT UP engage in the necessary research and EFWFMPQNFOU PG IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH ČŻVJET BOE UP VTF UIFJS TUBUF PG UIF BSU UFDIOPMPHJFT XIJDI IBWF QSPWFE DSJUJDBM UP UIF FDPOPNJD EFWFMPQNFOU PG 64 EPNFTUJD FOFSHZ SFTPVSDFT

Little, no threat to drinking water While federal, state and local HPWFSONFOUT IBWF UBLFO TUFQT UP impose new requirements on hydraulic fracturing operations, the need for these added measures certainly SFNBJOT TVCKFDU UP RVFTUJPO $POUSBSZ to popular allegations, there is no FWJEFODF UIBU IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH has resulted in the contamination of BOZ ESJOLJOH XBUFS TVQQMJFT *O GBDU TUBUF SFHVMBUPST IBWF SFQFBUFEMZ afďŹ rmed that they are not aware of any instances of contamination of drinking water aquifers as a result of hydraulic GSBDUVSJOH PQFSBUJPOT " OVNCFS PG TUVEJFT IBWF DPOČŽSNFE that hydraulic fracturing poses little UP OP SJTL UP ESJOLJOH XBUFS BRVJGFST *O &1" DPOEVDUFE BO FYUFOTJWF study of the potential impacts of IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH JO DPBM CFE methane (CBM) wells on drinking water TVQQMJFT &1" * & - 3 DPODMVEFE that hydraulic fracturing of CBM wells

ARTICLE

REUTERS/Mathieu Belanger

poses little or no threat to underground TPVSDFT PG ESJOLJOH XBUFS 0UIFS studies commissioned by or conducted CZ TUBUF HPWFSONFOUT TVDI BT UIF /:4%&$ BOE PUIFST IBWF TJNJMBSMZ DPODMVEFE UIBU UIFSF JT OP FWJEFODF that hydraulic fracturing operations IBWF DPOUBNJOBUFE PS DPVME QMBVTJCMZ DPOUBNJOBUF ESJOLJOH XBUFS TVQQMJFT 5IFTF DPODMVTJPOT BSF MPHJDBM HJWFO UIF OBUVSF PG IZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH BDUJWJUJFT BOE UIF WBSJPVT HFPMPHJDBM BOE UFDIOJDBM GBDUPST UIBU QSFWFOU BOZ TJHOJȎDBOU migration of fracturing uids upward from targeted production formations and into shallow drinking water wells UIPVTBOET PG GFFU BCPWF *O BEEJUJPO industry well construction practices and zonal isolation techniques such as casing and cementing help ensure that uids in the well bore will not come into contact with groundwater at shallow EFQUIT UIBU NBZ TFSWF BT B TPVSDF PG ESJOLJOH XBUFS

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Despite an established lack of risk, EPA is undertaking a new study of hydraulic fracturing at the direction of $POHSFTT 5IF "HFODZȎT 4UVEZ 1MBO MBZT out a broad approach to EPA’s study of hydraulic fracturing and its potential JNQBDUT PO ESJOLJOH XBUFS TPVSDFT The initial results of EPA’s study are FYQFDUFE CZ UIF FOE PG XJUI B ȎOBM SFQPSU EVF JO Conclusion With the shale gas boom continuing to gather steam, hydraulic fracturing is FYQFDUFE UP CF UIF TVCKFDU PG POHPJOH TDSVUJOZ )ZESBVMJD GSBDUVSJOH XJMM MJLFMZ SFNBJO B GPDVT GPS FOWJSPONFOUBM and citizen groups concerned BCPVU UIF QPUFOUJBM FOWJSPONFOUBM impacts associated with shale gas EFWFMPQNFOU 8IJMF UIF QSPTQFDUT GPS GFEFSBM MFHJTMBUJWF BDUJWJUZ JO UIF OFBS future are slight, EPA will proceed with its study of hydraulic fracturing BOE NBZ DPOUJOVF UP FYQMPSF JUT SFHVMBUPSZ BVUIPSJUZ PWFS IZESBVMJD

