Graduate Thesis | Olympics : A hindrance or an impetus by Tanmay Rajiv Sabharwal

ambiguousdiscrepancy

1896 - 2016

OLYMPIC GA ME S

OLYM PIC ASSE SME N T A N A LYSIS

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olympics a hindrance /an impetus

1900 - 2016

DISTORTION / /

Discovering the irony surrounding its magnificence

organized distortion

1896 to 2016 INTROSPECTION_ This thesis is an attempt towards unravelling the hidden layers of ambiguity and discrepancies underlying the mega event Olympics; that are known to have crumbled various host nations over the last century.

Reimagining Sustenance by Re-envisioning Purpose

1896 - 2016 AT H E N S TO R I O figure 0 _

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olympics a hindrance / an impetus

A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Department of Architecture in Partial Ful�illment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture at

[

Savannah College of Art and Design ] Tanmay Rajiv Sabharwal Savannah, GA November 2018

The author hereby grants SCAD permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic thesis copies of document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.

Julie Rogers Varland Committee Chair Ryan Bacha Committee Member Désiré Hounguès, Ph.D. Committee Member

acknowledgement

SCAD Jen Library Savannah, GA The entire research wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have been possible wihout the extensive collections of one of my favourite buildings at the Campus. Each day was a surprise here. Thank you!

THANK YOU_ H E AR T F U L R EG A R D S COMMITTE E MEMBERS

Julie Rogers Varland Committee Chair I consider myself very fortunate to have been guided by a mentor like Professor Varland, who has inspired me in ways more than one; extending out of the realm of architecture to teach qualities of humanity that help you lead any professional life successfully. Her teaching prowess doesn’t end at the mere extent of knowledge about probably every other issue or phenomenon that is or has grappled mankind sometime or the other, but also to a very subtle yet intuitive way of trying to inspire an author towards his own journey of �inding the ultimate answer to his Thesis. I humbly extend my gratitude for playing a major role in undoubtedly my most exciting architectural journey to date. Ryan Bacha Committee Member The couple of long discussions questioning the motives of any designer and the driving factors for Architecture today, was truly one of those rare conversations that a student has with a professor when they dare and put their own profession under the hammer and try to encapsulate the real essence from a distance. It was an absolute pleasure to have you on board in my journey Professor, and it surely helped me have a logical eye to every absurd idea that was brought to the table. You were surely the the kind of voice I was expecting to have in my journey for my Thesis. Désiré Hounguès Committee Member Lastly, the committee member who surely became more than a mentor in this entire journey of unravelling the unknown; someone who, I can blatantly admit, was more excited and eager to �ind the answers than me and left no stones unturned to ensure that we don’t part from the very essence of any socially-transformative project - ‘the soul of humanity’. The importance of understanding every day life of societies and then, surrounding them with an enclosure that beautifully blends in with their culture without disrupting even an ounce of it, was the philosophy that he & I tried to pursue in our journey together. A genuine soul that felt so sensitively about the issues and tried everyday to stir humanity into the right direction. I just couldn’t have asked for more. Thank you!! Thank you Professor Varland again, for giving such a beautiful recommendation and helping me get everyone on board....

contents Olympics LIS T O F F IG URE S

THE S IS A BS TRACT

INTRO D UCTIO N

CHA PTE R 1

Discovering the Impacts of the Games IMPACT O N S OCIO L OGY IMPACT O N ECO NO M Y IMPACT O N ENV IRO NM ENT IMPACT O N CUL T URE TRACING P L AUS IBL E CAUS ES

13 15 18 20 21 CHA PTE R 2

Discovering the Causes of the Games ESTIMATING 2-F O L D P H ENO M ENA REVIEW ING REACH / CO NS UM P T IO N

24 25

MA RKETING RELEVANCE D IGGING INTO ADMINISTRATION

27 29 CHA PTE R 3

Bisecting Signiï¿½icant events in the History of the Games TRACKING EVENTS IN HISTORY TRACKING EFFECTS OF DETERRANTS MISC. TRENDS/ IRREGUL ARITIES

39 51 53 CHA PTE R 4

Deciphering the Position towards resolve D IRECTIVE MEASURES 2 -F OLD SCENARIO A RCHITECTURAL POSITION A NALY ZING STADIUMS INITIAL SCHEMES

62 63 65 67 73 CHA PTE R 5

Attempting to generate a unique concept F INDING THE BOWL ITERATIVE BOWLS

79 81 CHA PTE R 6

Heading towards Design development TRANSITIONS RE TRACTABLE

95 101

E NERGY SUFFICIENT

115

A DAPTIVE

121

RE NDERINGS

129

CO NCLUS IO N

139

A PPE ND IX

141

BIBLIOG RA PHY

147

figures figure 0.0 | Cover Image

CH A P TER 1

figure 1.0 | Favelas Displacement Data

figure 1.1 | Favelas of Rio

figure 1.2 | Juxtaposition of Favelas with Olympics

figure 1.3 | Impact on Economy over events

figure 1.4 | Desertation at Winter Games - Ukraine

figure 1.5 | Rio degradation

figure 1.6 | Waste Disposal

figure 1.7 | Waste Disposal at RIo

figure 1.8 | Rio pollution Data

figure 1.9 | Protest against corruption - Rio

figure 1.10 | Corrupt allegations at IOC

CH A P TER 2

figure 2.0 | Investment regime of Bogota, Columbia

CH A P TER 3

figure 3.0 | Mapping Games in History

figure 3.1 | Berlin, Germany Map

figure 3.2 | Protest at the Berline Games

figure 3.3 | Hitlerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s historic presence at Berlin

figure 3.4 | No joy at the Award ceremony

figure 3.5 | Nazi presence at Berlin

figure 3.6 | Barcelona, Spain Map

figure 3.7 | Magnificence at Barcelona

figure 3.8 | Athens, Greece Map

figure 3.9 | Deserted Athens stadia

figure 3.10 | Deserted Aquatic Arena, Athens

figure 3.11 | Environmental Assessment Survey

figure 3.12 | Beijing, China Map

figure 3.13 | Brilliance at the opening ceremony

figure 3.14 | Mapping relation between Deterrants

figure 3.15 | Construction History of Stadia

figure 3.16 | Estimated vs Final Investment comparisons

figure 3.17 | Revenue Break-up

figure 3.18 | Investments/ Profits

figure 3.19 | Infrastructure cost proportions

figure 3.20 | Broadcasting revenue hike

C H APT E R 4

figure 4.0 | Irony of the Games

figure 4.1 | Concrete Boulder sketch

figure 4.2 | Transversal section, stadia

figure 4.3 | Stadia by Herzeg de Meuron

figure 4.4 | Sectional sketch of that stadia

figure 4.5 | Rio National Stadia study

figures CH A P TER 4

figure 4.6 | Transversal Section

figure 4.7 | London Olympic Stadia Sketch

figure 4.8 | Axonometric Section - London

figure 4.9 | Rimmed Bowl Sketch

figure 4.10 | Bowl Aspects Sketch

figure 4.11 | Siced Bowl Sketch

figure 4.12 | Accessibility sketch -1

figure 4.13 | Accessibility sketch -2

figure 4.14 | Accessibility sketch -3

CH A P TER 5

figure 5.0 | Aspects of the Concept Bowl

figure 5.1 | Bowl Concept Model

figure 5.2 | Braced Bowl iteration

figure 5.3 | Rimmed Bowl iteration

figure 5.4 | Bowl on Slope-1

figure 5.5 | Bowl on Slope-2

figure 5.6 | Bowl on Slope-3

figure 5.7 | Bowl on Slope-4

figure 5.8 | Partal Bowl study Sketch

figure 5.9 | Partial Bowl - 2

figure 5.10 | Nested Bowl iteration

figure 5.11 | Nested Bowl - 1

figure 5.12 | Nested Bowl -2

figure 5.13 | Nested Bowl-3

figure 5.14 | Sliced bowl Iteration

figure 5.15 | Sliced sketch -1

figure 5.16 | Sliced Sketch-2

figure 5.17 | Concept Development -1

figure 5.18 | Concept Development -2

figure 3.19 | Concept Development -3

figure 3.20 | Concept Development -4

figure 3.20 | Concept Development -5

C HAPT E R 6

figure 6.0 | Mapping ideas-1

figure 6.1 | Mapping ideas-1

figure 6.2 | Mapping ideas-1

figure 6.3 | Bowl all-inclusive image

figure 6.4 | Full stadia version

figure 6.5 | Partial stadia version

100

figure 6.6 | Retractable Complete Bowl

103

figure 6.7 | Mechanism- step 1

103

figure 6.8 | Partial Bowl

104

figure 6.9 | Mechanism - steps

104

figure 6.10 | Mechanism -steps 2

105

figure 6.11 | Mechanism with all steps

107

figure 6.12 | Axonometric display of retraction

108

figure 6.13 | Construction Axon.

