ENERGY FORUM
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TESLA ENERGY FORUM RENEWABLE CONFERENCE CENTRE IN ISTANBUL
Graduation thesis of Tamar Tsanava Studio “Architecture, brand and sustainability” Built Environment Architecture, Building & Planning ir. Sjef van Hoof Dr. dipl.-ing. Torsten Schröder
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Colofon © July 2016 author T. Tsanava graduation studio ‘’Architecture, Brand & Sustainability’’ graduation committee prof. ir. J. D. Bekkering ir. Sjef van Hoof Dr. dipl.-ing. Torsten Schröder department Built Environment Architecture, Building & Planning university Eindhoven University of Technology Den Dolech 2 5612 AZ Eindhoven T: +31(0)40 247 9111 4
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SUMMARY
Our graduation studio is about “Architecture, brand and sustainability�. As an individual project I had to design a building for a major brand Tesla, in order to showcase complexity of sustainability, translated into architecture. Lately, Tesla has been interested in the field of renewable energy and since the analysis pointed out the energy challenge of the city of Istanbul, the choice of designing Tesla renewable conference center of Istanbul it has been the most pertinent and qualitative solution. Moreover, the project is willing to accelerate all major events and scholars by centralizing them all in one place. Building concept is being developed through the analysis of two main objectives, brand and architecture together with the context. The project aims to unbound architecture strategies to design a renewable conference center through which Tesla is able to communicate and develop low operational energy building concept, by translating cooling system into architecture.
Key words Tesla, renewable energy, conferens centre, chimney, cooling
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CONTENT
Introduction Chapter 1
Initial research 1.1 ClichĂŠs in Sustainable architecture 1.2 Expanding sustainability in architecture 1.3 Challenges of sustainability in London and Istanbul 1.4 Branding through architecture
Chapter 2 Brand 2.1 Tesla 2.2 Branding channels 2.3 Branding strategies Chapter 3 Context 3.1 Energy grids 3.2 Energy events in Istanbul Chapter 4 Site 4.1 Analisis 4.2 City plan Chapter 5 Sustainbility 5.1 Climate of istanbul 5.2 Cooling 5.3 Chimneys Chapter 6 Building concept 6.1 Location 6.2 Sustianbility 6.3 Tesla Chapter 7 Design 7.1 Program 7.2 Plans 7.3 Structure 7.4 Facades 7.5 Cooling 7.6 Expression 7.7 Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION
The following theses is a product of the research and design that was carried out as part of the graduation studio at the Technical University of Eindhoven. The graduation studio “Architecture, brand and sustainability� is part of the master program Architecture, Building and Planning guided by Torsten Schroeder and Sjef van Hoof. The graduation studio consists of two key phases. The first initial phase is a collaborative investigation focusing on four selected themes: 1.
Expanding sustainability in architecture
2.
The aesthetics of sustainability in architecture
3.
Branding through architecture
4.
Key challenges of sustainability in the contexts of London
and Istanbul The second phase is investigated individually and is focused on designing of a building for a major brand, in order to showcase complexity of sustainability, translated into architecture. Individual project has started with the objective of choosing the major brand and location. Istanbul, the only city in the world that spans two continents, a perfect setting for a close look at the energy and sustainability challenges of our increasingly urban planet. My special interest towards energy demand in Istanbul as a rapidly growing problem of metropolis has influenced my choice of the major brand, which has to be Tesla. Tesla is a new company producing not only electric cars but investigating in renewable energy innovation with the mission is to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable transport. Biggest problems facing Istanbul, as well as metropolitan areas around the world are grappling with transportation congestion, the need for more secure and cleaner sources of energy supply, and that want to maintain a livable environment as their populations grow. 10
Turkey’s energy landscape is marked by three realities in addition to the rapid growth of demand. The nation is highly dependent upon foreign energy sources, especially natural gas imported from Russia; it is about 90 percent reliant on fossil fuels (Lavelle, 2014). Aim of the project is to foster awareness of energy challenge that Istanbul as a fast growing metropolis is facing and showcase the importance of renewable energy initiated by Tesla. On one hand, Tesla’s interested in the field of renewable energy and, on the other hand, energy challenge of Istanbul, becomes the reason of designing Tesla conference center in Istanbul, that leads to a research question: What are architecture strategies to design a renewable conference center through which Tesla is communicated? how to develop low operational energy building concept, by translating cooling system into architecture? First part of the paper will focus on extracting strategies from each objective for the final design. Chapter brand will unbind Tesla’s main characteristics through analyzing vision and key values of the brand. Following chapter will introduce introduce context and choice of the site, while key elements for the future scenario will be investigate through site analysis. Through analyzing climate of Istanbul, strategies for optimization of the operational energy of the building, chapter of sustainability introduces chimneys and trying to unbound architectonic qualities of it. Finally all eleements will be finalised in the chapter of design concept and the last chapter will be focused on final results.
