HERITAGE CONSERVATION: THEORIES, PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE (ARC61104) Final Project – Heritage and Conservation Proposal Report Presentation
SYARIKAT ADIK BERADIK WAH SENG, KLANG TUTOR: MS DELLIYA ZAIN ATHIRA SYIFA 0332447
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES 1 INTRODUCTION
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Figure 2.1: Map of Klang Figure 2.2: Map of streets Figure 2.3: A photo of Mr. Rober Lee (left) and his uncle Mr. Lee Lai Choy (right) Figure 2.4: 5 foot walkway of Adik Bradik Wah Seng Figure 2.5: Front facade of Adik Beradik Wah Seng Figure 2.6: Grandfather clocks hung on the wall Figure 2.7: Work table of the owners
3 ARCHITECTURE STYLE, STRUCTURE, MATERIALS, AND ELEMENTS Figure 3.1: Types of shophouse styles Figure 3.2: The building has an Early Shophouse style Figure 3.3: Concrete floor Figure 3.4: Ceramic tile floor of the old noodle factory Figure 3.5: The walls are more with clay bricks Figure 3.6: The interior walls are covered in mint blue paint Figure 3.7: Windows Figure 3.8: Columns made of clay bricks Figure 3.9: Plasterboards ceilings Figure 3.10: Corrugated metal roof
4 REVIEW OF EXISTING CONDITIONS & DILAPIDATION SURVEY Figure 4.1: Front facade Figure 4.2: Detached roof tile Figure 4.3: Crack Figure 4.4: Efflorescence Figure 4.5: Plants growing on cracks Figure 4.6: 5 foot walkway Figure 4.7: Exposed wires Figure 4.8: Chipped paint Figure 4.9: Rust on shutters Figure 4.10: Worn-out paint Figure 4.11: Entrance Figure 4.12: Rust on column Figure 4.13: Water stains Figure 4.14: Efflorescence Figure 4.15: Weathered wooden counter Figure 4.16: Ceramic tiles Figure 4.17: Concrete floor Figure 4.18: Interior colmun Figure 4.19: Wooden counter Figure 4.20: Exterior wall Figure 4.21: Ceiling i
Figure 4.22: Interior wall Figure 4.23: Interior column Figure 4.24: Shop shutters Figure 4.25: Wires Figure 4.26: Columns Figure 4.27: Roof Figure 4.28: Ornamental column Figure 4.29: Ornamental column Figure 4.30: Water stains on ceiling Figure 4.31: Rust on column from nearby metal Figure 4.32: Efflorescence Figure 4.33: Crack on wall Figure 4.34: Plants growing from cracks
5 BUILDING TREATMENTS PROPOSAL Figure 5.1: Front facade Figure 5.2: 5 foot walkway Figure 5.3: Entrance Figure 5.4: Detorioration of ornamental column Figure 5.5: Glass windows Figure 5.6: Wooden Louvre windows Figure 5.7: Detached roof tile Figure 5.8: Exposed wire Figure 5.9: Yellow facade Figure 5.10: 5 foot walkway Figure 5.11: Current facade design Figure 5.12: Proposed facade design
 
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TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF FIGURES
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Summary of the Scope of the Project 1.2 Project Objective 1.3 Goals and Objectives to be Achieved by this Project
1 1 1
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Background Information on the Site and Building 2.2 Identification of the Property Owner and Stakeholders 2.3 Current and Proposed Use 2.4 History of the Site and Building 2.4.1 Klang 2.4.2 5 Foot Walkway 2.4.3 Jalan Stesen 2.4.4 Syarikat Wah Seng Brothers 2.5 Value and Cultural Significance of the Site and Building
2 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 7
3. ARCHITECTURE STYLE, STRUCTURE, MATERIALS, AND ELEMENTS 3.1 Style of Architecture 3.2 Elements of the Shophouse 3.2.1 Characteristics 3.3 Structure, Construction, and Materials
8 8 9 - 10 11 - 13
4. REVIEW OF EXISTING CONDITIONS & DILAPIDATION SURVEY 4.1 Investigation and Diagnosis 4.1.1 Facade 4.1.2 5 Foot Walkway 4.1.3 Entrance 4.2 Dilapidation Survey 4.3 Remedial measures and controls
14 14 14 15 15 - 18 19 - 20
5. BUILDING TREATMENTS PROPOSAL 5.1 Design Proposal Guidelines 5.2 Treatment Proposals for Building facade, Entrance, and 5 Foot Walkway. 5.3 Final Outcome
21 22 - 23 23
6. CONCLUSION
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REFERENCE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Summary of the Scope of the Project: This project requires us to prepare a Heritage and Conservation Proposal Report on a given heritage building in Jalan Stesen 1, Klang, Selangor. When proposing the report, we were instructed to refer to the ICOMOS Charter — Principles for the Analysis, Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage — 2003 document. We were to identify key principles and theories that have shaped the current area and to find out the problems regarding the area of heritage and conservation. Using the data extracted from the allocated building, we were to propose a conservation approach or conclude solution(s) of the external facade and the adjacent surrounding.