110

figure 6.14 | Member Analysis Axon.

112

figure 6.15 | Guide Runners - Mechanism

113

figure 6.16 | Timber shutters - Mechanism

113

figure 6.17 | Perforated Membrane

114

figure 6.18 | Synthesizing Solar power

118

figure 6.19 | Water Harvesting section

119

figure 6.20 | Harbouring a reservoir

120

figure 6.21 | Mapping legacy in time

124

figure 6.22 | Aquaculture

125

figure 6.23 | Memoir

126

figure 6.24 | Biome

127

figure 6.25 | Rendering 1

129

figure 6.26 | Rendering 2

132

figure 6.27 | Rendering 3

134

figure 6.28 | Rendering 4

136

figure 6.29 | Rendering 5

138

figure 6.30 | Final Exhibition

143

ABSTRACT

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olympics a hindrance / an impetus

TA N MAY RA JIV SA B HA RWA L

NOV E M BE R 2 0 1 8

T HE PURPOSE

[ ]

Do we really need to de�ine a structure by the sole purpose it ful�ils? Has there ever been a substantial need to create various ‘Building types’? Couldn’t there be an innovation in the current scheme of Archetypes that just adapts to the ever-changing needs of the immediate urban structure and performs subsequently? My thesis, by keeping the Quadrennial events under the lens, aims at questioning the mere existence of these established norms in an approach to devise solutions that would help cities sustain longer by reinventing their function.

Considering the tremendous impact of an Olympic event that seems to affect the socio-political and economic framework of the Host city/Nation for years to come, as the basic premise, the thesis attempts to re-envision the idea of devising a future for the Games as one that is bespoke, reactionery, volatile and in a way metamorphical in its planning, management and design; and one that has the ability to extend the tremors of its virtues to other facets, de�ining an all-around development of the partcipating host city/nation, preparing them for any unforseen circumstances in the future.

Keywords: Rethinking Archetypes, Re-envisioning Olympic stadia, Multi-valent approach.

RETHINKING ARCHETYPES

abstract

OLYMPICS

MULTIVALENCY

‘

QUESTIONING

A Doctor can bury his mistakes, but an Architect can only advise his clients To plant vines..

Emphasis is on comprehending the scale of the Olympics as an event and then questioning its results

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

introduction GRASPING THE MAGNIFICENCE

[ ]

The quote above quite vividly displays the unforgiving nature of Architecture, that once it sees the light of the day, imprints an unassailable impact on the urban canvas that stays through time. Global quadrennial events such as the Olympics, that involve either the Redevelopment of entire host city infrastructure - like stadia, transportation, housing and sanitation, or a complete Refurbishment of its existing built scenario are a sound testimony to such colossal architectural attempts that with their massive outreach are very much capable of determining the course of the neighbourhood for the years to come. It surely wouldn’t be an understatement to call the Games one of the strongest- if not the strongest example of recognized urban intervention that in�luences designing minds across the world.

Though, hidden amidst its enormous power and the spark of its glory, lies an undeniable truth that is yet to be comprehended by many. Entangled in huge investment costs leading to dwindling economies (evident vividly in the recent record investments by Beijing (Summer) and Sochi (Winter) in 2008 and 2014 respectively), the event ironically aimed at reviving the socio-economic and political scenario of the immediate host city and the nation by proposing to create a self-sustaining fabric equipped with state of the art facilities that could set an example for upcoming cities of the host nation.

The event seemingly aimed at reviving the socio-economic & political scenario of the immediate host city & the nation by proposing to recreate a self-sustaining fabric equipped with state of the art facilities that could set an example for upcoming cities of the host nation.

Q UE ST I O N

However, have we actually experienced such implications of the event ever? Is the legacy of the Olympics actually in question? Have the tremendous investments translated into being consistent revenue generators of tomorrow? In addition, are these events even applauded by the host community before, during, and after the events? Or have these events turned out to be mere displays of political strongholds in the International realm? I guess the answers lie within its rich and dark past.

DO WE SEE T H E REAL IT Y

Q UE STIONING THE LEGACY

Do we ever really comprehend the actuality of the Games ?

My Thesis looks to revisit the spirit of the Games in an attempt to divulge its actual motives and mechanisms, obscured clinically behind the popular pseudo-facade of sports.

EFFECTS Emphasis is on the strands of influences and repercussions, the Olympics has on humanity

THE EFFECT

chapter one Discovering the Impact of the Games 1896 - 2016 AT H E N S t o R I O

The chapter tries to screen across all possible events in the history of the Games and records the happenings in an absolutely unbiased manner, devoid of any external influences........

E CO NO MY OLYMP IC E CONOMIC ASSESSMENT

The recent 2014 Winter Olympics at Sochi, Russia has apparently surpassed Beijing with a whopping $51 Billion investment that involved the transformation of a decaying resort town on the Black sea into a household name. But the question now arises, as to whether investments generated the estimated pro�its that it set out to make.

[ ]

Talking about Beijing, which spent more than $2 billion to build 31 venues for the 2008 Summer Games, is reaping some income and tourism bene�its from mere two �lagship venues. The National Stadium, nicknamed the Bird's Nest, has become a key Beijing landmark, but few tourists are willing to pay more than $8 to tour the facility as enthusiasm for the 2008 Games fades. On the other hand, although the Water Cube - where U.S. swimmer Michael Phelps made history by winning eight gold medals - has been transformed into a water park popular among local families, its operators are known to peddle puri�ied glacier water under the Water Cube brand for additional income. Other venues like the rowing park in the city's suburbs that cost $55 million has fallen into disuse and many sites need government subsidies to meet hefty operation and maintenance costs close to $500 Million (Horne and Whannel 213-232).

The City of Athens has reportedly known to have fallen into a global debt of about $ 465 Billion, within a span of mere 10 years after the Games of 2004..... 01_

ERRATIC INVESTMENTS

Olympics have undoubtedly been one of the most viewed events on the globe with the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics clocking a viewership of about 2 Billion people according to the TV Network surveys. The reason for such avid viewership has been the tremendous wealth of talent, a subset of the event; and the mass fan-following they bring along with them. But, this comes with a cost. According to data collected by CBS News, the event was marked as the most expensive games of the time with a staggering national investment of about $40 Billion.

