informal settlement - research project/ tahn, dong wentang

REPORT PREFACE SD 5708 Capstone Research “ INFORMAL SETTLEMENT ” Produced by: Tahn, Dong Wentang Subject tutor: Peter Hasdell School of Design Hong Kong Polytechnic University August 2013

Tahn, Dong Wentang Student Number: 12128451G

BIOGRAPHY

01

COURSE OBJECTIVES It aims to provide the foundations for the capstone design project. It should end up with a design positioning statement as a brief to start the final capstone design project.

02

ISSUE

Explain and define the issue you are dealing with. Identify important books, articles and other references pertaining to this issue. Discuss the implications of this issue for urban environment design, and for your project in particular. Identify different potential approaches to the issue. Critically evaluate and articulate your position on the issue, and how you want your project to engage the issue.

PEOPLE

Identify and profile the different groups of people who you want to address with your project. These will include the client, multiple types of users, and any others whose lives will be affected by your project (stakeholders).

Discuss each group in terms of their demographics but also in terms of their values, needs, etc. Don’t rely on stereotypes or assumptions, but rather go to recent books, articles, newspaper stories, etc.

PROJECT

Foundational and problem-finding research for the project, including mapping and analysis of the site, investigation and analysis of the urban context into which you are intervening. Use the mapping and diagramming techniques you have acquired in previous subjects. It is important to show and explain/defend your methods and process, not just the results.

03

CONTENTS INFORMAL SETTLEMENT

05

SLUM / POVERTY

09

HONG KONG / CONTEXT

17

HONG KONG / LOCAL ISSUE

29

CASE STUDY

45

DESIGN POSITIONING STATEMENT

53 04

ISSUE

05

INFORMAL SETTLEMENT

06

What is INFORMAL SETTLEMENT? - The ownership of the land is in dispute and/or is not legally registered - The settlement is in contravention of the master-plan land use zoning regulations - Planning standards are not met - Dwellings are constructed in contravention of building standards and regulations

07

Where does INFORMAL SETTLEMENT come from?

This specific term ‘informal settlement’ tends to convey overtones of pejorative social stigma, such as: ‘criminality’, ‘social deprivation’, ‘unhealthy and disease ridden’, ‘uneducated’, ‘lack of civic awareness and anti-social behaviour’. Behind all of this phenomenon and reflections, there is a primary reason that could explain how this informal settlement exists - POVERTY issue.

08

ISSUE

09

SLUM / POVERTY

10

SLUM / POVERTY INTRODUCTION According to the Europe Union’s report, the biggest problems we are facing in the world: 10. Don’t know 09. Nuclear weapons 08. Armed conflict 07. Spread of infectious disease 06. Increasing global population 05. Availability of energy 04. International terrorism 03. Economic situation 02. Climate change 01. Poverty*, hunger, lack of drinking water Poverty is the biggest issue we are facing in the world at this moment. It could represent in different states like no place to live, no food to eat, no cloths to wear, no water to drink......

No place to live

No food to eat

No cloths to wear

No water to drink

SLUM - SPACE OF LIVING

Slum as a bottom-up temporary shelter appears in the world and gradually get people to be aware of this urban issue - poverty.

Its typology varies in terms of different crucial factors like polity, economy, culture, geometry, climate and humanity.

In a certain content, it may affect the entire city’s daily operation such as transportation systems, financial systems, communication systems......

* From the Oxford dictionary, it defines: the state of being extremely poor

11

Slum

MAIN ISSUES “Overall, nearly 1 billion people worldwide ( 32 percent of the world’s urban population) live in what are variously known as slums, squatter settlements or informal settlements without access to essential services or state-sanctioned property or tenancy rights.” - UN-Habitat(2006).

DEFINITION

A slum, as defined by the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing, squalor, and lacking in tenure security. According to the United Nations, the number of slum dwellers is rising and the figure is projected to grow to 2 billion by 2030.

This term usually describes low-income informal settlements with an insufficient living areas in urban cities, usually characterised by poor human living conditions often with lack of clean water, electricity, sanitation and other basic facilities.

