communitas
Sweta Lakshumanan Sanker
CONTENTS
01 03 05 07 11 20 21 22 23 45 50 61 62
Introduction Brief Site analysis Initial response Design development Programmatic diagram Precedents Material palette Drawings Final model Design analysis Final review reflection Bibliography
communitas /kəˈmju:nɪtɑ:s/ [kuh-myoo-ni-tahs]
the very spirit of community; the feeling of great social equality, solidarity, and togetherness
INTRODUCTION
VENICE Situated in a lagoon amidst the Adriatic Sea, Venice is a city built entirely on wooden stilts which needs no introduction. From the uneven, cobbled narrow streets to the smell of fresh pasta lingering through the air, Venice is a city that forces its visitors to get lost in the beauty and madness that is Venetian streets. As a country that is considered to be on every traveller’s bucket list, Venice is currently experiencing a surge in its tourism industry. As more businesses and hotels set foot in Venice to cater for the increase in demand of the tourism industry, Venice has seen a great decrease in local services for its residents. Venetian squares, known as campi, which were once the social heart of every Venetian neighbourhood have been turned into squares filled with nothing but AirBNBs and souvenir shops. Which brings about the question - What has changed in these 29 campi over the past 50 years? What can we do to revitalise that sense of community and liveliness within these fields to showcase Venice as an exciting, breathing city once again?
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INTRODUCTION
Collection of personal highlights from my trip to Venice
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BRIEF
ARCHITECTURAL DENTISTRY The brief, entitled ‘Venetian Fields’ is centred around 7 of the 29 campi in Venice. The challenge of the brief is to restore life in the ‘dying campo’. The brief requires an insertion of a new proposal in the location of a current building which is believed to have burnt down after a significant fire. The insertion of the new mixed use building must incorporate a boat workshop, two health services, residential flats as well as reinstate the existing facilities of the ruined building. The complexity of the brief lies in its location - Venice. The Venetian context is very distinct and the challenge lies in the notion of creating a proposal that does not distract from the distinct vernacular of Venice. Being able to build for the community and context at hand will play a key role in this project.
Large scale map showing distribution of campi and boat shops around Venice Campo Boat shop
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BRIEF
SITE LOCATION The site I have chosen for my proposal is Campo San Francesco, located in the Castello Sestiere of Venice.
Large scale map showing distribution of possible project sites and the chosen site Hand sketches showing the ‘insertion’ of my proposal (in yellow)
Chosen site location Choices of sites
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SITE ANALYSIS
SITE ANALYSIS
Analysis of residential amenities Educational institutions Residential accommodation Site location
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Analysis of tourist amenities Tourist attractions Tourist accommodation Site location
Layering these two maps together, it is evident that the site is predominantly residential Local residential aspects Tourist aspects Site location
SITE ANALYSIS
Movement analysis of users Local community Tourists Site location
Movement of users around Campo San Francesco Local community Tourists Site location
Initial reaction to site Current movement of users through site Proposal to make users move through site Site location
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INITIAL RESPONSE
INITIAL IDEAS The building which was said to have burnt down is the Convento delle Pizzochere. This building, which was once a convent housing lay people, became a focal point in the local community in the 1900s as it was seen as a means of bringing people of all levels together under the influence of the church. Friendly conversations across balconies
Families sharing responsibilities
Flat sharing among young people
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This Venetian field exhibited a strong sense of communality and togetherness. Whilst on site, I noticed this sense of familiarity and trust within the campo and its residents. Everyone seemed to know each other - whether it was a gondolier shouting to his friend across the bridge or a young mother speaking to her sister across the balcony. Everyone knew each other’s stories and they felt secure in their environment - something which was quite unique to this campo when compared to every other part of Venice. Hence, I wanted to create a scheme that showcased and enhanced these various social interactions. I wanted my scheme to be versatile and adaptable for all levels of the community - bringing everyone together in harmony after the fire.
Residents dining together once a week at a large communal table
INITIAL RESPONSE
In terms of the brief, a new multi-faith bookstore and a cafe is to be integrated into the design of the proposed building. In my opinion, I thought this was the perfect addition to the given campo. A multi-faith bookstore is represented by the idea of different people coming together, from different backgrounds to share their respective views on religion and beliefs. This notion is perfectly illustrated in terms of the juxtaposition of the brickwork I noticed along the faรงades that enclosed Campo San Francesco.