ENVIRONMENT Emphasis is on the reckless negligence towards attempts that don’t absolutely align with the balance of nature

L EG ACY

QUESTIONING THE LEGACY

OLY MPIC LEGACY ASSESSMENT

The legacy of various games like the one in Athens have stirred vigorous debates, and Greek authorities have been widely criticized for not having a post-Games plan for the infrastructure. While some of the venues built speci�ically for the games have been converted for other uses, many are underused or abandoned, and very few provide the state with any revenue. Some critics even say that the multibillion-dollar cost of the games played a modest role in the nation's economic meltdown, which started in late 2009. Despite few positives, like that of Barcelona 1992 that amassed a 200% pro�it and known to have reinvented Barcelona tourism by creating new vistas to the seafront and ring roads in�luencing its urban fabric; the event has likely seen an economic shrinkage be it the desertion of Athlete villages or complete abandoning in some parts of the recent 2016 Rio Olympics. After analyzing the economic outcomes of these event one wonders if the investment ever hit the right number and the right cities considering host cities being �lourishing urban strongholds for the most part like Los Angles, Paris, Sydney and others (R. Gold and M. Gold 265-285).

S OCIO LOGICAL O L YM P IC S OCIO L OGICA L AS S E S S M E N T

[ ]

The huge urban development during these events also have been noted to be causes of mass rehabilitation of the natives like in the case of Beijing. Also, usually starting with the claim of improving the ecological balance, air quality and sewage treatment of the area after the event, we have seen only the opposite, quite pertinent in the recent Rio Olympics that is known to have polluted the waters to a great level, putting their potability at stake (Horne and Whannel 03-28).

Seeing the impacts it has had on the immediate target audience, the question is why don’t these events end up as successes? Is it because of the huge investment or the stringent deadlines or just plain inef�iciency on the part of the host governing bodies that we end up with situations worse than before, after such huge investment in economic models?

WHITE E LE PHA NTS O L YM P IC S TA D IA AS S ES S M ENT

[ ]

The debate that has swamped the Olympics for a long time now has been the construction of the national stadium for the events. With the sole intention of creating an ‘iconic structure’, are we ending up investing way more into something that is unlikely to recover the costs over time? The phrase often used with these stadiums- ‘white elephant’ is further re-ensured with the recent designs by a well-known Architect- Late Zaha Hadid, for the national stadium at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics.

The huge massive boulder known to have resembled a cycling cap, caps a budget of a whopping $2.1 Billion, double the initial estimations. This absurdity raises the question of the need for such an investment and the possible repercussions in the event of failure of the stadium to empower the people of Tokyo. Is there a backup plan in stock to cater to such scenarios?

Is there a backup plan in stock to cater to possible failure of the Games ?

The Recent Games at Rio 2016 is known to have polluted the surrounding waters to a level that has put their potability at stake....... 02_

SOCIOLOGY Emphasis is on the disintegration of unfortunate neighborhoods due to massive built fabric of the Games

FAVELAS DISPLACED Impact on sociology

ANALYSIS SOCIOLOGICAL RIPPLES

Games at Rio and Beijing are known to have displaced over 8 Million people from their neighborhoods to replace them with high-budget Architectural insertions like Stadiums, Arenas, Olympic Villages and other amenities thereby uprooting livelihoods and income earning means for the unfortunate....

No. of people displaced

IMPACT ON THE SOCIETY

Seoul Barcelona

figure 1.0 _

7,20,000 2,500

Atlanta

30,000

Sydney

Athens

2700

Beijing

15,00,000

Accordng to the Economic times, approximately 5 Million people from the Favelas in Rio and neighbouring sites have been displaced or evicted without prior notice. 03_ figure 1.1 _

Should iconic Architectural insertions be made at the cost of displacement of the less fortunate within the urban fabric?

A whopping 1.5 Million people had been evicted from their houses in order to create the Olympic Village in Beijing. 04_ figure 1.2 _ 14

ECONOMY Emphasis is on the disintegration of flourishing economies after investing in the the Games in the hope of better futures

NATIONAL DEBTS Impact on economy

ANALYSIS ECONOMIC RIPPLES

Beijing which spent more than $2 billion to build 31 venues for the 2008 Summer Games, is reaping some income and tourism bene�its from mere two �lagship venues. The National Stadium, nicknamed the Bird's Nest, has become a key Beijing landmark, but few tourists are willing to pay more than $8 to tour the facility as enthusiasm for the 2008 Games fades.

Barcelona_ Gross Investment

US $ 9.3 Billion

US $ 1.6 - 2.2 Billion

Returns

US $ 10 Million

US $ 19 Million

Impact on GDP

US $ 26 Billion

nearly nothing

Sydney_

IMPACTS O N THE ECONOMY

Atlanta_

Athens_

Gross Investment

US $ 4.8 Billion

US $ 11 Billion

Returns

US $ 1.7 Billion

US $ -14.5 Billion

US $ 6.2 - 8 Billion

US $ -14.5 Billion

Impact on GDP

Beijing_

London_

Gross Investment

US $ 42.3 Billion

US $ 12.6 Billion

Returns

US $ 146 Million

US $ 16.5 Billion

nearly nothing

US $ 16.5 - 59 Billion

Impact on GDP

figure 1.3 _ 15

In 2014, a decade from the Games, Athens sees itself caught in an unprecedented debt of a whopping US $465 Billion.

05_

And, apparrently they need at least a 30-year grace period on all their financial loans.

figure 1.4 _

Tokyo spent as much as $150 Million on its failed bids in 2016, on the other hand Toronto decided it couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t afford the 2024 bid. 06_ figure 1.5 _ 16

Rare Positives

Sydney_

First Urban Water recycling system 430 acres of wood lands, wetlands and lush green fields 40 km of pedestrian and cycle paths added for the Games

The carbon offset of this scale having direct roots from an individual event surely brings up reasons for our concern in the coming decades 07_

Do we even know the ugly truth of the aftermath of the Olympics ?

figure 1.6 _

Sydney was one of the first Games that actually was successful in generating its own energy by building a mamoth power generating Solar module on the roof tops of the Olympic Village. 08_ figure 1.7 _

DISRUPT ECOLOGY

Impact on environment

ANAL Y SI S E NVIRONME NT RIPPLES

Usually, starting with the claim of improving the ecological balance, air quality and sewage treatment of the area after the event, we have seen only the opposite, quite pertinent being in the recent Rio Olympics that is known to have polluted the waters to a great level, putting their potability at stake.....

ENVIRONMENT Emphasis is on how obscured behind its magnificence, the Games affect our ecosystem and the natural equilibrium

ESTIMATIONS RIO 2016 Amount of Waste (Tonne).

Air Travel

28,500 No.

CO2 Offset

36,00,000

Waste Food

6000

Fuel

23,500

Electricity

figure 1.8 _

17,000

29,500 GW

Do we even get to hear the other side of the story from the ones affected?

The Role of Police intervention in the corruptive measures of running the Games are evident by the growing killings just after winning the bid at Rio to get rid of the indigenous population at possible Game venues... 09_

figure 1.9 _

CORRUPTION

Impact on culture

ANAL Y SI S CULTURA L RIP PLES

The IOC has been under the radar for a number of corruption allegation stretching from in�luential Bidding processes to its pro�it distribution schemes. Also, being a stronghold, it’s in�luence on the state machinery to control and navigate the urban fabric has been one of the most consequential, yet questioned practice over the past decades...

figure 1.10 _

CULTURE Emphasis is on cultural variations experienced due to the involvement of such enormous amounts of money

ESTIMATING Emphasis here is to predict some of the earliest possible proposals that could be countered in the process ahead

tracing plausible innovations upfront

ANALYSIS

PREDICTING A SOLUTION

PL AUSIBLE DESIGN SOLUTIONS

A probable solution towards the Stadia bulk could be three-fold. One, it could reinvent its function and use with course over time into something that would ful�ill the needs of the then urban fabric. Two, there could be a way to create displaceable temporary national stadiums - something like a �loating amphitheatre that could retract itself into its smaller version and be very well displaced through waterways to different harbour cities across the globe. And three, a temporary installment light in nature that re�lects thematic intrinsic qualities of the host city culture, and yet, if proved a failure could be dismantled easily and recreated at minimal costs.

