Vertical Gardens by Tamara Urben-Imbeault

Experiments

Plants

Itinerary

The Vertical Garden

Basics

By Tamara Urben-Imbeault

The Vertical Garden Between Experiment and Fiction By Tamara Urben-Imbeault

Drawers....12 Hanging Boxes....16 Pallet....18 Website....22

Recipes

Experiments

Typology

Basics

Plants

Itinerary

Espaliers....28 Climbers....30 Green Wall species, indoor....32 Green Wall species, outdoor....34

XX XX Detail of the MusĂŠe du Quay Branly, Paris. Designed by Patrick Blanc. Image from budcollinstennis.com

Itinerary

Destinations....38 Online....72

Basics

Typology Basics There are various types of vertical gardens, spanning a wide range of scales and complexities, from large scale projects, like the MFO Park in Zurich, (see page 58) to small scale projects, such as the green wall found in the Minto Centre in Ottawa (see page 64). These gardens are manufactured and assembled a number of different ways, the most popular of which will be explained in the following sections. The largest categories are climbing plants, espalier trained shrubs and trees, and green wall systems attached to regular interior or exterior walls. The popularity of vertical gardens, such as those of Patrick Blanc which are hydroponic systems that attach to existing walls, are seen as a new idea by many, however facade greening has been popular in European countries as early as the Art Nouveau Movement, (Dunnet & Kingsbury, 129.)

A Small History Lesson Dunnet and Kingsbury discuss the origin of vertical gardens in their book, Planting Green Roofs + Living Walls. According to them, facade greening started to gain popularity as far back as in the Art Nouveau period (early 1800’s), with Britain following during the Garden City Movement (late 1800’s), and North America following during the Arts and Crafts Movement (late 1800’s to early 1900’s)(ibid, 129). They make note that the popularity of facade greening has actually declined since the 1930’s and all of the innovation happening now (2011) is part of a revival movement...

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Basics

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1. Smooth transitions from built to natural environment -JHIU mMUFSJOH 3. Surfaces covered with climbing plants invite a direct interaction of our bodies with the architecture, stimulating several of our senses at the same time. 4. Walls that invite smelling, touching, whose visual and tactile textures are continuously changing with time and the seasons are undeniably more stimulating than blank bare walls. 5. The [vertical gardens] bespeak a social order of some repose within the building, and therefore it is comfortable to be on the streets- one feels at home. It is as if the plants were a gift from the people inside to the people on the street. (as quoted in the Montreal Gazette, Castro, J3.)

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Sunlight

Level of water saturation

Wind

Basics

Hydroponic vertical gardens are the most costly method of facade greening and thus eliminates them from the options of many private homes. Hydroponic vertical gardens are generally reserved for commercial or civic buildings, some also appearing in less modest private businesses. There are many do-it-yourself (DIY) projects that are quick and easy for the average person to make at home (see page 72 for further information and websites), and climbing plants make very effective vertical gardens in a relatively short amount of time. The hydroponic systems are quickly becoming more and more recurrent. The positive aspects of these gardens are numerousthe potential to be integrated into HVAC systems in buildings for OBUVSBM BJS mMUSBUJPO QTZDIPMPHJDBM CFOFmUT PG IBWJOH HSFFO TQBDFT JOEPPST QPMMVUJPO mMUSBUJPO FUD 5IF OFHBUJWF BTQFDUT DFOUSF around maintenance once more, but if designed and planted well, maintenance should be minimal. Cleaning out the irrigation system is frequently necessary, as well as replacing dead plants, and pruning over bearing ones.

The Microclimate of a Wall Even though a wall garden is often a single surface, the microclimate of that surface is very complex. Diagrams of potential wind currents, vegetation types and precipitation patterns on cliff faces are found on the top and bottom left of the adjacent page, while the diagram on the bottom left shows how wind currents, sunlight, irrigation/ saturation XJMM BGGFDU B WFSUJDBM HBSEFO JO BO VSCBO TFUUJOH TQFDJmDBMMZ 5IF XBMM of a building is often even more harsh than a cliff surface due to the lack of crevises, and the build up of heat in surrounding buildings and concrete surfaces, called the urban heat island effect. The placement PG TVSSPVOEJOH CVJMEJOHT BOE UIFJS TQFDJmD TIBQFT DBO BMTP BMUFS UIF way natural environmental effects affect the buildings and streets in urban centres. Results of these effects can be recorded as wind tunnels, increased surface temperature of buildings, streets and sidewalks, and many other commonly occuring urban events.

Consequences for Northern Climates Unfortunately due to the extreme northern climate of Winnipeg, vertical gardening techniques will be more limited here than they would be further south. Exterior hydroponic gardens, for example, would be rendered ineffective 8 months out of the year and winter freezing would likely do so much harm to the plants that the author is unsure if they would survive. Vertical gardening techniques for Winnipeg will have to be limited to climbing plants and more early style rock wall or brick and mortar applications. The potential for these is great here, and could be utilized well in retaining wall construction.

Experiments

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Recipes Experiments

Drawers

These gardens are adapted from four drawers from a chest of drawers that someone else no longer had a use for and was bringing to the dump. I was able to save them and turn them into a set of beautiful vertical gardens. 5IF ESBXFST XFSF mSTU QBJOUFE UIFO MJOFE XJUI UIJDL WBQPVS CBSSJFS and silicone sealed. Then I designed an irrigation system with some aquarium tubing and recycled pop bottles. &BDI HBSEFO XJMM IBWF B EJGGFSFOU MBZFSFE TVCTUSBUF XIJDI XJMM CF B DPNCJOBUJPO PG SPDLXPPM BOE 4PQSFNB A- TPJM TVCTUSBUF 5IF SPDLXPPM is normally used in hydroponic systems with constant or very regular ESJQ JSSJHBUJPO TP * XBT VOTVSF IPX RVJDLMZ JU XJMM ESZ PVU 5IJT JT UIF SFBTPO GPS MBZFSJOH UIF SPDLXPPM XJUI TPJM UIF JOUFOUJPO XBT UP USZ UP LFFQ BT NVDI NPJTUVSF JO BT QPTTJCMF 5IFTF ESBXFST BSF CF NVDI UIJDLFS UIBO PUIFS WFSUJDBM HBSEFOT MJLF UIF POFT UIBU 1BUSJDL #MBOD EFTJHOT XIJDI EP OPU VTVBMMZ IBWF BOZ TPJM BOE IBWF B GFMU MJLF TPJM substrate that measures ~5mm in depth. 5ISPVHI UIF TVNNFS * HPU GFFECBDL GSPN UIF UXP HBSEFOT UIBU XFSF installed this year.

