Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu Unit 2 Tutors: Robert Dye / Jason Coleman University College London The Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Travis Hodges

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

context

The informal settlement of Küçük Armutlu faces imminent eviction.

Küçük Armutlu is located on the northern periphery of Istanbul on a hill overlooking the Bosphorus straight. Settled from the 1960s by working class migrants from Turkey’s interior, the community is like many other geçekondu or informal settlements.

As one of several such geçekondu in Istanbul, the community’s violent political history and numerous health and safety deficiencies make it a vulnerable target for hostile redevelopment. In order to avoid a forced relocation to mass housing projects, residents must address these justifications by making systematic improvements to their environment. This project demonstrates a local approach to improving physical infrastructure, empowering people to adapt the environment to their needs. The interventions have a cumulative effect, cultivating a sense of collective identity in order to project a positive image to the outside.

Surrounded by gated communities and business districts, Armutlu displays a unique diversity of intimate dwellings and compelling common spaces. The dense informal fabric lends itself to customization by the residents, who adapt the built environment to their needs The community cultivates local social networks, despite the pressures from outside to modernize and conform. The People’s Committee is the community’s authority for local issues and development. Comprised of volunteers, the committee is not an official government body yet collects taxes and lobbies for government services and infrastructure projects. In this way, the community has secured electricity, water, sewage, and roads over the past twenty years.

photographs of Armutlu today

historical timeline ∞

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1960

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HISTORY OF KÜÇÜK ARMUTLU 1950 Ten families are employed by a quarry in Küçük Armutlu. They settle on government land next to the quarry owners house

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1980 The Turkish Armed Forces carry out a coup d’état 1983 200,000 people are imprisoned by the end of the coup

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The early settlement features agriculture and animal husbandry

One such group is the DHKP/C: Revolutionary Peoples’ Liberation Party/Front

1964 The Almus Dam is completed

Most migrants are from the Almus region of Turkey

The regional economy suffers due to lost agricultural lands The tobacco crop, the area’s primary product, is abandoned due to Blue Mould Disease resulting from increased moisture

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It stipulates that the forests, agricultural lands, and river basins north of the city are to be protected. It is agreed that future metropolitan development should follow an East-West axis.

The Military abolishes the Bureau of City Planning. There is an acceleration in development north of Istanbul.

1988 The TEM highway a Sultan Mehmet brid

1984 In protest of abysmal conditions in prisons throughout Turkey, a group of prisoners initiates a hunger strike for recognition of their fundamental rights.

The military persecute minorities, especially the Alevi peoples of the Black Sea region. Villagers from Sivas and Almus are criminalized by the military due to the intrusion of radical leftist guerillas into mountain villages.

Large numbers of families migrate to Istanbul

Istanbul’s first Development Plan is instituted by the Bureau of City Planning

1983 Residents of Küçük Armutlu vote for the Motherland Party in the national election because it promises to grant deeds for the lands they occupy, but they don’t win.

Four prisoners die of starvation before the military intervenes.

1982

The governme major demoliti

Following the community tur Left. The DHK rebuild their h land, inviting t and Tokat to h

The increased demand for housing is unmet, driving the majority of immigrants into informal settlements. Hundreds of new houses are illegally built on public land. Access to informal real estate is controlled by a land mafia made up of the first generations of migrants to the area. Informal settlements develop in Pinar, Resitpasa, Ferahevler, Derbent, Cumhuriyet, and Çayirbasi. Turkey begins agricultural imports

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Industry and service jobs center around Levent, Maslak, Etiler, and Samayi Mahallesi

As the informal housing stock develops exchange value, enclosed lands are divided and sold off to incoming migrants.

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MArch Urban Design 2010-11

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Commercial

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December Faced with hundreds of hunger-striking inmates, the military institutes Operation Return to Life. Over the course of three days, 10,0000 police raid 20 prisons across Turkey. By the end of the operation, 30 inmates and two police are killed. 1

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Residents report an increase in crime as a result of the new station, accusing police of colluding with criminals.

2004 In the national elections, the AKP promises deeds in exchange for votes in Küçük Armutlu. They fail to keep their promise.

2009 Küçük Armutlu shifts allegiance in the national elections to MHP and CHP, citing their concerns about living in unregistered houses.

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November A Police Station is constructed in Küçük Armutlu.

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September Police attack a gathering of 300 supporters during the funeral of a hunger striker. Claiming vengeance for a policeman slain in a suicide bombing carried out by the DHKP/C, 800 police invade the community with guns, five tanks, gas bombs, and water hose. By the end of the operation, 150 people are arrested.

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2006 The Center for Cultural Activities is constructed, providing a location for the Alevi traditional semah and baglama, as well as theatre and film.

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2009 Population of Küçük Armutlu reaches 22,000 inhabitants

38 hunger strikers die of starvation.

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The community supports the movement by establishing “houses of resistance,” where hunger strikers are looked after and encouraged. New methods are developed to prolong the starvation process, extending the record from 72 to 288 days. The “death fasts” attract political activists, university students, and community members willing to participate.

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1999 Turkey gains European Union candidate status.

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The prisons grant some inmates medical leave to recover in their own communities, but most continue to strike to starvation. Küçük Armutlu becomes the headquarters of the hunger strike movement, attracting people from across Turkey.

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Prisoners undertake a second hunger strike, this time to protest extreme isolation cells in the country’s high security prisons. 12 Strikers die and more are injured.

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2000 The Defense Ministry institutes a new prison typology, the f-type, which isolates inmates in cells rather than dormitories. The prisons are cited by several international organizations as violating the human rights of the prisoners.

October In protest of the new f-type prisons, inmates carry out the largest hunger strike to date.

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1996 Of the 6000 prisoners held under the Anti-terror Law, less than 10% are convicted of any crime.

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The People’s Committee is the functional local government in Küçük Armutlu. It develops infrastructure, including electricity, water, roads, and sewer, by lobbying with local authorities and organizing the labor force for the projects. Furthermore it collects money from inhabitants and provides public services for the neighborhood.