And in the urban realm, I wonder if these huge investments were directed towards developing cities as hosts (like cities in India, South America, Africa and South-east Asia), eventually empowering them with all the needed amenities at the end of the event. Wouldn’t this be a perfect solution for such growing economies entangled within its own incapability to revive from their dismal states?

[ ]

Having been brought up in a similar ever-dilapidating backdrop: the suburbs of Mumbai, this scenario very aptly resonates with my daily experience. Every morning, I wake up to see unkempt roads, unruly market places, and a hideous neighborhoods desperate to get a facelift of sorts. I wonder how an event of this stature such as the Olympics could fuel the ‘mantle of change’ for such scenarios. On the other hand, we are all aware of the perpetuity of architecture as an art form – ‘a structure once built stays for eternity’, which narrows the room for errors even further. This makes me question the outcome of the Olympics. Does it have the audacity to fail as a National and Global event? In this era, would it be even justi�iable to present a needy community to such risky developments that do not guarantee any considerable amount of growth but propels the community into the valleys of economic depression like Athens?

AMB I G UI T Y Q UE STIONING THE LEGACY

Considering the incessant attempts made to induce mass public interest through media, broadcasting and brand marketing well before the Games, juxtaposed distinctively with allegations of disrupting developing societies and economies; one surely questions the actual worth of an event like the Olympics. How big does it or can it really get? Its mere legacy, stretching from as early as 1896, surely draws a lot of conclusions to one’s mind usually reassuring the magni�icence of the events. However is there a side of the coin that we seem oblivious to? If it really goes down as one of the greatest events ensuring widespread progress in the realms of socio-economic quadrants, why does data and events in the recent past fail to align with its proclaimed identity & effectiveness. Why do the rewards of hosting the Games fail to deliver sustained bene�its to the host cities & nations?

Do the Olympics have the audacity to fail as a National and Global event? In this era, would it be even justi�iable to present a needy community to such risky developments that do not guarantee any considerable amount of growth but scares the community into the valleys of economic depression like Athens?

However, Can’t there be any means of channeling this beautiful concept of city revival into something that ascertains resurrection for many doomed civilizations of the present era? Can’t we devise a new meaning to these events that could change the way we perceive them today?

CAUSES Emphasis is on the reasons behind all the impacts witnessed in the previous section that are obscured intentionally by the authorities

THE REASON

chapter two Discovering the Causes of the Games 1896 - 2016 AT H E N S t o R I O

The Chapter discusses the possible causes behind the outcome of the Games in an absolute unbiased position devoid of any external influences.......

Do we even know what questions need to be asked and to whom, to get the rightful answers ?

Estimating two-fold phenomena

CAUSE

Having addressed the dreadful impacts of the Games in the previous chapter, highlighting its massive investments - testi�ied profoundly by the latest budget of the Winter Games at Sochi, Russia amounting to a whopping $52 billion, uncertain recovery and a serious threat to scar the host city with unassailable impacts; I fail to comprehend the actual reasons for its failure for one; and two, for its appalling continued attempts to invite developing economies for the same. Is there a hidden plot that we might be missing? Are these Games actually doing a lot of good (socio-economically) for these host nations that is compelling them to bid even more often? What I can presume, though, through quanti�ied recorded data, is a ‘two-fold phenomena’.

One that causes failure through inef�icient administration or speci�ic issues pertinent to the speci�ic games, city and time; or two, if the very basis of its existence always laid on dwindling grounds. Meaning, what if the only concept of ‘competitive marketing of cities through the avenue of sports’ doesn’t make sense at all, and has been thriving all these years merely on account of the unrestrained passion of athletes and subsequent backing from sport enthusiasts? Masked by its long-lived legacy, have we actually failed to put the entire model for the Games through a reality check lately? Is that where the problem really lies?

E STI MATING CAU SE S

OLYMP IC IMPACT ANALY SIS

TESTING CONSUMPTION Increase in bidding trends of the Developing countries surely aligns to hidden profits........ 10_

Is the Olympics even a good concept for a successful business model ? Reviewing Reach / Target consumption

B I D D I N G S CEN A R I O

LOOKING I NTO CONSUMPTION

EXPEDIENCE OF THE BUSINESS MO D EL

Given the hosting of the Olympics by Beijing (2008), the Commonwealth Games by Delhi (2010), The FIFA World Cup by South Africa (2010), Winter Olympics by Sochi, Russia (2014) as well as the recent Olympics at Rio (2016), the data strongly suggests that in the past 20 years, most of the developed and developing world (Here the ‘BRICS Nations’: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) has displayed increased interests in bidding for the Games thereby participating in the realm of competitive marketing of places as social and economic opportunities (e.g. Future Tourism/ Infrastructure) seeking capital investment in the hopes to revive the dilapidating Urban fabric which, otherwise, shows no promise in combating the test of time (Horne and Whannel 58-79). But, what is making these impressionable economies put their money at stake?

Are we missing any data that might highlight to these obscure pro�its? Another anecdote that highlights possible bene�its in such an investment is the consistent involvement of the political strongholds of the state and the nation in all the Games. Why would they care if there was no pro�it? Why haven’t the Games ever been a privately owned venture distancing the masses from any unwilling investments and destroying repercussions? This calls for a sound analysis of the ‘reach’ of these events to grasp the estimated involvement of public money in any of this.

CO NS UM PTIO N O L YM P IC V IEW ING AS S ES S M ENT

[ ]

According to the data recorded in ‘Understanding the Olympics’, despite a hike in ticketing revenues, broadcasting provided almost half of the total revenue, with sponsorship producing another 35% which make these corporate sources, a whopping 80% shareholder for Olympic income. Ticketing and Physical viewership, although an integral part of the Games, accounts for only 15% of the revenue generated. These numbers are a result of the advent of the television technology that started with the Berlin Games of 1936. The broadcast started with a direct relay in 28 local halls that were accessed by an audience of 150,000 over the course of some days. With progress in its quality and technology, the CBS is known to have clocked a massive $380,000 (a huge amount back then) as television rights for the Games in 1960, Rome. This marked the beginning of another stream of revenue that could well be channeled to produce unimaginable pro�its. Today, we have bids as close to $2.3 Billion, like the one by NBC for a couple of Games from 1995 (Horne and Whannel 80-104). Although the actual claims of viewership size by the IOC needs a legal veri�ication, these investments hugely re�lect the possible reach of the Quadrennial games.

CONSUMPTION Emphasis is on the reach and viewership of the event of this size to comprehend its effects

With a whopping viewership of over 2 Billion, the Beijing 2008 Games opening ceremony has been voted as the most watched television event ever... 11_

TESTING BRANDING MODEL

The Olympics were rated as one of the finest business models to have ever been made by Business Insider, 2001

Do the Games ring true along the proven principles of Marketing ?

Checking it’s Marketing Relevance

D R AW I N G A PA R A L L EL

ALIGNI NG WITH THE PRINCIPLES

PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING

To �ind true expedience of the Olympic model one cannot ignore its correlation to the principles of marketing that govern the outcome of any event. The 4th Principle (P) - Place, talks about the importance of a well evaluated ‘Geographic Reach’ that suggests the possible target audience for any kind of product or service that we deliver. Surely the Olympic Games with its massive public participation and consistent viewership stands right at the top with any such event on the planet. It also relates well to all the other principles as it ensures quality entertainment (Product) at nominal amounts (Price) and is without question advertised well (Promotion). An article from an online portal- ‘Meeting of the Minds’ emphasizes the desperate need for emerging cities to revise their visions towards environment safety, sustainability, economic and technological development by means of a ‘Re-Branding Effort’.

In addition, various ‘City Marketing strategies’ have been developed by the city of Bogota in Latin America’s Colombia, which focuses on various components that could ensure consistent growths in all aspects of the city. To list a few, an important strategic design and setting goals, knowing one’s riches, importance of Public-partnership ventures, having an internationalization component in their corresponding sector, analysing value propositions and a well-established city brand.