Recipes Experiments

12 The drawer experiments were successful in their ability to support plant MJGF IPXFWFS UIF JSSJHBUJPO TZTUFN BOE UIF XBUFSQSPPmOH QSPWFE UP CF nBXFE The irrigation system did not release water slowly into the substrate BT JU XBT EFTJHOFE UP EP CVU SBUIFS MFU B TJHOJmDBOU BNPVOU PG UIF water escape out the bottom of the drawer almost immediately after XBUFSJOH 5IF HBSEFOT IBE UP CF DBSFGVMMZ XBUFSFE GSPN UIF GSPOU TP UIBU QMBOUT IBE FOPVHI XBUFS 0OF QPUFOUJBM DBVTF GPS UIJT JT UIBU UIF end of the irrigation tubing may have opened, making a straight path PVU PG UIF TPJM GPS UIF XBUFS "OPUIFS QPTTJCJMJUZ JT UIBU UIF UVCJOH XBT MPPQFE JO BO JOFGmDJFOU NBOPS 5IBU DPNCJOFE XJUI QPUFOUJBMMZ UPP NBOZ holes for water to escape from could cause the rapid movement of the XBUFS UISPVHI UIF TZTUFN *O UIF GVUVSF UIF BNPVOU PG UVCJOH TIPVME CF minimized and the number of holes also reduced to hopefully put an FOE UP UIJT QSPCMFN Because of the failure of the irrigation system- more water pushing to UIF CPUUPN GBTUFS UIBO * BOUJDJQBUFE TP UPP EJE UIF XBUFSQSPPmOH GBJM *OTUFBE PG ESBJOJOH GSPN UXP TJEFT PO UIF CPUUPN GSPOU POMZ UIF XIPMF CPUUPN FEHF UVSOFE JOUP B CJU PG B XBUFSGBMM PO BMM ESBXFST * CFMJFWF JU JT safe to assume that the silicone sealing of the staples used to hold the XBUFS CBSSJFS XBT JOTVGmDJFOU The mixture of rockwool and soil substrate appears to be effective in all cases, however it was noted that the gardens do dry out slightly faster UIBO SFHVMBS QPUUFE QMBOUT 5IJT * DPOTJEFS UP CF B NJOPS WJDUPSZ BT * XBT FYQFDUJOH UIFN UP ESZ PVU DPOTJEFSBCMZ GBTUFS

Experiments

Boxes

R Reusing i old ld wooden d b boxes, I ffound, d iis one off the h easiest i ways to NBLF WFSUJDBM HBSEFOT "MM UIBU OFFET UP CF EPOF JT mMM UIF CPY XJUI soil (light weight engineered soil preferred), and staple landscaping fabric to the front. Cocoliner can also be used instead of landscape fabric, and creates a more rustic aesthetic, instead of the more modern MPPLJOH CMBDL 0OF CFOFmU UP VTJOH UIF $PDPMJOFS BT PQQPTFE UP UIF landscaping fabric that I noticed through my experiments is that it holds water a bit better than the landscaping fabric does. To hang simply attach rope or re-used strap to each side with screws. These gardens did very well over the summer, but had to be watered regularly.

Recipes Experiments

Pallet

Th There are many d do-it-yourself i lf vertical i l garden d projects j that h can easily il be found on the internet (see page XXX). I found this particular pallet garden project on a personal blog by Fern Richardson (http:// lifeonthebalcony.com/how-to-turn-a-pallet-into-a-garden/). The repurposed pallet, after being wrapped in landscaping fabric and stuffed with soil quickly becomes a beautiful, inexpensive vertical garden, perfect for small spaces like balconies. For this project, youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll need the pallet you found, 2 large bags PG QPUUJOH TPJM TJY QBDLT PG BOOVBM nPXFST POF TJY QBDL QFS PQFOJOH PO UIF GBDF PG UIF QBMMFU BOE UXP TJY QBDLT QFS PQFOing on the top of the completed pallet garden), a small roll of landscape fabric, a staple gun, staples, and sand paper. 4UFQ /BJM JO BOZ MPPTF OBJMT BOE TBOE EPXO BOZ CSPLFO QBSUT 5IF OFXFS UIF QBMMFU UIF MFTT ZPV XJMM IBWF UP EP "WPJE POFT XJUI SPU MPPTF OBJMT CSPLFO QJFDFT *G ZPV QMBO PO HSPXJOH food in your pallet, try to choose one that has been heat treated as opposed to fumigated. 4UFQ 8SBQ UIF CPUUPN BOE TJEFT XJUI EPVCMF MBZFSFE MBOETDBQJOH GBCSJD 4FDVSF UJHIUMZ XJUI B TUBQMF HVO 4UFQ 'JMM XJUI EJSU BOE QMBOUÃ¾ 'PS UIJT QBSU ZPV XJMM OFFE UP MBZ UIF QBMMFU EPXO PO UIF nPPS #F TVSF UP EP UIJT BT DMPTF BT QPTTJCMF UP UIF mOBM QMBDF XIFSF ZPV XBOU UIF HBSEFO UP TUBZ CFDBVTF JU HFUT WFSZ IFBWZ WFSZ RVJDLMZ #F TVSF UP QVU JO UIF QMBOUT GPS UIF UPQ mSTU BOE mMM UJHIUMZ XJUI TPJM 4UFQ 1MBOUÃ¾ 3FNFNCFS TJY QBDL QFS PQFOJOH 5IFZ TIPVME

Experiments Recipes

be tight though, so for some species/ pallets you will need more. You should practically have to shoe horn in the last plant. Step 5: Water thoroughly. Pallet gardens tend to dry out quickly, especially the bottom 2 rows. So keep a close eye on it and water regularly. 4UFQ -FU UIF QBMMFU TJU PO UIF nPPS XIFSF ZPV QMBOUFE JU GPS XFFLT or until the plants are properly established. Step 7: Raise the planter!

One problem I encountered with this project was that due to the fact that I used a chemically treated pallet, I did not want to plant any plants that would be eaten or produce edible fruits. This limited the type of plants I was able to put in the garden. Another problem was the weight of the soil. I used soil that was already in a large garden on site. It had a very high clay content and thus is extremely heavy. Because of the weight, we were unable to lift the pallet to make it vertical, so it remained horizontal for the duration of the summer.

