NECO 2017 (TEAM: SUPER BUILDER) REPORT

Team’s Name: Super Builder University: UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA Our Faculty Advisor: Associate Professor Dr. Abdul Rahman bin Mohd. Sam NAME

COURSE

Danea Nur Atasha binti Noraznan

Civil Engineering

Nor Alina binti Mat Rozman

Civil Engineering

Musriati binti Musi

Civil Engineering

Asyraf Arif bin Abd Ghafar

Civil Engineering

Rasnavi A/P Paramasivam

Civil Engineering

Jayson Asun

Architecture

Nur Syuhada’ binti Abdul Rahman

Architecture

Muhamad Zulhimi bin Mohd Tahir

Architecture

Muaz bin Muhammad Nidzam

Architecture

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT

PAGE

PROJECT ABSTRACT

3

INTRODUCTION

4

PROJECT CONCEPT

5

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN 1. ARCHITECTURE 2. ENGINEERING 3. VERTICALITY 4. INNOVATION 5. MARKET APPEAL - COST ANALYSIS

8 12 34 45 51

CONCLUSION

57

REFERENCES

58

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PROJECT ABSTRACT Due to the growth of population in Malaysia which reached 31.7 million in 2016, the requirement for the construction of building and infrastructure has significantly increase, particularly for the fast-growing residential sector. Hence, this will contribute to a very high energy usage and need a huge amount of resources leading to inefficient and non-eco-friendly construction. Therefore, the application of green concept is required to tackle this problem.

Currently, Malaysia’s application of green concept in housing construction is relatively small compared to other countries such as Netherland and Japan. Significantly, there are few barriers that limit the use of green concept for housing project in Malaysia. One of them is the overall cost of the construction since it will cost more money to build sustainable house compared to conventional house. For example, the cost of photovoltaic installation or also known as solar panel is expected to be cost around RM60, 000. However, based on several studies it only takes a little over 7 years for the payback of the system assuming that the system yields 5000kWh per annum which gives revenue of RM 6, 800 per annum. Besides, green home concept is still at the infant stage in Malaysia so local buyers still do not understand the long term benefits of green homes that lead to lack of demand from local people. In conclusion, the development of green and sustainable housing in Malaysia is highly required as this will provide more benefits to the construction industry.

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INTRODUCTION NECO2017 is a competition where teams of ten participants with a supervisor competes and participate to design and construct a model of sustainable house with the perimeters given.

Each team is required to choose one of the layout given for a three bedroom house which is layout A and layout B provided in the NECO2017 Rules. This competition aims to develop and implement various idea of constructing a low-cost house along with green initiatives approach.

Through this competition, participants have to cooperate to write a report regarding their project which would be evaluated by panels of jury for the NECO2017. Teams that performed excellently and approved by the jury based on the competition’s requirement in the first stage would be qualified to take part in the second stage of the competition which would be held in 28 th and 29th November 2017.

In order to grasp the objective of this competition, we need to understand the meaning of sustainable house itself. The meaning of sustainable from Cambridge dictionary is something that is able to continue over a period of time. Hence, in another word, sustainable house in green perspective is houses that cause little or no damage to the environment for a long time. For example, a study by Klufallah et al. (2014) showed that sustainable housing can easily reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emitted to the environment. Compared to conventional house which emits 733.70 kg of CO2/m2, sustainable house only emits 698.01 kg of CO2/m2.

Thus, this competition could really help to raise our awareness on environment and create a better living space for us. Other than that, it is a platform for students to gain experiences and enhance their critical thinking and soft skills that may be needed for their future career such as teamwork and leadership skill together with their creativity to develop new ideas.

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PROJECT CONCEPT ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT AND DESIGN APPROACH The concept used in designing this house is Malay Contemporary design which includes features of Malay Traditional Houses and Climate responses consideration throughout the design.

Features such as Natural Ventilation, Natural lighting, Over-hanged roof and Louvers used to enhance the thermal and visual comfort to the occupants.

The precedence studies used to design this house is Diamond Building, Putrajaya; Wisma Rehda, Kelana Jaya; and Malay traditional houses.

The Diamond Building or Energy Commission’s headquarters is located at Precinct 2, Putrajaya which was designed and built on a concept of sustainable building, with consideration to the following aspects such as reduction in fossil fuels usage; water conservation; sustainable building materials; waste minimization and avoidance; indoor environmental quality; traffic and transport management; and construction and demolition management plan. The Diamond Building’s (Figure 1) design strategy contains four main aspects, which are Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality and Outdoor Environmental Quality.

(Suruhanjaya Tenaga, 2015)

Figure 1 shows the Diamond Building 5

Wisma REHDA, Kelana Jaya is a green building that has passive ventilation, efficient energy consumption and an effective water conservation system in the heart of Kelana Jaya in Petaling Jaya, Selangor. GreenRE Sdn Bhd executive director James Chua pointed out the green building’s features in terms of building orientation, double skin façade, the stack effect, Rainwater harvesting system and photovoltaic (PV) panels, and Green landscape and water features (Hanisah, N. 2014).

Figure 2 shows the WISMA Redha, Kelana Jaya According to (Kamal et al., 2004 ), Malay traditional houses is houses that designed based climate response, used of nature and adapt with the needs of owner, culture and environment that are not usually found in modern houses nowadays. This vernacular architecture is the best studies for Malay Contemporary Architecture with respect to tropical solution in building design, climate response, nature respect and so on. The study of natural ventilation also from the study of traditional Malay houses architecture.

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From the precedent studies stated, there are several elements that were included in this house’s design such as Roof-top Green landscape and water features as natural elements of the house, natural ventilation through openings of the house, and over hanged roof.

This kind of design of the house offers the sense of peace of nature along the journey throughout the house. From the entrance, visitors can feel the natural sense in term of ventilation and fresh air movement in the house as the welcoming sense of the house while the sense the water feature in the house are one of natural elements. The glass window allows visitor to feel the environment of the outside getting into the inside of the house. Even at the kitchen, visitors can feel the nature of water and the air because of the openings.