1.2 Project Objectives: This project would help us understand the basic principles and concepts of heritage conservation and documentation, and to be able to identify key elements and principles of heritage conservation and management processes. Furthermore, this made us more exposed to various methods of heritage conservation practices.
1.3 Goals and Objectives to be Achieved by this Project: This project aims to help us develop an understanding of the fundamental of heritage conservation based on the reference of ICOMOS. It helps us to practice the conservation of potentially any heritage structures that are slowly deteriorating due to the neglecting of its valuable history, especially coming from this generation where modernising is the new norm. Furthermore, using modern techniques, proper documentation, and committing to the ICOMOS Charter, we have the potential to restore the true spirit of the original environment.
- To preserve the legacy that this shop has achieve throughout its history by preserving the elements that has become a “place” to some locals.
- To be able to use conservation elements and principles into conserving the Adik Beradik Wah Seng.
- Understanding how to preserve the building to retain it’s spirit.
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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Background Information on the Site and Building:
Figure 2.1 Map of Klang
This heritage building is located in Klang, Selangor, Malaysia. Klang is the royal capital of the state of Selangor; where the Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah Al-Haj reigns, but was known as the former administrative capital of Selangor before it was changed to Shah Alam. It is considered that Klang has the longest history compared to the other states; where its history is said to have been back at least 2000 years ago, where the Klang river was known to give life to a lot of settlements, the river that begins in Kuala Lumpur and empties at Port Klang; some say to as far as the Straits of Malacca where it eventually empties there. This river was known to export tin mined since ancient times.Â
Figure 2.2 Map of streets Yellow - Jalan Stesen; Orange - Adik Beradik Wah Seng
The site is situated in Jalan Stesen, where it got its name because of its street intersecting with the Klang Railway Station. As response from the construction of the railway station, this has caused an economic growth where aspiring companies and businessmen propose to invest their work in as this railway station became one of the main transportation hub to many, attracting a lot more customers; especially people using the newly built station where they go to work, or go back to their houses. The building we were allocated to is called Syarikat Adik Beradik Wah Seng (Syarikat Wah Seng Brothers). Opened since 1915, this shop sells watches and clocks, and is known for pairing a wide variety of antique clocks that most of the shops in this present day does not offer.
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2.2 Identification of the Property Owner and Stakeholders: The business is currently managed by Mr. Robert Lee; who came from the third generation. Mr. Lee Lai Choy; who's his uncle, also works with him to manage the store, he is the second generation of the Wah Sang Brothers. Figure 2.3 A photo of Mr. Rober Lee (left) and his uncle Mr. Lee Lai Choy (right)
2.3 Current and Proposed Use:
Ever since the business has been passed down from Lee Lai Choy's father; Lee Sam Chin, he and his nephew Robert Lee manages the business well. Although in this generation where time is usually managed by smartphones or smartwatches, the owners do still get some customers, mostly the older ones, where they fix any broken watches and talk just like old times. Every day from morning until the sunsets is where the shop comes to life. Lai Choy is at his late 80s and at this age he has the option to retire, but due to his strong desire and passion after working for more than 70 years, he still continues to come to the shop to work and repair watches, smiling at people as they go by their daily lifes. Sometimes if he is not working, he could be seen chillingon his chair nearby the airvent sleeping at the hummid atmosphere of Klang. When talking about what the future of this business, Robert Lee claimed that he does not have the intention to pass the business down to his children. He proposed to turn this business into a workshop for those individuals who are interested in learning how to fix and repair watches, even gramophones for those who are keen on keeping any antiques. But if the business would take a different turn, then he would consider giving away the building to any tenants with aspiring businesses.