Peek curiosity of children walking by bookshop
Random conversations between strangers at communal table
The exposed brickwork seen around the campo exhibits the same idea - different blocks in terms of sizes, colours and textures are added by different people over a large period of time, yet they somehow come together in perfect harmony to make this beautiful patchwork of materials along the campo. Once again, a spirit of communality is experienced through this coming together of different elements.
Skeletal reflection of building showing exposed brickwork
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INITIAL RESPONSE
As for the health services provided, my proposal incorporates a vaccination clinic and a dietitian clinic. As demonstrated, the site is only a 5-minute walk away from the largest hospital in Venice. Hence, I wanted my health services to be complimentary to the established hospital. In 2017, the Italian government made it compulsory for every child to be vaccinated before attending school. As there is a large footfall of children across the site due to the proximity of schools and residential areas nearby, the proposal includes a vaccination clinic which will be supplementary to the hospital’s services.
Location of health services Existing healthcare Site location
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The addition of a dietitian clinic links back to the idea of sustainable community living. The Italian diet is one of the least healthy diets in the world and the addition of a dietitian would encourage the ageing and growing generation of Venetians to live a healthier and more active lifestyle.
Vaccination clinic
Community garden for fresh ingredients
Dietitian clinic
Cooking demonstrations in the open kitchen of the cafe on the ground floor to encourage a healthy lifestyle
“
a collage city is the end product of a ceaseless process of fragmentation / superimposition of many diverse ideas imposed by successive generations, each with its own narrative - Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter Collage City
�
Venice, to me, is a collage city and Campo San Francesco is the perfect definition of various elements coming together over generations to form a harmonious community
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Building on the idea of Venice as a collage city, I created this overlay of different pictures from magazines to represent the activities that I could incorporate into my proposal
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I started looking at community and cohousing based studies such as Grace Kim’s TEDTalk on how cohousing can make us happier
I then started sketching the different ideas I wanted to incorporate into my proposal - zooming in and out on different aspects and switching between various views (taken from my design diary)
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Layouts Attempting to incorporate the ideas from my observations, I experimented with various plan layouts that would create a central communal ‘freespace’ for the residents - where residents and visitors can live, eat, play, learn and cook together.
N
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
This created a common problem - the large central void took up too much space and as a result the layouts of the residential flats above were heavily compromised.
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
N
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
DESKTOP REVIEW The scheme put forward at the desktop review contained a large central void in the North-West corner of the proposal, which acted as a communal space for residents whilst incorporating the cafe. It also featured a ‘showcase’ staircase bookshelf which was my interpretation of the juxtaposition of the brickwork I noticed around the campo.
Long section
Free hand axonometric sketch
Communal table idea
Proposed floor plans
Ground floor
N
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Fourth floor
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
DESKTOP REVIEW REFLECTION
Critical analysis of scheme presented at desktop review
Initial massing model from Week 2
Solution to creating a central void without compromising residential layouts
Going into the desktop review, a key problem I was struggling with was the creation of interaction zones on the levels above the communal space, without compromising the layouts for the flats. A simple solution suggested for this was to go back to my massing models and to play around with the location of the central void space. This problem was then easily resolved with rotating the ‘U’ shaped model by 90 degrees. Another element I was struggling with was the layout of the actual residential flats. A suggestion to overcome this was to design from the top floor to the bottom which proved very useful. Overall, the general idea of the scheme involving the revitalisation of the existing community and the juxtaposition of different ideas was very well received. A few things such as the location and accessibility of the lift core as well as the abundance of circulation zones was criticised.
