T a e wa ngKwon<>Porol i o<>S e l e c t e dWor k20072011
Theor ec al _Ar c hi t ec t ur alPr oj ec t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ AP] De c ons t r uc t i veI c on:Ha r dc or eSpa c e
Funda me nt a lThe or y+Spa c e _Ani ma t e dSpa c e St r uc t ur e+Te c hnol ogy_Re ve r s eEngi ne e r i ng Spa c e +Te c hnol ogy_Wa t e rCont a i ne rMa c hi ne Spa c e+St r uc t ur e _Ana mor phos i sEf f e lTowe r Topol ogy+Pr ogr a m +Spa c e+St r uc t ur e _De c ons t r uc t i veWa t e rGa r de n I ns t a l l a t i on+St r uc t ur e _Ana l yt i cMi e s ’Cr ownHa l l I ns t a l l a t i on+Te c hnol ogy_Movi ngFa c a de Pr ogr a m +St r uc t ur e _Mode r nI c on:Sa ms ungBui l di ng Pr ogr a m+Spa c e +St r uc t ur e +Te c hnol ogy_Ha r dc or eSpa c e
Ur banRes ear c h. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ UR] _“ ThePr oduc t i onofs pa c e ”a saPr oduc t i onofI ndus t r i a lSc a l e ;Spa t i a lRe c onf i gur a t i on The s i s i nt heCha ngwonI ndus t r i a lCompl e x,Sout hKor e a ,19742010
:Di a l e c t i cf r om Sl um Ci t yt oNe w Town,London,18801960 Hi s t or yofUr ba ni s m_New Towns :Compa r a t i veSt udy ,Sovi e ta ndBr i t i s hmode l sdur i ng Supr a muni c i pa lPl a nni ng_New Towns t hes e c ondha l fof20t hCe nt ur y
_Ca s eofGi j on:Xi xi on2030 De ve l opme ntPr oc e s sofUr ba nPl a nni ngSt r a t e gi e s t e r na t i veI nf r a s t r uc t ur e :Pos t For di s tI nf r a s t r uc t ur e ,Publ i cSt r e e t s , Publ i cTr a ns por t a t i on_Al Sha r e dSpa c e :Ca l l edeFue nc a r r a li nSpa i n
f t ” ( Longt e r m Re nt a lSys t e m)Sout hKor e a ,Se oul Soc i a lHous i ng_“SHi me s i s :Me c ha ni c a lRe pr oduc t i onofMode r nAr c hi t e c t ur e ,Aur a , Re l a t i onb/ w Ar tnAr c h_Mi Di a l e c t i c a lAur a :Ba r c e l onaPa vi l i on1926,1986
_Appl i c a t i onofFut ur eSt udi e s :Pr oc e s sofUr ba nTe r r i t or i a lpl a nni ng:Foc usont he Pr a c t i c e Te c hnol ogi e s
_Re ha bi l i t a t i on:Ana l ys i sofQue s t i onna i r eonI nt e gr a t e dUr ba nRe ge ne r a t i onPol i c i e s Pr a c t i c e
Ar c hi t ec t ur ei saPar adox . Adam R.L anman
Theor ec al _Ar c hi t ec t ur alPr oj ec t
I twa sc r e a t e da ni nt uiv es t r uc t ur a l a na l y s i sofa ni c oni ca r c hi t e c t ur a l e di fic e ( E i f f e l t owe r )t ha tdi s pl a y sa na ni ma t es t r uc t ur e . T hi swa spr e s e nt e di nafina l dr a wi ng on22” x24”v e l l umoni nk .t hedr a wi nga ni ma t e dt hr oug ht hec r e a onofa nobj e c t ba s e dont he m. T hi sobj e c twa sma deby us i ngonl ywood, g l ue , a ndnol a r g e rt ha n 8”c ube .
Met hodol ogy+Theor y
“Re v e r s ee n g i n e e r i n gi st h ep r o c e s so fd i s c o v e r i n gt h e t e c h n o l o g yp r i n c i p l e so fad e v i c eo ro b j e c to rs y s t e mt h r o u g h a n a l y s i so fi t ss t r u c t u r e , f u n c t i o na n do p e r a t i o n . I to f t e ni n v o l v e st a k i n gs o me t h i n ga p a r ta n da n l y z i n gi t swo r k i n g si n d e t a i l , u s u a l l yt ot r yt oma k ean e wd e v i c eo rp r o g r a mt h a td o e st h es o met h i n gwi t h o u tc o p y i n ga n y t h i n gf r o mt h e o r i g i n a l . ”
I twa sc r e a t e das e tofdr a wi nga nds t udy mode l st ha ta na l y z et hes t r uc t ur a l s y s t e ms i nt hedr a wi ng sI tha df oundbe f or eT he s e dr a wi ng sa r ea na l yc a l di a g r a msoft hes t r uc t ur a l s y s t e ms . I twa sbui l tfina l i z e ds c a l emode l r e pr e s e n ngs pa a l a nds t r uc t ur a l c ondionspl a c e dt og e t he rus i ngc a r e f ul l yc r ae dde t a i l s pe c i fie dt hr oug ht he pr oc e s sofr e v e r s ee ng i ne e r i ngt hes t r uc t ur a l dr a wi ng sofmyor i g i na l i c on.
