Water Works - by Beyond Profit

Beyond Profit E- Magazine

Water Works Nov 5 - Nov 18, 2010 / ISSUE 4

In This Issue >> 01 Taking Stock of Cultural Bias 02 The Cost of Sanitation 03 What To Do on World Toilet Day 04 In Profile: 5 Organizations Tackling Sanitation Issues in India 05 By the Numbers: The Polarized Issue of Water Privatization 06 Report Review: Sharing Experiences: Effective Hygiene Promotion in South-East Asia and the Pacific 07 Photo Finish: SNAPS Winners Announced!

08 Beyond Profit Team

Taking Stock of Cultural Bias No one likes to talk about it. It makes us uncomfortable, it's impolite, and culturally taboo. But, we're bringing it out in the open. When an issue affects not millions, but billions of people, someone has to talk about it. What is it? Brace yourself for some frank talk about sanitation.

Source: Ajay Tallam

In two weeks, it's all anyone will be talking about. November 19th is World Toilet Day, and getting people to talk openly about sanitation is one of the goals of this relatively new addition to the calendar of “globally recognized days.” As well it should be. Nearly half the world's population does not have access to proper sanitation, and diarrhea kills 5,000 children a day.

Because of the very nature of sanitation, it is a hard topic to talk about, and to top it all off, everyone has a certain expectation about the way things are done—sitting down versus squatting, using toilet paper or going without. These expectations, also known as cultural biases, permeate the way we think about life and the way we attempt to help others. Being aware of our biases—especially when dealing with development in other parts of the world—is key. What works in New York City might not work in New Delhi, and what works in Rio de Janeiro might not work in Nairobi, and so on.

Sanitation is about keeping waste out of water sources, not giving every man, woman and child a brand-new, shiny white western toilet.

Because of the delicate nature of sanitation and the reluctance to talk openly about it, taking stock of cultural biases and making sure not to impose them on others is especially important. In short, plopping down a bright white ceramic toilet in every house in India—or any other country—is not going to solve the sanitation crisis.

communities might embrace this technology, slum dwellers, who have no use for fertilizer, probably won't. The bag also doesn't address the issue of privacy that forces women to defecate early in the morning or late at night for fear of being seen.

At a recent event in Mumbai, Avinash Krishnamurthy of the Small Scale Sustainable Infrastructure Development Fund (S3IDF) told a humorous but humbling story. He said that in one Indian rural village, an NGO installed toilets in people's homes. What they didn't think about was that the women would have to get more water to make the toilets function properly. One woman in the village accidentally dropped a rock in her family's toilet. It broke. The woman realized that her task of fetching additional water stopped when the toilet broke.

Soon enough, all the women in the village similarly broke their toilets.

This story, he said, emphasizes the importance of thinking of your clients when creating a new product. For the women, decreasing their workload was more important than possessing a functioning toilet. In some cases, children in India have thrown toilet paper out the window for fear of soiling the toilet itself.

In short, not everyone in the world thinks the same way about sanitation.

Changing the minds of the women in the rural village and the young boy might not be the best way to provide them with proper sanitation.

Maybe there are other solutions that work within their cultural norms. It is important to distinguish between what is a sanitary necessity and what is just a cultural difference. There is a clear sanitary difference between using a toilet and open defecation. However, there is very little There are a few solutions that have attempted to take cultural norms into account.

The Pee Poo bag, a biodegradable single-use bag, has been much lauded as a great new development invention because it breaks the traditional link between water and sanitation and doesn't require any infrastructure improvement, which makes it a quick fix for a complicated problem. The bag, which costs US$0.2 to $0.3 each, contains a compound that kills bacteria and starts biodegrading. But even this is guilty of ignoring some cultural norms. While rural farming

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Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, founder of Sulabh International, said in a recent Vanguard episode that in India, it had been suggested that one not defecate near human settlement. He said this sentiment is still prevalent in rural India. What probably originated as a way to keep feces away from humans is now hindering sanitation efforts in that area. Pathak and his organization are working to change that misconception.

Pathak's organization promotes sanitation and even operates a toilet museum in New Delhi. On the top floor of his museum, each and every model is for sale. One model features an open top that allows users to feel the breeze—a detail that creates a sanitary environment while recognizing cultural preference.

In Indonesia, entrepreneur Bapak Sumadi has developed four low-cost toilet models for residents of rural East Java. When someone's toilet is installed, Sumadi presents the new owner with a certificate that many residents then display publicly. He's equating owning a toilet with pride, and it's catching on.