GSBDUVSJOH PQFSBUJPOT 4UBUF SFHVMBUPST and legislators will likely continue to undertake efforts to impose increased regulatory requirements on hydraulic fracturing operations regardless of whether those additional requirements BDUVBMMZ TFSWF UP NJUJHBUF BOZ SFBM SJTL 6MUJNBUFMZ XIFSF XF FOE VQ PO both the federal and state regulatory GSPOU XJMM JNQBDU UIF FYUFOU UP XIJDI the nation can economically access BOE QSPEVDF UIF WBTU OBUVSBM HBT supplies that could signiďŹ cantly affect the United State’s energy security and lower greenhouse gas emissions HFOFSBUFE CZ "NFSJDBČŽT FOFSHZ VTF *OUFSOBUJPOBM &OFSHZ -BX 3FWJFX i 4XFFU .BYXFMM BOE JUT Contributors

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FACTS & FIGURES 2012/13 3PCJO EF 8JMEF 2$ Č• #SJOHT UPHFUIFS FWFSZUIJOH ZPV OFFE JO POF WPMVNF UP BTTJTU ZPV in assessing special damages information quickly, easily and efďŹ ciently Č• 1SPWJEFT BDDFTT UP UIF MBUFTU VQ UP EBUF NBUFSJBM BOE UBCMFT Č• Ensures accuracy in the calculation of special damages and claims for loss of earnings Č• 1SPWJEFT ZPV XJUI VQ UP EBUF ďŹ nancial and statistical information Č• Helps with the production of TDIFEVMFT BOE DPVOUFS TDIFEVMFT Č• Widely used across the profession and frequently cited in court August 2012 ÂŁ56

SCHMITTHOFF: THE LAW AND PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE, 12TH EDITION Authors: $BSPMF .VSSBZ %BWJE )PMMPXBZ %BSFO 5JNTPO )VOU (JMFT %JYPO Č• 1SPWJEFT B DPODJTF BDDPVOU PG UIF law and practice of international trade Č• &YBNJOFT UIF TBMF PG HPPET ČŽOBODF BOE USBOTQPSUBUJPO PG FYQPSUT JOTVSBODF DVTUPNT MBX BOE MPOH term contracts Č• Includes a new chapter on the World Trade Organisation, FYQBOEFE DPWFSBHF PG JOUFSOBUJPOBM commercial dispute resolution JODMVEJOH EFWFMPQNFOUT JO arbitration law and practice, and BO FYQBOEFE DIBQUFS PO &VSPQFBO Union and United Kingdom competition law Č• Discusses the latest case law and MFHJTMBUJWF EFWFMPQNFOUT QMVT updated to take account of UCP BT XFMM BT DPWFSBHF PG UIF &6 Judgments Regulation, and the electronic commerce and electronic data interchange September 2012 c

MCCUTCHEON ON INHERITANCE TAX, 6TH EDITION Withers LLP, Aparna Nathan, Marika Lemos Č• 1SPWJEFT BVUIPSJUBUJWF HVJEBODF PG IPX JOIFSJUBODF UBY XPSLT DPWFSJOH both theoretical and practical BTQFDUT PG UBY Č• &YQMBJOT UIF UBY HFOFSBMMZ BOE QSPWJEFT HVJEBODF GPS BOBMZTJOH transactions likely to be FODPVOUFSFE JO UZQJDBM QSJWBUF client practice Č• (JWFT ZPV UIF EFUBJMFE LOPXMFEHF UP DPOTUSVDU FGGFDUJWF UBY QMBOOJOH solutions for UK and international DMJFOUT BOE UP IBOEMF FWFO UIF NPTU DPNQMFY QSPCMFNT JOWPMWJOH JOIFSJUBODF UBY Č• Analyses key cases to show how the courts are interpreting the QSJODJQMFT PG JOIFSJUBODF UBY BOE GFBUVSFT XPSLFE FYBNQMFT BOE DBTF TUVEJFT UP FYQMBJO DPNQMFY UPQJDT February 2013 c