Following the intervention of the police in favor of the land mafia, the revolutionary left gains popular support

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1993 The land mafia is expelled in favor of the revolutionary left, which convinced residents of their legitimacy to own property. By favoring use-value over exchange value, the revolutionary left established the moral authority in housing policy.

1990 286 residents sign a petition denouncing the crimes and abuses of the land mafia. Four days later, the police carry out a night operation against the petitioners. 30 residents are arrested, 11 shot, and 1 killed. 17 police are injured by stones thrown by the residents.

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2001 Inmates continue to hunger strike. The military’s efforts to force-feed prisoners results in hundreds of cases of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

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1998 At the Kartal special-type prison, inmates report being held incommunicado for months at a time.

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1989 Promising deeds, services, and a moratorium on demolitions in Küçük Armutlu, the Social Democratic Populist party (SHP) wins the national election. Within months of taking office, the new government reneges on its promises, citing an inconsistency with its social democrat values.

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Following the demolitions, the community turns to the Revolutionary Left. The DHKP/C helps residents to rebuild their homes and occupy new land, inviting their relatives from Almus and Tokat to help in the reconstruction.

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1991 The Anti-Terror Law is instituted. It is used by the government to ban independent political activity.

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The government carries out three major demolitions in Küçük Armutlu.

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1988 The TEM highway and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet bridge are completed

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Land Use

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Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

opposite: an illustration of the conflicting forces at work in Armutlu

understanding the threat

Invasive elements within the community: the police station, a tank, & the Ferrari dealership

The local community is threatened by globalizing political and economic forces transmitted by the municipal and national governments, financial institutions, investors, and developers. These forces seek to redevelop Küçük Armutlu for a variety of reasons: the high real-estate value of the land itself

Istanbul municipality’s development plan Proposed Third Bridge

MASLAK

reputation for political resistance and extremism KAYABAŞI

LEVENT

Armutlu

HALKALI ATAŞEHIR

Istanbul Development Forces nonconformity with “official” vision of development

Development Axis Central Business District Motorway Proposed Motorway Mass Housing Development

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KARTAL Marmaray Tunnel

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

heavy traffic

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geçekondu house:

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low income, traditional lifestyle

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Housing Type apartment building:

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Roads Hierarchy light traffic

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Public Transport

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Küçük Armutlu: Power and Influence

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high security barrier

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local government headquarters

2008: 33 houses demolished

n a klar 2002: 50 houses demolished

2008: 9 houses demolished

h securit yb hig

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POLICE STATION

mafia

armed watchtower tank

2006: 80 houses demolished

CULTURAL & COMMUNITY CENTER

gentrifying retail

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Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

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Küçük Armutlu: Environment

d urba e g a n n r a

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

developing a strategy

finding justifications for eviction Evicting a community of 22,000 would not be defensible without appropriate justification. Such justifications would need to be defendable against the UN and other international organizations on the grounds that the current living conditions in Armutlu are unsafe or unhealthy. Küçük Armutlu currently exhibits several health, safely, and security issues that undermine the community. These issues include poor water management practices, contamination of the air from coal burning, poor construction quality, crime, and the reputation of being an extremist enclave. Unfortunately, these issues may provide the justification needed to evict the residents and redevelop the community.

Events

0.0 Prime Minister Erdoğan and the AK Party renew threats to develop Küçük Armutlu

0.1 General Meeting at community center

0.4 invit

In order to stave off the threat of eviction, the community must A. Introduce strategy and vision act considers on its strategies own to eliminate the causes of each justification. People’s Committee to avoid forced relocation

Tea

B. Appoint environmental & social task forces

Tea

C. Institute tax for community improvements

Tea

People’s Committee resolves to address the following justifications for eviction: Environmental Projects

1. Water management A. Flooding and erosion damage B. Unsuitable drinking water C. Untreated wastewater 2. Air quality A. Poorly-ventilated coal fires

B. Incineration of hazardous materials Buildings

3. Building construction

A. Substandard concrete and B. Poor foundation

Social Projects

Tea

Only by addressing each justification can Armutlu

0.1 Distribute wildflower seeds expectshow to remain maintain it’s present residents support intact for newand initiative by territory. addressing scattering seeds Although throughout the community environmental

and social threats internally will be a challenge without the support and resources of the municipal government, it is a project with lasting benefits for the community.

0.2 - 1.1 Water survey and analysis task force determines where water colle A. interview residents B. observe and document

C. findings determine boundaries of ta 1.1 - 1.2 Agriculture Co-operative facility for operations and storage

4. Security

A. Crime

B. Delinquent youth 5. Perception as extremist enclave Events

0.3 temp at su

0.3 - 0.4 Community Tent temporary structure to appear at subsequent community events 0.1 - 0.4 Human resource survey task force identifies individuals with special capabilities A. interview residents

0.0 Prime Minister Erdoğan and the AK Party renew threats to develop Küçük Armutlu

0.1 General Meeting at community center A. Introduce strategy and vision

People’s Committee considers strategies to avoid forced relocation

left: an analysis of the environmental issues that undermine the community

B. Appoint environmental & social task forces C. Institute tax for community improvements

People’s Committee resolves to address the following justifications for eviction: Environmental Projects

1. Water management

B. identify community leaders and social promoters 0.4 Community work day The project recognizes the wisdom People’s Committee invite residents to collaborate onnetworks collective projects C. determine traditional

as the community’s authority for local issues. Team A. collect litterseparate task forces to The Committee appoints manage Team the proposed environmental B. trim overgrown vegetationand social improvements. Team C. plant trees and flowers

Team D. feed and entertain volunteers 0.1 Distribute wildflower seeds

7

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Project Timeframe phase I

(within 1 year)

phase II

(2-4 years)

phase III

(5+ years)

event

Domestic biogas units Community Biogas & Algaculture Water Storage Tank Research Center Co-op II

Aquaponics Facility

Co-op I

Reconstructed Homes

Workshop I Workshop II Community Centre

mobile library

athletic festival

Commercial Focus Area

hot food

Commercial Focus Area

handicrafts

Compost & Recyling Center

Handicrafts Exchange

textiles

Health Fair

weekly food market tea vegetables

2

baked goods

hot food

1

1

1

handicrafts 1 1

hot food

2

4

sweets

2

1

1 1

1

1

oranges

1 1

1 1

2

spices

1

1

tea

1

1

1

1

1 1

2

1

1

2

3

1

2

2

3 1

2

2

2

1

1 1

1

1

1

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1 2

3

1 1

2 1

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1 1

1

2

2 1

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2

1

1

1

4

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

timeline The timeline below describes a systematic approach to improving the community. The process of collaboration necessary to carry out this collective endeavor will strengthen the personal relationships and local networks within the community.

project overview

Each intervention’s vertical position indicates whether it is a building, an event, or a project.