Then, of course, there's Jack Sim, founder of the World Toilet Organization, who has been working to bring the issue of sanitation to the forefront since starting the organization in 2001.

It's important to remember that sanitation is about keeping waste out of water sources not giving every man, woman and child a brand-new, shiny, white western toilet. In fact, the best way to give 2.5 billion people access to proper sanitation might not be by giving away toilets. It may be some new idea we've yet to discover. But whatever that idea is, it should take into account the culture of the person benefiting from it.

- Abby Callard

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The Cost of Sanitation Developed countries can afford to be clean, and it can be argued that they benefit economically from doing so. But, it costs money to be clean. Can developing countries boost their economies by investing in sanitation? home from work. Many members of the population most affected are not salaried workers, but day laborers. As a result, sick children (not to mention, sick adults) have a direct impact on income.

Source: thatmushroom

On a macro level, countries face the loss of potential revenue when they subsist on below average sewage and water treatment infrastructure. When a place is dirty, and wide-eyed tourists fall ill because of contaminated water, they spread the word. It keeps potential tourists and their dollars at bay. In Indonesia, for example, it is estimated that a lack of sewage infrastructure has contributed to a loss of $166m in tourism dollars.

In America, many office buildings are dotted with stand-up Purell kiosks next to elevator banks. Fastidious mothers “wetwipe” babies' fingers every 20 minutes. Signs in bathrooms order restaurant employees to wash their hands before returning to work. A habit of hygiene borders on the obsessive.

Most developing countries have much less sanitation infrastructure.

But, it's not because citizens care less about being clean. The real issue is one of economics: it costs money to increase access to sanitation.

To be able to worry about avoiding germs is a privilege. The poor in developing countries rarely have the money to invest in better sanitation, and the countries they live in often ignore the issue because they are overwhelmed by other critical issues.

What has become clear, however, is that developing countries can no longer afford to skirt this issue or the accompanying cost. Why? Because continuing to focus efforts elsewhere actually causes a country's economy to suffer.

From an economic perspective, investing in sanitation—from the micro to the macro—has clear benefits. Take productivity, for instance. In India, over 60% of people do not have access to a toilet.

Hiking to a spot to use the loo, or waiting in line at a public toilet costs valuable time. A simple thing like having access to a toilet when you need one can mean the difference between doing another hour of work and/or getting to work late.

There's also the tremendous unknown potential of countries to benefit from foreign investment if they have their sanitation systems in order.

However, that money often never materializes because of companies nonplussed by the lack of basic sanitation. Add to that the loss of the use of productive land due to pollution from untreated water and sewage. For the Philippines, inadequate sanitation contributes to a total economic loss of $1.4bn a year. In Indonesia, the estimated economic loss is about four and a half times that ($6.3bn).

Even though the benefit is clear, for many countries, changing sanitation infrastructure is a massive investment. With cities crumbling under the weight of populations that planners never predicted, some countries require complete system overhauls. Reconstructing or building new infrastructure is a huge economic loss in the short-term because of the disruption to “business as usual.” Furthermore, often before sanitation is addressed, many countries focus first on roads.

They are economic pipelines which not only control the flow of the supply of goods and commodities, but they also ferry the rich back and forth to their high-impact corporate jobs (you rarely see high-caliber CEOs taking the train or the bus in Mumbai). Whereas investing in transportation infrastructure is catalytic, investing in sanitation is often preventative, and therefore, can seem to be less of an imperative.

Often the bulk of water and sanitation infrastructure development tends to be overlooked by governments, and falls to bilateral and multi-lateral institutions to support or to social entrepreneurs to tackle. And while other problems may seem to elicit a more immediate payoff, attention should be paid to the matter before loss of life, livelihood, and land becomes irreversible.

- Lindsay Clinton

For the Philippines, inadequate sanitation contributes to a total economic loss of $1.4bn a year. In Indonesia, the estimated economic loss is about four and a half times that ($6.3bn).

In addition, there's the impact of adverse health effects. Poor hygiene and lack of access to sanitation leads to illness. Children are especially prone to water-borne illnesses, and when a child falls sick, not only he is affected, but also the parent, who may have to stay

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What To Do on World Toilet Day Jack Sim, the charismatic founder of the World Toilet Organization (WTO), created the organization to get people to talk about an unpleasant subject. sanitation. It makes people uncomfortable, but it's extremely important: nearly half the world's population lacks access to proper sanitation.