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Evolution of plans N
Attempt 5 : Rotation Rotating the ‘U’ shape plan by 90 degrees and opening up the central courtyard
Attempt 6 : Stepping back Stepping back each floor plate as the building rises to allow more light and space into the central space
Key
Attempt 7 : Link Connecting each residential floor plate on both sides of the corridors to increase the potential of corridor interactions
Interaction zones Private zones Medical and wet zones
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Fourth floor
Boat workshop Private courtyard
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Evolution of sections
Short section Playing around with the possible variations of the bookshelf and the placement of residential flats on the upper floors
Long section Stepping back the floor plates as the levels get higher to prevent the overbearing feeling on the communal space
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Key Interaction zones Private zones Medical and wet zones Boat workshop
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
Evolution of axonometric hand sketches
South facade Testing out different openings and windows on the south facade
North facade Experimenting with different arrangements for the communal table and the ground floor layout
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
INTERIM REVIEW REFLECTION
Questions regarding thermal envelope of building
Initial interim review proposal
Suggestion to make proposal taller
Overall, the general notion of the scheme was commended. The level of drawings presented were highly praised and I was encouraged to continue with my narrative style of presentation. A key issue which was raised in the review was regarding the thermal envelope of the building. This was a crucial observation made as it challenged me to think of the central space as an internal space that could function all year round - in contrast to how I had perceived it as an external space where customers would keep their coats on in the winter. The composition of the elevation was also criticized as it did not show as much coherence as the plans and sections of the proposal. I was encouraged to play around with the height of the building as well as the layout of the ground floor to allow for a clearer entry and exit route, as stated in my site analysis. It was also noted that there were large opportunities for environmental strategies which I had yet to uncover.
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PROGRAMMATIC DIAGRAMS
PROGRAMMATIC DIAGRAMS
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Maximising floor area
Introduction of communal table and courtyard
Segregation of residential layout on higher floors
Stepping back of floor plates
Integrating community based activities on every floor
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PRECEDENTS
PRECEDENTS
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PTA109 Engelsele Antwerpen, Belgium by PT Architecten
talkbackTHAMES London, UK by Henley Halebrown
Juxtaposition of brickwork
Corridor around central courtyard
Pacific Park Brooklyn New York, USA by COOKFOX
Visual link of corner
Greenhouse Perth, Australia by Joost Bakker
Green facade
Chicken Point Cabin Idaho, USA by Olson Kundig
Large garage door that acts as a canopy when open
MATERIAL PALETTE
MATERIAL PALETTE Aluminium window and door frames
Internal wall render for medical rooms
Accent wall finish for bookstore cafe
Terracotta tiles for external corridors on residential floors
Exposed concrete floor
Exposed brickwork in bookstore cafe
Floor finish for wet areas
Cobblestone continued from campo into cafe
Cross laminated timber for bookshelf staircase and boat workshop Key Floor finish Wall finish
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drawings the following set of drawings are illustrated such that: left page : unoccupied and clean right page: inhabited and lively
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SITE PLAN
DRAWINGS
1 : 500 @ A3
0
10
20
30
40m 1:500
N
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DRAWINGS
Campo San Francesco
GROUND FLOOR PLAN Unoccupied plan 1 : 100 @ A3
Campo della Confraternia
Cafe and bookstore Lift
Boat workshop WC
Office
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0
1
2
3
4m
N
1:100
Campo San Francesco
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
DRAWINGS
Inhabited plan 1 : 100 @ A3 The bookstore cafe is designed to be a linking element between Campo San Francesco and Campo della Confraternia. The same cobblestone floor finish is continued from the existing campi into the cafe and bookstore. There is a lrage communal table situated in the central courtyard of the proposal - the idea is that this central table will initiate conversations amongst strangers reading books who are sat next to each other as well as will be used by the residents of the flats above once a week for communal dinners. These dinners would be cooked in the open kitchen in the cafe.
Key
Campo della Confraternia
Cafe and bookstore Lift
Boat workshop
Public interaction zone
WC
Boat workshop Office
WC
0
1
2
3
4m
N
1:100
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DRAWINGS
FIRST FLOOR PLAN Unoccupied plan 1 : 100 @ A3 Dietitian clinic
Dirty utility
WC Record storage
Vaccination clinic
Reception and waiting area
Lift
Hotdesking area
Gym
Seating area
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0
1
2
3
4m
N
1:100
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
DRAWINGS
Inhabited plan 1 : 100 @ A3 The medical centre is designed as a separate entity within the proposal to allow for the adaptability of working hours. The medical centre is easily accessible from the lift core and the fire staircase. This allows for the flexibility of the medical centre to be opened and closed during certain hours of the day for security reasons.