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1 INITIAL RESEARCH
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CLICHÉS IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
Cliché | /klɪˈʃeɪ/ “A phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought” “A very predictable or unoriginal thing or person” Sustainable architecture | /səˈsteɪnəb(ə)l/ “Architecture managed in such a way as to employ design techniques which minimize environmental degradation and make use of low-impact materials and energy sources.” oxford english dictionary WE have defined a meaning of Clichés in Sustainable architecture as a GREEN COAT: “Putting on a different coat doesn’t make you a different person...” Mostly sustainability is understood as add-ons on the buildings that doesn’t contribute to architecture. Thus, the task of the studio is to overcome this problem and integrate it into the building.
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INITIAL RESEARCH
CLICHÉS IN SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE CLICHE
| EXTERIOR EXPRESSION
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE CLICHE
| BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE CLICHE
| EXTERIOR EXPRESSION
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE CLICHE
| BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Fig 1. (Above) Architecture cliche Exterior expression Fig 2. (Below) Architecture cliche Interior expression 15
EXPANDING SUSTAINABILITY IN ARCHITECTURE
Nowadays term “sustainability� is more and more emerging in discussions. But it is very difficult to understand what exactly does it mean, because there is not a general definition that can be used for all sustainability challenges cities are facing. This gives this subject fuzziness and confusion. In architecture practice its often narrowed down to lowering carbon dioxide or using recycled materials that is not enough to make sensible choices without having wider knowledge about a broad variety of sustainability challenges. At the same time, research of studio has reviled that it is not possible to address whole spectrum of sustainability challenges. Therefor it is relevant to choose the most important ones, based on overall image of diversity of challenges, to make a sensible contribution.
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INITIAL RESEARCH
EXPANDING SUSTAINABILITY IN ARCHITECTURE
Fig 3. diagram of expanding sustainable strategies 17
CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABILITY IN LONDON AND ISTANBUL
Furthermore, sustainability in architecture has to be discussed in relation to a specific place and time, to be able to grasp the complexity of it. The studio has chosen two cities, Itsanbul and London for a closer look, to understand what challenges do major metropolis cities face. The main one, for Istanbul, is dealing with the rapid population increase. is dealing with the rapid population increase, as most of the found challenges can be related to the historic and current growth. This enormous growth led to the expansion of the urban structure, mainly because of uncontrolled development. This resulted in a range of urban changes that can be related to this growth, such as fragmentation of the urban structure and urban sprawl. The challenges found in the literature mostly where challenges related to the basic needs of the citizens. Although environmental challenges were hardly mentioned, they do exist but they are not considered as important. The fragmentation leads to different sustainability challenges such as an ineffective use of infrastructure like transportation, electricity grid, water system and sewers. Challenges, such as; green energy, CO2 emissions, watershed levels, waste management, sustainable resource management and so on, are high on the agenda of London. However, within Istanbul it is still a missing piece.
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INITIAL RESEARCH
CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABILITY IN LONDON AND ISTANBUL
Fig 4. Challenges of sustainability in Istanbul - CO2 emissions 19
BRANDING THROUGH ARCHITECTURE
Brands are stories in your brain that are shared with others. It’s a believe system that generates recall image of the companies’ values, lifestyle and emotions associated with a product or a service. Architecture as a spatial and visual stimuli has a potential to become a strong channel through which brand can be experienced. On early stage of research how architecture can be a channel through which a brand is communicated has been investigated through three case-studies of G-star HQ in Amsterdam, Utrecht city hall and Mercedes-benz museum in Stutgard. Each case-study unbounds strategies applied to the building, that have branding qualities. As explored in the above mentioned projects, , architecture can act as a channel of branding by seeking to manifest the lifestyle of the brand in spatial terms. This spatial translation depends largely on the brand, location and function of the building. Considering these three aspects, a scenario of experiences in line with lifestyle associated with the brand can be composed and relatively architecture can be designed by integrating branding strategies that match those desired experiences.