Figure 3 shows the Malay Traditional House

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1.0 ARCHITECTURE Architectural designs are compulsory to all design of buildings and structures even a house, an office or any buildings. The architectural concepts are important to show that all the design are related to that concept and consider to all the factors like climate of Malaysia, orientation of the building, lighting, thermal and visual comfort. To choose the right orientation of the house, decision of North point is made. Hence, choosing the right layout is the next important step of the design process of this house.

Comparison of Layout Given

Layout A

Layout B (Chosen)

Layout B Layout A

Table 1 shows the Layout A and Layout B The arrangement of the spaces inside of the house is important to enhance the needs of the occupant in terms of Thermal and Visual comfort. First and foremost, the arrangement of the spaces in layout B is better than layout A. This is because the arrangement of the spaces in Layout A is not suitable, the Living Area and Dining was being combined and look spacious but kitchen are separated through partition. Location of Bedroom 1 at the middle will not allow the day lighting

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from neither north nor south but form the east direct sunlight. Location of Kitchen, Dining and Living Area located at west. While in Layout B, the combination of 3 spaces (Living area, Dining area and Kitchen) makes the house look spacious. Arrangements of bedrooms are facing the north and south and enhance the use of daylighting, avoidance to direct solar heat that comes with light and heat and so on.

Proposing the best orientation based on solar orientation design takes advantages of passive and active solar strategies which the use of energy from sun to heat and illuminate the building for passive design while the active solar strategies by using the solar system collectors to distribute the electricity to power the building using sun energy. In designing of this house, the passive solar strategies are used to collect, store, distribute, and control the solar heat gains; provide opportunities for daylighting and great visual comfort to occupant through well-positioned windows and openings; the use of natural ventilation system and shading devices. Hence, in choosing Layout B the factors considered are in terms of orientation, the consideration of the function of the space to suit the needs of occupant such as the bedrooms, located facing the north and south side increasing the use of daylighting through the building.

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ARCHITECTURAL IMPLEMENTATION AND INNOVATION This design of house offers design elements of the great use of horizontal and vertical line, also diagonal lines that suggest movement and give more of a feeling of vitality. Then, the shape of the house gives the sense of positive and also negative space while form of the house shows that the house can be viewed from any angle. The texture of material also plays role in these design elements of the house to enhance the architectural concept of the house.

In addition, this house used a horizontal balance where elements of a vertical axis in the composition seem to be equal such as the arrangement of roof top garden and the structure below it. Dominance are applied both of the roof and rooftop garden where it uses greenery natural element as the focal point of the building. The repetition of the windows and openings make the house looks active and unity. Rhythm principle shows the repetition of the roof (pitch roof) in terms of forms. The repeated glass windows make an interaction between inside and the outside of the house where the natural elements outside can be brought into the inside the house.

The space arrangement and the flow of the house are in accordance to Malay contemporary style by applying Malay’s Traditional Houses features. The double pitch roof which resembles the Malay traditional roof is the first elements that captures the visitors’ eyes upon entering the house. The ambient sound of the flowing water as well as the swift movement of the wind are the major welcoming senses of the house. The journey begin with a spacious living room followed by dining space and then the kitchen where by the kitchen is being rise to about two steps.

The levelling of the kitchen is synonym to the levelling of traditional houses where allows wind to flow below it. To maintain spatial continuity, the dining room is connected

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to the bedrooms with water feature as a buffer agent. This elements helps to provide not just cooling effect but also compliment the natural ventilation in the building.

This house has the building envelope which is the physical separator between the interior and exterior of the house. The components of the envelope are walls, floors, double pitch roof, rooftop garden, fenestrations and doors. Fenestrations in this house are any opening in the structure which is the windows, glass louvers window and so on. Thermal comfort is the expression of satisfaction to the thermal environment by condition of mind of each human (Raish M. 2000) while Visual Comfort is perception of human brain that can be function without interference in terms of vision, speed and contrast sensitivity of the eyes (Kwallek 2007).Hence, these thermal and visual comfort applied in the design of the house are effectively achieved especially where it suits the Malaysia tropical climate. This can be done by having more openings and louvers complying with the right material of the glass for the openings.

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2.0 ENGINEERING The engineering aspects such as construction specifications, materials, and house designs are the important aspects to keep the house in sustainable condition. Furthermore, we also provides safety to the house that can reduce cost for maintenances. As we know that house that fulfill with safety elements can make the house long-lasting and comfortable. Our sustainable house designed to reduce the using of air-conditioning that can causes global warming. As an engineer we must keep our sustainable house include HVAC System as designed maintain thermal comfort, humidity control and air movement. Firstly, built the sustainable and safety house need to consider many pros and cons of materials used for these construction structure:

1.



Groundwork and foundations



Slab



Beam



Windows



Doors



Wall



Roof

Groundwork and foundations The foundation provide support for structures, transmitting their loads to ground soils that

have specific bearing capacity. The foundations provide the stability needed to create a healthy environment. In this sustainable house, we used pad foundation as our type of foundations because it requires less excavation and less concrete.

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Formwork

Reinforcement

Concrete

• Boarding sheeting or temporary structure to fill in wet concrete • Bracing by square timber as board diagonally arranged

• To make footing stronger • The rebar are placed in the footing about 10 cm of the concrete cover • Stainless Steel Bar

• Mixture of sand and gravel as aggregates binding with cement and water • A concrete with low voids produced strong concrete • Ordinary Portland Cement

Figure 4 shows the pad foundations

Figure 5 shows the excavation of soil

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2.