The WTO started World Toilet Day, celebrated on November 19th each year, to bring awareness to the essential, but nose-wrinkling, topic of access to proper sanitation. The best part is, it's easy for everyone to take part.

The main World Toilet Day event is the “Big Squat” and requires very little prior planning—just get a group of people together and squat in public for 1 minute. Beyond Profit

organized a Big Squat in Mumbai last year. Although the Mumbai police broke up the actual squat, we were able to pass out multilingual flyers to interested parties.

The WTO has plenty of other suggestions for how to commemorate World Toilet Day on their website, and we've pulled together a list of international events. As the day gets closer, keep an eye on this space, as new events are updated daily.

- Abby Callard

Source: World Toilet Organization

Pennsylvania, USA: Watch Planet Earth with Popcorn, Pizza and More Where: University of Pennsylvania, Graduate Student Center When: November 18 What: A soda-and-pizza happy hour party and watching the incredible Planet Earth Freshwater. The best photos from the university's Big Squat week will be on display as well.

South Africa: Primary School Activity in Soweto Where: Sapebuso Primary School When: November 19th What: Toilets in this elementary school have been renovated to improve sanitation in the school. On World Toilet Day, teacher, staff, family and local government officials will gather to celebrate.

International: Release of “Bog Standard” Where: http://www.bogstandardfilm.com/ When: November 19 What: A short film humorously depicting what happens when one forgets to check for toilet paper before using the toilet will be released on World Toilet Day. Half of the proceeds will be donated to WaterAid to advance sanitation efforts worldwide.

Source: Bog Standard

Nigeria @ 50 The way forward on water, hygiene and sanitation What: The Center for Toilet Awareness will host a WTD seminar; and visit schools for health talks and conduct city campaign.

Contact: Awofesoldowu Davies, Director, Telephone: 2348056716746 or 2348097418399 Sources:luigig

Source: DavidDennisPhotos.com

Singapore: Re-thinking Education and Toilets and "World Toilet Crisis" screening Where: Singapore Management University When: November 10th What: A conversation about education and sanitation with Jack Sim and TayKheng Soon, professor at the National University of Singapore's School of Architecture. The Vanguard documentary “The World's Toilet Crisis” will be screened as well.

Register: http://www.lcsi.smu.edu.sg/prog_reg.asp

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Source: World Toilet Organization

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5 Organizations Tackling Sanitation Issues in India A UN report states that Indians have easier access to a mobile phone than to a toilet: there is only 31% sanitation coverage in India. To promote awareness of World Toilet Day on November 19th, here are the profiles of five organizations operating in India and working on improving sanitation for the masses.

Source: wateraid.org

Since 1986, WaterAid operates in 10 states across India and works with local partners to implement sustainable sanitation projects. Their objectives are to change sanitation behavior, to work with their partners in efficiently utilizing government funds, and to promote urban sanitation through “child-friendly” toilets, community-managed services and washing/bathing complexes in slums. A recent success of the organization and its partners was in 2004 and 2005, when almost 325,000 people gained access to improved water and sanitation services. The organization's current strategic goal is to help at least 200,000 people gain access to improved sanitation each year from 2006 thru 2010.

Water for People: www.waterforpeople.org

Source: waterforpeople.org

Also beginning its work in India in 1986, Water for People (WTP) has focused its efforts in West Bengal, one of the country's poorest regions. It has the world's highest statistics of water-related illnesses due to arsenic-ridden and unclean water sources. To date, WTP has had significant success in installing more than 110 water filters, providing more than 33,000 people with safe drinking water.

With regard to the sanitation problem, WTP seeks to improve hygiene education and behavior in sustainable ways. It is estimated that 8,620 toilets are needed in the region and WTP has committed to providing 90% of that number in 20 villages by 2011. In addition, the organization plans to provide 34 schools with proper water and sanitation facilities in efforts to promote 12,000 village children to attend school.

Watershed Organization Trust: www.wotr.org/

Sulabh International Social Service Organization: www.sulabhinternational.org Formed in 1970, Sulabh International is committed to improving sanitation services by developing low-cost toilet technology in India.

It has developed 26 different toilet designs and trained 19,000 masons to build these designs using locally-available materials.