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CHITTY ON CONTRACTS, 31ST EDITION General Editor: Professor Hugh Beale Č• 1SFTFOUT DPNQMFUF DPWFSBHF PG the law of contract, incorporating FYUFOTJWF SFGFSFODF UP SFMFWBOU legislation and recent case law Č• Is your most trustworthy reference when drafting, negotiating and disputing contracts Č• Analyses recent cases and legislation Č• 7PMVNF DPOUBJOT JOUFSQSFUBUJPO and analysis of the general principles which apply to all contracts Č• 7PMVNF DPODFOUSBUFT JO EFQUI PO contracts in specialist areas, with FYQFSU HVJEBODF PO DPOUSBDUT GSPN agency and bailment to sale of goods and suretyship Č• 0GGFST JOUFSQSFUBUJPO BOE BEWJDF on the law when disputes arise, or when technical areas need clariďŹ cation, and when responsibilities, obligations and entitlements need to be established October 2012 7PMVNF c 7PMVNF c

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DICEY, MORRIS & COLLINS ON THE CONFLICT OF LAWS, 15TH EDITION Lord Collins of Mapesbury and a team of specialist editors Č• Sets out the nature and scope of conict of laws, the interpretation of statutes which implement JOUFSOBUJPOBM DPOWFOUJPOT BOE UIF operation of statures in the conict to laws Č• DeďŹ nes a range of geographical and technical terms used in conjunction with conict of laws Č• 4JODF UIF MBTU FEJUJPO UIFSF IBWF CFFO NPSF UIBO SFMFWBOU OFX decisions of the European Court, BOE NPSF UIBO EFDJTJPOT PG UIF &OHMJTI DPVSUT .VDI PG UIF XPSL IBT CFFO SF XSJUUFO BOE FYQBOEFE UP JODMVEF UIFTF important decisions October 2012 c

MACGILLIVRAY ON INSURANCE LAW, 12TH EDITION Authors: Professor John Birds; Ben Lynch; Simon Milnes Č• 1SPWJEFT B WBMVBCMF SFGFSFODF UIBU aids a thorough understanding of the principles of insurance law and its applications in practice Č• Takes the reader through the deďŹ nition of insurable interests, the construction of an insurance policy, the formation of an JOTVSBODF DPOUSBDU BOE UIF SFMFWBOU premiums and policy risks under particular contracts Č• Looks at good faith and disclosure, misrepresentation, fraudulent BDUJWJUZ TVCSPHBUJPO BOE XIFSF more than two insurers rights BSF JOWPMWF Č• Considers the separate classes of insurance, including: life, personal accident, property, NPUPS BOE BWJBUJPO Č• $PWFST JOTVSBODF BHBJOTU QFDVOJBSZ loss, contractors’ risks policies and the basic principles of reinsurance law September 2012 c

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INSIGHTS INTO IFRS, 9TH EDITION Editorial Board: The KPMG International Financial Reporting Group Č• Guidance on the new consolidation, GBJS WBMVF NFBTVSFNFOU BOE ďŹ nancial instrument standards Č• .PSF QSPNJOFOU FYBNQMFT QSFTFOUFE JO B NPSF VTFS GSJFOEMZ XBZ Č• 5IF NPTU VQ UP EBUF UIJOLJOH bringing clarity to the interpretation and application of IFRS Č• 3FBM MJGF FYBNQMFT ESBXO GSPN across KPMG’s global network to illustrate application issues September 2012 c

BOILERPLATE: PRACTICAL CLAUSES, 6TH EDITION Author: Richard Christou Č• Presents new deďŹ nitions for cloud computing Č• The impact of cloud computing on the obligation to safeguard conďŹ dential information Č• 5IF MFHBM OBUVSF PG TPGUXBSF when is software “goodsâ€? for the purposes of the Sale of Goods Act Č• "OBMZTJT PG UIF QSPWJTJPOT BOE impact of the new EU Consumer 3JHIUT %JSFDUJWF September 2012 c