T hi spha s ec r e a t e dama c hi net ot r a ns l a t e8F L . OZ . ofwa t e rf r omt het opofmy r e v e r s ee ng i ne e r e dmode l t ot hebo om oft hemode l . T hi sma c hi neonl yne e dope r a t et ot hede g r e et ha tt hei l l us i onofmo ont hr oug hs t opa cona ni ma onc a n bea c hi e v e d. S e onds t e pphot og r a phe dt hev a r i ous pos ionsoft r a ns l a ona ndt r a ns f e ri nt he mode l us i ngs t opmo ont e c hni quet oa ni ma t et hema c hi ne . T he r e f or e , t hema c hi ne swi l l a ppe a ri ni t sdi g i t a l fil mf or ma tt o beope r a ngbyi t s e l f . T hefiv e8. 5” x 11”pl a t e si l l us t r a t e ds pa a l c ha ng e sa ss e e ni nt hefil m, f ore a c hof t hehours e consofs e consofmyfil m ( t ot a l of20pl a t e s ) . T hes e r i e soft we nt y pl a t e sde t a i l e dt hepos iv ea ndne g av e s pa c ec ha ng e st hr oug ha l l f ours t a g e s .
Space+Technol ogy
I tt ook5v i e wsofmys t r uc t ur a l mode l ( E i ffe l t owe r )a ndde v i s e5t e c hni queofa na mor phos i si nwhi c ht hev i e woft hemode l t ha tphot og r a phe d,be c ome sa ns t r e t c he d( l i ne a r ) . I tc r e a t e dade f or me di ma g e t ha ta ppe a r si ni t st r ues ha pewhe nv i e we di ns ome“ unc onv e n ona l ”wa y .
Space+St r uct ur e
T hi spha s ebe g a nwi t haMa c r os t r a t e g y bot hf orl a ndde s i g na ndde v e l opme nta s we l l a sc ont e x t ua l r e l a ons hi pt hr oug h t hede v e l opme ntofas y mbol i cl a ng ua g e me t hodol og y , t he nmov et oama c r os c a l e f orbot hs pa a l a ndma t e r i a l e x pl or a on wi t hi nt hel a nds c a pe . T hi spha s ede t e r mi ne dwi t ht hepr of e s s or t hes c a l ea twhi c hI dr a wmys i t e( whi c h a c ta smyc a nv a sf ort hea na mor phi ci ma g e )a ndt he nde v e l opt hea na mor phos i s wi t hi nt hebounda r i e sofmys i t e . I tde r i v e dac ombi ne di r r i g a ons y s t e ma ndpr og r a mma cs pa c ef r ommyďŹ l mpl a t e sa nd s t opa ndma c hi ne sf ort heg a r de n.
Us i ngl i nedr a wi ngt e c hni queI pr oduc e d at opog r a phi cma pt ha tde s c r i be sc ondionst ha tc a nbes e e nwi t hi nmypi c t ur e s quel a nds c a pei nas pa a l a ndc ons t r ucv e qua l i t ywhi l et hede s c r i p onsofe v e nt s wi t hi nt hepi c t ur e s quel a nds c a pea r eofa na r r av eba s i s .
T hi spr oj e c ti sapha s ei ns e c ondpa r t . I n t e r msofus i ngr e v e r s ee ng i ne e r i ngt e c hni que , t hi spha s ea na l y z e st hemonume nt a l bui l di ngi nmode r n, t hee di fic et ha ti st he Cr ownHa l l de s i g ne dbyMi s eVa nVe rRohe . Ba s e dont hee di fic e , I te x a mi ne ss t r uc t ur a l e x pr e s s i on, t hev a r y i ngqua l ie sof t r a ns pa r e nc yi ni t sul t r a t hi ns t e e l a ndg l a s sf a c a de , a ndt heope n, f r e eflowi ngi nt e r i oroft he" uni v e r s a l s pa c e . "
I nst al l at i on+St r uct ur e
T hea i mt ot hi se x pe r i me nti st ha ta ppl y i ngMi e s ’ sc r ownha l l off a ç a dede t a i l t hi s pr oj e c te x a mi ne smov i ngf a ç a dea ndununi v e r s a l s pa c ewhi c hde v e l opt hel i mi t e d f a c a dea nduni v e r s a l pa c e . T ode v e l opt he i ns t a l l a on, e a c hofg l a s spa ne l a ndwa l l whi c ha r ea bl et oope na ndc l os ea r eope r a t e dbyg e a r sa ndhi ng es y s t e ms . T hedr a wi ng , s howi nghowt hei ns t a l l a oni sc ompos e d, i sa ppl i e df orAna l ycdr a wi ng t e c hni que .