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2.4 History of the Site and Building: 2.4.1 Klang: As the Klang river gave life to nearby settlements by providing livelihood to the individuals, business rapidly started to grow. One of the prominent economy was from the tin mining businesses. Because of these industries, the town of Klang had formed and soon the westerns caught their attraction. The attention from the west gave Klang further expansion and thus a variety of architectural styles were introduced to this town, namely: Neoclassical • Art Deco • Victorian • Cape Dutch • Gothic Revival • Indo-Saracenic • Tudor Revival • South Indian • Over time, it gave a large influence of both South East Asian and Colonial architecture.
Figure 2.4 5 foot walkway of Adik Bradik Wah Seng
2.4.2 5 Foot Walkway: The growth of the tin mining businesses means that more people would be needed for more workforce. More people means they need to be provided shelter and thus shophouses were introduced. During the 18th century, shophouses became a common housing typology back in the early town as they contributed to the cultural society and economy of the area, where they are an important area for trading. More trading in the area leads to a high human density, thus shophouses were a strategic point for people and businesses. Soon the shophouses adopted the concept of the ‘Five-Foot Walkway’, where it was introduced by Loke Yew who was a Chinese businessman and philanthropist in British Malaya. Loke Yew proposed the idea of connecting shophouses with a covered walkway, this creates a continuous sheltered walkway through the streets and also it unifies the facade of the buildings.
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2.4.3 Jalan Stesen: The Syarikat Wah Seng Brothers is located in Jalan Stesen, which is one of the oldest streets in Klang together with Jalan Besar and Jalan Tengku Diauddin. From the beginning of the 16th century, Klang played an important role in terms of it's port and tin mining business, this caused a lot of labourers being bought from China, India, and other parts of Asia. This influx of people started to settle down in this area and soon started their own business and also grow their own family. This marked the starting of construction of the shophouses in Klang, which turned them into one of the busiest spots in Klang. Jalan Stesen has undergone a lot of transformation. In 1930, there was a civil war between the communities in Klang, and locals named it the ‘Malay Street’. Then in 1941, the Japanese invaded the area and took over the Royal Klang Gallery, this causes the Japanese community to take over most of the streets. Locals then gave it the name the ‘Japanese Street’. In 1950 the street did not go through any major changes but was transformed into a famous food street known as Wai Sek Gai, Cantonese for food street. Soon enough the street of Klang became diverse. But then in 1980, the Klang Bridge was built in order to connect from the southern to the Northen part of the town where the new city centre is located. The new city caused a lof of migration and people moved to settle their homes and businesses there, leaving this area with little population in terms of community and businesses. The bridge also altered the circulation of this area, making it less accessible for people. It started to plummet businesses around this area that a lot of shops were closed down, only 29 shophouses left around Jalan Stesen.
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Figure 2.5 Front facade of Adik Beradik Wah Seng
2.4.4 Syarikat Wah Seng Brothers: Opened in 1915, the shop sells and repairs watches for the community and others. Started from the father of the current owner Lee Sam Chin, he settled down in Klang and rented a small portion of the shophouse in Jalan Stesen just like any other person coming to Klang back in the early days. Later 7 years after the start of their father’s business, Lee Lai Choy (Current owner) and his brother Lee Yen Choy came to help their father with his business and was taught on how to repair watches. At that time in 1930, the shophouse was shared with a noodle factory. In 1945, the hsophouse was also shared with a writer, to which the individual took up the right side of the entrace, which was adjacent to the owner’s workspace. During the Japanese occupation, Lee Choy and his brother fled Klang and escaped. After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, he and his brother came back to Klang and restarted their father’s business. Later in 1950, the brothers’ business was a success and renamed the shop as the Wah Seng Brothers. Their business grew as Jalan Stesen became a famous food street, this attracted a lot of customers to their shop, and during those years clocks and wearing analogue watches were a trend in Klang. In 1960, there was a dentistry who rented the last section of the shophouse, which was directly behond the writer’s workspace. Around 1963 the business was at their peak as the brothers started to repair watches for the 3rd Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Salahuddin Shah. The Sultan became best friends with Lai Choy and the community would go to the brothers to repair watches and buy clocks from their business. Sadly the construction of the Klang Bridge in 1980 affected their business. A lot of people moved to the new city centre and businesses were neglected in Jalan Stesen and the surrounding streets. In 1987, the brothers completely bought over the entire shophouse.