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INITIAL RESEARCH
BRANDING THROUGH ARCHITECTURE
FUNCTIONALITY
LOCATION
ATMOSPHERE
Fig 5. G-star RAW company structure translated into functional concept Fig 6. Billboard concept of the G-star Fig 7. Raw atmosphere of G-star translated into space 21
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2 BRAND
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TESLA
Tesla Motors is an American automotive and energy storage company, founded in 2003 in Silicon Valley by a group of engineers. It is named after physicist Nikola Tesla, using his original design of AC motor descended for electric car concept. Their ambition is to prove that electric cars with instant torque, incredible power and zero emissions - the electric car without a compromise is possible. Company is aimed to create affordable vehicle for the mass market, thus paving the way towards its mission: “to accelerate the world’s transition to sustainable transport” According to a blog post of Elon Musk (2009), In order to achieve this goal Tesla needs to reach consumers within the competitive mass market at low price points as well as, to serve as a catalyst and a positive example to other automakers. Tesla operates over fifty showrooms worldwide and headquarters in United states, European branch in Netherlands and Asian-Australian - in Japan. But as it’s visible on the map(fig.8), there is a cirtain gap between Europe and Asia, that can speak about their next location, that has to be Istanbul. Tesla represents its presence as not just an automotive, but also a technology and design company with a strong focus on energy innovation. According to press release (Musk, 2014), company will allow its technology patents to be used by anyone in good faith. Main reason is to attract and motivate talented researchers into their company, as well as to accelerate the mass market advancement of their products. By using thousands of small, cylindrical lithium-ion cells used in laptops, Tesla converted conventional electric car engine into innovative slim electric device. Putting this battery pack under the seats results into the large interior space. Thus TESLA introduces new concept of the conventional car. By offering high speed charging network company’s enables mobility on a long distance travel. Battery packs surve as a backup supply for improving robustness of the electrical grid, reducing energy costs for business and residences.
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BRAND
TESLA
Fig 8. Tesla’s presence on world map
Fig 9. (next page) tesla mood board
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BRAND
TESLA
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ARCHITECTURAL CHANNEL OF BRANDING
Buildings housing Tesla are not specifically designed for the brand, unless the factories. As a young company its attention towards architecture is less investigated within channels of branding. But it is clear, that Tesla do care about architectural representation of the brand by introducing Gigafactory in Nevada, optimizing of locating most manufacturing process under one roof. Its powered by renewable energy sources, with the goal to achieve net zero energy not only for their cars, but for the whole manufacturing process (Tesla, 2016). Building becomes a battery itself. CEO of the company Elon Musk (2014), admits that Tesla do care about aesthetics, how building communicates with its environment. The shape of the building is being influenced by the location limits and functional reasons of tracking equipment by GPS. It is remarkable that by introducing a bold idea of the building Tesla still tries keeps its appearance clean and simple.
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BRAND
ARCHITECTURE CHANNEL OF BRANDING
Fig 10. Gigafactory in Nevada
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BRANDING STRATEGIES
The main characteristics, tracable in every product of Tesla, as a brand can be undressed as focus on functionality, clean design with hidden details and maximum space offered within efficiency.
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FUNCTIONALITY
CLEAN DESIGN
SPACE
Fig 11. characteristics of Tesla
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3 CONTEXT
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ENERGY GRIDS
Choice of the brand has influenced attention of the research on Renewable Energy and Istanbul as a potential zone of investigating brand’s ambitions. From of initial research of sustainability challenges of Istanbul, it is clear that addressing energy challenge is still missing piece in Istanbul. While cleaner sources of energy supply are one of the key elements to maintain a livable environment as their populations grow. For an overview of strategies to apply towards energy challenge in the world, there are two main concepts, interesting for the research The roadmap 2050 and Desertec. The Roadmap 2050 project is an initiative of the European Climate Foundation (ECF) and has been developed by a consortium of experts funded by the ECF. The mission of Roadmap 2050 project is to provide a practical, independent and objective analysis of pathways to achieve a low-carbon economy in Europe, in line with the energy security, environmental and economic goals of the European Union. As research argues, it is possible to achieve 80% fossil fuel reduction until 2050 through EU energy network by introducing concept of integrated power grid. Resource diversity of different places contributes to consistent supply. Over the course of the year, the integration of EU allows for some energy sources to compensate for the lack of others based on seasonal availability. Desertec is a visionary project by a non-profit foundation that grew out of a network of scientists, politicians and economists. Desertec concept aims a comprehensive solution that combats global warming, ensures a reliable energy supply and promotes development and security. This concept promotes the large-scale production of solar and wind power in the desert regions of the world, combined other types of renewable energy. By making the energy-grid, all generated energy can supply the whole world with enough electricity on a sustainable basis.