This project, which proposes a series of improvements for the geçekondu, demonstrates a systematic approach of addressing specific physical and social deficiencies. The improvements are achieved as the result of interventions that grow in scale and scope as the project develops over a period of twenty to fifty years. The interventions have a cumulative effect, cultivating a sense of collective identity in order to project a positive image to the outside.

Buildings

the colored bars represent the duration of a project:

3.1 - 4.1 Agriculture Co-operative II expansion to include meeting space, greenhouse, compost zone, kitchen, and supply store

2.2 - 2.3 Trade Workshop hardware store to provide workspace and project advice to residents

building projects are red

Events

The first interventions are implemented by the appointed task force, either social or environmental. The initial projects are low-cost and temporary, such as community work dsys or handicraft workshops.

3.2 Community tree-planting day plant seedlings donated from Istanbul Botanic Gardens

temporary events are yellow

environmental projects are blue

Environmental Projects

13.2 Collaborate with university students and professionals provides opportunities for institutional exchanges

Buildings

B. real-world applications for science research

0.2 - 1.1 Water survey and analysis task force determines where water collects, flows, and causes problems

1.2 Establish target zone task force identifies specific area for concentrated improvements

C. findings determine boundaries of target zone

0.1 General Meeting at community center A. Introduce strategy and vision

0.4 Community work day invite residents to collaborate on collective projects

People’s Committee considers strategies to avoid forced relocation

B. Appoint environmental & social task forces

Team A. collect litter

C. Institute tax for community improvements People’s Committee resolves to address the following justifications for eviction:

Environmental Projects

Time is indicated by this number. Digits before the dot represent months. Digits after the dot represent weeks. 0.0 is the project start date.

8.2 - 9.4 Community Centre reflects new role of co-op at the center of community

3.1 - 4.1 Agriculture Co-operative II expansion to include meeting space, greenhouse, compost zone, kitchen, and supply store

4.4 - 5.1 Handicraft Exchange retail shop to sell goods and workspace to practice traditional crafts

14.1 Community Center expansion to accomodate new cultural uses

11.3 - 12.4 Aquaponics Facility cultivates live fish and aquatic plants

A. permanent market and public interface

6.4 - 7.1 Biogas Digester I converts compost into cooking gas and fertilizer

A. youth radio station

B. complete plant nursery and greenhouse

A. provides significant economic benefit

B. performance hall for semah and baglamah

C. processing zone for agriculture exports

B. functions as a virtuous circle system

C. visitors center

B. Unsuitable drinking water C. Untreated wastewater

Team C. plant trees and flowers

B. Incineration of hazardous materials 3. Building construction

A. Substandard concrete and B. Poor foundation

Social Projects

B. Delinquent youth 5. Perception as extremist enclave

A. general maintenance B. plant ornamentals in key areas

1.3 Launch agriculture programme offers services to residents of target zone and volunteers A. loan of tools 0.2 - 1.1 Water survey and analysis task force determines where water collects, flows, and causes problems

B. supply of seed C. access to gardening expertise

A. interview residents B. observe and document C. findings determine boundaries of target zone

1.2 Establish target zone task force identifies specific area for concentrated improvements

4. Security

A. Crime

2.3 - 3.2 Recruit co-op volunteers beautify common spaces within zone

1.4 Commence gardening class at community center weekly course obligatory for target zone residents

0.1 Distribute wildflower seeds residents show support for new initiative by scattering seeds throughout the community

0.1 - 0.4 Human resource survey task force identifies individuals with special capabilities A. interview residents

1.1 Database of professional skills community directory of knowledgeable experts A. building and carpentry

A. water system fully connected to agriculture B. aesthetic water features developed

C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions

C. manage co-op programmes and facilities

C. access to gardening expertise

5.4 - 7.4 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase II) heavy machinery used to install components

3.2 - 3.3 Conduct land-use survey for future development identifies earthquake risks and ecologically sensitive areas

4.4 Provide market space at co-operative residents encouraged to sell their produce

C. cuisine, traditions, and handicrafts

C. determine traditional wisdom networks

D. music and performance

A. canals and storage tanks B. wastewater treatment measures C. connections to municipal drainage canals

C. expanded to areas outside target zone

11.4 Introduce recycling program at former co-op facility separation of household waste for recycling A. provides employment for salvage collectors B. allows community to sell bulk quantities of material

12.3 Relocate poorly-sited dwellings construct new houses for displaced families 11.2 Make trainings accessible for every resident continuous courses in sustainable practices A. childcare and meals provided for incentives B. coordinated with community social events

10.2 Expand target zone include vacant areas with agricultural potential

A. survey to determine best location

15.2 Assist co-op employees find work in private sector workers encouraged to provide services outside community

B. community-wide knowledge and support networks C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions

A. Co-op exports a skilled workforce B. employment engine lifts family incomes 13.2 Collaborate with university students and professionals provides opportunities for institutional exchanges A. transmission of technical knowledge B. real-world applications for science research

C. reputation of community grows

17.1 18.2 Develop parks and natural areas designate green spaces as territorial assets A. construct trails and seating areas B. draw attention to local assets or significant views C. encourage local youth to guide visitors

2.1 Facilitate temporary food market provides selling space to any resident

B. agriculture and cultivation

B. identify community leaders and social promoters

10.2 Community Festival showcase all improvements to date

8.1 - 10.2 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase III) comprehensive flow sequence completed