ADR: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE, 3RD EDITION )FOSZ #SPXO "SUIVS .BSSJPUU 2$ ȕ $PWFST FYUFOTJWF EFWFMPQNFOUT JO practice including new case law, $PVSU QSBDUJDF BOE FYQFDUBUJPOT QSF BDUJPO QSPUPDPMT BOE UIF increasing role of judges in QSPWJEJOH BOE TVQQPSUJOH "%3 ȕ "EEJUJPOBM DIBQUFST QSPWJEJOH BO introduction to dispute resolution psychology and strategies for working with high conict parties ȕ &YQMPSFT BOE JOUFHSBUFT NPEFMT PG QSBDUJDF FYBNJOFT TUSBUFHJFT BOE QSPWJEFT QSFDFEFOUT BTTJTUJOH in addressing the issues affecting practice December 2011 c

PLACE YOUR ORDER EMAIL: PHONE: VISIT:

TRLUKI.INTLorders@thomsonreuters.com +44 (0) 1264 388560 sweetandmaxwell.co.uk

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INTERNATIONAL FINANCE: LAW AND REGULATION 3RD EDITION Authors: Professor Hal S Scott; Professor Anna Gelpern Č• 1SPWJEFT BO BVUIPSJUBUJWF introduction to international ďŹ nance, transactions, policy, and regulations Č• Looks in detail at the continuing FWPMVUJPO PG CBOLJOH BOE DBQJUBM market regulation in the major markets Č• Includes a new chapter on Chinese 'JOBODJBM .BSLFUT HJWJOH ZPV B EFUBJMFE PWFSWJFX PG UIF $IJOFTF system with consideration of GPSFJHO FYDIBOHF BOE DBQJUBM controls; domestic banking regulation; securities markets and emerging issues Č• Considers the issues surrounding the Eurozone and Greek debt crisis and the Irish debt crisis

THE TRIPS AGREEMENT 4TH EDITION

BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS COMMERCIAL LAW

Author: %BOJFM (FSWBJT

Editors: Colin Riegels, Ian Mann

Č• 1SPWJEFT B DPNQMFUF CBDLHSPVOE by following the history of the TRIPS agreement Č• Demonstrates the effect of the TRIPS agreement through analysis of recent cases Č• 1SFTFOUT BO JOTJHIUGVM BSUJDMF CZ article analysis of the full TRIPS agreement Č• 0GGFST B VOJRVF JOTJEFS QFSTQFDUJWF BT UIF BVUIPS XBT JOWPMWFE XJUI UIF TRIPS agreement negotiations

ȕ 1SPWJEFT B EFFQ BOBMZUJDBM WJFX of the offshore jurisdiction’s legal landscape as it relates to companies, credit and security, mutual funds, JOTPMWFODZ EJTQVUF SFTPMVUJPO UBYBUJPO USVTUT BOE NPSF ȕ Incorporates the major changes UIBU PDDVSSFE JO JODMVEJOH the passing of the BVI Business $PNQBOJFT "NFOENFOU "DU and the accompanying BVI Business $PNQBOJFT 3FHVMBUJPOT ȕ "O BVUIPSJUBUJWF SFGFSFODF GPS lawyers and other professionals who work frequently with corporate structures and transactions in which there is a BVI element

November 2012 c

January 2012 c

September 2012 c

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AUTHOR PROFILE

AUTHOR PROFILE

PROFESSOR JOHN BIRDS

INTRODUCTION +PIO #JSET JT &NFSJUVT 1SPGFTTPS BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG .BODIFTUFS BOE )POPSBSZ 1SPGFTTPS BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 4IFGČŽFME 1SFWJPVTMZ IF IBE CFFO 1SPGFTTPS PG $PNNFSDJBM -BX BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 4IFGČŽFME TJODF NPWJOH UP .BODIFTUFS 6OJWFSTJUZ JO