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CONTEXT
ENERGY GRIDS
Fig 12. Diagramatic representation of power grid of Desertec 35
Fig 13. European energy resource mosaic 36
CONTEXT
ENERGY GRIDS
Fig 14. Diagramatic representation of European power grid 37
ENERGY EVENTS IN ISTANBUL
According to the International Congress & Convention Association (ICCA), Istanbul was one of the eighth busiest convention city in the world last year. There’s a new generation of events coming to Istanbul that concentrate on Energy efficiency and sustainability topics. All these events are scattered around whole Istanbul in different types of venues, starting from hangar-like convention centers, ending with hotels. Therefor it is difficult to track these energy events and there is lack of communication between parties. All events are separate from each other and hidden within complex urban tissue of Istanbul that degrades its importance. Importance of creating special venue for Energy events emerge. But what type of space is it, what should this venue offer different from other convention centers? It should be a place where researchers and developers come together and discuss problems and come up with possible solutions for energy challenge. The building should celebrate importance of its function, thus people should be part of this process. How to incorporate people, tesla and energy events together is being answered with a new program of the building that has to be an electric bus hub, event venue and tesla HQ that all together form an ENERGY FORUM.
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CONTEXT
ENERGY EVENTS IN ISTANBUL
Fig 15. Energy events in istanbul. data derived from google maps Fig 16. Major Energy events worldwide. data derived from google maps 39
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4 SITE
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SITE ANALYSIS
The objective for a project location was to search for a place which could have high branding possibilities, open platform, visible from different perspectives, a crowded place with a high density of people and transport circulation. While investigating on different parts of Istanbul, research focused on the area of Beyoglu, particularly on an open territory between Tepebashi and Kasimpasa neighborhoods. Location is situated next to the blue, green and red glass headquarters of TRT TV station, opposite the Pera Museum on Merutiyet Caddesi. Through a small passage the location is linked to Istaklar kadessi, the busiest shopping streets of Istanbul, while on other side a busy highway separates it from Kesimpasa football stadium in the neighborhood of Kesimpasa. The location has been planned as a semi underground parking building. Because of the difference in height, the site is linked to the highway, while at the same time forming an open plinth on top for the horizontally layered building, which now houses TRT TV station. Situated in between two neighborhoods, on the one side the location borders busy shopping street with relatively tall buildings and on the other side a low-rise residential area. Parking space forms somewhat transitional space of functions. Users are mostly people who work in neighborhood and people going for shopping on istaklar or football match on Kesimpasa. Nowadays the underground connection between kesimpasa and istaklar is not very strong. Because of its bad maintenance, most of traffic goes around the plot, instead of using underground pass. Thus plot is even more detached from the busy Istaklar street.
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SITE
SITE ANALYSIS
BILBOARD - SITE AS A STAGE
LINIALITY
Fig 17. key characteristics of the site
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Fig 18. Beyoglu from the goldern horn Fig 19. Highway towards the site
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SITE
SITE ANALYSIS
COMMERCIAL OFFICE SITE HIGHWAY STADIUM RESIDENTIAL
Fig 20. Site view from the highway Fig 21. View from Kasimpasa district
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Fig 22. location in Istanbul
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SITE
SITE ANALYSIS
Fig 23. location in Beyoglu district
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Fig 24. Circulation in district
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SITE
SITE ANALYSIS
i
dess
l caD
Istik la
D.