12_

MAR K E T I NG P R ECED EN TS COMPA RING IT W ITH OTHER BRANDING SUCCESSES

In retrospect, the ‘Olympics - as a Branding initiative’, in a way checks all the boxes that could make it, as an event and the city it is hosting from, the greatest revenue generators not only for the life of the event, but also for years to come. As we know, it is a public-partnership venture that focusses on global impacts with set design goals that are marketed and branded as good as any other product launch we see. Furthermore, it thrives to juxtapose another huge avenue that is no less than a religion for the planet in general – ‘Sports’. By doing so, it ensures to channelize immense public participation driven by plain human emotion in a way that strangles audiences, both physically and psychologically for years and years to come. How can this model ever go wrong? All I can see is that it positions itself as nothing less than one of the �inest business and economic models for any entrepreneur or any city that could in fact enjoy the fruits of the event for centuries to come by imprinting the society with state-of the art amenities and venues enriching the Tourism scenario of the city and hence the country.

figure 2.0 _

MARKETING Emphasis is on the alignment of Olympic principles to that of a successful marketing models to ensure its outcome

Re-Branding strategies of various economies like that of Bagota in Latin America’s Colombia and the case of re-imagining the virtues of the city of Amsterdam provide sound testimonies to the impact of a brand identity in the success of any global or national event...

TESTING ADMINISTRATION The IOC has been questioned a number of times in the past with multiple allegations of Bribery in the Olympic Bidding process.... ADMINISTRATION

13_

Emphasis is on the governing body and its measures to identify any malpractices in the system itself

Digging deep into Administration

A D M I N I S TR ATI O N

QU ESTIONING THE OWNE R

TESTING THE GOVERNING STRUCTURE

With questions still in light of ambiguity, the quest to re�ine analyses determining the impacts of the events take me into reviewing yet another realm of the Games that surely, in the recent years, is a vital element in not only organizing but also presenting the Olympics in the eye of the global audience. This surely puts them at an in�luential position largely responsible for honing perceptions towards the events in a positive manner. Having discovered the merits in the concept model behind the Games in the previous section, it calls for the need to shift attention to the mechanism governing the management of the Olympics, its political inclinations, and the entire process of investment to revenue distribution.

To come to an approximate claim about the �inal impacts of the Games, one surely has to ask this question – on what grounds? Are we just talking about the revenue returns with respect to investments made by the host nations or the basis involved in an all-around analysis of the socio-economic impacts taking into consideration immediate public opinion across all sectors of the host neighborhood? For this, one surely needs to understand the process of the Games and the organizing member Composition and Quali�ication. Also, one must re�lect to already carried-out analysis and the authenticity of those results. This led me to review another chapter of the Book- ‘Understanding the Olympics’ - The IOC, Political Economy and the Games Bidding Process, that highlighted the relationship of the IOC with other components of international sport, the changing political economy of the Games and the issues confronting the IOC (International Olympic Committee), mainly those of the member structure, bidding costs, and ambiguous revenue distributions.

IOC

If all this is true, where is the actual problem ? Are we anticipating �laws in the very system of management?

I OC D ISCOVE RING THEIR ROLE

Speaking of the International Olympic Committee, it remains a club-based on the eighteenth-century aristocratic notions of membership associated with a gentlemen’s club who choses its own members by the rules and within limits set by the organisation itself. Its current structure involves 100 members, 33 honorary members, 1 honour member, 1 honorary president and about 23 women (approx. 1/5th). Most of them are known to either belong or have close links to the royal and aristocratic strongholds of the world (especially Europe). Further data shows that the majority lie within Europe with 45 percent, Asia 19 percent, followed by Africa 16 and America 15…The average age limits have seen a drastic rise from not more than 38 in its inception to an unimaginable number of 70 years in 2014, with the eldest recorded member being 94 years old. This surely has perturbed scathing critics, presumably so, considering the event’s main objective and purpose – ‘Promoting Sports, a feat of the �ittest’.

The role of the IOC stretches from overseeing its constituent National Olympic Committees (NOCs -responsible for national sports) and International Federations (IFs - responsible for managing a single sport globally), through organizing annual bilateral meetings, to tasks of revenue distribution at the end of each Olympics. The IOC also is known to have control over a number of ‘Commissions’ that cater to individual issues relating to the Games like: ‘Sustainability and Legacy Commission’ for sustainable matters and ‘Medical Commission’ to assist medical health and ensure policing of prohibited drug use during and towards the games. The IOC sits right in the centre of this complex network system (Horne and Whannel 58-79).

the positive

So far, I see no problem in the way the IOC has been administrating different realms of the events by assigning speci�ic tasks to value commissions or groups trained to do so and aligning itself well with all the constituent NOCs and IFs that actually make the event possible in their speci�ic sports and cities. Along with its roles, it aligns itself to a purpose and a philosophy coined by its �irst president Coubertin – ‘Olympism’. It refers to a ‘philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind.’ It attempts to blend sport with culture and education and promote a way of life based on the joy found in the effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles. With goals set in sync with their claims, purpose and ideologies, the IOC could be seen as having performed a commendable job evident in the kind of roles it has sought to play across various aspects of the games like: encouraging ethics in sport, promotion of women, �ight against doping and placing sport at the service of humanity to promote peace.

COUNTER ARGUMENT -TIVE

COUNTER Emphasis is on displaying a 2-sided scenario of the organizing body to find the actual crux of the problem

The bidding process highlights more such occasions of displacement from their claimed ideologes. With accusations of high initial bidding costs inducing reduced interests among nations, the question arises if the intent of participation actually requires to show power and prominence.....?

the negative

CO UNTE R A RG UMENT QUES T IO N TO CRED IBIL IT Y A ND T RA NS PA R E N C Y

Having said that, the credibility and integrity of the IOC have been challenged innumerably following proven allegations of doping, physical and psychological violence, and corruption. Following this have been scathing criticism for having increased commercialism through sports, hypocrisy and betrayal of the Olympic ideals and for promoting excessive nationalism. Questions have also been raised over the credibility and ‘transparency’ of the Evaluation Commission of the IOC towards selecting the right city amidst controversies involving cases of probable bribery.

Given the recent developments in the Olympic movement with the adoption of the Olympic Agenda 2020 – ‘a strategic roadmap for the future of the Olympics’ strongly testi�ies the attempts being made by the IOC to regain the allure of the events that seemed somewhat tarnished with scandals associated with alleged vote rigging in FIFA, involving some members of IOC; allegations of widespread doping, cases of human rights abusing and the long-standing concern over the ‘white elephants’ (Horne and Whannel 58-79). I feel, if not the results, the attempts in this case need to be lauded.

AMB I G UI T Y O R D I S CR EPA N CY A NA LYSING THE TRUTH

With increasing reluctance of urban populations in democracies to host sport mega-events, it appears that the analyses of earlier and more recent academic work on the politics of sport mega-events, informed by and informing the work of activists may have begun. Furthermore, economists like Lauermann identify two recent ‘trends in urban politics of mega-events’.

One, has been the role of academic and non-academic critics who have attempted to counter-bid and contest the ways in which the professionalization of the industry impacts local decisionmaking. Second, has been the impact of questions raised by anti-bid activists, not just about the division of costs and bene�its of mega-events, but also the ‘legitimacy of event-led development models’ (Horne and Whannel 195-212).

However, here the author has been unbiased in his attempts to provide the reader with the other side of the story too.

M O NE Y A NA L YS ING T H E T RUT H

Talking just about money, there have been numerous data points and trends highlighting the possible anecdotes in pro�it making during the Games. Claims about the Barcelona Games 1992 and the Games at Los Angles 1984 as the greatest revenue generators and contributors to the Legacy ever, have raised questions towards the scathing critics who amount the Olympics to nothing but a disgrace to the city it presents on. Additionally, through various occasions in the past, certain IOC activists are known to have disagreed with the questionable analyses. One such anecdote has been raised by Olympics economist Holger Preuss,

who strongly claims a surplus in every Olympics since 1972. His so called ‘ideal type decision model’ refrains from adding any operational expenditures for any non-Games-related facilities being consecutively developed during the course towards the Games (Horne and Whannel 195-212).