Dirty utility
Dietitian clinic
Vaccination clinic
WC Record storage Reception and waiting area
There is also a dirty utility placed in the medical centre as a secure means of disposing needles and vaccinations.
Lift
Gym
Hotdesking area
Key Seating area
Public interaction zone Medical zone
0
1
2
3
4m
N
1:100
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DRAWINGS
SECOND FLOOR PLAN Unoccupied plan 1 : 100 @ A3
1-Bedroom studio
Lift
2-Bedroom flat
Laundry
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0
1
2
3
4m
N
1:100
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
DRAWINGS
Inhabited plan 1 : 100 @ A3 The second floor incorporates a 1-bedroom studio and a 2-bedroom flat. The 1-bedroom is aimed at the younger, working class whereas the 2-bedroom is aimed at families or young professionals who are flat sharing.
1-Bedroom studio
The corridors have adaptable seats and tables which pull out from the balustrade to encourage interactions between residents.
Lift
2-Bedroom flat
Key Public interaction zones Private interaction zones Bedrooms
Laundry
WC
0
1
2
3
4m
N
1:100
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DRAWINGS
THIRD FLOOR PLAN Unoccupied plan 1 : 100 @ A3
2-bedroom duplex
Lift
Drying rack
2-bedroom duplex Ping pong and activity zone
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0
1
2
3
4m
N
1:100
THIRD FLOOR PLAN
DRAWINGS
Inhabited plan 1 : 100 @ A3 The third floor incorporates two 2-bedroom duplexes which carry on to the floor above. This floor of the duplex contains all the sociable spaces including the living room, dining room and the kitchen.
2-bedroom duplex
These spaces open up to the main corridor when the sliding doors are open, which allows for the adaptability of dining tables to be pulled out for meals.
Lift
Drying rack
2-bedroom duplex
Ping pong and activity zone
Key Public interaction zones Private interaction zones 0
1
2
3
4m
N
1:100
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DRAWINGS
FOURTH FLOOR PLAN Unoccupied plan 1 : 100 @ A3
2-bedroom duplex
Lift
2-bedroom duplex
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0
1
2
3
4m
N
1:100
Community garden
FOURTH FLOOR PLAN
DRAWINGS
Inhabited plan 1 : 100 @ A3 The third floor contains the more private elements of the duplexes. This allows for the adaptability of the tenants - the duplex can be used for young professionals and students or even families with older kids who need privacy. The intent was that the bedrooms can be accessed directly via the main stairwell, without having to go through the living zones of the duplex on the floor below.
2-bedroom duplex
Lift
The communal space on this floor incorporates a seating area and a community garden where fresh herbs and vegetables can be grown and used for the cafe or households below.
2-bedroom duplex
Key
Community garden
Public interaction zones Private interaction zones Bedrooms WC
0
1
2
3
4m
N
1:100
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Key
0
10
Ground level shop front
Medical and wet zones
Private zones
Private interaction zones
Public interaction zones
5
1 : 200 @ A3 15
EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC
N
Third floor
Fourth floor
1:200
20m
DRAWINGS
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
DRAWINGS
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DRAWINGS
LONG SECTION Unoccupied 1 : 100 @ A3 0
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1
2
3
4m 1:100
LONG SECTION
DRAWINGS
Inhabited 1 : 100 @ A3
Pull out table from balustrade
Pull out seat from balustrade
Retractable glass roof
Dividing showcase staircase bookshelf with seating alcoves COMMUNITAS
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DRAWINGS
1
DETAILED SECTION
2 1 Brick slip cladding - window detail Brick slip bonded to mortar Bonding mortar Basecoat with reinforced mesh Insulation fixed to substrate Adhesive mortar Metal stud infill walling with insulation between studs
Suspended concrete floor
2
Timber floor finish Floor screed Damp proof membrane Suspended concrete floor finish Ceiling finish
3
Ground bearing slab Cobblestone floor finish Screed Insulation Concrete with reinforcement bar Hardcore
3
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1:20 @ A2
SHORT SECTION (PERSPECTIVE)
DRAWINGS
Inhabitated 1 : 50 @ A2
Key Public interaction zones Private interaction zones Private zones Medical and wet zones Boat workshop 0
1
2
3
4m
1:100
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DRAWINGS
NORTH ELEVATION 1 : 100 @ A3
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SOUTH ELEVATION
DRAWINGS
1 : 100 @ A3
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DRAWINGS
INTERIOR PERSPECTIVE Fourth Floor communal space
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EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVE
DRAWINGS
West facade
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final model 1:200 model 1:50 tectonic model 1:1 detail model
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1:200 MODEL
FINAL MODEL
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FINAL MODEL
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1:50 TECTONIC MODEL
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FINAL MODEL
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FINAL MODEL
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1:1 DETAIL MODEL
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design analysis material analysis structural analysis environmental analysis
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DESIGN ANALYSIS
MATERIAL ANALYSIS As my proposal looks towards community living and the principles of co-housing, I wanted my elevations to reflect the diversity and varying backgrounds of the people who lived within in.