ORIGIN

Many of the people who live in slums originally came from small rural towns or villages living an agrarian or subsistence farming lifestyle but due to various social, political and economic reasons migrate into cities to live in the slums.

One of the most influential factors the slums originate from is the rapid rural-to-urban migration - urbanization which is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of rural migration and even suburban concentration into cities, particularly the very large ones. Because of a sudden large number of population migration, the city itself could not afford this sudden population successive increase to provide daily necessities and housings for them. Thus, these people need to build their housings by themselves and also seek to the eatable food and water in order to survive.

Other influential factors are the globalization and rising population. Globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. It involves the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. It indeed contributes to make

the global economic integration, different cultures’ mix and innovation, enhance the connections among people who from different countries. But it also reduces the diversity of cultures, increases the gap of rich and poor, contributes to the growth of immigrants. All these indirectly result in the phenomenon of slums.

All these bottom-up approached housings become illegal temporary shelters and without the daily basic facilities, the slums become more and more overcrowding, high rates of disease and crime, insecure and squalid.

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS

Although the worldwide slums’ characteristics would vary among geographic, political, economical and cultural regions or countries, they are usually inhabited by the very poor or socially disadvantaged persons. Slums are commonly seen as "breeding grounds" for social problems such as crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, high rates of mental illness, and suicide.

characteristics: - inadequate access to clean water; - inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure; - poor structural quality of housing; - overcrowding; - insecure residential status.’

PERSONAL POSITION

Although the slums are usually existing in the developing countries, there are some rare slums existing in the developed contemporary mega city like Hong Kong.

Instead of analysing the common and wide-spread slums in developing countries, I personally prefer to research slums existing in highly developed mega city because of the large unknown potentials behind this issue. One of the world well-known slum in Hong Kong is Kowloon Walled City lasting around 100 years which started in 1898 and demolished in 1994.

‘A UN Expert Group has created an operational definition of a slum as an area that combines to various extents the following

Percentage population living below the national poverty line 2008 12

SLUM / POVERTY

Rio de Janerio center Rocinha favelas began to develop when people began to migrate from the rural areas of Brazil to areas just outside Rio de Janeiro with the prospect of benefiting from the development of the urban centre.

Urbanistic scheme of the whole favela Rocinha with the marked segment of the solved area of 300x300 metres.

Instead of centralized urban centre system, the structure in favela is based on the dispersion of the urban big subject to the big amount of small elements. In case of losing one of these, it could be self solved without any problems by the neighbours. Each elements in this unique connection could cooperate together in all directions contrary to the urban city where it works in only one direction.

With a vehicle transport system in the urban city centre, the distance between individual subjects could become larger. But it takes time in the traffic jam in order to come to other facilities and services. But in the favela, people walk or run from one place to another point without wasting time on the traffic jam in order to get the facilities and services.

Rocinha

13

SLUM / POVERTY

Public Centre

1. First settlements

2. Start to expand outside

Public Centre

3. Final formation with setted rules

14

SLUM / POVERTY

1. First settlements

Wood

Slaves

15

2. Start to expand outside

Brick

Concrete

Social structure:

Social structure:

Former slaves with no land ownership and no options for work lived. Over the years, many freed black slaves and former soldiers moved in. It starts from irregular shapes, no drainage or planned water proof and easily collapse wooden structure

As the factions start to control the series of communities and the affluent areas are located at the bottom of the hills. More and more communities formed based on the public centres

Factions

3. Final formation with setted rules

Brick Factions

control

Landlord

Concrete lease

Dwellers

Social structure:

Essentially each favela is maintained by a landlord.

This landlord leases the favela houses to the favela dwellers and also new migrants that have moved to the city. The faction has a strong hold over the landlord.