Recipes Experiments

Website/ Blog

The author is the moderator of a vertical gardening blog which is a collection of images and designs of various gardens around the world, from the work of Patrick Blanc, to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal DIY gardens. It is a blog that is currently being followed by 159 people, after just 4 months. You can visit the blog, enthusiastically called Aw Yeah Vertical Gardens! http://awyeahverticalgardens.tumblr.com

Plants

Though the popularity of wall gardens is accelerating at a very fast pace, much has yet to be done in colder climates, like that of Winnipeg. The coldest climate in which outdoor wall precedents have been found by the author is USDA Zone 5. The main reason for this is that most systems are hydroponic, which means that water must be circulating through the whole system at all times. Unfortunately, for places like Winnipeg, systems like this would not work for approximately 8 months out of the year, when the average temperature is below 0 degrees Celsius. In this chapter, we will explore a few different types of vegetation suitable for greening facades. Some will be for wall gardens, while others (potentially more suitable for Zone 2 than wall gardens) like espaliers and climbing plants will also be explored.

Plants Plants

According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg sits in USDA plant hardiness zone 2b, however it is commonplace to spec plants for zone 3 within the city limits. This is likely due to the urban heat island effect, which is the warming of environments composed mostly of concrete and buildings, which absorb more of the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heat than plants do. Using this logic, it is possible that downtown Winnipeg facades could potentially host zone 3a plant species, maybe even a few hardier species of zone 4 varieties on south and western facing facades with full sun exposure. This is be something that the author would like to study further. A cautionary note to readers: the following species lists have not been tested for this climate. They have been selected for their drought resistance, smaller root systems, tolerance for urban pollution, and suitability for Winnipegâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate. Based on extensive research, the author believes many, if not all of these species, will be successful in Winnipeg vertical gardening applications, however further testing is OFFEFE GPS DPOmSNBUJPO

20 Above: Climbing Roses at The Empress Hotel, Victoria, BC.

Pyrus ussuriensiss ‘Golden Spice’ (Golden Spice Pear) Pyrus ussuriensis ‘Early Gold’ (Early Gold Pear) Pyrus ussuriensiss (Ussurian Pear) Prunus mandshurica ‘Westcot’ (Westcot Apricot) Prunus armeniaca ‘Brookcot’ (Brookcot Apricot) Prunus armeniaca var. mandshurica (Manchurian Apricot) Malus spp. ‘Honeycrisp’ (Honeycrisp Apple) Malus x ‘Collet’ (Collet Apple) Malus x ‘Battleford’ (Battleford Apple) Malus x ‘Goodland’ (Goodland Apple) Malus x ‘Norland’ (Norland Apple) Rosa x ‘Captain Samuel Holland’ (Captain Samuel Holland Climbing Rose) Rosa x ‘John Cabot’ (John Cabot Climbing Rose) Rosa x ‘John Davis’ (John Davis Climbing Rose) Rosa x ‘Quadra’ (Quadra Climbing Rose) Rosa x A8JMMJBN #BGmO 8JMMJBN #BGmO $MJNCJOH 3PTF

Plants

Espaliers

Celastrus scandenss (American Bittersweet) Clematis spp. (Various species) Echinocystis lobata (Wild Cucumber) Humulus lupulus (Common Hop) Ipomoea tricolor (Morning Glory) Lonicera x brownii ‘Dropmore Scarlet Trumpet’ (‘Dropmore Scarlet Trumpet’ Honeysuckle) Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia Creeper) Vitis riparia (Riverbank Grape, Manitoba Grape) Vitiss ‘Beta’ (Beta Grape) Actinidia kolomikta ‘Arctic Beauty’ (Arctic Beauty Kiwi) Lonicera sempervirenss (Honeysuckle Vine) Southern & Western Facing Walls (Zone 4 species): Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Boston Ivy) Parthenocissus quinquefolia ‘Engelmanii’ (Engleman Ivy) Akebia quinata (Fiveleaf Akebia) Campsis radicanss (Trumpetvine)

Plants

Climbers

Self-clinging climbers

Support Climbers

30 Clinging rootlets Grow on walls, masonry, trees, levels (horizontal, diagonal, vertical).

Creepers Grow on walls, masonry, trees, levels (horizontal, diagonal, vertical).

Twiners are suitable to horizontal cables, pergolas, arccades.

Tendrils are suited to espaliers, trellises, climbing ropes or cables (spanned horizontally and vertically) arcades and pergolas with trellises.

Scrambling climbers need walls with climbing supports, trees or large bushes or pergolas with trellises.

Common Vegetables Lycopersion esculentum m (Tomato) Capsicum m (Pepper) Cucurbita pepo o (Zucchini) Cucumis sativuss (Cucumber) Cucurbita moschata (Squash) Cucurbita maxima (Pumpkin) Phaseoluss spp. (Beans) Pisum saticum m (Peas) Lactuca sativa var. capitata (Lettuce) Spinacea oleracea (Spinach) Common Houseplants Aglaonema commutatum m (Aglaonema) Spathiphyllum m spp. (Aroids) Chlorophytum (Spider Plant) Codiaeum m (Croton) Dracaena (Dragon Plant) Ficuss (Ficus) Ficus elastica (Rubber Plant) Hydera (Ivy) Dypsis, Howea, Chamaedorea spp. (Palms) Philodenron n (Philodenron) Adiantum m (Maidenhair Fern) Sansevieria (Snake Plant) Setereasea pallida (Purple Heart) Schlefera (Umbrella Plant)

Plants

Indoor Walls

Common Herbs Thymus vulgare e (Thyme) Ocimum basilicum m (Basil) 3PTNBSJVOVT PGmDJOBMJTT (Rosemary) Petroselinum crispum m var. crispum m (Parsley) Allium schoenoprasum m (Chives) Mentha arvensiss (Mint) 4BMWJB PGmDJOBMJT -JOO (Sage) Organum vulgare e (Oregano)

Limited water + Full sun n / Top of wall

Wet + Shaded / Bottom of wall

Stachys byzantina (Lambs Ears) Hosta spp. (Hosta) Artemisia spp. (Sage) Rosa aciculariss (Prickly Rose) Vicia americana (Vetch) Aster ericoides (Many Flowered Aster) Aster simplexx (White Pinacle Aster) Sedum m spp. (Stonecrop) Matrona Stonecrop Vera Jameson Stonecrop Thymuss spp. (Thyme) Thymus x citriodorus (Lemon Thyme) Thymus pseudolanuglinosus (Woolly Thyme) Thymus serpyllum m (Mother of Thyme) Juniperus communiss (Common Juniper) Vaccinium myrtilloidess (Velvet Leaved Blueberry) Mentha arvensis (Wild Mint) Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) Campanula rotundifolia (Harebell) Ranunculus acriss (Tall Buttercup) Antennaria microphylla (Small-Leaved Pussytoes) Chrysanthemum leucanthemum m (Ox-Eye Daisy)