Slab The other structural member that we need for our designed house is floor which need to

consider the strength, durability, resistance to weather and ground moisture, fire safety and resistance to passage of heat and sound as well. Concrete and timber are the two type of materials mostly used for the construction of floors whether ground or upper floor, thus, for our design we decided to use concrete slab i. Strength The strength of a floor depends on the characteristics of the materials used for the structure of the floor such as timber, steel or concrete. The floor structure must be strong and durable in order to support safely the dead load of the floor and tiles as the finisher, partitions and services, and the anticipated imposed loads. Precast concrete block and beam flooring offers and economical and quick alternative compared to timber floors. Other than that, benefits offered by concrete slab also high in strength and resistance to fire. ii. Stability A floor should have adequate stiffness to remain stable and horizontal under the dead load of the floor structure and the live loads it is designed to support. Solid ground and basement floor are often built off the ground from which they derive support. Hence, it is important to review the stability of such concrete slab.

Resistance to the passage of heat A floor should provide resistance to transfer of heat where there is normally a significant air temperature difference on the opposite sides of the floor.

Resistance to the passage of sound 14

The mass of our concrete floor provided some appreciable resistance to the transfer of airborne sound. Sound energy absorbed in the mass of dense concrete. We used soft material such as carpet to reduce the transmission of impact sound between the cause of the impact and the hard surface.

Detail 1) Reinforced concrete slab

Material 30% of cement replaced with Palm Oil Fuel Ash

2) Vapor Barrier

Polyethylene

3) Rigid Insulation

Mineral wool

4) Crushed stone layer

Gravel

Table 2 shows the material used in concrete slab

Figure 6 shows the cross-section slab

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3.

Lightweight concrete block wall

Figure 7 shows the concrete block wall Firstly, we used concrete block as our house walls because a concrete block wall can be laid in less time than a similar brick wall. A concrete block is a precast concrete that the blocks are formed and hardened at the factory and bring it ready to the site. A concrete block has one and more hollow cavities to fill in mortar. The concrete mixtures for a concrete block is high in sand and reduces gravel because this can produces light concrete block with a fine texture. Lightweight concrete for this wall has good insulating properties against transfer of heat and are used for the inner leaf of cavity.

Figure 8 shows the process for installation of concrete block wall 16

ADVANTAGES 1) High in durability  Concrete does not rot and does not easily damaged by insects or any pest  Concrete is fireproof as it does not easily burn when exposed to bushfire 2) Speed  Using concrete block speed up the construction process of our house  Cost savings for labor 3) Insulation  Good in insulation. The house become heat when it is cold outside, also become cold when it is hot outside.  Plastered and painted polystyrene sheets are applied to the external face of a concrete block wall. Adding insulation to the outside face of the wall allows the concrete block to provide thermal mass 4) Environment  We used fly ash as for lightweight concrete that can be recycled  It does not have any harsh chemicals in our sustainable house  Reduce energy use 5) Cost  Cost savings for labor as we don’t need to pay more for bricklayer workers  Hollow in concrete block for reducing the use of cement. The cost of cement can be reduced.

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4.

Windows

1) Double side hung ADVANTAGES 1) Glass both inside and outside can be cleaned from inside the building  Ensure that windows can be cleaned safely without the risk of people falling out of the building 2) Weight of the frame and glass is balanced over the pivots that are fixed centrally  Horizontally pivoted sashes are usually pivoted at the centre of the height of the windows to balance the weight of the sash over the pivots 2) Louvre ADVANTAGES 1) Energy efficiency  Reduce home’s energy use. It allows stream air to escape and help to avoid moisture built up  Provide ventilation and air conditioning. Minimizing the need for fans and airconditioning 2) Air-flow  Provide more consistent air flow into our house  Keep home healthier and cooler 3) Natural light  Flood your home with natural light  Minimize and control the heat and light enter home 18

4) Easy-cleaning  Clean the entire window, inside and out of home 5) Aesthetics  Sleek, stylish and contemporary  Available in a variety of glass and aluminum blades

DISADVANTAGES 1) It cannot be cleaned on both sides from the inside 2) It would be subjected to wind pressure because of fully open

5.

Doors

1) Wooden double sided door: living room ADVANTAGES 1) Aesthetics  Natural materials such a wood have a rich look 2) Insulation  Wood being a bad conductor of heat and electricity  Less prone to condensation 3) Longevity  Wood has a less maintenance and tends to have a long life  Wood can’t easily rust  Wood does not chip or crack 4) Customizable

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 It can be custom made to fit any size of openings  Easy to work with and can be made to fit precise

DISADVANTAGES 1) Treatment  Paint and coating are required so it does not shrink  Treatment is necessary to prevent rotting

2) Aluminium single sided door: kitchen ADVANTAGES 1) Recyclability  One of the highest recycling rates of any metal  Environmentally sustainable material – required only 5% of energy to process it 2) Flexibility  A vast range of possibilities  Delivering excellent thermal performance 3) Affordability  Aluminium frames are more cheap yet economical doors  Achieving excellent energy outcome 4) Durability  Provide a low maintenance frame  Resistance to weathering under harsh environmental condition

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6.

Roof

i.

Green Flat Roof

Figure 9 shows the layer of green flat roof The concept of the ‘green roof’ is not new, but the technologies associated with the concept have evolved and matured. Largely associated with vernacular architecture until recently, plant and soil layers have been used in cold climates to retain heat and in warm climates to keep our house cool. The combined layers of soil and plants provide excellent insulation to the roofs.

The growing medium is 400 mm deep, and soil based. The increased depth of the growing medium allows bushes and trees to be grown for creating more extensive eco-system.

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i.

Weatherproof membrane

Waterproof seal as the base of any green roof project: a built-up roof, which is composed of layers of asphalt roofing felt which can be applied hot or cold and forms a continuous seal. It is important to keep in mind that most of these materials are no worse than the average asphalt shingle roof but will have much more positive environmental and energy effects during their lifetime. A properly constructed green roof will substantially improve the roofing material’s life by protecting it from direct sunlight as well as extremes of hot and cold.

ii.