I nst al l at i on+Technol ogy
T hea i mt ot hi spr oj e c ti st ha tt hr oug h t hemi c r oa ndma c r ov i e w( me n one dt he wa t e rpa r k )t hee x i snge di ďŹ c ei nS unc hon, s ma l l s i z ec i t yi nKor e a , i sr e s e a r c he dphy s i c a l c ondionsa ndf unconsi nt hec i t y , t hef uncont ha ti smonume nta nd unmonume nt .
Pr ogr am +St r uct ur e
Byt hede s i g npr oc e s sf r omt heAni ma onDr a wi ngt oS a ms ungE di fic ef ora r c hi t e c t ur e , t hi spr oj e c tput st og e t he rwi t hs pa c ef r om a ni ma on; s t r uc t ur ef ornonl i ne rs y s t e m; mode r ne di fic e ’ sf uncon; t e c hnol og yf ormulpr og r a mi nor de rt oe x pe r i me nt a l i z e si c ona ndde c ont r ucv e i nc on; a ndha r dc or es pa c e .
I nst al l at i on+Pr ogr am +Space+St r uct ur e+Technol ogy
ACi t yi smor et hanapl ac ei ss pac e,i ti saDr ammai n me. Pat r i c kGeddes
Ur banRes ear c h
Thesis_ “THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE” AS a Production of Industrial Scale; Spatial Reconfiguration in the Changwon Industrial Complex, South Korea, 1974‐2010
Keywords: Production of Space, Dialectical Process, State Mode of Production, Spatial Reconfiguration, Changwon Industrial Complex
Introduction Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space has undergone a remarkable renaissance during recent years. This is all the more surprising as it has hardly elicited any response when published in the early 1970s (Christian Schmid, 2008). Of the aspects of theory, Lefebvre (1901-1991), French Marxist philosopher and socialist, has provided tons of polemics of urban question of scale through the industrialization during more half centuries. These questions have developed and advanced through neo-Lefebvrians. Followed Lefebvre, there are broad streams of studying about the theory of space, based on the mode of production, the dialectic, the production or space. From Castel Manuel and David Harvey, the studies have been flowed out which are the Scaling Process and Rescaling of the State (Swyngedouw, 1996); the Processes of De-Re-territorialization (Neil Brenner, 1999); the Dialectic of the Spatial Configuration (Cristian Schimid, 2005); the State as Territory, the Production of Territory (Neil Brenner, Stuart Elden, 2009). While pouring out these spatial theories grounded on Lefebvre, one of the cities in South Korea is drawn into the urban question, Changwon City, the capital of Gyeongnam province, the pivot spot of “Southeastern Coastal Industrial Belt.” The city was planned for encouraging Heavy-Chemical industries by central government’s policies that are mainly Five year’s Planning Economic of Developments, and Korean Territorial Plan; in the spatial policy Changwon has led to explore synergy effects between the machinery industry and national defense industry; in the present, the city has charged more 10% of GDP of South Korea. The industrial city has widely been argued in politic, institutes, geography, economic broadly. Of the aspect of politic and institute, many scholars argue that the centralization of Seoul Metropolitan (Jae-seong Choi, 2005), (Sung-woong Hong, 1999), (Won-yong Kwon, 2001); the industrial distribution (Ann Markusen, Sam-Ock Park, 1993); the influence factors of integrations administration districts (Gi-yoon Kang, 2010). Of the geographic, Changwon and Gyeongnam geographical Study is discussed that the scale of nation, region (Gyeongnam Development Institute, 2005, 2008, 2009,2010), (Korea Research Institute Human Settlement, 2008); the Distribution, and Southeastern Economic Zone, (Chang-moo Lee, Kun-hyuck, Ahn, 2004). Of the economy and industry, the sector of industry is argued that the collaborative relationship between large enterprises and small & middle sized enterprises (the Bank of Korea, 1995); the Industrial Linkage (GNDI, Busan DI, Ulsan DI, 2007, 2009); the Evolution of Industrial Complex (the KICC, 1996 to 2011); the circulation of products (KTI, 2009; the Bank of Korea 2008). The fundamental purpose of this paper is that 1) Examine that Henri Lefebvre’s theory of space through “the Production of Space,” and “the State Mode of Production”; 2) Analyze why occur the dialectical process from the Western New Town to the Korean Industrial New city, and how the spatial polices effect to the evolution of the Korean territory historically; 3) Analyze, during the dialectical territory, how the changed mode of production influences to the Industrial Complexes, and the spatial configuration of industry; 4) Analyze to how the Production of Space, the Mode of Production have progress in “the Changwon Industrial Complex.”, and how the Production of Industrial Space, by the furious circulation of products, is recognized to the phenomena of reconfiguration of spatial form among those scales (global, nation, region, city), and multi-dimension (Intra-municipal, Intra-regional, and Supra-nation). There are consisted into three parts; Dialectical process, the Mode of Production, and the Production of Space; these parts, firstly, are divided by the scales, International, domestic, region, city, or intra-municipal, supra-region, global. In the part of dialectical process, the paper is consisted through the International, National, and Regional contexts. At first, it considers to the new towns between Britain and USSR what fundamental goals are for the new towns; and, in