Another tragedy happened on 24th August 2005 where a fire broke out from one of the neighbouring shophouses. It burnt down 2 of the shops and even though the brothers’ shop was affected by the fire, it did not suffer as much. Only part of the building was affected, the roof and small part of the rear end was devoured by the fire. It took the shop 7 months of renovations to complete, also added some modification to the structure of the building; including making sure the !6
building to become slightly fireproof. Today, the shophouse is still open for business, performing their daily routine they did since their father started this business.
Figure 2.6 Grandfather clocks hung on the wall
Figure 2.7 Work table of the owners
2.5 Value and Cultural Significance of the Site and Building: Klang has a variety of diverse people and businesses, started the the moment the Klang River gave life to the land all th eway into the present time. A lot of the buildings in Klang were older than the country’s indipendence day, Klang was one of the places where the ports and tin mining businesses magniflies Malaysia’s economy. The valvue of Klang sets as a reminder for the locals to reminisce about the hardship of the people who bought high economy to the present generation, especially the businesses from Jalan Stesen and the other nearby streets where they went through a lot of transformations. Sadly in this generation, people could only reminisce about the past from nostalgic elements that still lingers around the street, while the tangible elements were swept away by the construction of the Klang Bridge, and also from the neglectence of the newer generations. The Wah Seng Brothers were known to the local community as ‘THE’ watch shop, where once your watch, clock, or even gramophone is broken, you could just walk to them and have a friendly chat while they fix your broken item. The spirit of the shop still lingers once you look at the entrance where most of the walls are hanged with clocks, and the glass displays exhibits watches. Watching the owners tinker and fix watched takes you back to the 60s, especially glancing at their rustic looking equipments being used by their steady hands. Standing inside and looking around the elements, especially looking at the yellow wiltered newspapers hang on glass frames gives you chills on your back as you realised how much this shop has went through, from a newly rented shop, to the Japanese occupation, to the Sultan’s arrival, to the fire and to the present. Sadly this generation does not use as much analogue watched compaired to the past, but we as the future generation must always remember this shop as they were one of the oldest business that helped the growth of the ecomony, especially for the local community.
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3. ARCHITECTURE STYLE, STRUCTURE, MATERIALS, AND ELEMENTS
Figure 3.1 Types of shophouse styles
3.1 Style of Architecture: The Syarikat Wah Seng Brothers shophouse has the Early Style of the shophouse, this was the time from 1790s-1890s where the shophouses were first newly introduced to Klang. This was when an influx of Chinese and Indian labourers settled in Klang, shophouses were built for them for shelter, and for those who open any local business. Usually they have the characteristics of: • Low overall height • 2 storeys with very minimal plaster ornamentations • Locally sourced construction materials • Front windows on the facade are usually made of wood with wooden louvres. Figure 3.2 The building has an Early Shophouse style
3.2 Elements of the Shophouse: Shophouses are a unique identity to Malaysia, and their characteristics are important to the early urban development in Malaysia. They also played an important role to the newly arrived labour workers, to provide shelter and income.
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3.2.1 Characteristics: Terraced Shop: The shops are placed right next to each other in a row, with no gaps between them. They sharing a party wall with each of their neighbours, and these party walls also separates each shop unit from one another. This provides a sense of togetherness within the community. Party Wall: The party wall is the main structure that divides each shop from its neighbours. It provides a sense of security and privacy for each owner. An advantage for implementing a party wall is that they act as a barrier to slow down any spread of fire, preventing any furthuer damanges to the surrounding neighbours. Narrow Widths, Deep in Depths: They usually seem small on the front entrance, but they extend in depth at the back side, all the way to the rear street, this is due to ecomonic reasons. Rear Court: There is a small open couryard located at the back of the shophouse where it is usually used as a store room, toilet, or kitchen bounded by a rear boundary wall. The back end of the shophouse has an access to the rear street. Front Facade: The front faade always faces the street as it creates visual intrest and identity for the shop. Users passing by will easily identify reach shop from their unique facade. Each facade also has different characteristics depending on which ear they were built on. Ornamentation: Each shophouses have a unique display of ornaments, some have minimal ornaments, while other went big with lavishing their facade with ornaments. Each ornaments are inspired from Malay, Chinese, and European elements. The ornaments enhance the aesthetics of the building, giving it a sense of cultural identity of the owners and their business. Columns: They are located at the front of the facade; integrated together with the five-foot walkway. They support the upper floors. Just like the ornaments, they vary from each era and can have characteristics that were inspired by Malay, Chinese, or European elements. They help with the identty of the shophouses. Five-Foot Walkway: A five-foot walkway is a significant unique element to the characteristics of a shophouse. This covered pedestrian walkway provides passing user shelter from the heat and rain. They help create a sense of continuity and unity. Pitched Roofs: Shophouses commonly have pitched roofs made from timber and covered by corrugated metal. The cover the building which provides shelter from the rain and heat from the sun, but they are left open in the airwells to allow natural ventilation.