Root-protection barrier

A root-protection barrier is necessary if the weather-protection barrier contains chemically organic materials such as bitumen, which is the case with built-up roofs. Chemically organic materials in the weather-protection barrier are susceptible to rot and infiltration from plant roots.

Ultimately, in order for a green roof to perform the two functions of water protection and plant container, some inorganic material is required. Rolls of PVC are the most common material used to create this impermeable layer (if needed), which should be at least 1 mm in thickness.

iii.

Drainage layer

In fact, a drainage layer could lead to the growing medium drying out too quickly. For flatter roofs, a drainage layer prevents soggy, anaerobic conditions that could lead to plant death and roof leaks.

The second and much more common option is to have a granular substrate material that allows excess water to flow through. A wide variety of options are available for this layer, some much

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heavier than others. Gravel, brick rubble, lava stone, sand, pumice, pebbles, vermiculite, and light expanded clay granules are common. Brick rubble can often available for free and makes an excellent intermediate choice between weight, moisture retention, and drainage.

iv.

Growing medium

Roof deeper is 5 inches, can be supported, a drainage layer is covered with a separate growth layer. A few inches of growing medium such as loamy soil is spread on top. The growth layer retains the moisture and nutrient for the garden. Soils contain large quantities of organic matter avoided with inert sand to reduce growth that is too vigorous.

v.

Structural considerations

Structural issue is an important factor to creating a stable and functioning green roof. An extensive green roof which is 4 inches will increase the load on roof rafters. A 1- inch layer of pebbles can increase the load on roof by about 10 pounds/square foot when saturated, while saturated light expanded clay granules will increase the load by only 2 pounds/square foot.

Thermal Insulation of Green Flat Roof

a. Position of the insulation ď ś The most practical position for a layer of insulation for a flat roof is on top of the roof structure under the weathering cover. The insulation boards can be fixed without undue wasteful cutting to provide insulation for the roof structure and utilize the heat store capacity of a concrete roof to provide some heat during periods when the heating is turned off.

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 The thermal resistance of the steel joists combines with the greater resistance off the insulation material as an alternative to fixing insulation on top of a flat roof b. Avoiding thermal bridges  We unite the insulation used in walls with that used in roofs and minimize or eliminate those parts of the construction that provide a low resistance path – transfer of heat across thermal bridges c. Insulation materials  We used the cheapest material that is mineral wood to provide falls for roof drainage, particularly for asphalt finishes.  Expanded and extruded polystyrene boards are the cheapest of the inorganic materials d. Ventilation  The ‘cold roof’ space should be ventilated to outside air with a clear air space of 70 mm above the insulation  The ventilating openings are formed in the soffit of the overhang by plastic ventilators  There is a clear space above the top of insulation and underside of the roof 70 mm for air to circulate across the roof from opposite sides.

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ADVANTAGES 1) Increased energy efficiency.  In the summer the vegetation layer shades the building from solar radiation, helping to keep the interior cool. In the winter the additional insulation provided by the growing medium helps to limit the amount of energy required to heat the building interior 2) Improved sound insulation  Primarily from the growing medium (low frequencies) but some reduction of higher frequency sound waves from vegetation 3) Longer life of the waterproof roof membrane.  Green roof designs help to protect the waterproof membrane from temperature fluctuations, ultraviolet radiation and accidental damage from pedestrian traffic.  Well-constructed, green roofs will last at least twice as long as a conventional roof, thus, reducing the need for replacement and reducing the associated waste of materials 4) storm water run-off  Green roofs will retain some storm water and help to reduce the amount of water run-off from roofs, thus helping to reduce the risk of flooding.

5) Environmental benefits  The vegetation layer will filter particulates from the air, helping to improve air quality  The vegetation will also help to reduce the ‘urban heat island effect’, the effect of solar radiation on hard surfaces in urban areas.

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6) Habitat creation and opportunities for biodiversity  The loss of natural habitat through building activity can be addressed through the use of a green roof.  The vegetation layer provides habitat for wildlife and helps to encourage biodiversity 7) Amenity space for building users  Intensive systems provide an environment for building users to interact with nature, usually in urban environment such as a city center.

8) Aesthetic benefits  Well-designed and maintained green roofs are visually attractive

DISADVANTAGES 1) Fire resistance  While a saturated green roof may well help to limit the surface spread of flame, a dry roof can present a fire hazard, especially in a built-up area. On large roof structures a series of fire breaks 600 mm wide, at 40 m intervals, made from non-combustible material, concrete pavers should be used 2) Initial cost  Although extensive roof systems are a relatively cheap method of construction the increased load of the roof requires a more substantial roof structure, for which there is an initial cost premium  Intensive roof systems are more expensive than a traditional roof construction due to their weight and extensive planting 26

ii.

Insulated Metal Roof As for the other type of roof we used pitched roof or well known as gable roof which is

some of the most popular roof install around Malaysian residential especially traditional Malay house. Besides, the type of gable roofs that we used are side gable roof. A side gable is a basic pitched roof. It has two equal panels pitched at an angle, meet at a ridge in the middle of a building.

The triangle section can be left open for an open gable roof, or it can be enclosed for a boxed gable roof.

Nevertheless, the type of material used for this kind of roof that we design which is pitched roof, we used the top layer of the roof is to be metal sheet. There are many benefits that we gain from using this type of material. First and foremost, we can reduce the material cost which we have survey lately the price of metal sheet in market are a lot cheaper. But we do bear in mind that this kind of material were not that good in insulation so that is why we decide to use a fiber glass below the metal sheet that will provide insulation for a better ventilation across the design house.

Figure 10 shows the layer of Insulated metal roof

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ADVANTAGES 1) Easily shed water that usually came from rain as Malaysia has the type of climate of warm and rainy throughout the year. The steep pitch of gable roofs allows for excellent water drainage and fewer leaks.

2) The available space underneath the roof will also be much more spacious than the area beneath a hip roof thus it provides more space for the attic or vaulted ceilings. It is also become the factor for the house to get a good ventilation.