the urban developing process, similarities and the distinct are, and, the limitations are in the western new towns; and it examines that the Korean Industrial cities how the new towns have been evolved and the territory has progressed dialectically by the central government’s policies in order to respond to the global economy; Lastly, it describes to new industrial region and cities how the territorial plans, geo-economic plans had impacted to Changwon metropolitan. In the part of the Mode of production, the chapter is focused on the National, Regional, Urban contexts. Mainly, it is found onto the economic reports being with the abstract data of industrial facilities, a data that is quoted by KICC, the statistics of National Industrial Complex(NIC), 2003; Reports on the Mining and Manufacturing Survey from 1994 to 2009; Korea Industrial Complex Directory 2010. At first, it considers to the mode of major 40 industrial complexes domestically in terms of what the acts, function, location were applied into; consequently, it examines to the tendencies of Changwon NIC, and the satellite of 30 IC by the time period, agencies, construction, and including the economic statistics; finally, it excavates to the mode of Changwon NIC consisted with 10 massive districts, some 2,000 enterprises, in terms of the agencies, period, individual purpose, and the enterprises establishing, etc. In the part of the Production of Space, it concerns that the contexts of Intra-municipal, Intra-regional, Intra-national; and, that relating data which is the Korea Transport Database(KTDB) by The KTI, the Regional Input-Output Table (IO) from the Bank of Korea, and the Direction of Trade Statistics (DTS) by the International Trade Association, IMF. At the beginning it considers to the circulation of products in the level of intra municipal by five cities’ output (Changwon, Masan, Jinhae, Kimhae, Haman) in where the products are consisted by major 10 products; it examines that the circulation of products drawn out into the scale of intra-regional in terms of that Regional IO consisted by the subcategory of product selected the major products of machinery field; lastly, it considers to the DTS in terms of major 20 countries of world trade from 1960 to 2009, and the volume of world trade of airports and harbors from 2000 to 2010. Throughout this paper, according to Lefebvre, The Dialectical Process1 is a ‘long-term’ history and transition period found in Marx, those processes considered are characterized first of all by it contradictions: contradictions between (economic) growth and (social) development, between the social and the political, between power and knowledge, and between abstract and differential space. The same dialectical process also leads from primary and primordial nature to a ‘second nature’, from natural space to a space which is at once a product and a work, combining art and science within itself. The Mode of Production2 is another term of society which is exemplified the general concept – produces a space, its own space. Furthermore, the mode of production offers up its own, along with its specific relations of production; any such mode of production may subsume significant variant forms, and this makes for a number of theoretical difficulties, many of which […] run into later in the shape of inconsistencies, gaps and blanks in our general picture. The Production of Space3 is a “spatial turn” which has taken hold of the social sciences, and “questions of space” which are accorded a great deal of attention, extending beyond geography. In essence, this is linked with the combined processes of urbanization and globalization: at every scale new geographies have developed. These “new space-time configurations” determining our world call for new concepts of space corresponding to contemporary social condition. 1
Henri Lefebvre, (1991), “Production of Space” Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith, pp. 208-410
2
Ibid. pp. 31-32
3
Christian Schmid, (2008), “Henri Lefebvre’s Theory of the Production of Space Towards a three-dimensional dialectic”, in Space, Difference, Everyday Life: Reading Henry Lefebvre edited by Kanishka Goonewardena, Stefan Kipfer, Richard Milgrom, Christian Schmid.