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These Elements Provide: • Comfort, convenience, and practicality to the users living and creating income. They are efficient when it comes to separating business and personal life. • Flexible usage of space, as the spaces within time will change depending on the usage and owner. • Create a guideline for a successful building design in terms of climate adaption, and user interaction. • Provides good ventilation and accessibility to the usage of space.
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3.3 Structure, Construction, and Materials:
• Floorings: Concrete: Raw concrete flooring can be seen at the front entrance of the shop, integrated as part of the five-foot walkway where the public utilise it. The frontshop part is also made of concrete, where its either covered in paint or titles. Concrete is not the main material used as back then using concrete was more expensive, using wood and bricks were used instead. Figure 3.3 Concrete floor
Wood: The first level flooring was built with wooden plywood, and to support the flooring underneath has wooden beams and wooden foundation. The shophouse is mostly made of wood as it was the most common and cost efficient back in the past. Ceramic Tiles: The ceramic tiles are located in the middle and rear portion of the shophouse. It was used as back then in 1930 the shophouse made a noodle factory in the middle section of the shophouse. • Walls:
Figure 3.4 Ceramic tile floor of the old noodle factory
Clay Bricks: The walls all over the shophouse are load bearing walls. The side walls of the Wah Seng Brothers are shared with its neighbouring shophouses. Bricks are covered in cement and paint, they are to protect the users from any strong winds, heat, and rain, and to provide privacy, shelter, and security. Using bricks was common back then as it was the most reliable method of construction in terms of access and price. Also since its clay bricks, it could withstand moisture which could weaken the walls as the shophouse was 8 kilometers away from Port Klang.
Figure 3.5 The walls are more with clay bricks
Plasterboards: Partition walls are seen inside the shophouse to divide spaces. They are painted white to enhance the appearance. Paint: Paint is used as a protective layer for the building from weathering, and also helps to making it waterproof, and increase surface durability. Before the exterior was painted in pink, then light (sky) blue, and currently to yellow, whcih was painted by the government. While the interior stayed white, it helped from the further decayment of the plasters. !11
Figure 3.6 The interior walls are covered in mint blue paint
• Windows: Louvre Window: The Wah Seng used louvre windows as the glass is translucent, it provides privacy and allows light to pass through to the interior. The lourve windows also provide ventilation by allowing wind to pass through the slits and this cools down the interior. The slits also provides a subtle lighting to the interior, this increases its ambience. Back then they used to have a double long wooden hung windows, but due to weathering from Malaysia’s climate and poor maintenance, they changed and intalled the Louvre windows, which replaces wood with translucent glass.
Figure 3.7 Windows
• Beams: Reinforced Concrete: Reinforced concrete beams are located around the shophouse to withstand tension strength from the floor slab above. Reinforced bars are added to the concrete beams to prevent any crackings and to withstand any tention as concrete alone could not withstand the tension. The use of reinforced concrete was to prevent any fire incidents as back then in 2005, the beams were made of wood and they were caught on fire. • Columns: Bricks: Colmns are seen throughout the shophouse, they are exteneded all the way to the roof. They are to distribute weight from above to the structural elements below. The use of bricks was implimented for the columns as they were a common material, was relatively cost effective, and they were easy to use.