Vertical running bond Represents vertical circulation
I wanted to use my observations of the juxtaposition of different brickwork in and around Venice to reflect the tangible history of Convento delle Pizzochere. Basketweave bond Represents shared living (duplex)
Hence, my elevations are made up of a patchwork series of different tones of brick and the way they are bonded together - each chosen to represent a specific function within the building. Stack bond Represents order of living (single flat)
Running bond Represents public aspects of building
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DESIGN ANALYSIS
The materials used for the timber elements of the furniture and boat workshop will be Pan European Forest Accredited (PEFC) wood. These timber elements would then be varnished with natural oils to protect the fibres from moisture
The tiles used on the corridors of the residential floors will be made using reclaimed terracotta tiles
Paper composite counter tops will be used for the open kitchen counter in the cafe as it is made naturally from paper, natural pigments and non-petroleum based resins. This creates a formaldehyde-free kitchen and keeps the air quality in the building clean and fresh
The four doors on the external facade of the elevation facing Campo San Francesco will be reclaimed from old Venetian buildings
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DESIGN ANALYSIS
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS The structure mainly consists of a concrete structure with concrete raft foundations and suspended concrete floors. The external facade is made up of a brick slip cladding structure with a steel frame infill. Brick slip cladding is mainly used in this situation to achieve the desired design of varying bricks and bonds on the external facade.
Internal wall finish
Steel stud infill walling with insulation between studs Insulation fixed to substrate Basecoat with reinforced mesh Bonding mortar
Another reason for using brick slip cladding is because of the construction time frame. As the existing apartment building is said to have burnt down, a quick construction time frame will be desirable in this situation. This method of cladding can be pre-fabricated by an off-site manufacturer and delivered directly to be installed on site. The time frame for this will be almost three times quicker than normal load bearing walls. The double layer of insulation also helps prevent thermal bridging between the external and internal faรงades.
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Brick slip bonded to mortar
Exploded axonometric of brick cladding facade
DESIGN ANALYSIS
The main highlight of the cafe bookstore is the ‘showcase staircase’ which also acts as a dividing structure between the boat workshop and the cafe. The shelf acts as a bookshelf on one side and a tool storage on the other. Panes of glass are placed toward the back of the tool storage shelves to allow for a sense of transparency between the boat workshop and the cafe, as a visual linking element. This allows users to have a glimpse into the traditional Gondola making process whilst maintaining a safe distance. The shelf will be made mainly from cross laminated timber (CLT) pieces which are joined together using dovetail joints and screws. The vertical timber elements of this bookcase are 50mm wide and load-bearing as they carry the weight of the floors above to the ground plane. The horizontal members of the bookshelf are placed in a random manner to mimic the juxtaposition of the brickwork seen around Campo San Francesco. This also allows for different sizes of books and tools to be placed on the shelves. There are also seating alcoves placed on every landing stage to allow children and customers to sit and read in private.