B. community-wide knowledge and support networks

B. best practices for community gardening

A. address immediate flood risks

C. construct retaining walls

6.3 Expand role of co-op workforce employees and volunteers become agricultural specialists

B. convert uncultivated terrain to agriculture plots

A. increased irrigation from rainwater harvesting

B. solar and other energy solutions explored

Team A. plant ornamental shrubs and flowers

A. construct and maintain water infrastructure

A. formal training for co-op volunteers

A. funded by university and other institutions

Team C. feed and entertain workers

5.1 - 5.4 Maximize agricultural production integration with other improvements

3.1 Establish garden school

16.2 - 17.4 Environmental Research Center for the development of high-tech sustainability projects

Team B. paint utility poles, kerbs, and railings

5.2 Domestic water filter workshop instruct how to make filters for safe drinking water

2.2 - 4.1 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase I) provides paid work for unemployed residents

B. excavate ponds and canals

9.1 Community work day volunteers develop high-visibility areas

7.1 Community compost campaign collect and recycle domestic and agricultural waste for fertilizer

4.2 Domestic compost workshop teach fundamentals of composting organic waste

Team D. feed and entertain volunteers

2. Air quality A. Poorly-ventilated coal fires

5.2 University student visit Invite ITU students to observe and participate in projects

3.2 Community tree-planting day plant seedlings donated from Istanbul Botanic Gardens

Team B. trim overgrown vegetation

A. Flooding and erosion damage

C. construct retaining walls

7.4 - 8.2 Upgrade central athletic pitch encourages community participation in sport

2.2 Handicraft workshop encourage local artisans to teach their trade to other residents

1. Water management

B. excavate ponds and canals

Social Projects

2.2 - 2.3 Trade Workshop hardware store to provide workspace and project advice to residents

0.0 Prime Minister Erdoğan and the AK Party renew threats to develop Küçük Armutlu

B. plant ornamentals in key areas

A. address immediate flood risks

B. observe and document

D. meeting and performance spaces

Events

A. general maintenance

2.2 - 4.1 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase I) provides paid work for unemployed residents

A. interview residents

1.1 - 1.2 Agriculture Co-operative facility for operations and storage 0.3 - 0.4 Community Tent temporary structure to appear at subsequent community events

2.3 - 3.2 Recruit co-op volunteers beautify common spaces within zone

social projects are green

A. transmission of technical knowledge

Among the first physical upgrades, a community gardening campaign encourages residents to cultivate parts of the land around their home. As the project develops, residents make improvements to the surroundings as their agricultural ambition grows. Such improvements include the diversion of water flowing downhill, which previously caused erosion and flooding. This problem is transformed into a benefit with the terracing of gardens, which abates water runoff and provides irrigation.

2.2 Handicraft workshop encourage local artisans to teach their trade to other residents

2.4 Invite local hospital to host health fair provides screenings, vaccinations, and basic consultations

4.3 Invite weekly mobile library service local library makes stops at key locations

7.4 - 8.2 Upgrade central athletic pitch encourages community participation in sport

9

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu Transformed Open Space

Community Participation

Experienced Farmers

Artisan Food Vendors Temporary Clinic

Recycling Worker

Terraced Gardens

Hardware Store

Volunteers

Visiting Practitioner

Composting Area Mobile Library

Workshop

New Trees and Gardens

Goods for Sale

Handicraft Vendors

Salvage Yard

Heavy Machinery

Community Participation Visiting Students

Water Storage

Heavy Machinery

Recycling Worker

New Public Spaces

Agriculture Cooperative Street Commerce

Agricultural Worker

Public Water Access Community Excursions

Volunteer

Trade Workshop Community Gardening

Buildings

1.1 - 1.2 Agriculture Co-operative facility for operations and storage 0.3 - 0.4 Community Tent temporary structure to appear at subsequent community events

8.2 - 9.4 Community Centre reflects new role of co-op at the center of community

3.1 - 4.1 Agriculture Co-operative II expansion to include meeting space, greenhouse, compost zone, kitchen, and supply store

2.2 - 2.3 Trade Workshop hardware store to provide workspace and project advice to residents

Recycling Bins

4.4 - 5.1 Handicraft Exchange retail shop to sell goods and workspace to practice traditional crafts

A. permanent market and public interface

6.4 - 7.1 Biogas Digester I converts compost into cooking gas and fertilizer

B. complete plant nursery and greenhouse C. processing zone for agriculture exports D. meeting and performance spaces

Events

0.0 Prime Minister Erdoğan and the AK Party renew threats to develop Küçük Armutlu

0.1 General Meeting at community center A. Introduce strategy and vision

0.4 Community work day invite residents to collaborate on collective projects

People’s Committee considers strategies to avoid forced relocation

B. Appoint environmental & social task forces

Team A. collect litter

C. Institute tax for community improvements People’s Committee resolves to address the following justifications for eviction:

Environmental Projects

Team C. plant trees and flowers

A. Flooding and erosion damage C. Untreated wastewater

A. Poorly-ventilated coal fires

B. Incineration of hazardous materials 3. Building construction

A. Substandard concrete and B. Poor foundation

0.1 Distribute wildflower seeds residents show support for new initiative by scattering seeds throughout the community

B. Delinquent youth 5. Perception as extremist enclave

10

A. general maintenance B. plant ornamentals in key areas

1.3 Launch agriculture programme offers services to residents of target zone and volunteers A. loan of tools 0.2 - 1.1 Water survey and analysis task force determines where water collects, flows, and causes problems

B. supply of seed C. access to gardening expertise

A. interview residents

C. findings determine boundaries of target zone

1.2 Establish target zone task force identifies specific area for concentrated improvements

4. Security

A. Crime

2.3 - 3.2 Recruit co-op volunteers beautify common spaces within zone

1.4 Commence gardening class at community center weekly course obligatory for target zone residents

B. observe and document

7.1 Community compost campaign collect and recycle domestic and agricultural waste for fertilizer

4.2 Domestic compost workshop teach fundamentals of composting organic waste

Team D. feed and entertain volunteers

1. Water management B. Unsuitable drinking water

5.2 University student visit Invite ITU students to observe and participate in projects

3.2 Community tree-planting day plant seedlings donated from Istanbul Botanic Gardens

Team B. trim overgrown vegetation

2. Air quality

Social Projects

2.2 Handicraft workshop encourage local artisans to teach their trade to other residents

0.1 - 0.4 Human resource survey task force identifies individuals with special capabilities A. interview residents