ai d am
tiye t ca
sru
Me
ik s
Ref
cad des s
i
Kasimpasa stadium
Fig 25. Circulation on site
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Legend: Culture Commercial office Residential
Fig 26. Distribution of functions
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SITE
SITE ANALYSIS
Legend:
high
low
Fig 27. distribution of heights
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RESIDENTIAL
Residential
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SITE
SITE ANALYSIS
KASIMPASA STADIUM
Stadium
Terminal
ISTIKLAL CADDESSI
MESRUTIYET CADDESSI
REFIK SAIDAM CADDESSI
SITE
COMMERCIAL
Shopping
Fig 28. Section of the site with views
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CITY PLAN - TERMINAL
What does this location mean for the city? What characteristics does it have and how new building will contribute to the place? To answer this questions a city plan has been made. Because of its location next to the highway, transition of different means of transportation, functions and urban fabric, the project site can be characterized as a Terminal. Generally terminal may be defined as any facility where passengers and freight are assembled or dispersed. Terminals may also be points of interchange between different modes of transportation (Rodrigue, 2013). For a future scenario, Terminal obtains more meaning than only a transportation interchange. It is also the transition of functions, views, urban fabric and building scales. As a city plan there are several rules set for the location: Terminal as a destination itself Reducing the traffic loop around the plot Emphasizing the connection to the Istiklal street Preserving the unique quality of the plot: the view it offers
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SITE
CITY PLAN - TERMINAL
TERMINAL
ISTIKLAL CADESSI TERMINAL
ISTIKLAL CADESSI
TERMINAL
KASIMPASA
KASIMPASA
Fig 29. Terminal Idea (right) Terminal as a destination itself (left) Fig 30. Current connection to the Istiklal street (right) Terminal as a connection point (left) Fig 31. traffic loop around the site (right) Traffic connection through terminal (left) Fig 32. Usual views from the streets (right) View from the site (left) 55
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5 SUSTAINABILITY
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CLIMATE OF ISTANBUL
Objective of this research is to translate Energy efficiency of the building into architecture. In order to understand what is the most energy consuming aspect of the conference centers, Climate conditions of Istanbul has to be analyzed. Weather data has been derived from EnergyPlus™, a whole building energy simulation program used for modeling energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilation, lighting use in buildings. Considering high temperature and humidity level in Istanbul, air has to be dehumidified and cooled down in order to achieve a comfort indoor climate. To make generalized assumptions about building design, outdoor conditions are being translated to indoor comfort. Thus, ASHRAE Standard 55 has been selected as a comfort definition and visualized through the Psychrometric Chart. Psychrometric Chart shows that it is not possible to use natural ventilation, as most of the times for dehumidifying air, first it needs to be cooled down to low temperature and afterwards heated up to comfort temperature.
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SUSTAINABILITY
CLIMATE OF ISTANBUL
HIGH LEVEL OF HUMIDITY
HIGH TEMPERATURE
Fig 33. Wet and dry bulb temperature in Istanbul Fig 34. Phsichrometric chart. Istanbul 59
COOLING SYSTEM
The most used solution is Air handling unit system. This process needs lots of energy. How to optimize operational energy consumption for cooling and ventilation? Though analyzing how conventional AHV system works, it becomes visible which part of the process consumes the most energy. Replacing these parts with alternative low energy solutions results into Hybrid system of ventilation and cooling: Mechanical system for providing fresh air and natural for exhaust air. To optimize energy usage in AHV, desiccant wheel can be used for dehumidifying air, and sea water for cooling it.
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SUSTAINABILITY
COOLING SYSTEM
Return air
Exhaust air Heat wheel
coil
Input air
HYBRID SSYSTEM OF VENTILATION AND COOLING
natural way of Exhaust air
MECHANICAL
NATURAL
INPUT AIR
EXHAUST AIR
desiccant wheel dehumidifies air
sea water for
Input air
cooling the air
Fig 35. Conventional AHV Fig 36. Concept of cooling system
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CHIMNEY
How to translate cooling and ventilation system into architecture? First it is important to search for architectonic expressions of different forms of cooling and ventilation systems. It’s clear that mechanical way of providing fresh air is pure technical task and architectonic qualities can be discovered in natural ways of ventilation. While searching for different types of ventilation forms that create interesting space, attention of the research went towards chimneys, as a highily functional and distinctive element itself. Therefore different types of chimneys has been analysed, that have a potential of forming interesting space itself.