SLUM / POVERTY

Poorer & Lower social class Public centre

Affluent areas

16

ISSUE + PROJECT

17

HONG KONG / CONTEXT

18

HONG KONG / CONTEXT

INTERNATIONL METROPOLIS - HONG KONG

AREA:

km²

NEW TERRITORIES

KOWLOON PENINSULA

LAND

19

7.06 MILLION

km²

SEA

6,480 PERSONS

WITHIN 1 KM²

IN THE WORLD

US$ DENSITY RANK 4th 53,400 IN THE WORLD

MOST

3rd WORLD

FREEST ECONOMY

POPULATION OF

ASIA’s

3rd

per capita GDP RANK

6th IN THE

SECURE

LEADING INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CENTRE

8th MOST

TOP 1 SHOPPING PARADISE IN THE WORLD

CITY IN THE WORLD

IN TOTAL:

1,650

POPULATION DENSITY:

HONG KONG ISLAND

HONG KONG’S POPULATION

1,104

TRADED CURRENCY IN THE WORLD

MOST LIVEABLE CITY

WORLD

HONG KONG CONTEXT HONG KONG CURRENT POVERTY SITUATION

THE POVERTY

LINE FOR ONE PERSON IS HK $3,275 PER MONTH

OVER 1,000 ARE HOMELESS

poverty rate

17.1%

OVER 100,000 LIVE IN ROOFTOP SHANTY, CAGE HOME AND SUBDIVIDED FLATS

1 IN 5 PEOPLE IN HONG KONG LIVE IN POVERTY SOCIAL SECURITY

AT LEAST HK$2935 PER MONTH

FOOD COST =

HK$2935 - HK$2300 = HK$635 PER MONTH

EACH MEAL

= HK$7

MINIMUM WAGE INTRODUCED IN 2013

HK$30

PER HOUR AVERAGE AREA

AVERAGE AREA

8 sq.m.EACH FAMILY

50 sq.m.EACH FAMILY

HK$2,300

HK$12,500

WITH A RENT OF PER MONTH

WITH A RENT OF

THERE ARE 650,000

WORKING POOR

PER MONTH

* Sources: Hong Kong Council of Social Services, Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department, SOCO, Oxfam Hong Kong

20

HONG KONG CONTEXT 1898 (100 years ago)

Hong Kong was ceded under the Convention of Chuenpee as part of a ceasefire agreement. Historically, there is a street marked the boundary between the southern part of Kowloon, ceded by Qing China to the United Kingdom in 1860, and the northern part of Kowloon, which remained part of China until it was leased as part of the New Territories to the United Kingdom in 1898 for 99 years. The boundary was made visible by a long line of high bamboo fences which effectively blocked smuggling between Chinese Kowloon and British Kowloon at that time.

1934 (80 years ago)

It became obsolete when New Territories joined the colony. Although the street is the historical mark on the boundary, the road did not come to exist until 1934, more than 30 years after the lease of boundary north. The road was built to accelerate the development of Kowloon Tong and identify the difference in calculation of rates between the boundary north and south.

THIS AREA IS FULL OF MOUNTAINS PROVED BOUNDARY

NEW KOWLOON

ROUND HILL STONE CUTTERS ISLAND

KOWLOON CITY

KOWLOON

BOUNDARY STREET ROCKY HILL

STONECUTTERS ISLAND

KOWLOON BAY

1950 (60 years ago)

The 1950s in Hong Kong began after Japanese rule ended in 1945 with sovereignty returning to the British.

However, the Nationalist-Communist Civil War was renewed in mainland China. It prompted a large influx of refugees from the mainland, causing a huge population surge. The government struggled to accommodate these immigrants.

In 1953, a major fire destroyed the Shek Kip Mei shantytown of immigrants from Mainland China that had fled to Hong Kong, leaving 53,000 people homeless. The 22nd Governor of Hong Kong, drew up an emergency housing programme that introduced the 'multi-storey building' as a common building form. His structures were capable of housing 2,500 people in a fire/flood-proof structure. The idea was to house as many and as fast as possible to deal with the homeless shelter crisis. Every floor in the building included a communal room, washroom, and toilet facility.