UNVEILING THE PARADOX

PARADOX Emphasis is unravelling the actual reason of contrasting data from the outcome of the Games

FINDING ABSURDITIES

Questioning irregularities

His divisive economic model promptly answers the claimed $2.2 billion de�icit for the Montreal games and in turn transforms it to a $0.64 billion surplus. Despite basing its dependence on assumptions like 1. Future use of the venues, 2. Localities would use them; I strongly second this economic approach by giving the events a bene�it of doubt considering the amount of infrastructural developments that just sprout up during the preparation for the Games due to what seems like an ‘economic momentum’, where money being �lown in is used for any type of development that could put the hosts at the best possible position internationally even though it might just be a redundant facility (Horne and Whannel 195-212). However, some surely disagree on the very adoption of ‘economics as the bases of any kind of judgement’. This, coupled with the growing need to display symbolic power through strong public support, evident through ‘PR wars’, providing saturated coverage of selected events leaning towards idolatry, surely creates a delusional state of perception for the reader and the viewer. Is it a value proposition for the host and the general public or a plain and simple burden?

TH E PA R A DOX JUXTAPOSED IRREGUL ARITIES

[ ]

Similar contradictions inducing a further paradoxical closure is to be evidently noticed through 2 occasions of such events in different time periods. One is through a �ilm about the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics that views the events as ‘a disaster for any city on the planet’. It accuses the Olympics of in�licting increased taxes, gentri�ication among the unfortunate sect of the society and lastly of skewing all economic and social priorities causing loss of opportunity to invest in the basic needs of the city during the entire course of the events. The IOC is also accused of exploiting its special powers of taking out anything out of the ‘government guarantee’ under the contract under no taxes. This has been correctly coined by few as –

‘Celebration capitalism’ known to feed pockets of only the ones who have invested, by undermining the needs of the majority under the cloak of presumptuous future progress (Horne and Whannel 213-232).

This very anecdote is juxtaposed very avidly beside claims made by the IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch,

who calls the 2000 Sydney Games as ‘the best Games ever’. Backed by positive achievements like increased employment, boosting tourism, increasing opportunities for civil engagement – through volunteering works and certain claims of increasing demands and thereby initiating an economic upturn for the host cities (Horne and Whannel 58-79);

The two scenarios, in my opinion, generate a gap between the forecast, telecast and the actual impacts of the Games on the economy, society and culture.

Are we ever going to see the real picture or a mere portrayal of pseudo-analyses performed to suit personal interests?

Coming to articulate from all that was summed up in the chapter, my conscience fails to identify any systematic and robust empirical evidence about the social impacts of the projects. If at all some situations were recorded, it surely is unable to align its roots cause to the events. This surely calls for a just and sound model or system of contestation and screening that could record data keeping the intrinsic data particular to the event site and base claims and judgements on a well-de�ined approach that ensures screening not just by inductive and deductive reasoning but by also considering the occasion of ‘never seen before or happened before’ scenarios.

ARCHITECTURE Attempt is to question the professional to answer the problems of the Games by producing a possible proposal

Can architecture play any role in divulging the exact scenario and presenting a sound solution ? Architectural intervention

A R CH I TECTU R A L S O L U TI ON

QU ESTIONING THE PRO FE SS ION

LOOKING THROUGH THE PRISM OF ‘PA RA M ET RICIS M ’

The quest to discover the crux of the matter and respond in a manner that proves to be a justi�ied attempt towards solving the correct problem, takes me now to question my own profession as a plausible answer to the mess that is the Olympics. But can architecture actually solve anything? Does it really have the power to realize issues and react in a way that induces change in other aspects of events thereby resulting in a sound model relevant to any demographic and time frame? My attempts to extend the search towards architecture compels me to unravel the yet obscure aspects of the newest style in architecture known to have taken neo-modernists by a storm through its unlimited girth of possible outcomes through computational permutation and combination – ‘Parametricism’.

PA RA M E TR IC ISM

[ ]

A IM F O R T H IS S T YL E O F A RCH ITE C T U R E

Parametricism aims to organize and articulate the increasing diversity and complexity of social institutions and life processes by computational imitation, mimicking the attractions hidden between different units of the social structure. It also aims to establish a complex, variegated spatial order, using scripting to differentiate and correlate all elements and subsystems of a design.

R E AC T I O NE RY P R I N CI P L ES ITE RATIVE STYLE OF FUNCTIONING

The goal is to intensify the internal interdependencies within an architectural design, as well as the external af�iliations and continuities within complex, urban contexts. In my opinion, these proclamations by themselves stand really solid, emphasizing the need to understand and react not only to ‘perceivable purpose’ evident to the naked eye, but also to the underlying energies that transpire within them. After all, humans are way ahead in terms of getting enough by mere functions that cater to the purpose, our sentient nature entails satisfaction through metaphysical experiences unquanti�iable by any research data.

However, we fail to understand that this formal posturing was both spurred on and rendered realisable by the power of the compute. But nobody thought to ask the obvious question as to which of these forms might be relevant to architecture, and not only in terms of functionality, but with its relations rendered to its surrounding. Can we suggest which forms elicit relationships – with us humans, both perceptually and psychologically, as well as with other buildings and external space – and so can aggregate into a satisfactory urban fabric in which we can feel at home? This position strongly dwindles the stronghold set by Parametricism through its abstract sense of aesthetics as an organic solution to the environmental crisis.

Parametricism aims to establish a complex variegated spatial order, using scripting to differentiate and correlate all elements and subsystems of a design. 14_

INFERENCE After keeping all the impacts & causes under the radar, one could at least comprehend a system’s failure

NO CRITERIA for CLASSIFICATIO Deducing a systematic conclusion

The research data hints at a very broad, yet empirical, issue of the dearth of a sound system of classi�ication that could assert and quantify the justness of the investments and the implications of the Games in an all-round perspective.

CO NCLUSION

CO MPRE HE NDI NG A CO NCLUSI ON

DATA P O S ING A S UBT L E P O S I T I ON

Having addressed most of the parameters revolving around the Games that could help decipher its intrinsic motives and repercussions, I feel all the questions that were a result of the analysis provided by the preceding research points seem to have been well answered by the one following it.

Despite having failed to identify a certain body or a certain management policy that would be held responsible for the growing failures of the games, this report hints at a very broad, yet empirical, issue of the dearth of a sound system that could assert and quantify the justness of the investments and the implications of the Games in an all-round perspective. Also, we could draw an inference regarding the ambiguity in the role of any style or Archetype of architecture that could prove to be a veri�ied answer to the listed issues.

chapter three Bisecting few Significant events in History 1896 - 2016 AT H E N S t o R I O

The Chapter entails a list of significant events that beautifully summarize the magnificence and ironies that surround the Games since its inception......

TRACKING EVENTS IN HISTORY

LONDON A rare balanced event in the History of the Games

BER

One notor to ha held

BARCELONA One of the earliest known successes in the History

RIO DE JANERO A recent sociological nightmare of South America

Event Assessment Inception Games in the past Recent Present

2016

2012

1992

193

RLIN

of the most rious Games ave ever been

GREECE 05

The famous economic debacle of the Host nation

BEIJING An event surely remembered for its huge investment plans

2004

2008

[ ]

figure 3.0 _

EVENT

Berlin

GERMANY

CAUSES

1936

Finance Management

Design

Administration

Corruption

No Legacy plans

figure 3.1 _

Berlin, Germany

POLITICAL NTERVENTIONS

The failure of the event was marked primarily due to separatist demeanor of the Nazi Germans towards the one they treated as misďż˝its for humanity. This coupled with a very biased and corrupt administrative system could be sought as the main reasons of Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s failure ....