History of Urbanism_ NEW TOWNS Dialectic Process from Slum City to New Town, London, 1880‐1960
-Every room in these rotten and reeking tenements houses a family, often two. […] here are seven people living in one underground kitchen, and a little child lying dead in the same room. Elsewhere is a poor widow, her three children, and a child who has been dead thirteen days. Her husband had committed suicide.4 -Rural Village: a town where rich and poor would live together, and where the inhabitants would combine agriculture and craft industries. Built in a hurry, the tiny town […] is almost buried in dense woods.5
Description Background + Problem What was happening in England in the era of Victorian was the new urban industrial society as a result of the great revolution of the existing industry; thus in the transition period the population, occupied in the agriculture, had been driven into the cities. During this period, this city was as a capital accumulation that repel many romantic medieval period, and through the brutal industry, the population was not protected from public health, social security. Previous Research This paper mainly based on the theory of new town from theory of Howard Ebenezer, 1902; Patrick Gebbes 1915; Henri Lefebvre, 1973; Osborn and Whittick,1977; up to Peter Hall 2002; and the field of Economic is utilized by articles which are Weber, Max. 1942; Gough, I. 1982; Naredo, José Manuel. 1987; Palazuelos, Enrique, 1990. And the territorial and urban planning of specific case , and techniques are concerned and quoted by articles that are GardnerMedwin and F.J Connell. 1950; Stein, Clarence S. 1950; Creighton, R. L.1950; Gordon, Edward 1966; Morton Hoppenfel, 1967; Mcfarland John.R. 1966; Brooks Richard. 1971; Mohl Raymond A, Betten, Neil 1972. Purpose The purpose of this paper is that examine to the new town in the flow of urban history how it is originated, and what programs and techniques were utilized, and how in terms of new towns the society had affected and changed. Method This paper is divided into three parts that genesis of new town, the characteristic of territorial and urban planning of new town, and evaluation of new town. First, it considers to social circumstances before introduce the new town, the drastic extension of city through the theory of Utopia Thomas More, Ruskin, Pugin, Morris, Ledoux; Reformist; Economical system of Fordismo y Taylorismo. Second, it examines to the process of urban planning of new town, and techniques which are supra municipal urban, district planning; and in order to encourage to social reproduction welfare, normal people; and the planning of infrastructures, Redburn systems. Finally, it evaluates the new town which is classified into four aspects that social change, economic change, resident welfare, Cost of new town.
Key Words: Britain New Town, Utopian, Reformist, Urban Strategies Director: Fernando Roch Peñe
4
Mearns. A, (1883), “The Bitter Cry of Outcast London: An Inquiry in the Condition of the Abject”, London, James Clarke.
5
Peter Hall, (1996), “Cities of Tomorrow”, pp.164, Cornwall, Blackwell.
Supra‐municipal Planning_ NEW TOWNS Comparative Study, Soviet and British models during the second half of 20th Century
Eutopia lies in the city around us; and it must be planned and realized, here or nowhere, by us as its citizens—each a citizen of both the actual and the ideal city seen increasingly as one6.
Description Background + Problem After the polemic of new towns in first half of twentieth century, “New Town” was maturated and spread rapidly into the world in the other half century. New town was a general model of urban planning, they have common characteristics in the constructing purposes and urban morphology in countries persisting different political and economic system. However, the distinct characteristics are also existing in processes of development and planning of new town. Purpose The purpose of this paper examines to distinct characteristics of new town historically between the systems of Capitalism (Britain, U.S.A) and Communism (Soviet Union) in other to consider to the urbanization in the mid twentieth century. Previous Research + Method This article is based on the references following; in the case of Britain and U.S.A, New Town in Scotland (R.GardnerMedwin and F.J Connell, 1950); The Program in Britain (John Madge, 1962); the Planning Process (Morton Hoppenfel, 1967); Review of Britain´s Town Planning and the Greater London Plan, 1944 (Gordon Stephenson, 1945); The Ideological Origins of Britain´s New Town (William Petersen,1968); The Industrial City Planning (Raymond A, Mohl & Neil Betten, 1972); Book: New Towns (Osborn& Frederic James, 1963); The Planning of a New Town (Greater London Council,1965). In the case of Soviet Union, it is quoted The ideology of the socialist planner, and the aspects of politic and Economic, society Osborn y Reiner (Osborn y Reiner, 1962), B. Michael Frolic (Frolic, 1964) y Jack C. Fisher (Fisher, 1962); and the morphology of Soviet New Town; Wright (1958), Gentile y Sjöberg (2006), Grava (1993), Stenning (2000), Dziewulski (1957), Gary (1976), Cinis, Drémaité y Kalm (2008), and Buka y Volrats (1987). In other to compare to the new towns of two distinct systems this article was concerned seven aspects which are theory, planning process, economic, social background, policy, morphology, final examines the specific case studies.
Key Words: New Town, Britain, Soviet Union, Better Condition, Urban morphology Director: Álvaro Sevilla
6
Gebbes, Patrick, 1968, “Cities in Evolution”, London, Ernest.