Each person was granted 24 square metres of space. The high rise buildings would become the norm, as skyscrapers have a small footprint compared to their overall volume.

JUNK BAY GREEN ISLAND

VICTORIA HARBOUR

HONG KONG

KOWLOON

LANTAU

21

TOLO HARBOUR

113°52’ E. Long

113°52’ E. Long

TOLO HARBOUR

HONG KONG

22°9’ N. Lat

SEA

NEW TERRITORIES

CASTLE PEAK KOWLOON CITY

LANTAU ISLAND LAN TAU PEAK

HONG KONG

22°9’ N. Lat

Shek Kip Mei

TSING YI

SEA LANTAU ISLAND

KOWLOON

HONG KONG

HONG KONG CONTEXT

Co

rri

do

r

Eas tR ail L ine

n

Junction Road

loo

an Nath

Boundary street

d

ow

oa

tK

R Pa Tai

W es

Road

Arg

d

oa

R yle

ROAD SYSTEM

CITY GRIDS

DEFINED ZONES

Site Nolli Map 22

HONG KONG CONTEXT

100m

50m

Street Sectoin and Skyline

100m 50m

Lai Chi Kok Road West Kowloon Corridor

23

Waterloo Road Tai Pa Road

East Rail Line

Junction Road

HONG KONG CONTEXT 1900-1920, most of people made living as farming and fishing. After 1920, a lot of investment from overseas Chinese brought in to develop local industry and commerce.

1950 this area was full of high-rise industrial buildings aligned with the existing roads.

1950 SHAM SHUI PO

2013

BUILDING DENSITY

BOUNDARY STREET

ST RE ET NG EO CH NA M ES

T

KO

W

LO

ON

CO

RR

ID

OR

KO

K

RO

AD

W AN

RO

AD

NATHAN ROAD

W

HI

A

AD

IC

SH

RO

LA

NG

O

EU

IP TA

CH

ROAD INTERSECTIONS

COMMERCIAL GIC OPEN SPACE RESIDENTIAL OTHERS GIC: Government/Institution/Community

24

HONG KONG CONTEXT At the end of 1940s, the outbreak of Chinese civil war caused lots of refugee came to Hong Kong for living. Most of them started to build wooden house by themselves as a living house.

A major fire on 25 December 1953, destroyed the Shek Kip Mei shantytown of immigrants from Mainland China that had fled to Hong Kong, leaving 53,000 people homeless.

SHAM SHUI PO

SHEK KIP MEI

KOWLOON CITY

1945

2013

BUILDING DENSITY

SHEK KIP MEI BOUNDARY STREET

INE AIL L

W AN

RO

AD

A

EAS TR

SH

RO

NG

O

EU

IP TA

CH

AD

NATHAN ROAD

25

ROAD INTERSECTIONS

COMMERCIAL GIC OPEN SPACE RESIDENTIAL OTHERS GIC: Government/Institution/Community

HONG KONG CONTEXT After Britain rent New Territories in 1898, the Kowloon City was only one left ungoverned settlement when Hong Kong was governed by Britain.

1933, Hong Kong government announced plans to demolish the walled city to construct a park instead.

1975

KOWLOON CITY

2013

BUILDING DENSITY

JUNCTION ROAD

WATERLOO ROAD

EAS TR

AIL L

INE

BOUNDARY STREET

OAD W

ARD R E EDW

PRINC

ROAD INTERSECTIONS

COMMERCIAL GIC OPEN SPACE RESIDENTIAL OTHERS GIC: Government/Institution/Community

26

HONG KONG CONTEXT STREET VIEW

BOUNDARY STREET

27

HONG KONG CONTEXT RICHNESS LEVEL LAND DENSITY

SHAM SHUI PO

KOWLOON CITY SHEK KIP MEI

BOUNDARY STREET

28

ISSUE + PEOPLE

29

HONG KONG / LOCAL ISSUE

30

HONG KONG / LOCAL ISSUES

31

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES In this metropolis, there are still lots of local issues and conflicts existing in Hong Kong. As the rate of increased population and population aging becomes higher and faster, the phenomenona of informal settlements start to appear into our sights. At the same, it is also a historical problem started from 1950s when the Civic War started in the mainland that caused thousands of refugee migrate to Hong Kong. In general there are major 4 different types of informal settlement existed - rooftop shanty, cage home, subdivided flat and stilt house.