Iriss spp. (Bearded Iris) Hosta spp. (Hosta) Ferns Adiantum pedatum m (Maidenhair Fern) "UIZSJVN mMJY GFNJOB (Lady Fern) Athyrium niponicum â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Pictumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Japanese Painted Fern) Matteuccia struthiopteris (Native Fern) Viola cornuta (Pansy) Vinca minorr (Periwinkle) Amphicarpa bracteata (Hogpeanut) Aralia nudicauliss (Wild Sasparilla) Thalictrum dasycarpum (Tall Meadowrue) Polygonatum canaliculatum m (Solomonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Seal) (BMJVN USJnPSVN (Sweetscented Bedstraw) Aquilegia canadensiss (Wild Columbine) Cypripedium calceoluss (Yellow Ladyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Slipper) Cypripedium passerinum m (Sparrowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Egg Ladyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Slipper) Hierochloe odorata (Sweet Grass) Anemone canadensis s (Anemone) Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Wild Licorice) Lathyrus venususs (Wild Pea Vine)

Plants

Outdoor Walls

Medium water + Part sun / Middle of wall Iriss spp. (Bearded Iris) Hosta spp. (Hosta) Aquilegia canadensiss (Wild Columbine) Cypripedium calceoluss (Yellow Ladyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Slipper) Cypripedium passerinum m (Sparrowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Egg Ladyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Slipper) Hierochloe odorata (Sweet Grass) Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Wild Licorice) Ledum groenlandicum m (Labrador Tea) Fragaria virginiana (Strawberry)

Itinerary

Research by the author has shown that there are many more indoor vertical garden examples in Canada than there was originally thought to be. This expectation of virtually no vertical gardens is due to the harsh climate that blankets most of our country. Unfortunately, more than 80% of the country is located within USDA zone 3 or colder. This means that the greatest opportunity for hydroponic vertical gardens exists on the interior of buildings. Included in the following pages are TPNF PG UIF NPSF NBHOJmDFOU JOEPPS HBSEFOT GPMMPXFE CZ B TFDUJPO of outdoor Canadian vertical gardens. Later, a few outstanding international projects will be discussed. These will be projects that the author feels successfully begin the conversation between interior and FYUFSJPS MBOETDBQFT CZ MJOLJOH OBUVSBM BOE BSUJmDJBM TZTUFNT UP GPSN symbiotic relationships between plant materials and building systems. At the end of this section a spread about DIY vertical gardens can be found. This section lists many valuable online resources for those with limited budgets and/ or space. These projects are designed primarily for home owners and apartment dwellers.

Itinerary 36

Informative St. Mary’s University p.39

Queen’s u University v p.41

Semaihmoo mo Sky Garden ard d p.65 Minto Place ace p.63 Vancouver Int’l Terminal p.67 Vancouver Aquarium p.69

Decorative

Cheminée p.61

Biodiversity Map p.43

Metamorphic Sportsplatz Mercator p.45

MFO Parkk p.49

S Swiss Re p.47

ACROS Bu Building p.51 51

P Park Up A Vertical Bui Building Swamp p.57 p p. . 7 p.55 DiG O Operations Centre Earth Bank nk p.53 p.59

Experimental

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The green wall at St. Maryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s University Atrium, in Calgary, Alberta does more than just look good. This wall uses The Nedlaw Vertial Garden 4ZTUFN BDUT BT B mMUFS GPS UIF )7"$ TZTUFNT JO UIF CVJMEJOH 5IF VOJWFSTJUZ SFGFST UP UIF XBMM BT B ACJPXBMM XIJDI UIFZ EFmOF BT iB AMJWJOH XBMM UIBU DMFBOTFT UIF BJS BOE QSPWJEFT BO FDPMPHJDBM BQQSPBDI UP NBJOUBJOJOH UIF JOEPPS FOWJSPONFOU w GSPN IUUQ XXX TNV DB BENJOJTUSBUJPO GBDJMJUJFT BUSJVN IUNM

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XXX XXX

This green wall in Copenhagen is shaped like Europe and displays the different bioregions of the area. Commissioned by the EEA (European Environmental Agency) the wall raises awareness of bioregions and of the lack of green space in urban regions. The wall uses a Green Fortune felt pocket system, similar to the Woolly Pockets available locally at St. Mary’s Nursery. “The Living Façade is one of EEA’s main contributions to the United Nations International Year of Biodiversity. The front of our building on Kongens Nytorv 6 is covered with about 5,000 annual plants [with 22 different plant species] showing a map of Europe and plant biodiversity. The façade will stay in place from 22 May to October 2010.” (from: http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/biodiversity/living-facade) i5IF &&" -JWJOH 'BÎBEF XBOUT UP JMMVTUSBUF UIF TJHOJmDBODF PG WFSUJDBM gardens as urban green areas. These areas represent a backbone for human health, biodiversity and ecosystem services in cities. For most urban dwellers, the perception of “greenery” in or nearby their cities is an integral part of what constitutes the ‘quality of life’. Indeed urban green can improve air quality and noise conditions. Despite being IJHIMZ BSUJmDJBM VSCBO BSFBT DBO CZ JOUFMMJHFOU EFTJHO PGGFS BEEJUJPOBM habitats, maintaining ecosystem services and thus limit the ecological footprint of cities,” the EEA explains. (from: http://www.eea.europa.eu/ themes/biodiversity/living-facade) The concept of delivering information such as this to the public in a beautiful and accessible way such as this is greatly intriguing. I am disappointed that the wall is comprised of annuals, however, and will be only be a temporary installation. Something like this should be a permanent feature in every major city.

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The Sportsplatz Mercator in Amsterdam is a successful rejuvenation project for a neighbourhood that was in decline. The center combines restaurants, civil amenities, a gym, an outdoor pool and a few other functions into one large irregularly shaped building. To make the structure even more unique addition to the city, each facade and roof surface was covered with plants. The walls are a hydroponic system, similar to those used by Patrick Blanc (see the sectional diagram on the left). I value this building for its success in urban rejuvenation and boldness in size and plant coverage.

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XXX

The Swiss Re in Unterfรถhring, Germany is an interesting example of the enclosure that can be achieved with climbing plants. Designed by Bothe Richter Teherani Architekten, the complex of buildings is wrapped in a trellis system with climbing plants growing up them. These trellises or screens give the space a private feeling and a sense of enclosure. It also helps to unify various buildings to show they are all a part of the same set of uses.