A. building and carpentry

A. increased irrigation from rainwater harvesting

B. best practices for community gardening

B. community-wide knowledge and support networks

B. convert uncultivated terrain to agriculture plots

C. access to gardening expertise

C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions

C. manage co-op programmes and facilities

5.4 - 7.4 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase II) heavy machinery used to install components

3.2 - 3.3 Conduct land-use survey for future development identifies earthquake risks and ecologically sensitive areas

4.4 Provide market space at co-operative residents encouraged to sell their produce

C. cuisine, traditions, and handicrafts

C. determine traditional wisdom networks

D. music and performance

A. canals and storage tanks B. wastewater treatment measures C. connections to municipal drainage canals

11.4 Introduce recycling pro separation of household wa

A. provides employment f

B. allows community to se

2.1 Facilitate temporary food market provides selling space to any resident

B. agriculture and cultivation

B. identify community leaders and social promoters

A. construct and maintain water infrastructure

A. formal training for co-op volunteers

A. address immediate flood risks

C. construct retaining walls

6.3 Expand role of co-op workforce employees and volunteers become agricultural specialists

5.1 - 5.4 Maximize agricultural production integration with other improvements

3.1 Establish garden school

2.2 - 4.1 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase I) provides paid work for unemployed residents

B. excavate ponds and canals

1.1 Database of professional skills community directory of knowledgeable experts

5.2 Domestic water filter workshop instruct how to make filters for safe drinking water

2.4 Invite local hospital to host health fair provides screenings, vaccinations, and basic consultations

4.3 Invite weekly mobile library service local library makes stops at key locations

7.4 - 8.2 Upgra encourages c

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Painters Central Plaza Community Government Street Furniture Storage Pond Commercial Space

Community Gardens

Weekly Market

Landscape Improvements

New Public Spaces

Promotional Branding

Existing Municipal Canal Flexible Open Space Water Storage Tank

Handicraft Exchange Weekly Market

Personal Responsibility

Aquaponics Centre

Artisan Food Vendors

Handicraft Production

Community Centre

Household Plantings

Entertainers & Musicians

Flexible Open Space Visitors and Outsiders Handicraft Vendors

Terraced Gardens

Aquaponics Facility

Heavy Machinery

Public Parks and Wetlands

Handicraft Vendor

Existing Motorway

nity Centre of co-op at the center of community

14.1 Community Center expansion to accomodate new cultural uses

11.3 - 12.4 Aquaponics Facility cultivates live ďŹ sh and aquatic plants

market and public interface

A. youth radio station

lant nursery and greenhouse

A. provides significant economic benefit

B. performance hall for semah and baglamah

zone for agriculture exports

B. functions as a virtuous circle system

C. visitors center

d performance spaces

9.1 Community work day volunteers develop high-visibility areas

16.2 - 17.4 Environmental Research Center for the development of high-tech sustainability projects A. funded by university and other institutions B. solar and other energy solutions explored

10.2 Community Festival showcase all improvements to date

Team A. plant ornamental shrubs and flowers Team B. paint utility poles, kerbs, and railings Team C. feed and entertain workers

e me agricultural specialists

8.1 - 10.2 Upgrade water infrastructure (phase III) comprehensive ow sequence completed

r infrastructure

A. water system fully connected to agriculture

o agriculture plots

B. aesthetic water features developed

and facilities

C. expanded to areas outside target zone

11.4 Introduce recycling program at former co-op facility separation of household waste for recycling A. provides employment for salvage collectors B. allows community to sell bulk quantities of material

12.3 Relocate poorly-sited dwellings construct new houses for displaced families 11.2 Make trainings accessible for every resident continuous courses in sustainable practices A. childcare and meals provided for incentives B. coordinated with community social events

10.2 Expand target zone include vacant areas with agricultural potential

A. survey to determine best location

15.2 Assist co-op employees find work in private sector workers encouraged to provide services outside community

B. community-wide knowledge and support networks C. collective solicitation of resources from institutions

A. Co-op exports a skilled workforce B. employment engine lifts family incomes 13.2 Collaborate with university students and professionals provides opportunities for institutional exchanges A. transmission of technical knowledge B. real-world applications for science research

C. reputation of community grows

17.1 18.2 Develop parks and natural areas designate green spaces as territorial assets A. construct trails and seating areas B. draw attention to local assets or significant views C. encourage local youth to guide visitors

7.4 - 8.2 Upgrade central athletic pitch encourages community participation in sport

11

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

pools of collected water

water analysis The community must solve the problem of flooding and erosion damage with a comprehensive water management system. This system will feature sustainable urban drainage principles to maximize the agricultural benefit from rainwater as it is directed throughout the site. Collection ponds and canals facilitate various stages of filtration while adding aesthetic value. Wastewater and surface runoff is treated as it progresses through the system, which includes a septic field, biogas digesters, and an aquaponics center.

site model at 1:500 scale

flow simulation This video simulates the flow of water across the site. Ball bearings are dropped from the high edge; the topography determines their path downhill and halts or diverts around any obstruction. By documenting the trajectory of each ball bearing, a simple analysis reveals two key findings: • Locations where water collects in pools, causing potential flooding. • Locations where water flows rapidly in channels, causing potential erosion damage. 12

channels of fast-moving water

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

water management improvements to the environmental infrastructure

C C

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irrigation canal

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water from Armutlu currently drains into the Bosphorus without treatment

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3

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Sustainable Urban Drainage systems (SUDs) are management practices and control structures designed to drain surface water safely and naturally.

storage pond

swale

sustainable urban drainage Conventional methods of evacuating surface water, such as gutters, drains, and sewers, do not allow water to soak into the soil. Instead it becomes contaminated as it flows quickly over concrete and impervious surfaces.

rainwater harvesting and storage

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ph nt

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4

2

the Target Zone is determined as the part of Armutlu with the most environmental threats, and therefore the greatest potential for improvement.