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SUSTAINABILITY
CHIMNEY
Fig 37. diagrams of Basic methods of passive cooling and natural ventilation 63
Fig 38. Exterior Fig 39. Interior Fig 40. Exterior Fig 41. Interior Fig 42. Interior Fig 43. Interior Energy plant cooling towers
Fig 44. Bio towers in lauchhammer, germany
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SUSTAINABILITY
CHIMNEY
Fig 45. Hyperboloid space with large floor narrowing towards ceiling
Fig 46. Hyperboloid space with open-structure bottom
Fig 48. Hyperboloid space with horizontally devided walls
Fig 47. Tall cylindrical space
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Fig 51. Solar updraft tower in Manzanares, Spain
Fig 52. WKK Energy Plant ventilation towers by Dok Architecten. Utrecht
Fig 50. Ventilation Building Velsertunnel, Velsen, 1952-1957. Architect Dirk Roosenburg.
Fig 49. Rennsteig Tunnel ventilation tower
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SUSTAINABILITY
CHIMNEY
Fig 55. Large horizontal space with cut-through horizontal tube
Fig 56. Rectangular tube space with narrowing ceiling
Fig 54. Narrow cylinder space narrowing downwards
Fig 53. Sawtooth-shaped cylinder space
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Fig 58. Woodside Ventilation Station for the Queensway tunnel beneath the River Mersey. Architect: Herbert J Rowse
Fig 57. Kingsway Tunnel Vents, Merseyside lIverpool
Fig 59. Fig 60. Umeda Ventilation Tower, Osaka, Togo Nomura, 1963
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SUSTAINABILITY
CHIMNEY
Fig 62. Rectangular tube-like space
Fig 61. Rectangular tube space narrowing downwards
Fig 63. Free-form extruded space
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Fig 67. Exterior Fig 68. Interior Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh) by Corbusier
Fig 64. Afterparty, P.S.1 2009 Installation / MOS Architects - the solar chimney principal in a public exhibition space
Fig 66. Temporary theatre space known as The Shed. by architecture firm Haworth Tompkins
Fig 65. the solar chimney principal in a residential space in Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China by Architects: MOS – Michael Meredith, Hilary Sample
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SUSTAINABILITY
CHIMNEY
Fig 72. Hyperboloid space with cutoff round ceiling
Paraboloid space with open Fig 69. large bottom structure
Fig 71. Straight rectangular space
Fig 70. Irregularly extruded rism space with narrowing ceiling
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CHIMNEY
While searching for different types of ventilation forms that create interesting space, cooling towers drew attention of the research, because of its spectacular interior spaces. But becouse of their monumentality and referring to unsustainable way of gaining energy, attention of the research went towards general idea of chimneys, as a key driver for the design.
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SUSTAINABILITY
CHIMNEY
VERTICALITY
FUNCTIONALITY
SPACE
Fig 73. Characteristics of chimney
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6 BUILDING CONCEPT
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LOCATION
From the point of architectural expression, location has very expressed character of liniality. Horizontality of the location is brake through with two vertical highrise buidlings around. The question is how can tesla building interract with this location? Takeing the oppurtunity of the branding character of the location as an open-view platform next to highway, building takes a shape of silm and high wall, cutting through horizontal level of the site, facing the highway with the narrow facade.
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BUILDING CONCEPT
LOCATION
Fig 74. current situation on site Fig 75. site -future scenario Fig 76. building concept within context Fig 77. building concept within context
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BRAND
Tesla as a brand is interesting for the research because of its ambitions in technology, their values and vision of the future. The brand has a strong vision how future can be changed with the help of their products. What makes Tesla’s car different from other conventional cars is making a car efficient not only using renewable energy, but also using the space for engine as efficient as possible, while making the car for a passenger as specious as possible. Therefor Tesla innovative car engine principle becomes an inspiration how brand can be experienced through the architecture. Battery of the car can be translated to building service engine, while leaving the functional space spacious and clean.