MAJOR INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN HONG KONG

ROOFTOP SHANTY

SUBDIVIDED FLAT

CAGE HOME

STILT HOUSE

TARGETED DISTRICTS WITH INFORMAL SETTLEMENT

1.Kwai Tsing

2.SHAM SHUI PO

3.Kowloon City

Major districts with slums

4.Yao Tsim Mong

5.Kwun Tong

6.Central and Western

MTR system map

Major informal settlements distributed map in Hong Kong 32

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES

33

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES TARGETED PEOPLE

People living in informal settlement are mainly unemployed citizens, low income family, new immigrants, etc. The average size they occupied is found to be 4 square metre per person.

By analyzing one of the biggest and densest places that with these existing informal settlements - Sham Shui Po, there are mainly two groups of people living here.

- Lived alone elder with social security from government - New immigrant family with low-income but long working hours

LIVED ALONE ELDER

NEW IMMIGRANT FAMILY

As the phenomenon of population aging become more and more dominant, this weak group is starting to impotent poor especially those elders living alone without the ability of making money. This research majorly focuses on this large group of people with only income source coming from the Government.

It refers to people who just imigrate to another country or district. In Hong Kong context, it specificly refers to those people who could not compete with local residents in terms of skills to make a living and the ability of adapting into a new environment.

TOTAL POPULATION

24:00 PM 00:00 AM

176,000 170,000

WORK PLACE

DAILY ACTIVITIES HOUSE

PUBLIC SPACE

PUBLIC SPACE (Less than 8 hours)

(More than 16 hours)

SLEEP WORK

24 hours 08:00AM

HOUSE (Less than 8 hours)

16:00 PM HOUSE (More than 16 hours)

IDLE HOUSE

WORK PLACE

DINE ENTERTAIN

Time consumption pattern in the daily life 34

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES ROOFTOP SHANTY

In general, it is an illegal iron and timber shanty perched at the rooftop of a 6-10 storeys high building.

Most live in them as they cannot afford to go elsewhere, particularly when the waiting list for public housing is years-long. But they have to climb up to their house everyday back and forth without lifts.

It is home to rats and other pests, plus drug users are sometimes attracted to the dark stairwells. The makeshift communities are also at a constant risk of fire.

This penthouse is historically the most prized property of a building, but that was not always the case. Before the introduction of the elevator – an invention that made the tenth floor far more appealing almost overnight – the poorest people were forced to walk the stairs to their high-up homes.

The roof is a maze of corridors, narrow passageways between huts built of sheet metal, wood, brick and plastics, it is like a linked small community.

Usually 6-10 storeys high

35

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES ROOFTOP SHANTY

wash

LIVED ALONE ELDER

Mr. 60-70 years old 30 years Son No job Social security from government What is the most difficult thing living up there?

-Climbing up the staircases everyday -When typhoon comes, there is dust everywhere Name: Age: Lived years: Family member: Employment condition: Income:

How they think living in the rooftop shanty?

-Just do what I need to do, whatever it is, just accept the fact wash

Plasterboard

4250mm 3000mm

Iron cladding

BEDROOM LIVING ROOM KITCHEN BATHROOM STORAGE LOBBY

36

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES ROOFTOP SHANTY

F

NEW IMMIGRANT FAMILY

Mr. 30-40 years old 3 years Wife, daughter No jobs, still looking for Social security from government What is the most difficult thing living up there?

-So hot and stuffy inside -When it rains, the place leaks. We have to get a tub to collect water -When typhoon comes, the ceiling may collapse and water seeps in from the windows Name: Age: Lived years: Family member: Employment condition: Income:

How they think living in the rooftop shanty?