PROFESSOR JOHN BIRDS

COULD YOU TELL US ABOUT YOUR PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND? * IBWF CFFO BO BDBEFNJD BMM NZ XPSLJOH MJGF BMUIPVHI * IBWF QSPWJEFE BOE DPOUJOVF UP QSPWJEF DPOTVMUBODZ TFSWJDFT WHY DID YOU CHOOSE TO SPECIALISE IN INSURANCE LAW? I studied it when I took my LLM degree BU 6$- JO BOE UIFO HPU UIF PQQPSUVOJUZ UP UFBDI JU BU 2VFFO .BSZ $PMMFHF -POEPO PO UIF -POEPO --. It has always fascinated me (and DPOUJOVFT UP EP TP WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE THE MAIN CHALLENGES FACING PRACTITIONERS TODAY? ,FFQJOH BCSFBTU PG SFMFWBOU EFWFMPQNFOUT TVSWJWJOH JO UIF NPEFSO world (especially as regards smaller ČŽSNT PG TPMJDJUPST

)F JT LOPXO BT B MFBEJOH BVUIPSJUZ PO DPNQBOZ MBX BOE JOTVSBODF MBX IBWJOH published many books, articles and book chapters in both areas and holding editorial positions in leading company and commercial law journals, including The $PNQBOZ -BXZFS BOE 5IF +PVSOBM PG #VTJOFTT -BX )F IBT MFDUVSFE XJEFMZ PO CPUI TVCKFDUT CPUI JO UIF 6, BOE BCSPBE JODMVEJOH JO SFDFOU ZFBST BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 4ZEOFZ UIF /BUJPOBM 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 4JOHBQPSF UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG /BODZ BOE UIF ,PSFB 4UPDL &YDIBOHF )F IBT BDUFE BT DPOTVMUBOU UP HPWFSONFOU BOE QSJWBUF CPEJFT *O IF XBT FMFDUFE BT B 'FMMPX PG UIF 3PZBM 4PDJFUZ PG "SUT )F IBT CFFO a member of the Training Committee of the Law Society, was a member of the Law 1BOFM GPS UIF 3FTFBSDI "TTFTTNFOU &YFSDJTF BOE B NFNCFS PG UIF -BX 4VC 1BOFM GPS UIF 3FTFBSDI "TTFTTNFOU &YFSDJTF BOE JO XBT 1SFTJEFOU PG UIF 4PDJFUZ PG -FHBM 4DIPMBST )F JT BMTP B NFNCFS PG UIF 1SPKFDU (SPVQ GPS UIF 3FTUBUFNFOU PG &VSPQFBO *OTVSBODF $POUSBDU -BX )F IBT CFFO BO FEJUPS PG .BD(JMMJWSBZ TJODF UIF UI FEJUJPO

HOW DO YOU SEE TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCING THE MODERN PRACTITIONER?

HOW DO YOU THINK THE NEW EDITION WILL HELP ITS READERS IN THEIR WORK?

It clearly already does in terms of online access to primary and secondary NBUFSJBMT * JNBHJOF UIBU NPSF BOE NPSF XJMM CF BWBJMBCMF JO FMFDUSPOJD GPSN GPS FYBNQMF CZ XBZ PG "QQT GPS UIF MJLFT PG UIF J1BE BT XFMM BT PO UIF XFC

#Z DPOUJOVJOH UP QSPWJEF BO BVUIPSJUBUJWF BDDPVOU PG UIF MBX applying to insurance contracts, largely CZ SFGFSFODF UP DBTF MBX

WHAT ARE THE KEY RECENT DEVELOPMENTS THAT HAVE AFFECTED THE NEW EDITION OF MACGILLIVRAY ON INSURANCE LAW? The key one was clearly the Consumer Insurance (Disclosure BOE 3FQSFTFOUBUJPOT "DU CVU UIFSF IBWF CFFO JNQPSUBOU DBTF MBX EFWFMPQNFOUT BGGFDUJOH HPPE GBJUI in insurance, conicts, the meaning of “contract of insuranceâ€?, liability insurance, including motor liability insurance and reinsurance, BNPOH PUIFST