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A recent vertical garden project which utilizes climbing plants is MFO Park in Zurich, designed by Burckhardt & Partner and Radershall Landschaftarchitekten. Jaques Leenhardt and Anna Lambertini descibe it as, â&#x20AC;&#x153;an exaggerated post-industrial expression of traditional architectural elements from the art of gardens: the trellis and the arbor...â&#x20AC;? (Vertical Gardens, 164).

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The ACROS Building, in Tokyo, Japan would be what I would consider a much more successful park up a building than the one seen prior to this. The plant life is luscious and dense, and in an aerial context creates a perfect transition from park to building. I am unsure how UIJT DPOOFDUJPO MPPLT GSPN UIF HSPVOE BT * XBT POMZ BCMF UP mOE BFSJBM photos and the one staircase picture shown on the left. Perhaps there is a reason for this?

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The DiGi Technical Operations Centre in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia green wall is a different example of how a building facade can be wrapped with greenery, giving the building an added character and ecological value that it would otherwise never have. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Wrapped around the data centre building is a low-maintenance continuous vertical wall of yellow screwpine (Pandanus pygmaeus) and green mondo grass (Ophiopogon japonicus) that removes dust and carbon dioxide from air passing through ducts into the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s airDPOEJUJPOJOH TZTUFN i5IF QMBOUT BDU BT OBUVSBM CJP QVSJmFST w TBZT UIF BSDIJUFDU ,FO :FBOH PG 5 3 )BN[BI :FBOH UIF mSN UIBU EFTJHOFE the building. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Through a number of processes such as the absorption of carbon dioxide and photosynthesis, they break down and remove BJSCPSOF DPOUBNJOBOUT TVDI BT WPMBUJMF PSHBOJD DPNQPVOET w 5IFZ BMTP reduce the need for cooling, which is important in this tropical climate. Mondo grass was planted on the north and east sides and screwpine on the west and south sides. â&#x20AC;&#x153;We selected species that were hardy, noninvasive, and will survive in a vertical condition with minimal irrigaUJPO FTQFDJBMMZ PO UIF IPU FBTU BOE XFTU TJEFT PG UIF CVJMEJOH w TBZT Yeang. i*O PVS EFTJHO XPSL w TBZT :FBOH iXF SFHBSE UIF CVJMU GPSN BT B human-made ecosystem, and seek to bring in the equivalent of the bioconstituents in an ecosystem to counterbalance the inorganicness of CVJMEJOHT JO UIF GPSN PG CJPNBTT BOE PSHBOJD NBUFSJBM w 2VPUFE EJSFDUMZ from Landscape Architecture Magazine, March 2011, page 27. Article DBMMFE i& 8BMM " .BMBZTJBO %BUB $FOUFS UBLFT UIF iHSFFOw JNQFSBUJWF MJUFSBMMZ w CZ 3PCFSU 4VDI

Love the L h way the h green ffacade d iis iintegrated d iinto the h d design i off the h whole building envelope, not just a feature section.

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*O CMPDL JO ,SFV[CFSH #FSMJO UIJT WFSUJDBM NBSTI IFMQT UP mMUFS HSFZ water from the building and storm water runoff. â&#x20AC;&#x153;An innovative project on one building is the creation of a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;vertical TXBNQ CZ mYJOH SPXT PG TXBNQ HSBTTFT JO QMBOUFST EPXO UIF TJEF PG the facade; water is released in measured amounts into the top planter BOE UIFO UISPVHI B TZTUFN PG QJQFT BOE ESBJOT JT mMUFSFE UISPVHI TVDDFTTJWF MBZFST PG HSBTTFT 6QPO SFBDIJOH HSPVOE MFWFM UIF DMFBOTFE water can be re-used.â&#x20AC;? (Building Green, Johnston & Newton, 75-76). 5IJT WFSUJDBM NBSTI UIPVHI HSFBUMZ JOOPWBUJWF BOE DMFWFS XPVME SFRVJSF B WFSZ NPEFSBUF DMJNBUF UP GVODUJPO FGmDJFOUMZ BOE UIVT XPVME OPU XPSL JO B MPDBUJPO MJLF 8JOOJQFH IPXFWFS UIJT QSPKFDU TVDDFTTGVMMZ EFNPOTUSBUFT B DMFBS DPOOFDUJPO CFUXFFO UIF CVJMEJOH BOE JUT TZTUFNT XJUI QMBOUT BOE UIF FYUFSJPS MBOETDBQF

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Park Up the Side of a Building is an interesting look at a modular system which not only elevates the vegetation, but also the user, creating an interesting (and in this case rather stark) urban space in a place that would otherwise normally be forgotten. I appreciate the idea that lead to this design solution, however the design I feel, could be ameliorated by more biodiversity and a more solid looking structure.

This park is very small, and though it was designed as a permanent feature, the trees are probably going to turn out to be a temporary feature. Unfortunately, this sort of design is very harsh for trees, because it does not give them enough root space or soil to continue to grow. This is a good example of how it is very important to work with the materials used in a design, to ensure the longest and most effective design life TQBO 1FSIBQT QPUUFE nPXFST FJUIFS BOOVBM PS QFSFOOJBM XPVME CF CFUter suited to this location.

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The Earth Bank System is an innovative mixture of concrete and soil enHJOFFSFE TQFDJmDBMMZ GPS TFEVNT BU UIF 'FEFSBM $PVSUIPVTF JO &VHFOF 0SFHPO 5IF TZTUFN XBT EFWFMPQFE CZ UXP TUVEFOUT .BUU #SPPL BOE 8BMUFS $JDBDL XIP TUVEZ BU UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 0SFHPO JO UIF %FQBSUNFOU of Landscape Architecture. The students explain their methodology and experiments in a blog entry at http://horticulturalbuildingsystems.blogspot.com/2010/08/earthCBOL MJWJOH CVJMEJOH TZTUFN CZ IUNM i5IF mOBM SFTVMU XBT B DPODSFUF wall 3â&#x20AC;? thick supporting the living needs of various sedums. Time will reveal weather or not the Earth Bank can successfully allow seeds to germinate and thrive. 8IFO XF QVCMJTIFE PVS NJEUFSN QPTU XF IBE KVTU mOJTIFE PVS TFDPOE round of test pours for the experimental Earth Bank mixture. As we were pouring our third round of experimental mixtures we had the idea to use the Earth Bank as a direct potting soil for starts and sedums rather than just seeds (as the project was originally conceived). This allowed us to increase the viability of the project by allowing it to support green life GSPN UIF TUBSU 5IF TFFET CFDBNF B TFDPOEBSZ GFBUVSF JOUFOEFE UP imMM outâ&#x20AC;? the negative spaces left over by the sedums. 0VS UIJSE SPVOE PG UFTU QPVST XBT IJHIMZ SFmOFE XJUI EBUB DPMMFDUFE GSPN UIF mSTU TJYUFFO UFTU CMPDLT *O UIF UIJSE SPVOE XF mOBMMZ TUVNCMFE VQPO a mixture that seemed to be working- it was lite enough to be mounted PO UIF TIJQQJOH DPOUBJOFS TUSPOH BOE TUBCMF FOPVHI OPU UP GBMM BQBSU and suitable as a living matrix for plant life.â&#x20AC;?