Aside from the obvious health benefits to improved sanitation, Sulabh has confronted the question of human dignity head-on: one of its goals has been to liberate “scavengers”, those persons who clean human excrement for a living. To date, it has liberated over 60,000 scavengers and offered society-reintegration programs for these otherwise marginalized citizens. The organization has become a nationally successful and an international example in the sanitation world, having installed more than 1.4 million household toilets and 6,500 pay-per-use toilets in India. It continues its pro-active approach to sanitation with a dynamic, multi-pronged strategy and is creating more opportunities for locally run partnerships.

Barefoot College: www.barefootcollege.org Established in 1972, Barefoot College (BC) is an NGO working with rural communities toward sustainable, self-sufficient livelihood solutions. Its main objectives are to decentralize water sources, replenish groundwater tables, promote community-led programs, decrease dependency on outside aid, and to improve the lives of women and children. BC strongly advocates rainwater harvesting, an age-old, traditional method whereby rainwater can be used domestic and sanitation water needs. Across 17 states in India, 1,486 rainwater harvesting structures have been built in 17 states with a total capacity of 94 million liters. The result is that 250,000 school-aged children in rural areas have access to potable water.

Source: barefootcollege.org

WaterAid India: http://www.wateraid.org/india

Since 1993, Watershed Organization Trust (WOTR) has been combatting rural poverty in India's arid regions by promoting watershed development. A watershed is simply a stream or drainage network. It can be used for both potable water sources and adequate sanitation. WOTR has implemented almost 200 watershed projects in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. In 2003 in Maharashtra, it provided drinking water mechanisms and toilets to 100 schools. It was largely a success due to community participation, but to understand why the project failed in some schools, WOTR published a study in hopes to spread awareness and lessons on how to implement sound sanitation programs.

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By the Numbers: The Polarized Issue of Water Privatization Is water privatization a viable solution to the mounting global water crisis?

Improved water supply in South Asia

Improved sanitation in South Asia

Access to safe drinking water by South Asian country populations in 2000 versus 2008 Data Source: WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation

Access to improved sanitation services by South Asian country populations in 2000 versus 2008 Data Source: WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation

Spotlight on Water Privatization in India

Source: infinitewhite

Global water consumption is doubling every two decades. By 2025, it is predicted that demand for freshwater will rise 56% above what currently available water can provide. The result would be 1.8 billion people living in regions with absolute water scarcity. According to the WHO, improved access to water and sanitation services, including household water treatment, for all people will cost US $24.6 billion per year -South Korea spent about that much on its military in 2009. Around the world, water management falls largely in the public domain: approximately 90% of water and sanitation systems are publically owned or operated. Can the public sector of developing countries afford the crippling costs associated with adequate water management?

In 2002, India amended its National Water Policy to encourage private sector involvement in water management. Over the past decade,

1 billion

2.6 billion

50 liters

Estimated number of people in the world who currently lack access to safe drinking water – that is practically 1 in 8 people (UNDP)

several water privatization projects have cropped up across the country, but there is not enough available data at this time to speak to the progress of these projects. There is a notable failure in Chattisgarh, whereby the local government had to cancel its deal with the Chattisgarh State Industries Development Corporation (CSIDC) to build an integrated water supply system. The deal fell apart not because of faulty infrastructure, but because of a one-sided contract which effectively gave monopoly rights to CSIDC's partner, Radius Water.

The case of Chattisgarh should not be interpreted as representative of all privatization projects. Since many of these projects are relatively new, the coming years will provide lessons as to how successful water privatization will be in India. The case of Chattisgarh does, however, demonstrate one of the key criticisms against water privatization: it will create monopolies that will do more harm than good. The fear that supercedes fear of monopoly though is that water prices will still be unaffordable for the poor. These are legitimate concerns, but ultimately the big question is: can developing countries solve the water issue without support from the private sectors?

5 – 10 times

How much more poor people in slums pay per liter of water than the wealthy living in the same city (UNDP)

8 times

On average, how much more water a US household uses compared to that of an Indian household (charity: water)

People in the world who currently lack adequate sanitation (UNDP)

Recommended daily water requirement for household needs while 1 billion people use less than 6 liters per day (WHO)

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Report Review

Source: mitikusa

Sharing Experiences: Effective Hygiene Promotion in South-East Asia and the Pacific What makes hygiene promotion work? A new publication seeks to answer the question to the benefit of organizations in South-East Asia, the Pacific, and Australia.

In the developed world, diarrhea is generally not considered a fatal disease. It is an unpleasant, uncomfortable nuisance, but nothing a regimen of fluids and over-the-counter medication cannot remedy.