DO YOU HAVE ANY OTHER WRITING PROJECTS ON THE HORIZON? * IBWF GBJSMZ RVJDLMZ UP VQEBUF NZ PXO Modern Insurance Law for the ninth FEJUJPO * BN BMTP HFOFSBM FEJUPS PG UIF Encyclopaedia of Insurance Law and IBWF XSJUJOH DPNNJUNFOUT JO DPNQBOZ MBX FTQFDJBMMZ GPS (PSF #SPXOF PO Companies and Annotated Companies -FHJTMBUJPO

>>

AUTHOR PROFILE

MACGILLIVRAY ON INSURANCE LAW 12TH EDITION REUTERS/Lucas Jackson

REUTERS/Lucas Jackson

HOW DO YOU MANAGE TO JUGGLE YOUR WRITING AND YOUR DAY TO DAY WORK? /PX UIBU * TFNJ SFUJSFE JU JT NVDI easier! I only do a small amount of UFBDIJOH MBSHFMZ BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 4IFGÈ® FME OPX BOE IBWF OP administration to attend to (in NZ QSFWJPVT KPCT BU 4IFGÈ® FME BOE .BODIFTUFS * XBT IFBWJMZ JOWPMWFE JO that side of academic life, as a Head of Department for many years) HOW DO YOU RELAX IN YOUR SPARE TIME? Playing with my grandchildren, walking, gardening and watching TQPSU FTQFDJBMMZ GPPUCBMM

Essential for insurers and their brokers, .BD(JMMJWSBZ PO *OTVSBODF -BX JT B classic work which deals with insurance risks and takes into account the key MFHJTMBUJWF EFWFMPQNFOUT BOE KVEJDJBM EFDJTJPOT JO UIJT BSFB 5IF UI &EJUJPO XJMM CSJOH UIJT XFMM SFHBSEFE XPSL VQ UP EBUF BOE NBSLT UIF UI BOOJWFSTBSZ TJODF UIF È® STU FEJUJPO *U QSPWJEFT ZPV XJUI BOBMZTJT of essential cases from the insurance sector and includes a wide range of authorities, comparing English law with its Scottish, US and Common wealth DPVOUFSQBSUT QSPWJEJOH ZPV XJUI B DMFBS VOEFSTUBOEJOH PG UIF LFZ UIFNFT *U also deals with the new law under the Consumer Insurance (Disclosure BOE 3FQSFTFOUBUJPOT "DU BOE considers the latest restructuring of the FSA and Bank of England, looking at UIF TIJGU PG SFTQPOTJCJMJUJFT

TH EDITION

The 12th Edition is available now, QSJDFE BU c

-&("- -*()54 È• *446&

INTRODUCING GERMAN LAW PUBLISHERS (FSNBO -BX 1VCMJTIFST (-1 XXX HFSNBOMBXQVCMJTIFST DPN is the ямБrst legal publishing house in Germany which focuses PO IJHI RVBMJUZ CPPLT PG UIF NPTU SFMBWBOU UPQJDT PG (FSNBO DPNQBOZ DPSQPSBUF UBY BOE MBCPVS MBX BT XFMM BT PUIFS MFHBM UPQJDT UIBU BSF JNQPSUBOU UP UIF (FSNBO FDPOPNZ 5IF UJUMFT BSF QVCMJTIFE JO &OHMJTI BOE UIF BVUIPST BSF XFMM LOPXO QBSUOFST PG MFBEJOH (FSNBO MBX ╚о SNT PQFSBUJOH JOUFSOBUJPOBMMZ

BUSINESS LAW IN GERMANY Doing business in Germany offers many opportunities for foreign and domestic JOWFTUPST 5IJT QVCMJDBUJPO JT BO JOUSPEVDUJPO UP UIF DVSSFOU MFHBM BOE UBY SFHJNFT XIJDI BSF FTTFOUJBM XIFO EPJOH CVTJOFTT JO (FSNBOZ 5IF DIBQUFST PO CVTJOFTT MBX PVUMJOF UIF MFHBM BMUFSOBUJWFT XIJDI FYJTU GPS TUSVDUVSJOH B DPNQBOZ FG╚о DJFOUMZ BT XFMM BT FNQMPZNFOU SFRVJSFNFOUT BOE SFBM FTUBUF NBUUFST 0UIFS key topics include IT, copyright and other rules applicable to companies with a CVTJOFTT TFBU JO (FSNBOZ