Armutlu

13

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Building Projects The buildings described here provide resources and support for the social and environmental interventions. These five structures play a unique role in advancing the development of each project. In keeping with the incremental and grassroots nature of this proposal, each building has its genesis as a room within a family’s residence. For example, the Agriculture Cooperative begins as a garden shed; the Trade Workshop begins as a hardware store. New structures are only built at an advanced stage, when the demonstrated need justifies a dedicated building.

Phase I

(within 1 year)

Phase II (2-4 years)

Phase III (5+ years)

14

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Trade Workshop

Community Centre Handicraft Exchange

Agriculture Cooperative Aquaponics Facility

15

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Agriculture Cooperative The Agriculture Cooperative is established at an early phase in order to provide support for the community garden initiative. The garden project is one of the most important interventions because it begins small but is a driving force for change. By developing in the three phases described here, the physical environment is transformed. As families cultivate the terrain adjacent to their dwellings, The Agriculture Cooperative provides the required materials, tools, and personal support. As the project develops, the Co-op becomes a community institution, offering educational and vocational programmes for residents.

16

• water flow analysis • retaining walls & irrigation • seed bank • tool lending • supplies storage • recycling & composting • biogas digesters • community meetings

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Visiting Students Students are invited to observe and participate in agricultural projects. Local schools encourage the community’s youth to learn about gardening, composting, and recycling.

Agricultural Worker The agriculture co-op employs a small number of community members to construct and maintain the terraced gardens

Experienced Farmers Since most of Armutlu’s inhabitants immigrated from the countryside, many have access to generations of agricultural experience. Such knowledge of farming techniques is put into practice with the cultivation of terraced gardens.

New Public Spaces The construction of retaining walls allows for the provision of benches, tables, courtyards, and plazas. These details facilitate community interaction, which is further encouraged by the social interventions which are explained later.

Terraced Gardens Heavy Machinery As many of Armutlu’s inhabitants work in the construction industry, several people own bulldozers and front-end loaders. This machinery is used in phases II & III to excavate canals and water storage tanks.

Volunteer In addition to its paid workforce, the coop enlists the help of volunteers from local schools and associations. Community Work Days are organized to accomplish ambitious projects with large numbers.

The community garden plots take advantage of Armutlu’s steep slopes with a system of retaining walls, which control and distribute the flow of water through the site. Sustainable urban drainage techniques provide natural irrigation while eliminating erosion and flooding risks.

17

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu water analysis finding: water collects here in pools, risking flood and disease intervention: water is collected in new tanks or ponds, where it is stored for future use.

family residence

water analysis finding: water flows here in currents, risking erosion and structure damage intervention: new retaining walls mitigate runoff damage, redirecting water for irrigating gardens

Agriculture Cooperative

phase I: the gardener’s shed

garden nursery caretaker’s lodgings

desk/workspace

storage:

tools seeds garden supplies water analysis finding: water collects here in pools, risking flood and disease intervention: water is collected in new tanks or ponds, where it is stored for future use.

18

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Agriculture Cooperative Phase I: the gardener’s shed

the terraced garden concept

In the first phase, the Cooperative provides the resources for residents to transform the area around their houses into productive agricultural terrain. In order to implement the transformation of the landscape, the Co-op is managed from a small shed by a single employee. The caretaker manages the lending of gardening tools, distribution of seeds, and provides basic agricultural advice. To the rear of the shed is a garden nursery, where seedlings are cultivated and plants are collected for landscaping projects.

various methods of managing water runoff

results of the water flow analysis, showing flooding and erosion risks

19

Avoiding Eviction in Kßçßk Armutlu

terraced gardens

water storage retaining walls

s n e

d e c

ra r te

rd a g

natural irrigation

Agriculture Cooperative

phase II: the agriculture supply centre family residence

greenhouse

outdoor storage kitchen

compost area

shop

garden nursery

meeting space

storage

s n e

d e c

a r r te

retaining walls

20

rd a g

water storage

a g d

ter

e c ra

s

n e d r

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Agriculture Cooperative Phase II: the agriculture supply center

details for the terracing of the steep site

In the second phase, retaining walls are built to take advantage of the flow of water down the sloping site. Water is diverted into irrigation canals or storage ponds, while the gardens become distinctly terraced. Where they don’t already exist, stairs are constructed to provide easy access through steep areas. Any areas inappropriate for agricultural cultivation are planted with trees or ornamental plants, or are developed for practical public uses. planting trees throughout the community provides many benefits, both ecological and social sustainable drainage techniques

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Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

terraced gardens retaining walls

s

d e c

ra r te

en d ar

natural irrigation

g

temporary event space

Agriculture Cooperative

phase III: the compost & recycling centre

improved landscaping

recycling centre

water storage

family residence

ter

compost zone biogas digester

rac

canteen shop

public composting toilets

terraced gardens

meeting space

water storage & temporary event space

te

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a g d

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c a r r

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n e rd

ga

rde

ns

improved landscaping

parking

new trees planted

ed

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Agriculture Cooperative Phase III: the compost & recycling center At an advanced phase, some functions of the Agricultural Cooperative are relocated to the Community Center. When this happens, the previous Co-op buildings become a center for compost and recycling projects.

decorative water features

Residents come here to learn about transforming their household and gardening waste into fertilizer.

garden detail at an advanced phase

biogas digesters The biogas digester is a unit that converts composting waste into methane gas for cooking or heating. It also produces liquid fertilizer that can be applied to agricultural plots.

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Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Agriculture Cooperative

the transformation of the physical environment

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MArch Urban Design 2010-11

phase III phase II phase I

v

Recycling Worker Salvage collectors are already a common sight in Istanbul. They get the recycling campaign underway and transport useful material to the Trade Workshop.

Terraced Gardens All arable land within Armutlu can be cultivated by building retaining walls and irrigation canals where necessary.

Volunteers The co-op enlists the help of volunteers to collect rubbish and maintain public areas.

Community Participation The second phase of the co-op provides a space for community meetings.

New trees and gardens Trees and flowers are planted throughout the site in order to improve the local ecology and create attractive spaces.