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La CheminĂŠe de la Defense, in Paris, France (top left) is an interesting example of how plant infrastructure can be added to something otherwise rather un-noteworthy, and make it beautiful. This particular chimney was designed by Patrick Blanc and has been layered with Morning Glories, which completely cover the chimney. Patrick Blanc is more known for his hydroponic vertical gardens in Europe. In recent years, his work has successfully revolutionized the way we think about vertical gardens. Blanc, through a special adaptation of a hydroponic system is able to make large scale vertical gardens which attach to existing buildings through a modular system. Some of his better known work is the MusĂŠe Du Quai Branly in Paris (shown on the title page of this document), and the green wall on the CaixaForum Museum in Barcelona (bottom left). Most of his work is featured in Paris and other moderately temperate climates. Blanc bases all of his plant selection on cliff vegetation that he observed in nature. He creates some of the most biologically diverse vertical gardens in the world, and his work appears both inside and outside. Blanc carefully plants shade and water loving species at the bottom of the gardens and more drought resistant plants that like NPSF TVO BU UIF UPQ PG UIF HBSEFO &WFO XJUI BMM PG UIF BSUJmDJBM MJHIUJOH and climate controlling apparatuses present on the interior of most CVJMEJOHT UPEBZ UIFSF BSF TUJMM nVDUVBUJPOT JO MJHIU IFBU BOE IVNJEJUZ along a single wall.

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The green wall in Minto Place, a mall in Ottawa, Ontario is an example of a contemporary indoor vertical garden, which is made up of modular components made by Canadian company G-Sky, who appears to be one of the leading vertical garden manufacturers in Canada.

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The Semaihmoo Sky Garden in South Surrey, BC is the largest North American green wall and covers almost 3000 sq ft has over 10,000 plants representing 120 species. The design was based on the artwork of the Coast Salish First Nations People according to the website of the EFTJHOFST 7BODPVWFS CBTFE mSN (SFFO PWFS (SFZ 'SPN IUUQ XXX HSFFOPWFSHSFZ DPN QIPUP HBMMFSZ QIPUP HBMMFSZ QIQ

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Another rare example of an outdoor Canadian vertical garden is another Vancouver treasure, located at the Vancouver International Airport. Randy Sharp also worked on this project, which uses the G-Sky manufactured panels. ““The green wall measures 17.0m high and 11.6m wide, and houses a total of 27,391 individual plants. The G-Sky green wall at the Vancouver International Airport, Canada Line, is one of the largest living walls in North America planted with Licorice Fern, Mondo Grass, and silver and green Japanese Euonymous in 2,107 panels.” (From http://www. greenroofs.com/projects/pview.php?id=1087)

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The vertical garden at the Vancouver Aquarium in Vancouver, British Columbia is one of few Canadian examples of exterior vertical gardens. This wall was designed by Randy Sharp. In an article on Canada.com he explains a few details about the system; â&#x20AC;&#x153;the Aquaquest wall is three metres by 15.2 metres and includes about 7,000 plants, all neatly tucked into individual containers as part of a modular grid system mYFE UP TUFFM CSBDFT BUUBDIFE UP UIF XBMM *U JT FTUJNBUFE UP IBWF DPTU $50,000. [...] Sharp says the biggest challenge was to come up with a system that was not too heavy. He originally looked at adapting existing green roof technology using lava rock and pumice. [...] â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;We started by envisioning the wall as a cliff face and we thought of BMM UIF QMBOUT ZPV XPVME mOE HSPXJOH OBUVSBMMZ PO B DBOZPO GBDF PO the North Shore,â&#x20AC;&#x2122; says Sharp. He eventually reduced the list to a total of eight species of coastal native plants: Dicentra formosa 1BDJmD bleeding heart), Dryopteris expansa (spiny wood fern), Fragaria vesca (woodland strawberry), Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen), Polypodium glycyrrhiza (licorice fern), 5FMMJNB HSBOEJnPSB (fringecup), Tiarella trifoliata GPBNnPXFS BOE Vaccinium ovatum m (evergreen huckleberry). Since the wall has an eastern exposure, it will receive morning sun and afternoon shade, the ideal conditions for the mostly shade-loving woodland plants.[...] â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The experience in Japan is that the plants eventually form a tight root mass and become a self-sustaining ecosystem requiring minimal maintenance,â&#x20AC;&#x2122; says Sharp.â&#x20AC;? (from: http://www.canada.com/topics/lifestyle/ story.html?id=2426c27d-8a58-44d3-b40e-06c5a2a02712)

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Vertical gardening has gained immense popularity in the last few years, due to professional projects, environmental awareness and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own personal interest. One of the main sources available currently to a person interested in vertical gardening is the internet, where one can OPX mOE NBOZ SFTPVSDFT PO %*: QSPKFDUT BOE IPX UP EFTJHO UVUPSJBMT Some of the sites this author found particularly helpful are the following: Inhabitat Design Blog http://inhabitat.com/index.php?s=vertical+garden Green Over Grey Living Walls and Design http://www.greenovergrey.com/index.php The Royal Hortocultural Society IUUQ BQQT SIT PSH VL BEWJDFTFBSDI 1SPmMF BTQY QJE Nedlaw Living Walls http://www.naturaire.com/ G-Sky Plant Systems, Inc. http://gsky.com/ Living Walls and Vertical Gardens IUUQ XXX MJWJOHXBMMBSU DPN NBLJOH MJWJOH XBMM BSU EJZ WFSUJDBM HBSEFO .BOZ PUIFST DBO CF GPVOE CZ HPPHMJOH WFSUJDBM HBSEFOT %*: HSFFO XBMM systems, etc.