However, diarrhea is the second largest cause of child mortality in the world. Every year, diarrhea and upper respiratory infections claim the lives of 3.5 million children under the age of five. Perhaps the single most important and cost-effective prevention is hygiene promotion.

Something as simple as the washing of hands can considerably diminish these fatalities. It is estimated that hand-washing with soap can reduce diarrheal disease by 45%, upper respiratory infections by 23%, and neonatal mortality by 40-45%.

A new joint publication by WaterAid, the International WaterCentre and the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre seeks to answer the question of what makes hygiene promotion work. The book, entitled Sharing Experiences: Effective Hygiene Promotion in South-East Asia and the Pacific, consists of 2 keynote papers and 11 case studies. Its intent is to help organizations in South-East Asia, the Pacific, and Australia in the creation and implementation of effective hygiene promotion programs. It examines three main approaches to hygiene promotion: community-based, campaigns, and school focused. The book does not aim to preach a one-size-fits-all approach to program development; it is meant to report on what has been done, what has or has not worked, and the lessons learned.

The FOAM Model was used to evaluate the programs presented in the book's case studies. Each case study discusses the Focus of the program, the Opportunities for change, the Ability to change and the Motivation for change. The key objective of any hygiene promotion program is to achieve sustained behavioral change long after the program is put into place. It is therefore essential to understand the local drivers for change in each respective community to design an effective program.

The case studies illustrate a variety of approaches to hygiene promotion. In a community-based program in Vanuatu, the Participatory Hygiene and Transformation (PHAST) approach was used to educate both men and women about hygiene. Although household hygiene may seem to fall under the tenets of “women's work,” it is equally important to educate men, who in traditional societies make financial decisions affecting hygiene-related purchases, such as soap. In another study, an NGO operating in the slums of Jakarta, Indonesia, designed 10 hygiene lessons for children. Although there is evidence of behavior change, there is not enough post-program monitoring to illustrate the efficacy of this approach. In an example of a campaign approach, the Vietnam Handwashing Initiative implemented a media and communications campaign targeting children. It has been hugely successful. Global Handwashing Day, commemorated on October 15th each year, was examined in another case study: since 2008, over 80 countries

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participate in events which promote hygiene awareness.

Sharing Experiences rightfully concludes that effective hygiene promotion cannot just focus on an educational approach to be effective. It is noted that in many cases people are aware of disease risk, but that is not a powerful enough incentive to improve hygiene habits. The strongest motivations in developing countries for behavioral change are disgust with dirt and disease, affiliation as a valuable social practice, and as part of child nurturing. There is also the issue of available resources, both natural and financial. At the most basic level, one would require access to, or be able afford access to, water and soap to be able to execute better hygiene practices.

Hygiene promotion needs to confront indigenous attitudes in order to affect behavioral change. Each approach needs to be tailored to each community: it may require some measure of creativity, funding and patience, but if such a simple preventative measure can affect community health significantly, isn't it worth it?

-Nisha Kumar Kulkarni

Related Reading

Health Policy and Planning: Health in our hands, but not in our heads: Understanding hygiene motivation in Ghana, 2007.

An interesting paper to gain further perspective on hygiene motivation.

JAMA: Effect of Intensive Handwashing Promotion on Childhood Diarrhea in High-Risk Communities in Pakistan, 2004.

Diarrheal diseases are a real concern in Pakistan now in the wake of the massive flooding experienced this year. This paper could not be more timely in outlining the importance of hygiene.

Tropical Medicine and International Health: Handwashing with soap – a new way to prevent ARIs?, 2003.

Another good paper on the importance of handwashing.

UNICEF, WHO: Diarrhoea: Why children are still dying and what can be done, 2009.

An important paper on how to tackle diarrheal disease in the developing world.

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Photo Finish: SNAPS Winners Announced!

The winners of the SNAPS photo contest, sponsored by EnterprisingSchools.com, demonstrates the vibrancy of the affordable private school marketplace.

Sometimes the only way to truly describe the effects of a program, investment, or enterprise is not through any amount of explanation, but rather through a visual medium. This is especially true in development work—a project just doesn't click until you see the beneficiaries, and it is only then that you understand what is at stake.

If you've been reading Beyond Profit lately, you may have noticed that we've been writing about affordable private school education in developing countries. We have talked about entrepreneurs and policy and scale, but there is nothing like actually understanding who the students—the beneficiaries of this work—are. That's why we're proud to share with you the winners of the SNAPS Photo Contest.