Composting Area This area is used to educate residents about composting methods, encouraging them to establish such practices in their own households.

Recycling Bins Proper facilities for collecting waste and recycling are conveniently located throughout the site.

New Public Spaces New retaining walls and terraforming from the agricultural project allow for the creation of small public spaces in strategic locations such as bus stops.

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Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Trade Workshop The workshop provides a space and resources for residents to construct improvements to their own houses and gardens, as well as larger projects that benefit the community at large. The building begins in an early phase as a hardware store, providing tools and materials to residents. The construction of vendor stalls and seating areas for visitors will provide enough work to employ a small team of craftsmen in the workshop. Eventually these craftsmen host a vocational training school, which provides young adults with employment and a place to live for a fixed period.

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• salvage yard • woodworkings • metalworking • hardware store • goods on display • vocational training

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Public Water Access New infrastructure from the community agriculture project results in improvements such as water access points, where residents gather and socialize.

Hardware Store Family-operated shops play a crucial role in the local economy of Armutlu. The Hardware Store provides residents with the tools and resources to make improvements to their homes and grounds.

Goods for Sale

Community Excursions Youth groups designate paths throughout Armutlu, encouraging visitors to explore important community institutions, social resources, scenic views, and ecological assets.

This roadside porch displays products from the workshop, especially furniture, for sale to visitors and locals alike.

Workshop The Workshop recycles salvaged wood and metal scrap, specializing in the construction of street furniture such as benches, tables, and vendor stalls for use throughout Armutlu.

Community Gardening Agricultural terraces provide a ubiquitous backdrop for the improvements implemented by the community

Water Storage Like elsewhere throughout the community, rainwater is captured and stored for residential or industrial use.

Community Participation The Workshop fulfills the community’s construction needs, facilitating physical improvements that increase in ambition and scope. Local associations consult here for advice and assistance with their building projects. 27

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

retaining walls

Trade Workshop

water storage

hardware store

water storage workshop workers’ residence

terraced gardens

natural irrigation

improved hardscaping

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new trees planted

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Trade Workshop As more projects are implemented throughout Armutlu, the scope of the workshop increases. As the temporary markets grow in size and frequency, additional street furniture will be required.

salvaged material

Participants in the workshop’s apprenticeship programme will learn the skills necessary to find employment in various trades such as carpentry and metalworking.

workshop production

final products spatial considerations These drawings demonstrate the unique vernacular characteristics of the typical gecekondu dweling. By adapting existing residences for each new programme, the intimate spatial fabric of the community is maintained. 29

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Handicraft Exchange The Exchange provides two essential services to the residents of Armutlu: It offers training workshops for locals to learn how to produce crafts such as knitting and jewelry. For this purpose it offers a large workroom for classes and a kitchen for making handmade foods. Secondly it contains a retail shop which is the public component of the Exchange. This shop provides a single space for all of the community’s artisans to sell their wares. Visitors to Armutlu can see here all the locally produced textiles, pottery, metalwork, etc.

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• handicraft workshops • women’s group • artisan food production • communal work environment • retail shop • support networks

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Handicraft Exchange

Artisan Food Vendors

Local artisans are encouraged to display their wares at this shop, which collects examples of the entire community’s handicrafts under one roof.

Handmade food production builds relationships and social networks.

Weekly Markets Temporary canopies are erected in the Central Plaza and in other public spaces to sell local products.

Visitors and Outsiders Inhabitants benefit by engaging visitors from outside the community. Armutlu’s wealthy neighbors are prime customers for artisan foods and traditional handicrafts.

Promotional Branding A clear and unifying marketing campaign builds the community’s image and increases visibility.

Handicraft Vendors

Vendor Carts

Local artisans produce a variety of unique textiles, pottery, and jewelry. Products are sold at weekly markets and at the Handicraft Exchange.

Mobile vendors amble the streets, adding a dynamic dimension to residential streets.

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Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

terraced gardens

Handicraft Exchange artisan craft workroom

overflow for special events and festivals

kitchen parking

handicraft shop

artisan stalls

central plaza

water storage natural landscaping

artisan stalls: special events & festivals 32

retaining walls

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Handicraft Exchange Here the inhabitants of Armutlu can learn traditional skills and sell their wares for profit. Local artisans are encouraged to teach their craft to unskilled neighbors, especially the younger generations. The interactive experience benefits all participants and develops social relationships. The production of traditional foods and handicrafts stimulates the local economy and gives the community a unique identity within the increasingly globalized urban surroundings.

handmade food preparation

communal working environment

spatial considerations Istanbul is famous for its vibrant bazaars and markets. The street plays a crucial role for commerce in Turkish society. For this reason, the Handicraft Exchange is not confined to a building, but spills out into the streets and plazas of the community.

33

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Community Centre The Community Centre develops out of the Agriculture Cooperative, and represents that project’s importance as a community-wide effort. Situated in a central location, the adjacent plaza provides a space for meeting and socializing, as well as a commercial zone for temporary markets and festivals. The Centre itself provides three key functions: 1.) offices for the People’s Committe and local community government; 2.) an agricultural processing facility for exporting produce from residents’ gardens; and 3.) a garden supply shop for providing seeds, seedlings, and agricultural tools and materials.

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• community gathering space • event space • festivals • market • agricultural sorting and distribution • community government

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Painters In an effort to liven up blighted streets, the People’s Committee provides paint to individual households. Entrepreneurial residents may take advantage by starting their own house-painting businesses.

Entertainers & Musicians

Central Plaza A new public open space in the center of the community provides a much-needed magnet for social activity and commerce.

Personal Responsibility

Weekly Markets

Street musicians find eager listeners in this place of sociable gathering. A temporary stage is erected for bigger concerts and festivals.

Temporary canopies are erected each week and during festivals, flexibly transforming the plaza into a bustling marketplace.

Community Gardens

Various campaigns encourage residents to take responsibility for maintaining their environment.

Communal agriculture plots are distributed throughout Armutlu.

Community Centre This building provides a central focus for the community’s improvements, including local government offices, an agricultural processing facility, and a permanent market for selling plants and agricultural harvest.

Street Furniture Created in the nearby Trade Workshop, benches and tables provide an informal gathering space for residents to meet and socialize.