SWEET & MAXWELL

MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS IN GERMANY 5IJT NBOVBM PVUMJOFT NFSHFST BDRVJTJUJPOT VOEFS (FSNBO MBX &WFSZ BTQFDU of a M&A transaction considering possible German peculiarities is illuminated by the authors: preparatory steps, the sale and purchase agreement as well as QPTU DMPTJOH NFBTVSFT 'VSUIFSNPSF UIFSF JT SFMFWBOU JOGPSNBUJPO PO UBYBUJPO FNQMPZNFOU MBX BOE DPNQFUJUJPO MBX JTTVFT 4PNF QSFDJPVT JOTJHIU JT HJWFO PO UBDUJDBM TUSBUFHJFT GPS DPNQBOJFT JO UIF GPSFGSPOU PG B UBLFPWFS

ALSO AVAILABLE: È•

GERMAN TRADEMARK AND DESIGN LAW

È•

PATENT LITIGATION IN GERMANY

È•

BEING A BOARD MEMBER IN GERMANY

FOR MORE INFORMATION: VISIT: sweetandmaxwell.co.uk or germanlawpublishers.com EMAIL: TRLUKI.INTLorders@thomsonreuters.com PHONE: +44 (0) 1264 388560 REUTERS/Thomas Peter

LEGAL BREAK

LEGAL BREAK TAKE SOME TIME OUT WITH A FEW BRAIN TEASERS

WHERE IN THE WORLD? Can you name these three locations from our Reuters image bank?

REUTERS/Clarissa Cavalheiro

REUTERS

REUTERS/Bogdan Cristel

SUDOKU

'JMM JO UIF OVNCFST Look out for the answers in Issue 23.

2

7

9

8

3

7

6 6

8

8

7

5

1 6

7

3 3

6

9

5

8

3 Easy

4

2

6

4

8

4

3 7

2

1

4

7

9

9

1

6

1

6 2

5

2

1 9

5

4 3

2

1

8 2

7

Hard

1. Rio de Janeiro 2. Dubai 3 "VDLMBOE

WHERE IN THE WORLD? Answers 34

LEGAL RESEARCH GOES GLOBAL REUTERS/Darren Whiteside

Westlaw International is the online resource that covers legal and business information on a global scale - isn’t it good when everything comes together? Key highlights include: Cases ȕ 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN GSPN JODMVEJOH UIF -BX 3FQPSUT BOE UIF Weekly Law Reports ȕ 6OJUFE 4UBUFT GSPN ȕ &VSPQFBO 6OJPO GSPN ȕ "VTUSBMJB GSPN ȕ )POH ,POH GSPN ȕ $BOBEB GSPN Statutes ȕ 6OJUFE ,JOHEPN 4UBUVUFT GSPN GVMMZ DPOTPMJEBUFE

Č• United States Code (fully annotated) Č• $PNQSFIFOTJWF &VSPQFBO 6OJPO -FHJTMBUJPO Č• Canadian Statutes 0WFS KPVSOBMT Č• &VSPQFBO $PNQFUJUJPO -BX 3FWJFX Č• &VSPQFBO -BX 3FWJFX Č• )BSWBSE -BX 3FWJFX Č• :BMF -BX 3FWJFX Č• &VSPQFBO )VNBO 3JHIUT MBX 3FWJFX Č• .D(JMM -BX 3FWJFX News Č• The Lawyer Č• The Economist Č• Transcripts from major news channels

CONTACT US FOR A FREE TRIAL

%JTDPWFS IPX 8FTUMBX *OUFSOBUJPOBM DBO JODSFBTF ZPVS UFBNČŽT QSPEVDUJWJUZ BOE solidify your case by contacting info@westlaw.co.uk and quote WLI to arrange a FREE USJBM Visit westlawinternational.com GPS NPSF JOGPSNBUJPO

OUT NOW

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