Figure 3.8 Columns made of clay bricks
• Ceilings: Plasterboards: The ceilings for the first and second floors are made of plasterboards as it is one of the most common material for constructing ceilings. It is easy to maintain and install, and durable. The use of the plasterboards helped the shophouse during the 2005 fire tragedy as it withstood the fire, thus preventing more damages from spreading quickly.
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Figure 3.9 Plasterboards ceilings
• Roofing: Corrugated Metal: The roof used corrugated metal, the corrugated surface is designed to let rain water flow and also provides a cooling effect to the interior. The mteal is also has a resistance to rotting, thus is became durable and is easy to maintain. The use of this material gives an advantage to the users as it adapts to Malaysia’s humid climate.
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Figure 3.10 Corrugated metal roof
4. REVIEW OF EXISTING CONDITIONS & DILAPIDATION SURVEY
4.1 Investigation and Diagnosis:
4.1.1 Facade:
Figure 4.2 Detached roof tile
Figure 4.1 Front facade
Figure 4.3 Crack
Figure 4.4 Efflorescence
Figure 4.5 Plants growing on cracks
Overall structure is preserved, no major defects like example exposed bricks. If there were any major deflects, owners must have fixed them during the fire crisis renovation. Over time, the facade was not well maintained thus caused: • Roof tile detachment, • Cracks on walls, • Efflorescence, • Poor wiring arrangements, • Corroded ornamental columns, • Growing of plants from cracks, • Paint lossing its vibrancy.
4.1.2 5 Foot Walkway:
Figure 4.7 Exposed wires
Figure 4.6 5 foot walkway
Figure 4.8 Chipped paint
Figure 4.9 Rust on shutters
Figure 4.10 Worn-out paint
Overall looks more cleaner than the facade, as it is covered from the heat and rain. Structure seems well preserved, no major deformation. Some defects include: • Exposed wires, • Rust on walls, • Chipped paint, • Efflorescence, • Rust from the metal shutters, • Worn-out paint of thr concrete floor.
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4.1.3 Entrance:
Figure 4.12 Rust on column
Figure 4.13 Water stain
Figure 4.14 Efflorescence Figure 4.15 Weathered wooden counter
Overall entrance structure seems well preserved. Interior looks like its been the same since the 60s. Main problems would occure on: • Rust on the column from close proximity to metal, • Water stains on ceilings, • Chipped paint, • Efflorescence, • Worn-out wooden counter. Figure 4.11 Entrance
4.2 Dilapidation Survey:
No.
ELEMENT
CONDITION
1 CERAMIC TILES
ACTION REQUIRED
• Dirty. • Clean. • Full of dust. • Use a water pressure to expose the tile’s true colours. • Colours of the titles are not bright due to neglect.
Figure 4.16 Ceramic tiles
2 CONCRETE FLOOR
• Worn-out paint.
Figure 4.17 Concrete floor
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• Repair to the same shade of red.
No.
ELEMENT 3 INTERIOR COLUMN
CONDITION
ACTION REQUIRED
• Chipped paint leads to exposure of concrete. • Efflorescence.
• Repair the column with a thorough washing. • Repaint to the same shade of blue.
• Worn-out wood. • Weathered. • Could break if not treated.
• Replace the wooden counter with the same replica. • Replace the kind of wood that could longer withstand weathering and humidity.
• Cracks on walls.
• Repair with a filling. • Repaint to the same shade of yellow.
• Water stains.
• Clean with bleach. • Apply protective coating. • Repaint it white.
Figure 4.18 Interior column
4 WOODEN COUNTER
Figure 4.19 Wooden counter
5 EXTERIOR WALL
Figure 4.20 Exterior wall
6 CEILING
Figure 4.21 Ceiling
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No.
ELEMENT 7 INTERIOR WALL
CONDITION
ACTION REQUIRED
• Chipped paint leads to exposure of concrete. • Efflorescence.
• Repair the column with a thorough washing. • Repaint to the same shade of mint blue.
• Rust on column. • Exposed wires.
• Clean area with a detergent solution to remove rust. • Repaint to the same shade of blue. • Hide exposed wires.
• Rust on metal shutter. • Worn-out paint.
• Clean with a strong detergent solution to remove rust. Repaint to the same shade of blue. • If shutters are too damanged; replace with an identical type and colour.
• Exposed wires on facade.
• Hide exposed wires.