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BUILDING CONCEPT
BRAND
Fig 78. Conventional car engine concept Fig 79. Tesla car engine concept Fig 80. Tesla building concept
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SUSTAINABILITY
As it has been discussed in the previous chapter, the main issue in Istanbul is to improvide fresh air in the building and cool it down. Thus introducing chimney not only as a sustainable solution but also an architectural expression of it. Though develop brand concept into sustainability principle the slim supporting part can become a chimney of the building, while keeping the main space clean and transparent. The chimney becomes a breathing engine of the building, that can also integrate a function of communicating functions of the building vertically. Fresh air is being provided through AHV system, which is being installed on 2 floors (for minimizing trajectory of ducts) and ducts are transported throughout the building through the chimney. Exhaust air is opened up directly into the chimney. Apart protection of the sun, heat gain of the appliances has to be considered. In order to use the daylight for the whole building, width of the shape decreases till 10 m. In addition, its nessessary to consider overheating of the building. That means the south facade needs a protection from the sun, that at the same time creates opportunity to generate the energy. Thus the wall becomes a source of Energy, answering to the needs of operational energy of the building.
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BUILDING CONCEPT
SUSTAINABILITY
Fig 81. Cooling system concept of the building 81
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7 DESIGN
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PROGRAM
Project houses three primary functions: conference centre for renewable ener, Tesla headquesrters and electric bus terminal. Each function attracts different target groups, that results in mulifunctional, complex program of the building.
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DESIGN
PROGRAM
CONFERENCE CENTRE
THEATRICAL VENUE FOR 500 P RESEARCHERS OF THE FIELD
CONFERENCE VENUE FOR 200 P MEETING SPACE CATERING
TESLA HQ
OFFICE FOR 200 P EMPLOYEES
LIBRARY MEETING
TERMINAL
PEOPLE
BUS STOP BUS DEPO
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Fig 82. Longituidnal section
0
4
8
rooftop
+80.00
restaurant
+74.00
Conference venue f3
+70.00
Conference venue f2
+62.00
Conference venue f1
+58.00
Facility floor
+48.00
Conference venue
+36.00
Exhibition/ lounge
+28.00
Facility floor
+24.00
Tesla HQ office
+20.00
Tesla HQ office
+16.00
Tesla HQ lobby
+12.00
Tesla HQ office
+8.00
Lobby
+0.00
el-bus terminal
-4.00
parking
-8.00
parking
-16.00
parking
-20.00 87
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DESIGN
PLANS
1
2
1. Chimney 2. Elevator lobby
N
Fig 83. Plan -1 | El-bus Terminal
0
5
10 89
90
DESIGN
PLANS
4
3 1 2
1. Chimney 2. Elevator lobby 3. Ventilation shaft 4. Lobby
N
Fig 84. Plan +0 lobby
0
5
10 91
92
DESIGN
PLANS
4
1 3
2
1. Chimney 2. Elevator lobby 3. Ventilation shaft 4. Office
N
Fig 85. Plan +1 Tesla HQ
0
5
10 93
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DESIGN
PLANS
4
1 3
2
1. Chimney 2. Elevator lobby 3. Ventilation shaft 4. office
N
Fig 86. Plan +2 Tesla HQ
0
5
10 95
96
DESIGN
PLANS
4
1 3
2
1. Chimney 2. Elevator lobby 3. Ventilation shaft 4. lounge
N
Fig 87. Plan +6 Facility floor
0
5
10 97
98
DESIGN
PLANS
4
5
1 3
2
1. Chimney 2. Elevator lobby 3. Ventilation shaft 4. lounge
N
Fig 88. Plan +7 Meeting
0
5
10 99
100
DESIGN
PLANS
1 3
2
1. Chimney 2. Elevator lobby 3. Ventilation shaft
N
Fig 89. Plan +7 Conference
0
5
10 101
102
DESIGN
PLANS
1 3
2
1. Chimney 2. Elevator lobby 3. Ventilation shaft
N
Fig 90. Plan +7 Facility floor
0
5
10 103
104
DESIGN
PLANS
1 3
2
1. Chimney 2. Elevator lobby 3. Ventilation shaft
N
Fig 91. Plan +7 Conference
0
5
10 105
COOLING
NATURAL VENTILATION THROUGH FACADE, WHILE SPACE IS NOT IN USE
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DESIGN
COOLING SYSTEM
FRESH AIR
EXHAUST AIR
AHV INPUT AIR
WHILE SPACE IS NOT IN USE, AIR CIRCULATES THROUGH CHIMNEY THROUGH OPENINGS
OUTPUT AIR OF AHV Fig 92. Cooling system
Fresh air is provided through AHV system,
the top.