The aim of SNAPS has been to capture the diversity and breadth of affordable private schooling around the world. Eighty photos were submitted, and if you need to be inspired, we suggest you view the entire slideshow. We were struck by the passion communicated through the images; these children clearly want to learn, and the teachers are unmistakably committed.

Photo Name: Forming Queue Category: Collaboration Photographer: Deepti Doshi Description: Students of private school in Paipa,Colombia forming que before godfather plan Source: Escuela Nueva

But, there were a few that spoke to the larger effects of APS. The winning photos (pictured here) demonstrate the larger effect that good schools have on students' lives. Our grand prize winner shows the bud of leadership through student government—one day this young woman could be a school principal, a state representative, or even prime minister. Our other winners demonstrate that schools are not just places to learn math and reading, but also channels to teach teamwork, to feed children who may not get proper nutrition at home, and to provide children with an escape from the struggles of daily life.

It is only by understanding the integral role that schools play in a young person's life that we will be able to support this burgeoning sector. We hope that by sharing these winning images with you, you'll educate others about the existence and impact of APS. A jury of six evaluated each photo entry on two broad parameters: Quality and Concept. The photos had to be technically sound, but more importantly, they needed to illustrate a story or concept. We believe that the winning photographs do this incredibly well.

Each winner received a branded flip video camera, and the winning photos will be highlighted on EnterprisingSchools.com, and will be featured in the 2011 Enterprising Schools Calendar.

Grand prize winner

Photo Name: School Mealtime Photo Name: Student Goverment Elections

Category: Impact Photographer: Brooke Ramsey Description: A student in a participating school in the IDP Rising Schools Program enjoys a healthy meal prepared by the school caterer.

Through the Program, caterers are trained in nutrition and sanitation.

Photographer: Shabnam Aggarwal Description: Student Government elections being conducted at APS Grace Model School with the Escuela Nueva Service Provider, coordinated by Deepti Doshi

Photo Name: Enlightened Chakras

Photo Name: Falling to Win

Category: Innovation Photographer: Jasmine Porter Description: IQRA Mission High School partners with the Art of Living Organization to help upper class students cope with the stresses of school/life via Yoga. Students engage in a free 1 hour session that combines breathing exercises, team building activities, and meditation. Students described their experience as "fun","relaxing", and "helpful".

Category: Influence Photographer: Ayesha Siddiqua Description: To win the competition trying hard and falling down. Held in front of school during republic day Source: Grace Model School 'View the complete slideshow of entries here’

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Beyond Profit Team Ritika Ranjan

Lindsay Clinton

Ritika looks after the brand development of Intellecap's publications. She comes with more than five years of experience in consulting, marketing & communications. She spent the past three years writing for 'The Right Quarterly'- a quarterly publication of Right Management. Travel, leisure and books take up a lot of her time.

Lindsay directs the strategy and content for Beyond Profit and led the conceptualization of the publication. She brings seven years of experience in communications, marketing, and research. Lindsay also writes for the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal. She lives a bi-coastal life, spending time in Mumbai, New York and Baltimore. Lindsay loves to hike, run, bike, and practice yoga. She is passionate about development innovation.

Nisha Kumar Kulkarni

Abby Callard

Nisha produces content for Intellecap's publications and blogs, as well as works on various research projects. She brings five years experience in research, operations and fundraising. She is passionate about writing and economic development strategies. As a native New Yorker, Nisha is a new transplant to Mumbai. Her free time is absorbed by exploring her new city and reading great books.

Abby produces content for the Beyond Profit magazine and blog. She began her journalism career at the tender age of 7 when she produced a one-page newspaper that she left on her neighbors' doorstep. She hasn't looked back since. Abby has just started her tryst with Mumbai, and most of her energy is consumed by crossing the road and searching out the city's best sevpuri.

Contacts Where to Find Beyond Profit in the Weeks Ahead Snail mail: 512, Palm Spring, Link Road, Malad (W), Mumbai 400064, India

World Bank 2010 Global Youth Conference th November 11 Washington, D.C.

Call: Tel: +91-22-40359222 | Fax: +91-22-40359207

Columbia SIPA Social Enterprise Boot Camp November 12th New York City

Email: Your feedback, contributions and thoughts Lindsay Clinton | ideas@beyondprofit.com Marketing programs and advertisements Ritika Ranjan | advertise@beyondprofit.com

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Livelihoods India Conference November 17-18th New Delhi, India th

IE 5 Annual Social Responsibility Forum November 12-13th Madrid, Spain

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