3) Simple design makes it easier to build this gable roof compared to other type of roof which are more complicated. This makes it a lot cheaper than more complex design roof in term of labor cost.

DISADVANTAGES 1) Problematic in high wind and hurricane areas ď ś If the frames are not properly constructed with adequate supports, the roof can collapse in no matter of time. ď ś High winds can also cause materials to peel away from the gable roofs as they tend to be more steeply pitched than other roof types.

2) If there is too much of an overhang, winds can create an uplift underneath and cause the roof to detach from the walls.

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Here we include the electrical drawing that we have design for this house.

Figure 11 shows the electrical drawing

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EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL USED Glass There are various types of glass used in construction for different purposes. Engineering properties and uses of these glass are factors considered. Glass is a hard substance which may be transparent or translucent and brittle in nature. It is manufactured by fusion process. In this process sand is fused with lime, soda and some other admixtures and then cooled rapidly. Glass is used in construction purpose and architectural purpose in engineering.

Engineering properties of glass Transparency

Strength

Transmittance

U value

Location

Window: Horizontal Sliding (Bedroom, Kitchen)

Window: Top Hung (Bathroom)

GLASS SPECIFICATION Type of Glass

Tinted glass Colour: black

Aluminium Glass

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Workability

Recycle property

Advantages 1. Keep home cool 2. Save money on energy bills 3. Reduce harmful uv rays 4. Protect furniture 5. Add privacy 6. Add decorative touch 1. Thermal performance 2. Reduce carbon footprint 3. Durability and low maintenance 4. Affordability

TILES

Location

Type

Bathroom

Living Room and Dining

Bedroom

Porcelain tiles

Description

Advantages

Non slip tiles with low water absorption properties and hard chemical resistance to bath foams, soap, shampoo, chemical cleaners, and disinfectants to ensure low 1. Hard, dense, and maintenance solid, porcelain is resistant to most Non-slip tiles are heavy impact recommended as for the safety factor especially if you stresses.

2. Liquid resistance have small children and 3. Stain resistant elderly person Use tiles with pleasant colour combination that help create a comfortable and relaxing environment

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Back door Main door

Material: Aluminium Louvre Door

Material: glass + double sided door

Double Vertically pivoted

Aluminium Balustrade

Material: Tinted Glass

Material: Aluminium

Frame: Aluminium

Double Pitched Roof Material: Metal Sheet

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Creeping Plant Material: Wood Glass Louvers Material: Aluminium + glass

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3.0 VERTICALITY

At the beginning of this project, after a serious consideration and discussion from our team of engineers and architect, we have decided to go with layout B. The reason for this can be explained as the arrangements of the spaces in layout B is better than in layout A. This is very important as the arrangement of the spaces will enhance the needs of the occupants in terms of thermal and visual comfort. There are numbers of sustainability factors that we have included in our design as well as we are encouraging the future of construction to go with the concept of sustainable building. The sustainability factor can be seen throughout the variety of category (materials, structure and building positional).

For our single storey building, we have included a spiral stair case with the purpose of linking our first floor and our roof garden/roof top. The staircase can be accessed from the outer side of the building near the pool. The pool was placed near the stair as its fulfill its purpose as the water feature that provide a sense of natural environment to the building. It also provides an aesthetic value for the view from the staircase, roof garden and the perimeter of the building. The staircase is fully constructed with a very reliable and strong material. The details of the materials are as follows: The details of the material: 

The core material that being used is Aluminium.



Aluminium is very suitable as it is a lightweight metal which will ease the work in constructing the staircase.



It is a very good reflector of visible light which will give add some aesthetic value for the staircase 34



Aluminium is 100 percent recyclable with no downgrading of its qualities. The re-melting of aluminium requires little energy: only about 5 percent of the energy required to produce the primary metal initially is needed in the recycling process. This will benefit in the sustainability factor.



Aluminium also is highly corrosion resistant

For verticality purpose the staircase will be a connector that link the first level of the building with the upper level. We have kept in mind that this building is to be constructed with the ability of being further develop in the future into a multiple storey building with 4 level as its maximum number of level. The future sight of the building in this verticality purpose can be seen and observe from the design. The staircase is well fitted in the 2000đ?‘“đ?‘Ą 2 given in the layout. Figures 1 and 2 show the design of our possible further development for the building.

Figure 12: The original design for our building

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Figure 13: The example of how we can further develop the building into multiple storey building The material of the building also, specifically the beams, column and the load carrying wall are constructed by a very good and strong type of concrete. This is to ensure that the building can withstand the load that are planned to be added for the future development. This is because, as we `stated earlier we are going to build this building with the view that it can be further develop in the future into a maximum 4 storey building. With the proper selection of material, this idea can be relished. The details of the concrete material are as follows:

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The details of the concrete material: 

The concrete that being used on the rooftop is the lightweight concrete.



The reduction of the weight helps in easing the work of removal, transport and erection of the precast.



Will result into reduction of cost in the extent of 30-40%



It has lesser tendency to spall which will result into higher resistance to fire.



Has lower thermal expansion and very good in sound absorption.



The composite material of the concrete also will be substituting 30% of the cement proportion with fly ash.



This will add more on the sustainable value.



The reduction in water leads to improve concrete strength. Because some fly ash contains larger or less reactive particles than Portland cement, significant hydration can continue for six months or longer, leading to much higher ultimate strength than concrete without fly ash.



This will also reduce the percentage of carbon emission from the mixture of cement that can cause a global warming issue.

For the overall design and material that have been chosen for this building, they are well prepared for the building original plan and for some future further development into multistorey building. The material and design of this building have all the important reason that have been considered and as stated with more detail in our material and design section.

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Figure 14: The position and condition of the staircase when being utilize for further development

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RESEARCH Research or Design Process was conducted to choose the best solution out of several divisions of the design solutions. The first step when the layout was given is set the virtual orientation to make sure that the house complement to its orientation and climate consideration.