Figure 4.22 Interior wall
8 INTERIOR COLUMN
Figure 4.23 Interior column
9 SHOP SHUTTER
Figure 4.24 Shop shutters
10 WIRES
Figure 4.25 Wires
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No.
ELEMENT 11 COLUMN
CONDITION
ACTION REQUIRED
• Chipped paint leads to exposure of concrete. • Efflorescence.
• Repair the column with a thorough washing. • Repaint to the same shade of yellow.
• Detached roof tile. • Bent roof tile.
• Replace roof tile with a different yet identical looking material that could withstand the weather and rain longer. • Reattach the tile.
• Plants growing on top of ornamental column.
• Remore plants. • Fill in gaps with a filler. • Repaint column with the same shade of yellow.
• Top part corroded from weathering. • Missing/incomplete ornamental column.
• Repair by using a filler to fill in the missing ornaments.
Figure 4.26 Column
12 ROOF
Figure 4.27 Roof
13 ORNAMENTAL COLUMN
Figure 4.28 Ornamental column
14 ORNAMENTAL COLUMN
Figure 4.29 Ornamental column
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4.3 Remedial measures and controls:
The cause of most of the defects were due to the climate, it is constantly hot and humid. Weathering and corrosion of materials will deteriorate the significant elements. Thus frequent maintenance is needed as they lack on it. After investigating the defects, it is essential to know the reason for the damage as mentioned by ICOMOS Charter 2003 3.1 Therapy should address root causes rather than symptoms, as the defects mentioned indicated the source and then find solutions that could prevent the defects. • WATER STAINS: Water stains happens when nearby pipes or radiators has a leakage and the water leave damp stains. Solution: - Find the source of the leakage, in this case a water pipe. - Repair the pipe. - Using a barrier like a stain blocker or an oil based paint over the stain. - Repaint the wall white to remove the stain. • RUST ON COLUMN: The rust comes from nearby metal that spread and affect any near by surfaces. Solution: - Find the source that caused the rust to transfer, in this case the metal grill. - Remove the rust by scrubbing the area with a stuff brush. - Clean it with a strong detergent solution and use baking soda. Same goes for the affected column. - Use an undercoating/rust-resistant metal primer on the affected column and metal to prevent rust from developing and spreading.
Figure 4.30 Water stains on ceiling
Figure 4.31 Rust on column from nearby metal
When knowing the reason, it will inform us on methods that could prevent the defects as it follows the ICOMOS Charter 2003 3.2 The best therapy is preventive maintenance. Trying to prevent or decrease the rate of deterioration will save a lot of time, money, and energy to the users. But when climate plays a role, prevention is might be hard to achieve. Things to consider could include: • Using a better paint that can withstand weathering. • Fixing any water leakage to prevent water stains. • Cleaning the area to prevent the decrease of condition.
Following the ICOMOS Charter 2003 3.15 Deteriorated structures whenever possible should be repaired rather than replaced. This indicates that deflects are better repaired than to completely replace an element. • EFFLORESCENCE: Efflorescence is caused when water leaves behind crystalline salt deposits, in this case they will occure once the paint chipped/peel off and cracks on the walls helps the growth. Solution: - Thorough cleaning is needed; by scrubbing with a stiff brush, called dry brushing. - Using dilute white vinegar/cleaning solution could be used over it. - Using a protective coating at the end will prevent water from evaporating and passing through the treated area.
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Figure 4.32 Efflorescence from humidity
• CRACKS: Cracks occure from weakended joists or any other structure. Overall it will slowly deteriorate the strength of the structure. Solution: - Scrape around the crack to remove any peeling paint or small pieces of plaster. - Apply putty or caulk into the crack. - Cut a piece of fiberglass mesh tape longer than the crack and place it over the crack. - Use a primer to coat the area. - Repaint the area. • PLANT GROW ON CRACKS: Plants grow because of the protection and shelter from the cracks. These plants came from seeds that the birds may accidently kept and letting it germinate. Slowly the roots of the plants weakend the strength and increase the fragility of the structure. Solution: - Remove the unwanted plants from the cracks. - Thoroughly clean the cracks and gaps with a detergent solution. - Fill in the cracks with putty. - Use a protective coating. - Repaint to the same shade of colour.
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Figure 4.33 Cracks on wall
Figure 4.34 Plants growing from cracks