Commercial Space A large space with high pedestrian circulation provides the incentive for local artisans to sell their wares.

Landscape Improvements Volunteers plant trees and ornamental plants in public areas in an effort to improve visibility and improve the community’s image.

Flexible Open Space Streets and open spaces play an important role because they can be used flexibly for a variety of activities.

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Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

s n e d r a g d e terrac

natural irrigation

natural landscaping

gathering space

overflow for special events and festivals

artisan stalls

Community Centre community government offices

improved hardscaping

agricultural processing

retaining walls

covered porch

performance space parking

terraced

greenhouse

gardens

garden supply shop loading dock

water storage

36

open trellis structure

new trees planted

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Community Centre The Community Centre is the symbolic and functional core of Armutlu’s improvement projects. In addition to providing support for the new social and environmental initiatives, the centre welcomes visitors from outside the community. recreation

The Central Plaza is a space for recreation and informal gathering, becoming a busy commercial space on market days or festivals. The flexibility allows for musical performances, public celebrations, and community-wide gatherings.

spatial considerations

commercial activity

The vernacular architecture of Turkish villages naturally facilitates growth. As families increase, their dwellings are joined together and expand upwards. As Armutlu becomes more dense, the Central Plaza provides a central locus for social and commercial activity. 37

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Aquaponics Facility Aquaponics refers to the virtuous circle system of cultivation for both aquatic plants and fish for human consumption. Water is cycled through a hydroponic garden, irrigating the plants there with the nutrient-rich wastewater from the fish hatchery. Upon coursing through the garden, the cleansed water is recycled back into the fish ponds. This facility is constructed at an advanced stage in the agricultural project, when runoff water is thoroughly managed and utilized. The array of tanks and gardens is located on relatively flat terrain at the bottom of the steep slope of the community. This marginal site performs as a buffer between Armutlu and the peripheral motorway, helping to restore the pre-existing wetland ecosystem.

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• fish & aquatic plants • diagram of cycle • commercial activity • workers

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Aquaponics Centre This building includes a workshop where aquaponic farming systems are designed, constructed, and maintained. The centre also contains a marketplace for the fish and vegetables cultivated in the community aquaponic farm at the rear of the building.

Household Plantings Storage Ponds New ponds are constructed in strategic locations to hold water for use in the agriculture project. These ponds restore the natural ecology of the over-paved site by providing a permeable surface: water is allowed to soak into the soil, replenishing the underground water table.

Public Green Space

Existing Municipal Canal

The marginal space between Armutlu and the encircling motorway is preserved as a restorative ecological zone, providing a refuge for wetland plants and wildlife.

This canal currently carries Armutlu’s rainwater runoff to the Bosphorus, .25 km to the east. With the implementation of the agricultural improvements, water that used to flow rapidly off the site is now productively diverted for purposes of irrigation, industry, and consumption

Individual agriculture plots provide households with a supplementary income from the sale of herbs, ornamental plants, and produce.

Water Storage Tank Located at the lowest point of the community, this storage tank holds water for times of drought.

Existing Motorway Despite isolating Armutlu from the neighboring community, this barrier provides a buffer that allows the adjacent wetland refuge to thrive.

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Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Aquaponics Centre

terraced gardens aquaponic farming array: hydroponic garden fish cultivation tank

assembly workshop: + instruction & trainings + system maintenence

produce market

public toilets

fish market retaining walls

aquaponic farming shop : + informational display + household units + supplies & material

parking

natural irrigation

secondary school

40

retaining walls

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Aquaponics Facility As the community’s experience with water management and agriculture increases, more complex systems are undertaken to take advantage of the site’s natural and human resources. Aquaponic farming produces both plants and fish for economic gain. The commercial potential of this facility can provide employment for residents, and can be used to promote sustainable farming techniques in other communities. diagrams of aquaponic systems

construction of water storage tank

41

Avoiding Eviction in Armutlu

Materialized Fictions This section explores the social interventions that function (often subversively) to build community. They work cumulatively to develop a strong sense of unity among inhabitants, encouraging social networks to thrive. Conventional development approaches often overlook the importance of social programmes to ensure the sustainability of physical improvements. Such interventions can be effective at modifying behavior, but more radical social and institutional adjustments are needed to establish real change. The following social interventions challenge the boundaries of public and private. They are small and temporary but frequent, and many have an economic component which cultivates entrepreneurship.

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Social Interventions: • restorative landscaping • graphic conversations •community gardens • mobile libraries • youth exchanges • branding & promotion • driving school for bulldozers • engaging the other

MArch Urban Design 2010-11

Project Timeframe phase I

(within 1 year)

phase II

(2-4 years)

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(5+ years)

event

Domestic biogas units Community Biogas & Algaculture Water Storage Tank Research Center Co-op II

Aquaponics Facility

Co-op I

Reconstructed Homes

Workshop I Workshop II Community Centre

mobile library

athletic festival

Commercial Focus Area

hot food

Commercial Focus Area

handicrafts

Compost & Recyling Center

Handicrafts Exchange

textiles

Health Fair

weekly food market tea vegetables

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MArch Urban Design 2010-11

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Painting houses attracts attention and indicates which properties need community attention 1

Walking paths lead residents to discover their neighboorhood

Local landmarks and community assets are indicated and explained

Vacant lots and marginal spaces are made explicit with attention-grabbing elements, inviting residents to occupy such spaces and inhabit them for temporary purposes

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potential economic development invitation to use spaces differently

new awareness about the community encourages inhabitants to take responsibility for their environment critique of current problems

Paint is used to express relationships within the community’s physical environment. Painted lines indicate boundaries, paths, and destinations. Similarly, other graphic methods draw attention to significant problems within the community. Eventually an informal economy emerges to fulfil the new demand for painters.

Graphic Conversation

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MArch Urban Design 2010-11

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MArch Urban Design 2010-11 1

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Community Gardens

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Community members are encouraged and supported in the creation of communal vegetable gardens. These shared gardens provide not only an economical and healthy food source, but also have the potential to enhance community development.

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Communal spaces facilitate collective agricultural production.

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