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Internet Sources

Bibliography Blanc, Patrick. (2008) The Vertical Garden From Nature To The City. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc. Boisset, Caroline. (1988) Vertical Gardening. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. Dunnet, Nigel & Kingsbury, Noel. (2004) Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls. Portland: Timber Press Inc. FLL Forschungsgesellschft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V., Richtlinie fuer die Planung, Ausfuehrung VOE 1nFHF WPO 'BTTBEFOCFHSVFOVOH NJU ,MFUUFSQnBO[FO 5SPJTEPSG +PIOTPO ,FSTIBX .BD,JOOPO 1PKBS Plants of the Western Boreal Forest & Aspen Parkland. (Canada: Lorne Pine Publishing. Johnston, Jacklyn & Newton, John. (1992) Building Green A Guide To Using Plants on Roofs, Walls and Pavements. (Great Britain: Packard Publishing. Knowles, Hugh (2003) Woody Ornamentals for the Prairies. &ENPOUPO 6OJWFSTJUZ PG "MCFSUB Lambertini, Anna & Leenhardt, Jacques. (2007) Vertical Gardens. London: Verba Volant Ltd. Larson, Douglas W., Matthes, Uta & Kelly, Peter E. (2000) Cliff Ecology Pattern and Processes in Cliff Ecosystems. $BNCSJEHF $BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT

Petscheck, P. & Gass, S. (2011) Constructing Shadows. Verlag: Birkhauser. Unknown (2009) Northern Garden Collection 2009 Reference Guide. Winnipeg. Van Uffelen, Chris. (2011) Facade Greenery Contemporary Landscaping. Frankfurt: Braun Publishing. Williams, Sara. (1997) Creating The Prairie Xeriscape 4BTLBUPPO 6OJWFSTJUZ PG 4BTLBUDIFXBO ;CJHOJFXJD[ .BSJB Landscape Architectural Field Ecology Lab Manual 8JOOJQFH 6OJWFSTJUZ PG .BOJUPCB

Periodicals Bass, Brad & Hansell, Roger. (2000). Climbing The Walls. Alternatives Journal. Vol 26, Issue 3. 17-18. #BVNFJTUFS 3 ' &YQPTJOH UIF TFMG LOPXMFEHF NZUI <3FWJFX PG UIF CPPL 5IF TFMG LOPXFS " IFSP VOEFS DPOtrol, by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467. Bennet, P. (1998, August). Green Haus. Landscape Architecture, 88, 22. 4PSWJH ,JN <3FWJFX PG The Vertical Garden, by Patrick Blanc and Vertical Gardens by Anna Lambertini]. Landscape Architecture /PW Bennet, P. (1998, August). Green Haus. Landscape Architecture, 88, 22. #BVNFJTUFS 3 ' &YQPTJOH UIF TFMG LOPXMFEHF NZUI <3FWJFX PG UIF CPPL 5IF TFMG LOPXFS " IFSP VOEFS DPOtrol, by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.

Images Credits (all images by the author unless otherwise listed) 1 Park Sanssoussi. http://www.igougo.com/journal-j36368-Berlin-Royal_palaces_and_unique_parks.html 2 Eco Cathedral. (Dunnet & Kingsbury, 174.) 3 Eco Cathedral. (Dunnet & Kingsbury, 174.) 4 Griftpark Retaining Wall (Dunnet & Kingsbury, 174.) 5 Griftpark Retaining Wall. (Dunnet & Kingsbury, 174.) 6 Griftpark Retaining Wall. (Dunnet & Kingsbury, 174.) 7 Assiniboine Park Pergola. Image courtesy of Anna Thurmayr. 8 Wind on cliffs (Larson, Matthes, Uta & Kelly, 65.) 9 Microclimate on cliffs (Larson, Matthes, Uta & Kelly, 74.) 10 Rain and Wind on cliffs (Larson, Matthes, Uta & Kelly, 56.) 11 Vertical Garden Drawer Experiment. Image courtesy of Anna Thurmayr. 12 Vertical Garden Drawer Experiment. Image courtesy of Anna Thurmayr. 13 Vertical Garden Box Experiment. Image courtesy of Debbie Patterson. 14 Vertical Garden Box Experiment. Image courtesy of Debbie Patterson. 15 Vertical Garden Box Experiment. Image courtesy of Debbie Patterson. 16 Vertical Garden Pallet Experiment. Image courtesy of Debbie Patterson. 17 Plant Hardiness Zones in Canada. From http://atlas.agr.gc.ca/agmaf/index_eng.html#context=phz-zrp_ en.xml&extent=-3847080.3217101,-657456.5391146,4374842.3217101,3827228.5391146&layers=place37M,pl ace25M,place15M,place5M,place1M,place500K,place250K;rivers25M,rivers15M,rivers5M,rivers1M,rivers500K, lakes37M,lakes25M,lakes15M,lakes5M,lakes1M,lakes500K,Roads25M,Roads15M,Roads5M,Roads1M,Roads50 0K,ferry500K,bndy5-37M,bndy1M,BndyLn1-5M;PlantHardinessZone2000; retrieved Sept 18 2011. 18 Espalier, (Boisset, 1.) 19 Espalier. From http://journeysandjonquils.blogspot.com/2010/04/spring-walk.html 20 Diamond Cordon Espalier. http://heirloomphilosophy.blogspot.com/2010/09/art-of-espalier.html 21 Examples of Espalier pruning techniques. From http://willowbrookpark.blogspot.com/2010/10/anglesea-abbeyand-espalier.html 22 Clematis. From http://www.harmonyartcards.com/s_1.asp 23 Hops. From http://www.herbal-supplement-resource.com/hops-humulus-lupulus.html 24 Honeysuckle. From http://www.panoramio.com/photo/23110329 25 Grape Vine. From http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vitis_riparia_HabitusLeavesFruits_BotGardBln0906.JPG 26 Virginia Creeper. From http://longislandsgardengirl.blogspot.com/2011/01/for-birds.html 27 Morning Glory. From http://luirig.altervista.org/naturaitaliana/viewpics.php?title=Ipomoea+tricolor 28 Wild Cucumber. From http://www.muhlenberg.edu/cultural/graver/collections/wetlandplants/wildcucumber.htm 29 American Bittersweet. From http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Celastrus_scandens.jpg 30 FLL Forschungsgesellschft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau e.V., Richtlinie fuer die Planung, AusGVFISVOH VOE 1nFHF WPO 'BTTBEFOCFHSVFOVOH NJU ,MFUUFSQnBO[FO 5SPJTEPSG 31 Aglaonema. From http://www.hear.org/starr/images/image/?q=070906-8788&o=plants 32 Aroid. From IUUQ GBOZ TBWJOB OFU TQBUIJQIZMMVN TQBUIJQIZMMVN nPXFS 33 Spider Plant. From IUUQ XXX nJDLS DPN QIPUPT BOESFBTCBM[FS 34 Croton. From IUUQ XXX USPQJDBM QMBOUT nPXFST BOE EFDPS DPN DSPUPO QMBOU IUNM 35 Dragon Plant. From http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/DRACAENA_SP.htm 36 Ficus. From http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/POW/variegated_plants.htm 37 Philodendron. From http://plantsarethestrangestpeople.blogspot.com/2009/03/sailor-philodendron-hederaceum. html 38 Maidenhair Fern. From http://www.botanicalgarden.ubc.ca/potd/2005/07/adiantum_pedatu.php 39 Wild Columbine. From http://www.wolfhillgardencenter.com/marchaprilbloomers.html 40 Pussy Toes. From IUUQ XXX nJDLS DPN QIPUPT QMBOU@EJWFSTJUZ TJ[FT [ JO QIPUPTUSFBN 41 Tall Meadowrue. From IUUQ XXX QSBJSJFNPPO DPN TFFET XJMEnPXFST GPSCT UIBMJDUSVN EJPJDVN FBSMZ NFBEPX rue/ 42 Bearded Iris. From http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=bearded+iris&hl=en&client=safari&rls=en&biw=1680&bih=9 30&tbm=isch&tbnid=kChmiBvg7HcANM:&imgrefurl=http://canada-gardens.com/2tallbeardediris.html&docid=HZtjX xsUDS9p_M&w=722&h=696&ei=rKp2Tu2CIMKtsQKG14CMBQ&zoom=1 43 Labrador Tea. From http://www.naturewatch.ca/english/plantwatch/species_details.asp?species=13 44 Yarrow. From http://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielde:Achillea_millefolium_20041012_2574.jpg 45 St. Maryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s University Atrium. From http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=4005613 46 Pollutant Filtration. From http://livebuilding.queensu.ca/green_features/biowall 47 Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s University Green wall. From http://livebuilding.queensu.ca/green_features/biowall 48 VOCs. From //livebuilding.queensu.ca/green_features/biowall 49 DiGi Technical Operations Centre. From IUUQ XXX HSFFOCVJMEJOHJOEFY PSH PSHBOJTBUJPO DFSUJmFE CVJMEJOHT IUNM 50 DiGi Technical Operations Centre. From http://www.trhamzahyeang.com/project/large-buildings/Digi_01.html#