-Pretty big, cheap but dangerous for child because of heroin addicts Plasterboard

5400mm

3100mm Iron cladding

37

BEDROOM LIVING ROOM KITCHEN BATHROOM STORAGE LOBBY

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES ROOFTOP SHANTY

LIVED ALONE ELDER

BEDROOM LIVING ROOM KITCHEN BATHROOM STORAGE LOBBY

NEW IMMIGRANT FAMILY

HONG KONG TYPICAL FAMILY

wash

12 sq.m

20 sq.m

50 sq.m 38

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES SUBDIVIDED FLAT (ĺŠ?ćˆż)

1500mm

It is a ubiquitous kind of rental housing present in Hong Kong. They are flats which shown on the original approved plan of a building being subdivided into two or more individual rooms. In general, those original non-structural partition walls are removed while the new ones are erected, new toilets and kitchens are installed, and internal drains are added or altered. But these works could cause adverse impacts on the safety and hygiene condition of the building if not handled properly.

Most of them are located in the old residential buildings and people live in subdivided flat are mainly unemployed citizens, low income family, new immigrants, etc. It is estimated that 100,000 people live in subdivided flats or other similarly undesirable conditions. The average size of a subdivided flat is found to be 30 square feet per person.

To commence with, the insufficient supply of public housing is one of the important driving forces leading to the appearance of subdivided units.

2000mm

Typical layout 39

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES

2500mm

SUBDIVIDED FLAT (劏房) 2900mm

2400mm

LIVED ALONE ELDER

BEDROOM LIVING ROOM KITCHEN BATHROOM STORAGE LOBBY

40

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES

2000mm

SUBDIVIDED FLAT (劏房) 2400mm

2400mm

NEW IMMIGRANT FAMILY

41

BEDROOM LIVING ROOM KITCHEN BATHROOM STORAGE LOBBY

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES SUBDIVIDED FLAT (劏房)

LIVED ALONE ELDER

BEDROOM LIVING ROOM KITCHEN BATHROOM STORAGE LOBBY

NEW IMMIGRANT FAMILY

6.4 sq.m

HONG KONG TYPICAL FAMILY

4.8 sq.m

50 sq.m 42

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES CAGE HOME (çą ĺą‹)

950mm

43

1950mm

Caged homes are categorized as bedspace apartments by the Hong Kong Government.

It general refers to a type of residence that is of bedspace size and surrounded by a metal cage.

It is commonly found in bunk bed format and this type of residence originates in Hong Kong.

In 2007, there were approximately 53,200 people living in caged homes. The residents are mainly low-income people, such as the elderly, the low-skilled, and the non-skilled labourers.

The living conditions of caged homes are nasty.

Safety and living conditions of caged homes are poor. It majorly distributes in the areas where the buildings are mostly dilapidated like Sham Shui Po, Mongkok, To Kwa Wan, and Tai Kok Tsui.

In the apartment flats, the whole living space is divided into multiple sections. Each section has 2-3 layers of beds which are subdivided with metal cages. With no doors in any sections, residents have to put their properties and personal belongings inside the confined space.

HONG KONG LOCAL ISSUES STILT HOUSE

There are 2 major housing types on the sea existing in Hong Kong - Aberdeen Floating Village’s Boats and Tai O’s Stilt Houses.

1.The people living on boats in Aberdeen are mainly Tanka, a group which arrived in Hong Kong around the 7-9th century.

2.Tai O is home to the Tanka people, a community of fisher folk who’ve built their houses on stilts above the tidal flats of Lantau Island for generations. These are houses raised on piles over the surface of the soil or a body of wate.

These unusual structures are interconnected, forming a tightly-knit community that literally lives on the water. Stilt houses are built primarily as a protection against flooding, but also serve to keep out vermin. The shady space under the house can be used for work or storage.