Development Process of Urban Planning Strategies Case of Gijon: Xixion2030
Description Although the city has seen an interest in improving the design and structure of cities, urban planning, understood as a science, the city was not born until the mid-nineteenth century. As the peak of the Industrial Revolution led to social transformations and technological innovation, the city had broken to urban structures inherited from the Baroque period. The emergence of the industrial city, space characterized by chaos, environmental impact and social conflict, forced to open up a system helping to organize spatial and society and restructuring the city. Purpose The Purpose of this paper is to apply to the new model of strategic planning to small city in Spain, especially, Gijon located Northern coast, focused on the industry and made a triangle network with Oviedo and Avila. And, consider to variety aspects of Society, Economic, Governance, and Politic in order to respond to volatile urban conditions. Hypothesis Planning must be replaced or complemented by innovative processes and tools that are capable of responding to future challenges. These new processes and tools should take the following commitments: Recognize the urban complexity; Respecting the diversity of urban agents; Use foresight to cope with uncertainty; Integrate the concepts of competitiveness, equity and sustainability, Deploying a model effectiveness governance Method There are nine phases: Phase 1. Arranque of Strategic Plan: Organization of leadership; Implication of agents; Design of organization model; Establish communication strategy Phase 2. Characterization of development model: Characterization of physical model; Characterization of economic model; Characterization of social model Phase 3. Analysis of environment Socio-demographic tendency; Economic tendency; Physical tendency; Opportunity and threat Phase 4. Analysis of Demand: Requirement of economic; Requirement of social agent; Requirement of citizen; Requirement of visitor; Evolution of urban demand Phase 5. Analysis of urban system: Global and European system; Spain domestic urban system; Regional local urban system; External Analysis Phase 6. Analysis of offer: Identification of requirements; Assessment of requirement; Cluster of Industrial Phase 7. Synthesis of analysis: Analysis SWOT of urban system; Analysis SWOT of Business; Analysis SWOT of Social environment; Economic position: Attractive and competitiveness matrix; Current coverage of social needs: social matrix of coverage. Phase 8. Formulation of strategic vision: Formulization of environmental, economic, social, physical model of city; Communication and dissemination of strategic plan: slogan Phase 9. Strategic Development: Identification of principle strategies of development In this sense the urban strategic planning seems to be a process sufficiently contrasted with the past twenty years to provide a bank of interesting experiences. It is obvious that strategic planning is not comprehensive and definitive solution to all problems facing the current planning, but it can provide consideration worthy to refine the model of urban governance.
Director: José Miguel Fernández Gúell
Public Transportation_ ALTERNATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE: Post‐Fordist Infrastructure, Public Streets, Shared Space: Calle de Fuencarral in Spain
Description Background + Problem + Previous Research Since the Industrial Revolution, in other to support to the distribution of mass-product the mobility and the efficiency have been one of important criteria; thus in other to respond to increase the market, and business the road and streets has been focused into extending physical dimensions. The traditional infrastructure, the mode of Fordism of infrastructure, has been reached at the uppermost limit to control to mobility by extending physical conditions. Moreover, the huge traffic lanes, encouraged to high efficiency and extreme mono-function, have been existed only for high speed vehicles. The uniform infrastructures occupied by the private vehicles, have been encroached on the right of human, walking and enjoying public space in the cities. In contrast to the extending infrastructures, it has roused up a new paradigm of infrastructure; a alternative infrastructure that is Post-Fordist infrastructure7, Shared Space8, PublicStreet9, coming into being only when needed, and ceasing to exist, or changing its form or use, immediately afterward. (Jonathan D. Solomon,2004) Purpose The purpose of this paper is that 1) consider to characteristics and significations in the traditional streets, and alternative street “Calle de Fuencarral” in Madrid; 2) determines the properties of the alternative infrastructures among existing theory of infrastructures 3) examines how the alternative infrastructures influence to quotidian activities in our cities. Method This paper is consisted that research of physical conditions and properties of the existing traditional streets used in multi-function in Madrid such as “Calle de Galileo, Reperto Chapi, and Rivera Curtidores”; and analysis of characteristics of the contemporary theory of infrastructures, such as the Post- Fordist infrastructure and the Shared Space and the Public Street; and analysis characteristics of the street of Fuencaral in Madrid; finally, comparing to the common characteristics of the alternative infrastructures and the alternative street of Fuencarral in Madrid. The theories of the alternative infrastructures are applied to streets being in Madrid, especially the street of “Fuencarral” reformed recently. Although the street of Fuencarral is not determined into the above alternative infrastructures perfectly, the phenomena happened in this street would share some common characteristics with the alternative infrastructures.
Keywords: Alternative infrastructure, Post-Fordist infrastructure, Public Space, Shared Space, Street of Fuencarral. Director: Patxi Lamíquiz Daudén 7
Solomon, Jonathan D. (2004). “13 projects for the Sheridan Expressway : a.k.a. jump, slump, hump, bump--guide specifications for a post-Fordist infrastructure”, New York, Princeton Architectural.. 8
Mateus Porto Schettino, Julio Pozueta Echávarri. (2008). “Shared Space”, Ci[ur] No.59. Madrid.