Layout B Layout A

Figure 16: The layout A and layout B The process proceeds with the Design concept which Malay Contemporary as the design includes features of Malay Traditional Houses and Climate responses consideration. Features such as Natural Ventilation, Natural lighting, Over-hanged roof and Louvers used to enhance the thermal and visual comfort to the occupants.

The precedence studies used to design this house is Diamond Building, Putrajaya; Wisma Rehda, Kelana Jaya; and Malay traditional houses. From the precedent studies stated, there are several elements that were included in this house’s design such as Roof top Green landscape and water features as natural elements of the house, natural ventilation through openings of the house, over hanged roof and others.

Next step, Design Ideas from the precedent studies created.

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Then, design generated from the sketches of 2D to 3D form by using computing software.

The design process was always improved from time to time to get the best house.

North Elevation Plan view

South Elevation

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West Elevation

East Elevation

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SUSTAINABILITY An integrated approach to sustainable building is crucial to the process of any sustainable project. Sustainable building strategies should be incorporated into a project from the very beginning of the development process. This means considering the green building implications when reviewing potential sites and developing the initial pro forma financial analysis. Identifying the sustainable options early gives time to check for consistency with the requirements of the expected local, state, and federal funding sources and to identify additional sources if needed.

The long-term ownership of most affordable housing means that the developer is often responsible for the operation of the project for many years. Good early decision making is critical in obtaining the greatest benefit from the green measures and ensuring that the building systems and materials continue to provide benefits over the long term.

The key components of the integrated design: •

Start early

•

Foster collaboration

•

Make a commitment

•

Set clear goals

•

Enable feedback

•

Analyze costs

•

Follow-through

Using an integrated approach requires investment of additional collaboration and design time at the beginning of a project to thoroughly consider and react to the many sustainable options

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and interrelationships. The cost of integrating green building into a project increases overtime as the project moves through the various phases of design.

For the buildings to provide safe, comfortable, and affordable shelter, they must rely on a number ‘systems; that address the building’s structure, ventilation, plumbing, temperature control, safety, and durability. All of these individual systems need to be seen as contributing to the overall building ‘ecosystem,’ rather than as disconnected pieces and parts. The integrated design process uses a systems approach to view the building from a holistic perspective. To design an efficient system, it is essential to understand the various components and how they interact.

The first relationship to consider is between the building, its site, and the surrounding neighborhood. While often described as the passive component to design, decisions at this point set the framework for the entire project. Patterns of foot traffic hydrology, microclimate, topography, solar exposure, prevailing winds, direction of views, and the social needs and patterns of the building users should be documented at the outset. These factors should then guide and shape building orientation, form, and massing. In many cases, the desire to be compatible with existing development pattern takes precedence over other factors. The challenge is to integrate the environmental parameters into the overall equation.

The first rule of sustainable design is to reduce demand through passive systems, then provide the smallest and most efficient active systems possible. Passive strategies include using the structure’s thermal mass to store and radiate heat in the winter; designing building forms and spaces to maximize cross-ventilation for summer cooling; and using air buoyancy (hot air rises) to pull fresh air into and out of the building. Active systems should be that integrated with the passive systems to provide any additional heating, cooling, or ventilation needed.

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The building materials themselves, both structural and finish products, should interact efficiently with the major building systems to promote energy efficiency, remove excess moisture, and prevent exposure to the occupants to environmental toxins. Finally, the building must be operated in a way that deliver the benefits intended by the design. This means regular maintenance of system, upkeep of building materials, and preventing the introduction of new toxins in the form of cleaning or repairs products.

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4.0 INNOVATION This house design purpose is to fulfill the aspect of thermal comfort which give the users feel more comfortable. Home is the place where human live which provide safety and refuge.

Approaching the value of greenhouse which a rooftop garden is made is one of the ways of innovation. A green roof may provide small recreational space and be constructed with an emphasis towards improving the insulation or improving the overall energy efficiency and reducing the cooling and heating costs within a building. Green roofs may be extensive or intensive.Rooftop farming is usually done using green roof, hydroponics, aeroponics or airdynaponics systems or container gardens. Plants have the ability to reduce the overall heat absorption of the building which then reduces energy consumption. Aside from rooftop gardens providing resistance to thermal radiation, rooftop gardens are also beneficial in reducing rain runoff. The intention of putting the rooftop garden at the west side is to absorb the sun product which is heat.

Figure 17 shows the roof top view 45

Figure 18 shows the plan view From the plan view, there is a space where water features because to give cooling effect that came from the water. The water thermally insulates the kitchen, dining area, and the living room. For most, the dining area has good ventilation as it near to water cooled space and many openings. This advantage takes this house design to another level compare to regular house. In the same way, the water body above also helps to regulate temperature swings within the house.

For the dining room, there is no wall even the partition of the spaces. The levelling of floor separates the space suit to the concept of Malay Contemporary. Yet to give the space intimately interconnected to the dining are to give the air circulation at the best. The wooden posts were meant to be a border which to define the space of kitchen. There are many benefit of open kitchen. Firstly, for entertaining purpose, the owner does not have to run back and forth from the entertainment room to the kitchen because the kitchen and entertainment room are now one room. Being in the kitchen will not hide user from the rest of

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Figure 19 shows the partition of the spaces in the house The house, therefore, making user able to be around people while cooking. Next, watching little ones gets easier when there is no wall distracting the view. Open-concept kitchen provides ideal functionality for parenting and entertaining. It creates an open, relaxing space that gives you the opportunity to create a flow throughout the house.

