Urban Design Sense of Distance and Proximity in Tokyo

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Dissertation Year 5 MArch Architecture (ARB/ RIBA Part2)

Takuma Kiyama

Sense of Distance and Proximity in Tokyo

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Takuma Kiyama U1424042 Date: 6 March, 2017 MA Urban Design Tutor: Christoph Hadrys

Abstract

This dissertation examines the principles of distance and proximity in the city of Tokyo, -DSDQ ,Q -DSDQHVH VRFLHW\ WKHUH DUH LQWHUHVWLQJ GLYLVLRQV DQG ERUGHU OLQHV WKDW DUH DOWHUQDWLYHO\ DPELJXRXV RU LQYLVLEOH ,Q GHQVHO\ SRSXODWHG DUHDV VXFK DV FLWLHV SHRSOH are more aware of protecting this distance and proximity in an attempt to maintain a FRPIRUWDEOH OLIH 3UHVHQWO\ LQ VXFK DUHDV DQG HVSHFLDOO\ LQ 7RN\R DQ LPSRUWDQW GLVWLQFWLRQ LV PDGH EHWZHHQ SULYDWH DQG SXEOLF VSDFHV ZLWK WKLV SURWHFWLQJ ERWK SHUVRQDO DUHDV DQG WKH IXQGDPHQWDO IRXQGDWLRQV RI OLYLQJ 7KLV VHQVH RI GLVWDQFH DQG SUR[LPLW\ LV URRWHG LQ historic Japanese traditions and culture and has had an indelible impact upon the design RI 7RN\R 7KLV FDQ EH VHHQ IRU H[DPSOH LQ KRZ D WUDGLWLRQDO -DSDQHVH KRXVH FRQVLVWV RI XQLTXH HOHPHQWV WKDW GLYLGH WKH LQGRRU DQG WKH RXWGRRU WKXV SURGXFLQJ DQ LQWHUVWLWLDO VSDFH EHWZHHQ RQH¶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in Tokyo, noting how people mentally create such unique distances among and within the city’s buildings, how this works for people and, finally, how this distance and proximity PDQLIHVWV LQ UHODWLRQ WR XUEDQ OLYLQJ

Contents

Introduction

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Chapter One: The General Principles of Distance and Proximity in Japanese Culture and in Japanese Thinking

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- Japanese culture in relation to distance and proximity between people - The relationship between companies, individuals and the public (Wa and Ko) - Compromises given towards personal space in public

Chapter Two: 'LVWDQFH DQG 3UR[LPLW\ LQ 7RN\R +RXVHV ± $V 5HÀHFWHG LQ %RWK Japanese Society and Culture - Sense of smallness and thinness in Japan $ VWHS DQG ÀRRU DV D ZDOO 7KH KRPH EX௺HU ]RQH ³'RPD´ - Ambiguous spaces in the traditional Japanese house - Small spaces used to make neighbours physically and mentally close - Modern Japanese houses

&KDSWHU 7KUHH 8UEDQ 'LVWDQFH DQG 3UR[LPLW\ LQ 7RN\R 7KH 5HODWLRQVKLS %HWZHHQ %XLOGLQJV 2SHQ 6SDFHV DQG 3HRSOH - Urban structure in Tokyo - The distinction of disordering the city structure - The distinctive emergence of depth and gap in Tokyo - Scenery opened out from the city 7KH GLVWLQFWLYH VHQVH RI GHSWK ³2NX´ DQG LWV FRQWULEXWLRQ WR XUEDQ OLIH - The narrow alleyways between houses in Tokyo 2SHQ VSDFHV LQ 7RN\R - Urban life and community in Tokyo :DVWHG ODUJH DUWL¿FLDO ODQGV 7RN\R %D\