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Moudon, Anne Vernez. (1987). “Public Streets for public use[1st Edition]”. New York.,Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Social Housing “SHift10”(Long‐term Rental System) South Korea, Seoul
Description Background + Problem In South Korea, the rate of supply housing was over 100%, the quality of live also have been increased in the cities. Although the rate is over 100% and these increasing make people convenience, the low classes are more difficult to buy a house, the housing prices increased sharply, and they have suffered from a system of rental in Korea - Jensei. As consider to the problems fundamentally, Korean have a notion that action buying a house is a tool of investment; thus, although the rate of supply housing is getting higher, because of the market of dwelling is made inroads into the capital purposed to invest, these physical increasing does not became a solution fundamentally. If the situation keeps going, the low classes will be impossible to buy a house, and the city made inroads in criminal capital will push low classes away to outside of the city. To solve the absurdity of housing market, administrations suggested policies, but practically the housing prices are getting higher rapidly than before. Purpose However, two years ago, the administration of Seoul suggested a policy of housing which is long term rental social housing “SHift”. Even though the housing program has some problems, the program provides houses to low income/middle classes; moreover, it seems that the program control to rate of increasing prices of housing a little bit. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze tendencies of housing markets and characteristics of this program, and examine one of cases of the program as well. Method + Case Study This paper is consisted by six parts whist are the description of the social housing in the world; the system of Korean rental system; the problems of public rental social housing; tendency of increasing rental / purchase fee; the programs of rental housing; and the “Shift”; the system of “SHift”; and Case study of the “Shift.”
Keywords: Social Housing, Shift Director: Luis Moya
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“SHift” is for the classes that have not ability buying a house, up to the class 7 that they can buy a house without supporting from the government. The reason why apply up to the class 7 is that in terms of widen class to occupy in social housing, the house have a new idea that the house is not a tool for invest, but become a place for live. The program encourages mixing classes. And the size of the social housing is 60 ㎡, 85 ㎡, 115 ㎡, the size will divide into more specifically.
Relation b/w Art n Arch_ MIMESIS Mechanical Reproduction of Modern Architecture, Aura, Dialectical Aura: Barcelona Pavilion 1926, 1986
“The technique of reproduction detaches the reproduced object from the domain of tradition. By making many reproductions to meet the beholder or listener in his own particular situation, it reactivated the object reproduced.” 11 “The Barcelona Pavilion rightly deserves to be called a key work of modern architecture: its elegance, poise, and perfect detailing have been rarely if ever surpassed”12
Description Background + Hypothesis During short time, the Germany Pavilion (1929) by Mies van der Rohe left the tons of issues and accomplishments in the history of modern architecture. What in the innumerous issues one of important issue is that in 1986 the destructive Germany Pavilion was reproduced with the human desire which people want to have that do not have. This architectural situation mentioned before by Walter Benjamin, in his writing “the Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction”(1936), a article that describe that 1)evolution of creating, destroying of the “Aura” of the work of art through the mechanical reproduction, and 2) transformed functions of the work of art, and human perception through the mechanical reproduction. Between the article (1936) and the reproduced Barcelona pavilion (1986) they have gap 50years, but even though they have the huge gap of period, there are still remain the polemic about the work of art and the mechanical reproduction. The architectural field is influenced by the mechanical reproduction as much as the field of the work of art. In the contemporary society we live with innumerable reproduced objects, and the reproduction of object of reproduced object; thus, this paper has values studying that through the mechanical reproduction of the Aura, and the Dialectic process of Aura. Principle Question + Purpose Before begin with the paper, I must present what my principle question is. The Germany pavilion planed by Mies van der Rohe had constructed, deconstructed in 1929; but, with nostalgia of modern architecture it was reproduced by Catalan architects based on Sola-Morales in 1986. Is there still existed the aura even if the pavilion reproduced? Furthermore, if the reproduced or recomposed work of arts and the architectural icons have the aura whether is degraded or transformed through the human desire and changed perceive? Method And this paper is divided into two parts which are considered to Walter Benjamin’s concept of its presence and unique; and, Mechanical Reproduction of Barcelona Pavilion; and Dialectical Aura of Contemporary Architecture: Reproduced Barcelona Pavilion (1986)
Keywords: Aura, Mechanical Reproduction, Dialectical Process, Barcelona Pavilion (1929, 1986) Director: Parada de Manuel 11
Walter Benjamin, (1936) “the Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, [Original Title. Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit ]; http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/benjamin.htm.