Besides, design the living wall on the east side purposely to cover up the wall to avoid the absorption of heat by putting vertical garden. The living walls are particularly suitable for cites, as they allow good use of available vertical surface areas. The living wall could also function for urban agriculture, urban gardening, or for its beauty as art. Establishing a vertical garden on or around an unsightly feature in outdoor area can offer not only the benefits of growing of plants but it can also act as a cover to hide anything. This can be done by establishing a vertical garden on features such as a gardening shed or around utility boxes. In the city, vertical gardens can also hold a dual purpose by not only providing enjoyment to the gardener but also by insulating buildings and capturing rainwater and consequently reducing runoff. The species plant proposed is Dichondra and silver falls. A full to partial sun lover, silver falls fills gardens swiftly with its pretty heart-shaped leaves. It is a trailing plant that looks fantastic in a wall garden and is a perennial

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evergreen in warm climates. If planted as part of a larger evergreen wall garden its best to be in a suitable climate. Silver falls is comfortable in alkaline, neutral or acidic soils. Though it likes to be watered moderately, it is recognized as a heat and drought resistant plant.

Figure 20 shows the vertical used for our sustainable house Innovation for safety house i.

Floating Structure We just not design for sustainable and greeny houe but also for safety in the future.We’ve been

told to get used to flooding. Whether or not the latest floods were caused by climate change, this cause due to east coast monsoon that happen between mid-October and the end of March. This reminded us that floods are and will continue to be a fact of human existence, especially if we continue to build on flood plains and due to increased extreme weather events as predicted in a changing climate. The good news is that, in our design we not only consider about the sustainability value but also the main components in engineering design is about safety that is most valuable thing in the world. We can do this with a combination of improving the way we manage the water system, the amount that we build and the way that we build. We should build less, not more, in

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flood risk areas and increase the amount of space we give to water storage. This means more green spaces, storing water and permeable surfaces.

The concept of pontoon Pontoon is used as a reference when designing this floating structure. The floating part we choose is at the deck of the house. The deck will move upward when contact with water during flood that hinge with support attach well to the wall to prevent the deck from move. This innovation is done as a one step forward to prepare during flood season while waiting for the rescue team to arrive. This innovation also help to reduce the statistic of flood victims throughout the years and also eco-friendly.

Figure 21 shows the floating structure

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Water efficiency 

Rainwater harvesting system For being more sustainable house, we apply rainwater harvesting system with better

environment. Water that obtained through this system may beneficial for our daily life as it is consumed for watering plants of our green roof, car washing, toilet flushing and laundry washing.

Sometimes we did not realise how much we consumed water everyday. One of the sustainable benefits for this system is reduce the amount of our water bill. Next, using rain water harvesting system can be a good water supplier during interruption of water supply. Lower the chances of Malaysia to face flash flood as rain water harvesting system reduces the water rain-off and thus the system can be formed as a part of the rainwater management scheme. It can also create garden reservoirs which is it can keep our garden more greening and reduce the need for irrigation. This reduces water usage by more than 70%.

Figure 22 shows the rain water harvesting system

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5.0 MARKET APPEAL

i.

Liveability The design of the house have include a humane approach which occurred throughout

every aspect of the design itself. In the design process, the team have been discuss with various problem and issues as well pick up myriad of importance solution for enhance the user experience throughout the house. First, our team was concluded that the floating decking s the element of the house which are not just for aesthetical value as well as it function to help the user during the flooding season. We also use the vertical garden which function to act as naturalshading as well to bring in the fresh air to the internal area particularly into the bedroom.

The presence of water body at the living room regulate the air around the house as well producing a sense of serenity to the user.

The client always want something that are pleasing and comfortable for living. As a designer, we have design the house to enhance the user experience into the house, where we divided the house into several section and create a different sensation with different transition so the user with have wide variety of sense when journey into the house ii.

Marketability The design of the house have convey a welcoming language which provoke the eye of the

beholder to seek what the meaning hidden in the design. The facade was carefully design so that the user will have different contact. The exterior wall also evoke the sense of integrating with the nature as it expose the rough texture that can be sense when in contact. For the interior, the usage of internal louves have provoke a suspense feeling to the user because it hide the spaces of the house giving the user some privacy toward certain spaces inside the house.

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Wood is a material that is great when conveying the luxury and the message of spirit of place. This is because the wood used are from the local and it carries the value from the local culture. The detailing in the house as we can see is on the vertical garden as well the usage of louvres, which function well as aethetics and natural ventilation mechanism and day-lighting control. The material also recyclable and can be found abundant in the local context. The sustainabilities have been achieve with fullfilling the relationshp betwee the user and the building. With the values of culture and sense of belonging due to the material and design approach, we believe that the design of the house should be favourable to the client to enjoy and increase it marketibilites potential. iii.

Buildability In the design process we have meet several professional to look and check our design

approach, the concept that we have use, the drawing that we have produce to ensure our design is buildable to the contractor and to the engineers, We also have reach out the professional who are the expert of building performance or BIM and also surveying the price of the material at the local supplier to get a rough view about the estimation of the house. We also consult with the professional to check our cost estimation so that it tally with the building that we will build.

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i.

Cost for material

Location

Type of Material

Bathroom UPVC Folding Door

Bedroom

Panel wood door

Advantages 1. Widely used for bathroom door.

2. Maintenance free 3. Fire and weather resistant 4.Can be recycle

Price (RM)

Quantity Total Cost (Unit) (RM)

60

2

120

200

3

600

1. They also typically require less maintenance.

2. weather proof 3. Eco-friendly as release no gas as the case of flush

Total cost part (i) ii.

720.00

Cost Interior

Material Porcelain tiles Tinted glass Aluminium frame Aluminium frame (bathroom) Panel wood door Main door Toilet seat Shower head Sink (bathroom) Bib tap UPVC Folding door Sink tap Sink ( kitchen)

86.96 7.308 8.04

Total Cost (RM) 1158.30 68.70 2316.30

0.18

46.28

3 unit 1 unit 2 unit 2 unit 2 unit 2 unit 2 unit 1 unit 1 unit

492.00 500.00 500.00 80.00 340.00 90.00 160.00 45.00 265.00

Unit/Area (m2)

Total cost part (ii)

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6,061.94

iii.