Images Credits (all images by the author unless otherwise listed) 51 DiGi Technical Operations Centre. From http://www.trhamzahyeang.com/project/large-buildings/Digi_01.html# 52 Vertical Swamp. (Johnston & Newton, 76.) 53 Vertical Swamp. (Johnston & Newton, 76.) 54 Living Facade. From http://wall-art-france.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html 55 Living Facade. From http://www.lushe.com.au/2010/05/25/living-map-on-copenhagen-wall 56 Living Facade. From http://www.lushe.com.au/2010/05/25/living-map-on-copenhagen-wall 57 Living Facade. From http://www.lushe.com.au/2010/05/25/living-map-on-copenhagen-wall 58 Earth Bank System. From http://horticulturalbuildingsystems.blogspot.com/2010/08/earth-bank-living-buildingsystem-by.html 59 Earth Bank System. From http://horticulturalbuildingsystems.blogspot.com/2010/08/earth-bank-living-buildingsystem-by.html 60 Park up a Building. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 61 Park up a Building. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 62 Park up a Building. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 63 ACROS Building. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 64 ACROS Building. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 65 The Sportsplatz Mercator. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 66 The Sportsplatz Mercator. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 67 The Sportsplatz Mercator. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 68 The Sportsplatz Mercator. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 69 MFO Park. From http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/MFO-Park_Oerlikon_2010-10-03_14-15-24. JPG 70 MFO Park. From http://www.burckhardtpartner.ch/en/projekte/projektliste/mfo/ancProject_ photos?idx=1&cat=freizeit 71 Swiss Re. From http://sustainable2010.blogspot.com/p/sites.html 72 Swiss Re. From http://sustainable2010.blogspot.com/p/sites.html 73 La CheminĂŠe de la Defense. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 74 CaixaForum Museum. From http://lh4.ggpht.com/-Wf-dra2svwE/Seyya9Go9AI/AAAAAAAADTM/GTXyGvrwJSw/ P1000260.JPG 75 La CheminĂŠe de la Defense. From (Lambertini & Leenhardt.) 76 .JOUP 1MBDF (SFFO 8BMM 'SPN IUUQ XXX nJDLS DPN QIPUPT TUVEJP NBSJT TJ[FT M JO QIPUPTUSFBN 77 Vancouver Aquarium Green Wall. From http://www.thedailygreen.com/green-homes/latest/green-roofs 78 Vancouver Aquarium Green Wall. From http://urbangreens.tumblr.com/post/84929553/vancouver-aquariums50-square-meter-green-wall-of 79 Vancouver International Airport Green Wall. From IUUQ XXX nJDLS DPN QIPUPT ZWSDPOOFDUJPOT sizes/l/in/photostream/ 80 Vancouver International Airport Green Wall. From http://blog.travelpod.com/travel-photo/sbdavid/2/1287058101/ greenwall-van-airport.jpg/tpod.html 81 Semaihmoo Sky Garden. From http://www.greenovergrey.com/photo-gallery/photo-gallery.php 82 Semaihmoo Sky Garden. From http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=vancouver+airport+green+wall&hl=en&client=sa fari&rls=en&biw=1680&bih=930&tbm=isch&tbnid=VbJDqvLjY96GJM:&imgrefurl=http://dcnonl.com/nw/22136/cb&d ocid=9KfvfZ5RFfGReM&w=800&h=292&ei=zq92Tv2LL-rnsQKAnrSMBQ&zoom=1 83 Semaihmoo Sky Garden. From http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=Semaihmoo+green+wall&hl=en&client=safari&rls =en&biw=1680&bih=930&tbm=isch&tbnid=tK77R_Fs6IZXAM:&imgrefurl=http://www.dx.org/index.cfm%3Fid%3D13 960%26modeX%3DBlogID%26modeXval%3DCA52EC5D-CE9E-1C14-56579B74A6C371D9%26BlogID%3DCA52E C5D-CE9E-1C14-56579B74A6C371D9&docid=CjF6_1AAy8TqCM&w=800&h=343&ei=k7B2ToPwJYrMsQLwmtCLB Q&zoom=1

Notes