Conclusion

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References

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Introduction

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largest cities in Japan and, as of 2015, had a population of 13,507,347 within its 2,190,90 VTXDUH NLORPHWUHV > @ 7KLV KDV PDGH 7RN\R WKH PRVW GHQVHO\ SRSXODWHG FLW\ LQ WKH ZRUOG Traditionally, rural migration to Japan’s cities has occurred, especially by the younger generation, owing to the greater employment opportunities, higher education standards DQG FRQYHQLHQFH RI WKH QXPHURXV FRPPHUFLDO EXLOGLQJV 5HFHQWO\ WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ KDV accelerated and has created a unique Japanese sense of distance and proximity – both LQ SHRSOH¶V WKLQNLQJ DV ZHOO DV LQ XUEDQ OLIH 7KLV LV EHFDXVH LQ GHQVHO\ SRSXODWHG DUHDV FDUHIXO XWLOLVDWLRQ RI VPDOO VSDFHV LV D NH\ WR VXUYLYDO +HUH WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ SULYDWH DQG SXEOLF DUHDV LV HVVHQWLDO LQ PDLQWDLQLQJ PHQWDO DQG SK\VLFDO KHDOWK

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The principles of urban fabric and society in Tokyo were created in the 16th Century in IRUPHU 7RN\R ³(GR &LW\´ 7KH FLW\ VWUXFWXUH RI 7RN\R KDV VLJQL¿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¶V SULYDWH OLIH LV SULRULWLVHG PRUH WKDQ RQH¶V FRPPXQDO OLIH $V D UHVXOW PDQ\ W\SHV RI XQLTXH SULYDWH VSDFHV KDYH GHYHORSHG WKURXJK WKLV FRQFHSW 7KHVH DUH FRPPRQO\ VHHQ LQ RSHQ DUHDV VXFK DV UHVWDXUDQWV VLQFH -DSDQHVH SHRSOH XQFRQVFLRXVO\ \HW FRQVLVWHQWO\ SULRULWLVH WKHLU SULYDWH OLIH )XUWKHUPRUH WKH HႇHFWLYH XVH RI VPDOO RSHQ VSDFHV FDQ RIWHQ EH VHHQ LQ FHQWUDO 7RN\R where a few tiny open green spaces contrast strongly with the city’s tall buildings, frenetic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¶V GZHOOHUV )RU LQVWDQFH +LURVKL 2WD > @ 3 0DULHOXLVH -RQDV +HLNH 5DKPDQQ Tokyo Void %HUOLQ MRYLV 9HUODJ *PE+

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Chapter One: The General Principles of Distance and Proximity in Japanese Culture and in Japanese Thinking Japanese culture in relation to distance and proximity between people

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distance is 15-45cm, personal distance is 45-120cm, social distance is 120-360cm and

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Public distance 360cm~ Social distance 120-360cm personal space 45-120cm

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The relationship between companies, individuals and the public (Wa and Ko)

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Modern Japanese houses

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Chapter Three: Urban Distance and Proximity in Tokyo – The Relationship %HWZHHQ %XLOGLQJV 2SHQ 6SDFHV DQG 3HRSOH Urban structure in Tokyo

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The distinction of disordering the city structure

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Reference

English Source %DUULH 6KHOWRQ /HDUQLQJ IURP WKH -DSDQHVH &LW\ /RRNLQJ (DVW LQ 8UEDQ 'HVLJQ Second edition 2[IRUGVKLUH 5RXWOHGJH

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(/FURTXLV HGLWLRQDO Sou Fujimoto 0DGULG (/FURTXLV HGLWLRQDO +HLQ] 3DHW]ROG WKH DXWKRUV City Life: Essays on Urban Culture $PVWHUGDP -DQ YDQ (\FN $NDGHPLH

Jinnai Hidenobu, Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology /RV $QJHOHV 8QLYHUVLW\ RI &DOLIRUQLD 3UHVV

.HQ ,FKL 6DVDNL µ)RU :KRP LV &LW\ 'HVLJQ 7DFWLOLW\ YHUVXV YLVXDOLW\¶ ,Q 7KH &LW\ &XOWXUHV 5HDGHU HG E\ 0DOFROP 0LOHV 7LP +DOO DQG ,DLQ %RUGHQ /RQGRQ 5RXWOHJGH

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Japanese Source )XPLKLNR 0DNL .HQQWLNXNDUD 7RVKL R 7RVKLNDUD NHQQWLNX R (LJKWHHQWK (GLWLRQ 7RN\R ,ZDQDPL VK\RWHQQ

)XPLKLNR 0DNL Miegakuresuru-Toshi (Hidden City) (LJKWHHQWK (GLWLRQ 7RN\R .DMLPD SXEOLFDWLRQ

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.DML 1D\D FK\DGRX QR JHQU\X 7RN\R 7DQQNRXV\D

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