ISSUES

DIFFERENCES An evident difference in opinion between Hitler and his architect Werner March on the kind of stadia needed for the Games

1936

01_

Disruptions like that of the run-down of the NOC was a huge deterrent in the process of preparation for the Games

SEPARATISM

03_

TIMES

DISRUPTIONS

02_

EXECUTIONAL DELAYS

Naming a theatre after a fellow Nazi were acts of communism that deterred interests from the Berlin Games of 1936

LEGACY

THRICE THE TIME ESTIMATED.

BERLIN FAILED

The use of Olympic facilities as Nazi concentration camps or Military bases showed poor legacy plans & administration from the Governing body

04_

Berlin Portraits

H IGH L IGH TING NOTABLE MO MENT S

figure 3.2_

figure 3.3 _

figure 3.4 _

figure 3.5 _

EVENT

Barcelona

SPAIN

CAUSES

1992

Design

Corruption

Administration

Finance Management

Legacy plans

figure 3.6 _

Barcelona, Spain

SURPRISING SUCCESS

A rare anomaly amidst an array of failures was that of the event at Barcelona in 1992, which displayed a well balanced planning system with careful attention on Financial Management, Administration, thought on Legacy and subtle yet workable designs.....

01_

ADDED INVESTMENT

02_

Took this opportunity from the Games to align personal development to the Gameâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s requirements by Regenerating the Waterfront in the city

FUNDING Funding primarily was a result of publicprivate ownerships that reduced the risk in investment

03_

ISSUES

LAND USE A moto of Decentralized Land-use proved to be in their advantage

1992

IMPACT ON GLOBAL ECONOMY

2 80 BARCA SUCCESS NATIONAL PROFITS.

02 2016

BIL. PROPORTION OF

INVESTMENT

1992

NATIONAL STADIA.

Barcelona Portraits

HI GHLIGHT ING NOTABLE MO M E N TS

figure 3.7 _

EVENT

Athens

GREECE

CAUSES

2004

Administration

Design

Finance Management

No Legacy plans

Corruption

figure 3.8 _

Athens, Greece

ECONOMIC DEBACLE

Complete unplanned legacy schemes and erratic investment plans straining the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy into unprecedented debts were a few of the major reasons why Athens failed despite being the actual Land of the Birth of the Olympics....

01_

ISSUES

LEGACY With no plans of Olympic legacy regarding the olympic facilities after the events, the unavoidable seems to have happened, with 21 off 22 arenas being completely deserted by 2014

2004

IMPACT ON LONG-TERM ECONOMY

HUNDRED

BILLION DEBT.

GENTRIFICATION

02_

A huge no. of about 2700 people have been known to be displaced in the urban renewal of the Athens village

FINANCE MGMT.

03_

With no plans of any kind of financial management before the Games, the event exceeded its bid by a massive US$ 5 Billion that meant a loss from the very outset

ATHENS FAILED figure 3.9 _

Athens Portraits

HIGHLIGHT IN G N OTABL E M OM ENTS

figure 3.10 _

2004

Environmental assessment

Athens, Greece 2004

Overall Planning Environmental planning Schina Rowing & Canoeing centre: Fragile environmental areas trapped by the expansion of the Urban web

Environmental assesment

Natural Environment Protection of natural habitats 01 Environment degradation a major part of any management practice at the Games

Urban Environment Protection of open spaces

Use of existing infrastructure

Poor infras mana

01 02 Water svaing and other green schemes the need of the hour

01 Increase of Urban Green

02 Constructions Siting of Olympic venues 03 Waste production a major concern in the advent of the Games

03 Use of Green technologies 04

Energy Green energy 04 Public Awareness in the realm of Games and its related isses are the bigget concern lately

Water Water saving scheme

Public participation Social consultation

04 Improvement of the Built environment

Transport Public transport

Waste Integrated waste management & recycling

General Issues Respect for environmental legislation

Public Awareness

Public down

Transparency

03 Public information

No integrated waste management strategy. Mere recycling bins provided at the Olympic venues.

Public the ev trans

Not ta the B there unsus infras

Should such reckless and unmeasured practices even be used or executed by any city that hosts the Games ?

transportational structure mobility agement

c participation on the nfall

c information about vent and its impacts sparency absent

aking adavantage of Built environment and eby creating new stainable structure

ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY RESULTS

A survey done by the environmental conservation body for the city of Athens, revealed shocking data highlighting the event not being able to score a bare minimum in any of the established parameters that govern environmental preservation....

figure 3.11 _

EVENT

Beijing

CHINA

CAUSES

2008

Finance Management

No Legacy plans

Administration

Design

Corruption

Beijing, China

UNPARALLELED INVESTMENT

An overall investment cost that was unheard of, about USD 51 Billion were amassed to get the Games in action at Beijing. This, with little knowledge about the returns on investment and general proďż˝it translation over the years made it one of the few events that received huge public participation yet had to face the horrors of debts.....

figure 3.12 _

01_

GENTRIFICATION

02_

About 1.5 Million urban inhabitants are known to have lost their homes at Urban Renewal schemes held by the Olympic authorities

LEGACY About 80% of the Stadiums and Arenas are known to have been abandoned due to high maintenance costs

03_

ISSUES

INVESTMENT Investment for Beijing amounts to more than twice the previous record of USD 18.5 Billion held by Athens

2008

RECORD-BREAKING INVESTMENTS

52 80 BEIJING FAILED USD ON INITIAL COSTS

04 2016

BIL.

PROPORTION OF INVESTMENT

2008

NATIONAL STADIA.

AthensPortraits Portraits Beijing

0401

HI GHLIGHT INGNOTABLE NOTABLEMO MO E TS N TS HIGHLIGHT ING MM EN

figure 3.13 _ 50

TRACKING EFFECTS OF DETERRANTS

BUT.... Do the causes listed above contribute individually to the effect that we are witnessing? Is the process so linear? We could estimate a combined reaction of many reasons that bring about the ďż˝inal occurrence....... Countering the linear approach to finding the real cause by comparing their effects on one another

Case Assessment

MANAGEMENT

figure 3.14 _

SI VI DI O

EN T

IN V

ER W

ES TM

TIME

REVEN

FIN

HIS

STA

DIA

Y TOR

Jotting down results for different influences of a certain behavior in one aspect of the Games onto the other; here, we look into reactions on legacy, management and financing by effects from one other.......

CIN

CY GA LE

15_ RIO 2016

80%

50%

45%

75%

RIO DE JANERO 2016

ENVIRONMENT

Lorem i psum dolor si t ame t , co n s ec t et uer adi pi sci ng e l i t , sed di am nonummy ni b h e ui smod t i nci dun t ut laore et dolore magna al i quam erat vol ut pat .ni sl

SOCIOLOGY

Lo r em ips um d o lo r s it am et , co n s ec t et uer ad ipis c in g elit , s ed d iam n o n um my n ib h euis m o d t in c id un t ut lao r eet d o lo r e m agn a aliq uam erat v o lut pat .n is l

INFRASTRUCTURE

ECONOMY

Lor e m i p s u m d olor s i t a me t , con s e cte tu e r a d i p i s ci n g e l i t , s e d d i a m n on u mmy n i bh e u i s mod ti n ci d u n t u t la or e e t d olor e ma g n a a l i q u a m e ra t vol u tp a t . n i s l

Lor e m i p s u m d olor s i t a m e t , co n s e c te tu e r a d i p i s ci n g e l i t , s e d d i a m n on u mmy n i bh e u i s mod t i n c i d u n t u t la or e e t d olor e ma g n a a l i q u a m e ra t vol u tp a t . n i s l

MISC. TRENDS/ IRREGULARITIES

HOWEVER... Did we also miss out on the vague irregularities that further strain certainties in our analysis?