Construction work cost Material

Price (RM)

Unit/Area (m2)

Total price (RM)

1. Flat Roof Feblow (waterproof) RCC Slab Drainage PVC pipe Pebbles Green Geo telt Plantatation Medium Fertilisers Installation 2. Rain Water Harvesting System Water Tank Piping Excavation

L/S

L/S

1 unit 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit 1 unit 1 Lot

1,500

300

1 Unit

5,800

2 m2 15 unit 12 unit 10 unit 50 unit 2 set 1 unit 50 unit

1,800 450 240 280 150 900 200 400

146.77 m2 4.4 m3 146.77 m2

1,500 567.20 360

3. Pitch Roof Metal Sheet Galvanised steel C purlins Facia board L Bracket Grinder Machine (rent) Cutter (rent) Zinc

900 30 20 28 3 450 200 8

4. Wall Installation block concrete Mortar work Plastering Work

L/S

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Construction Work

Measurements

Quantity

Cost (RM)

Volume = 2.805 m3

Cement: 1/7 x 2.805 = 0.4 m3 0.4 x 20 = 8 bag Sand: 2/7 x 2.805 =0.8 m3 Aggregate: 4/7 x 2.805 = 1.603 m3

8 bag x 20.00 = 160.00

Volume of concrete i) Beam

ii) Column

Volume = 2.1 m3

Cement: 1/7 x 2.1 = 0.3 m3 0.3 x 20 = 6 bag Sand: 2/7 x 2.1 = 0.6 m3 Aggregate: 4/7 x 2.1 = 1.2 m3

45.70 57.60

6 bag x 20 = 120.00 41.50 52.30

iii) Slab

Tile Work

Wiring Work Subwork of Ceiling Machines cost Labour cost Site cleaning Land Surveying Sub ceiling work

Volume = 13.22 m3

Cement: 1/7 x 13.22 = 1.89m3 1.89 x 20 = 38 bags Sand: 2/7 x 13.22 =3.78 m3 Aggregates: 4/7 x 13.22 = 7.55

Area : 88.11 m2 Thickness of mortar : 20 mm Volume : 1.7622 m3

Cement : 1/5 x 1.7622 = 0.3524 m3

Adhesive Area : 88.12 m2

88.11 x 0.005 =0.4406 m3

Sand : 4/5 x 1.7622 = 1.4098 m3

L/S L/S L/S L/S L/S L/S L/S

L/S L/S L/S L/S L/S L/S L/S

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38 x 20 = 760 76.70 96.50

438.20

35,000 8,000 5,000 50,000 2,000 1,000 7,700

Sub tile installing work

L/S

L/S

3,000

Gutter installation

L/S

L/S

2,500

Floating Deck

L/S

L/S Total cost part (iii)

Total Cost for our sustainable and safety house = Total (i) + (ii) + (iii) = RM 152,250.00

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15,000 145,468.06

CONCLUSION When it comes to sustainable housing it refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building’s life-cycle from design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and demolition. Besides, green home also stated as a home that is a part of sustainable development. Furthermore, it can only be called as green home if it fulfills some particular requirements. In terms of architecture, the house we designed has applies an overall clear concept of green house by the use of effective architectural elements and coordinated design including the space, structure and building envelope. We also show particular approaches to solve engineering challenges and portray market-leading technologies and engineering integration. At the same time we ensure the functionality to maintain house performance, energy efficiency and reliability of every element in the house to operate at a high level performance. Regarding the market appeal, we provide the needs and requests of clients by choosing appropriate materials and equipment for the house. In addition, we also guarantee the clients’ safety, comfort and happiness for living in the house that we have designed. Concerning the verticality, our design displays the potential construction of modular system which embolden the single storey design can be used for multi-storey unit. Lastly, we have conducted different research processes in order to decide on every sustainable design solutions and strategies, material selection, life cycle and local strategies to maximize sustainability. In respect of innovation, we make sure that our overall design has long-term environmental, social, cultural and commercial potential. Hence, we believed that our design for a sustainable house is the best design based on all requirements set for the NECO2017 competition.

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REFERENCES

Books 

Barry’s Introduction to Construction of Buildings, Third Edition, Stephen Emmitt and Christopher A. Gorse (2014) John Wiley & Sons,Ltd.



The Green House, New Directions in Sustainable Architecture, Alanna Stang & Christopher Hawthorne

Website 

Raish M. (2000), Thermal Comfort: Designing for People, Retrieved from http://www.st.gov.my/index.php/en/about-us2/energy-commission-diamond-building



Hanisah (2014), Rehda walks the talk with its green building, Retrieved from http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/rehda-walks-the-talk-withits-green-building/



Suruhanjaya Tenaga (2012), IGEM-13 OCTOBER 2012-KLCC CONVENTION CENTER, Retrieved from http://www.mgbc.org.my/Downloads/IGEM2012/IGEM2012%20%20MGBC%20ST%20Diamond%20Building.pdf



Kamal K.S., Wahab. L.A. and Ahmad A.C. (2004), Climatic design of the traditional Malay house to meet the requirements of modern living, Retrieved from http://anzasca.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/ANZAScA2004_Kamal.pdf



Kwallek, N. (2007). Color in office environments. Implications, 5(1), 1-6. InformeDesign newsletter. Retrieved from http://www.informedesign.umn.edu/_news/jan_v05r-p.pdf.

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

AlGar K. , Plant Species Guide for Wall garden Vertical Gardens, Retrieved from, https://wallgarden.com.au/vertical-garden-plant-species-guide



Beck K.(2017), Benefits of An Open-Concept Kitchen, Retrieved from, https://www.cumberlandkitchen.com/benefits-of-an-open-concept-kitchen



"Water-Cooled House / Wallflower Architecture + Design”, 03 May 2010. Retrieved from, https://www.archdaily.com/58294/water-cooled-house-wallflower-architecturedesign/



Advantages of using aluminium windows from http://www.capral.com.au/The-Benefitsof-Aluminium-Windows

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