12 Wolf Tegethoff. (1989) “From obscurity to Maturity: Mies van der Rohe’s Breakthrough to Moderism”. In Mies van der Rohe; Critical essays edited by Franz Schulze.. Massachusetts, the MIT Press.pp. 81.
Practice_ APPLICATION OF FUTURE STUDIES Process of Urban Territorial planning: Focus on the Technologies
Description Since 1970s, in terms of the changing of social, economic situations, complicated urban problems the urban planners confront with unpredictable urban environment, such as rapidly developed technologies, social structure, and political relationship. In terms of the radically mutative condition, urban planner cannot analyze urban phenomena getting complicated; moreover, it difficult to foresight the future, caused that the historical paradigms become obsolete and that the urban analyst lost the traditional frameworks. This investigation have developed with the Project "RECUPERACIÓN DE LOS ESTUDIOS DEL UTURO A TRAVÉS DE LA PROSPECTIVA TERRITORIAL” by Profesor José Miguel Fernandez Güell. The purpose of this investigation is that 1) examine proper technologies for perspective urban planning; 2) apply to the analyzed technologies to the urban planning value chain which is from the public polices to real estate final demand in order to use of perspective in urban, territorial planning; 3) ultimately to know in depth the actual implementation of the prospective methods and factors affecting its implementation. This approach to the subject is from the idea of the need to intensify the use of foresight in planning so that the ultimate goal would be to propose, where appropriate, corrective measures involved an increase in the use of prospective techniques that were useful in aligning the design of future scenarios
As Professor Güell considered in his article, the new model of urban, territorial planning is necessary to apply the using of foresight in order to explore and prevail the future. 1) In order to foresight future this research is necessary to two instruments which are qualitative and quantitative tools which are responsible for the needs of creative foresight of the political and social actors, the analytical demands of social scientists and technocrats. 2) In terms of the aspects classified by social, political, economic, environmental, new technologies aspect, this investigation would be efficient to analyze and search for the foresight of urban territorial planning. 3) The urban planning value chain would support to the process of urban, territorial planning efficiently to the foresight of future, the value chain that is consisted of the public polices, the territorial planning, urban planning, the system development, site development, the building construction, finally the real estate final demand. This paper is organized in two parts; the first part is for describing the basic reference of technology; and, the second part, in terms of the introduced technologies the urban planning value chain simulate that which of technology would be possible to apply to level from the real estate final demand to public policies. At the first of the this investigation it will fill out the matrix consisting with name, author, organization, resource, year, category of reference, key word; and, collect the technological data which is technology´s object, method, contribution, the definition of technical words, an information that is from the institutions as the MIT, KAIST(Korea Advanced Institution of Science and Technology), and the governmental institution. The second part of study is that the analyzed information will simulate in a urban planning value chain which as mentioned before, the value chain is constituted into the public policies, territorial planning, urban planning, system development, site development, building construction, and real estate final demand. In the chain each of technology will apply to a rational range which is a minimum level to a maximum level. In the last phase it will evaluate and revise to each of technology being in the proper range of level in a specific category; moreover, some of technologies need more categories in order to classify in pursuable ranges.
Director: José Miguel Fernández Gúell
Practice_ REHABILITATION Analysis of Questionnaire on Integrated Urban Regeneration Policies
Description Urban regeneration may be understood as a practice that is applied to existing urban spaces at a variable scale, although always greater than that of the single building. Until now, in some European countries, urban regeneration has been understood mostly as a building practice carried out outside housing policies applied to the city as a whole, intended to recover traditional housing to make it available as an exclusive, top-quality real property product in central urban areas. However, in some countries, urban regeneration has acquired a less elitist character and has focused on deprived, underprivileged and vulnerable urban neighbourhoods and areas, etc. In any case, in Europe, “urban regeneration” seems to be mostly understood as a practice that is to some extent exceptional, rather than substantial, and supplementary to other urban-development practices generally orienting the real property sector. The two areas of recommendations of the Leipzig Charter — making greater use of integrated urban development policies, and paying special attention to deprived neighbourhoods within the context of the city as a whole — may converge in the ambit of “integrated urban regeneration”. In this regard, it may be worthwhile to explore the possible construction of this concept in the context of EU thinking on sustainable urban development, but to do so it is necessary to begin with the knowledge of urban regeneration as it is conceived by all the Member States. This is the basic purpose of this questionnaire, which has been developed by the “Instituto Universitario de Urbanística” of Valladolid University, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid, Master of Territorial and Urban Planning at the request of the Land and Urban Policy Directorate General of the Spanish Ministry of Housing, with a view to preparing the Informal Meeting of Urban Development Ministers to be held during the Spanish Presidency in 2010.
Keywords: Rehabilitation, Regeneration, Policies, Europe, Director: Fernanco Roch Peñe
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