located on facility floors. Air handling unit is
When space not in use, AHV system is off and
one of the cabins, that takes air from the north
natural air circulation through facade openings,
facade and transfers fresh air through ducts that
cools down the space.
are integrated into the floor. Exhaust air from the
All these results in almost 50% decreese of
spaces are released into the chimney, which is an
energy use.
enclosed space, running from terminal towards 107
STRUCTURE
Chimney becomes the main structural core of the builidng. onsisting of four 1mx2m concrete columns, strengthened with horizontal slabs of the floors. On other direction stability is provided by two 60mx60cm columns with horizontal and crosscable intersections. These six columns togather make it possible to maintain the building slim and column free along the narrow facade. This gives the possibility to create free pass for the busses in the terminal. Closed walls of the upper venue surve as a truss, on which the conference venue rests with cables. Slimline concept is udes for the floor structure. South facade of the building with integrated staircase system strengthens the structure
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3 4
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Fig 93. structure of the building; 1. main structure of the building 2. Metal structure supporting the staircase with the integrated glass facade 3. staircase 4. Metal structure supporting the fabric and staircase 5. solar cell fabric 110
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STRUCTURE
1
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FACADE
One of the characteristic elements of the building is the facade of the building. Closing south side from the sun allows other parts of the building to be totally transparent. This closed south facade is used for gaining energy from the sun, but this process accumulates heat from the sun. To protect the interior from the heat gain, solar facade has to be detached. The gined space between actual facade and solar surface, becomes place for circulation. Structure of the facade is influenced by the staircase. Grid system is developed through the staircase dimentions and direction, transferring the load from one end of the facade to another. Rithm of the grid system is apllyed to the rest of the facades. Solar cell fabric is used for gaining energy from the sun. This technology is still under development, but prototypes are actively being tested. Industry focuses on developing building materials with integrated solar cells. As a concept soalr cell can be applyed to any type of material in the future (Solar Decathlon, 2016).
Fig 94. South facade
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+84.00
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0
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Fig 96. West facade Fig 95. South facade
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Fig 98. East facade Fig 97. South facade section
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MATERIALISATION
There are three main material expressions that explains building. Chimney is materialised into concrete tiles that makes it as a main core of the building. Skin of the building is transparent glass curtain wall. Materialisation of the conference venuews trnsform them into maschines itself: exterior of these shapes is red plastic, while interior is soft patched leather.
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Fig 99.
View from the conference venue
Fig 100.
View from the stage 121
Fig 101. Masterplan Fig 102. Section of the site
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Fig 103. view from the highway 124
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Fig 104.
view from the plinth 127
DESIGN 128
EXPRESSION
Fig 105. view from the city 129
CONCLUSION
The project is a result of two main objectives, Tesla as a brand and cooling system, particularly chimney , as a sustainability aspect in relation to the site in Istanbul. Each objective has been generalized till specific characteristic elements. In the end, these elements has been influenced each other in forming one whole concept. Two main inspirations, car engine of Tesla and chimney from the cooling system, has been merged into a slim and tall building. It’s sharp expression found its response in linear and open-view quality of the site. Research question what are architecture strategies to design a renewable conference center through which Tesla is communicated, building has answered with its function, form and expression. Function of the building is directly linked to Tesla’s interest in energy innovations. Building for too its inspiration in Tesla’s car engine principle, and its overall expression of slim and sleek directly refers to brand expression. Although building is very narrow, it manages to house all necessary functions and at the same time stay spacious. As for sustainability, on one hand, project answered lowering energy consumptions by developed hybrid cooling system and, on the other hand it found its architectural inspiration in the functionality of the chimney. Chimney has become not only means of exhaust air, but a structural and circulation core of the building. Circulation facade system and venues, stacked like candies, in a slim box, gives the building a car-like expression. Also it has not been planned to take over the Tesla’s car in a literal way, the building has got a machinery nuance. On one hand it fits with Tesla, as a technology company, but on the other hand it is difficult to judge where is the border between Tesla and architecture.
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FIGURES
Fig 1.
Author, 2015
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Fig 20. Author, 2016
d7/0b/74d70bb11b28d503e402504e8c [Accessed 1 2 2016]
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