44

PROJECT

45

CASE STUDY

46

CASE STUDY Military barracks

BOUNDARY STREET

KOWLOON WALLED CITY KAI TAK AIRPORT

Originally a Chinese military fort, the Walled City became an enclave after the New Territories were leased to Britain in 1898

Walled fortress

1898 with 700 inhabitants

KAI TAK AIRPORT

It lost its wall during the Second World War when Japan invaded and razed the walls for materials to expand the nearby airport

Razed walls

1950 with 5,000 inhabitants

The uncontrolled building of 300 interconnected towers crammed into a seven-acre plot of land had begun

Uncontrolled buildings begin

1973 with 10,000 inhabitants

47

Final formation

1990 with 50,000 inhabitants

POPULATION DENSITY per square kilometre

kowloon walled city 1,920,000

Buildings were no more than 14 floors high to avoid collisions

By 1990, Kowloon was home to more than 50,000 inhabitants

mong kok 130,000

hong kong 6,700

CASE STUDY

TUNG TAU TSUEN ROAD

TUNG TSING RO AD

CIRCULATION PATH ABOVE GROUND Study

Laundry

ACTIVITIES HAPPENING ON THE ROOFTOPS

Mahjong

Sleep

Play (kids)

Jump

Relax

Access

Bulky items collection FUNCTIONS

TUNG TAU TSUEN ROAD

TUNG TSING ROAD

CIRCULATION PATH ON GROUND ACCESS LAUNDRY SPACE

MASTER LAYOUT PLAN

48

CASE STUDY

Alternatives

MoMA LINKED HYBRID

THE FORBIDDEN CITY

City of Dense Streets and Courtyards

Traditional neighbourhoods

City of pockets caused by new residential development and uncoordinated privitalization Alternatives

On Ground Above Ground

49

CASE STUDY

PUBLIC GARDEN CIRCULATION BRIDGE LEVEL CIRCULATION GROUND LEVEL CIRCULATION COMMERCIAL LOBBY TO APARTMENT ACCESS LOBBY TO BRIDGE LEVEL

SPORTS CLUB HEALTH SPA ENTRY POINT COFFEE HOUSE/BAR BOOK SHOP EXHIBITIONS

50

CASE STUDY WELL-PLANNED INFRASTRUCTURE

MEDELLIN BOGOTA

51

385-metre long, reduce time consumption from downtown back home

Public transport was designed to reach some of the least developed suburban areas of Medellín

Escalator system

MetroCable system

Sport facilities as social and public space for residents to gather

Integrate architecture into the landscape and also empowered as a meeting place

Sports Complex

España Library

INSPIRING ARCHITECTURE

52

PROJECT

53

DESIGN POSITIONING STATEMENT

54

DESIGN POSITIONING STATEMENT CONCLUSION

Dispersion of small elements and each element in this unique connection could cooperate together in all directions

Compact and closed space with large groups of people

Linear site with chaotic zonings, and the cross section of poverty and richness level from west to east

few facilities

green compact space

low rent

unhygienic hot

raw material

accessibility

communication

connectivity safety infrastructure

ROOFTOP SHANTY

SUBDIVIDED FLAT

CAGE HOME

STILT HOUSE

As a existing and almost isolated system in the urban fabric, the integration of poverty into the overall district development will be my urban strategy for captone project design. By looking at and analyzing the current situation of this system, there are lots of missing parts disconnected with this city’s network

Rooftop could be a potential use for social space and also a connection media for people to access

55

Skybridges connection loop encourages encounters in the public spaces that vary from different functions

current

proposal

Infrastructure and architecture as a design approach to transform the slums into a dreamworld

DESIGN POSITIONING STATEMENT POSSIBLE DIRECTIONS

Collection Connectivity

+

Safety

Accessibility

Infrastructure

Green

Communication

+

Accessibility

Communication

Safety

Accessibility

Collection

56

REFERENCES

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Girard, Greg, and Ian Lambot. City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City. Chiddingfold: Watermark, 1993. Print. http://hongwrong.com/hong-kong-rooftop-slums/ United Nations, 2007. The Millennium Development Goals Report.

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