1:1 illustration of diving shelf (NTS)
1:20 illustration of staircase (NTS)
1:50 illustration of shelf usage (NTS)
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DESIGN ANALYSIS
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
The building will be ventilated naturally using cross and single sided ventilation. All the windows on the residential and medical floors are adjustable for the occupant’s maximal thermal comfort
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Thermal envelope of the building showing retractable glass roof above the central courtyard
The medical centre (blue) is placed specifically on the North side of the site to receive sufficient daylighting without excessive glare for medical examinations. The floor of the boat workshop is made from exposed concrete which has a high thermal mass to maintain a relatively constant internal temperature for painting and wood work
The external brick cladding structure will be pre-fabricated off site and delivered as a means of reducing assembly time and wasteful resources
DESIGN ANALYSIS
Toilets, laundry
Tank
Sanitation stage Pump Filtration system
Waste from the cafe and residential flats such as household waste, teabags and cardboard will be placed in a compost bin, located in a shaded corner on the ground floor to create fertiliser. This fertiliser will then be used for the vegetable garden on the fourth floor. The use of a vegetable garden not only provides the community, cafe and the dietitian clinic with fresh vegetables but also lowers the residents’ carbon footprint as there is a zero delivery distance for groceries
The creepers and plants growing on the green wall of the West facade will act as a air purifying element, providing better air quality for the community
Rainwater harvesting techniques will be used as a means of supplying water to the communal laundry room and the toilets within the building. The rainwater, which will be collected from the roofs by channels and drainpipes will be filtered and stored in tanks underground. This will then be connected to a house piping system for distribution throughout the building. This method of water collection mimics that of the Vere Da Pozza - a long tradition of how Venetians harvest and use natural water collected in tanks
Fluorescent low consumption lights will be used throughout the building
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DESIGN ANALYSIS
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Boat workshop The boat workshop functions as a dry dock. There is a small slope (highlighted in red) leading into the boat workshop to allow for the easy access of the boatmen to attach the gondolas to the pulley system. The large garage doors open up to allow for a twelve meter wide opening. The gondolas would enter the boat workshop via a mechanised hoist system - where bands are attached around the gondola and a pulley system lifts the gondola vertically out of the water and horizontally into the boat workshop. The gondola is then placed on stilts for the boatmen to work on.
Illustration showing mechanical hoisting system to lift gondola into workshop
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Boat movement
Dry dock precedent at Squero di San Trovaso - Venice’s largest boat workshop
DESIGN ANALYSIS
Modular balustrade Working on the idea of adaptability, the balustrades which surround the corridors on the residential floors are functional balustrades. These balustrades are aimed at encouraging the residents to interact with one another and converse regularly along these corridors. The balustrades either open up into modular benches, tables or drying racks - depending on where each element is placed.
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DAY IN THE LIFE OF A RESIDENT
The design intent of ‘communitas’ was to revitalise the existing community of Campo San Francesco through the means of communal living. Through the introduction of a large communal table and various social interaction zones within the proposal, the scheme looked towards creating a sense of living that mimicked the essence of a Venetian field - where the boundaries between the public and private spaces are blurred and the community’s interdependence on each other is at the core of their home. Communitas is an attempt to harness the existing history of the Venetian lifestyle and translate this through the engagement of the community at all points of their daily routine.
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FINAL REVIEW REFLECTION The scheme was well received at the final review. It was said that the design intent of the scheme was very well conveyed through the set of drawings displayed and the level of detail that was put into the designing stage was highly complimented. The main idea of communality and co-housing and how that was interpreted in terms of the brief and my response to it was also praised. The main criticism received was regarding the proposed set of elevations. It was said that the elevations did not do the design justice as there were lots of room for improvement, in terms of conveying the juxtaposition of brickwork. A very useful suggestion given was the use of brick slip cladding - which I have researched and integrated into the report. Overall, I am very pleased with how this scheme has turned out. Although it was a relatively hard brief with many aspects and attributes to consider, I honestly had a great time with this project as I have a specific interest in community and civic based projects. One thing which did help me out a lot was the weekly tasks set by my tutor. These tasks proved to be very helpful as they forced me to think about different ideas and strategies at different periods of time which have only made my scheme that much stronger.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Ahn, J., Tusinski, O. and Trger, C., 2018. Living Closer: The many faces of co-housing. London: Studio Weave. Ahrensbach, T., Beunderman, J.,Fung, A., Johar, I. and Steiner, J., 2011. Compendium for the Civic Economy. London: 00:/. Kim, G, 2017. How cohousing can make us happier (and live longer). TED2017. Available from: https://www.ted.com/talks/ grace_kim_how_cohousing_can_make_us_happier_and_live_ longer?language=en Space10 and Urgent.Agency, 2018. IMAGINE. Copenhagen: SPACE10.
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