Contradicting preconceived causes by presenting ground-breaking irregularities & trends

Sparse Irregularities

The Illustration below highlights the variations in construction history of the Olympic stadia, one that ranges from using existing resources and infrastructure to newly designed structures 16_ figure 3.15 _ STADIA HISTORY

olympic stadia

C O NS T RU CT I O N H I STO R Y

25%

Existing and used for the Games

15% Refurbished

60%

Constructed for Olympic Use

Athens

1896

Paris

1900

St Louis

1904

London

1908

Stockholm

1912

Los Angeles

1922

London

1923

Paris

1924

Amsterdam

1928

Berlin

1936

Helsinki

1952

Rome

1952

Japan

1958

Munich

1972

Montreal

1976

Moscow

1980

Los Angeles

1984

Seoul

1988

Barcelona

1992

Atlanta

1996

Sydney

2000

Athens

2004

Beijing

2008

London

2012

Rio de jenero

2016

figure 3.16 _

Poor cost estimations C O MPARIT IVE ANALY S I S

Why do we see such a drastic measure of irregularity in almost every event? Has it got something to do with poor pre-event planning/execution? OR Amidst this persistent trend lies a cause that is unheard of before?

Are the majority seeing a picture that we have never seen before? If majority of the returns donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t even manage to break-even, are we assuming that no Olympic event can practically make a proďż˝it ever? OR There might be a revenue source that is encouraging

figure 3.17 _

Revenue Break-up

BROAD CAS T I NG P RO P O RT IO N

The Illustration on the left highlights irregularities in the interests of developing nations to bid for the Games in the past few decades. The sudden interests and pull-backs over the years present contradicting analysis...

Investments/Profits

figure 3.18_

R E T UR N ON INVESTM ENTS

IOC Policy: Ambiguity or discrepancy ?

The increasing proprtion of profit share kept by the IOC over the revenue generated surely questions the broad business model of the IOC in encouraging the spirit of the Games over the next millenia. 17_

figure 3.19 _

The fact that the IOC is responsible for only the operational costs of the events further questions the motive behind the organizers to focus all the pressure of costs to the host nation leaving minimal profit share for the hosts. 18_ figure 3.20_

MIND MAPPING Emphasis is on mapping all the trends found from recorded data to identify patterns and thereby proceeding towards predicting a plausible proposal

chapter four Deciphering the Position towards Resolve 1896 - 2016 AT H E N S t o R I O

Taking the first steps to assimilate all the information and analysis brought down in the previous chapters and positioning them to generate some possible solutions or directive measures for the ultimate purpose of the Thesis........

figure 4.0_

Displayed above is the irony that surrounds the Olympics with brutal truths of degradation obscured clinically behind the loud fanatic facade of sports 19_

1992

BARCELONA SUCCESS

2004

BIL.

GREEK ECONOMIC DEPRESSION

BIL.

HUNDRED.

2004

DESERTED ARENAS

2016

BIL.

FAVELAS CLEARED

MIL.

DIRECTIVE MEASURES

What ensures that the presented data corresponds well to the proposals we make ? Are there any standards to keep in check?

PRINCIPAL To ensure that any design intervention that is adopted sprouts from the mere purpose of serving the immediate neighborhood & designing only to context

02 STRATEGY To take into consideration the biggest avenue in the games that could be singularly responsible for mass global intervention and immediate beneďż˝it to the neighborhood

03 TACTICS Making design decisions that not only serve a purpose but also uproot the basis and create a reinventive response rather than a preventive response.

GOALS

Create a proposal that not only answers to the issues of immediate venue-related mess but also generates opportunity to spread development right into the immediate neighborhood.

Narrowing down essentials towards solution

FOLD SCENARIO

Architectural Design Intervention

Administrative upheaval

Reinventing Mass Gathering/viewing occasions

Ownership Division of power Control ProďŹ t Distribution Non-proďŹ t Collaboration Self-check system Public-private ownerships

Re-envisioning white elephants as white rabbits

2016

PROPORTION OF INVESTMENT

80 NATIONAL STADIA.

How do we know if Architecture is a reasonable answer to the issue ?

% 2016

ESTIMATED VIEWERSHIP

15 BILLION. ANNUALLY

2016

BIGGEST MARKETTING GIMMICK

20 BILLION. ANNUALLY

2016

SOLE PLATFORM TO GLOBAL RECOGNITION

60 FLOURISHING. GLOBAL MARKETS

2016

SOLE REVENUE GENERATOR AFTER THE GAMES

BIGGEST POSSIBLE INTERVVENTION Justifying the Role of Architecture through established Data

BIL.

APPROX. ANNUALLY

Can Architecture be by any means, a response to the ubiquitous ambiguity or underlying discrepancies that are known to crumble developing economies, uproot flourishing neighborhoods and hinder any possibilities of future growth for cities that host the big event...

Architectural Position

ANALYZING STADIUMS OF TODAY figure 3.22 _

conventional

STRUCTURE_

C O NC RET E BO U LD ER S T RU CT U RE

Location

_01

Location

North America

Capacity

80,000

Const. Cost

conventional concrete boulders

Material ROI Innovation

The images display the huge proportion of concrete as the building block in present-day stadia prototype

figure 3.23 _

USD 425 Mil. Concrete USD 500,000/ annum None

Two sets of iterative variations in present-day Stadia, as a Building typology

01_

78 %

STADIA STRUCTURE CONCRETE

CONCRETE BOULDERS

in-out stadia

U S E O F REAR S PAC E

high CO2 emissions

UN - SUSTAINABLE

02_

Location

25 %

Location

Germany

Capacity

66,000

Const. Cost

USE OF STAIRCASE REAR

USD 500 Mil.

Material

Concrete/ Steel

ROI

USD 10 Mil.

Innovation

GALLERY IN- AND - OUT

No negative space

TACTFULL_

LIMITS USE OF EXPENSIVE CASINGS

_02

In & Out Stadia

figure 3.25 _ figure 3.24 _

Second set into iterative variations delving in primitive innovations to the basic building type

78 %

03_

OF THE YEAR VACANT

RESIDENTIAL INSTALLMENTS USE OF EXISTING STRUCTURE

figure 3.26 _

RE-PURPOSE_ 04_ SPORT-SPECIFIC VENUES

LOSE OUT ON

8/10

OCASSIONS IN THE YEAR

_03

multivalent stadiums

figure 3.28 _

Images displayed here show the initial attempts to re-invent the purpose of the Stadiums to more than just a viewing arena

figure 3.27 _

The illustrations above show various innovations in the �ield of structure, viewing angles, roo�ing measues, and multi-valency in the newest stadia across the world with quantifying information about usage and returns expected from each one of them......

RE-SIZABLE_ multi-valency

R E SID E N T IA L PLUG-INS TO STRUCTURE

Location

South America

Capacity

72,000

Const. Cost

_04

resizable stadia

USD 725 Mil.

Material

Steel/ Concrete

ROI

USD 20 Mil.

Innovation

Re-purposing figure 3.29 _

london stadia

R E SIZA B LE S TADIA

Location

United Kingdom

Capacity

80,000

Const. Cost Material ROI Innovation

USD 800 Mil. Steel/ Concrete USD 100 Mil. Re-sizable figure 3.30 _

ASPECTS for SUSTENANCE

AB I LI T Y TO CO N S TR U CT/ D ECON S TR U CT W I TH E AS E

COS T EFF EC TIV E

S U S TA I N A B L E AT I TS CO RE

M I N I M A L S TR U CTU R A L D EP EN D E NCY

M U L TI -VA L EN T A P P ROACH

AB I LI TY TO R EACT TO OCCAS I O N - R E-S I ZA BLE

AB I LI T Y TO R EACT TO OCCAS I O N - R E-P U RPO S E

M A D E W I TH L EG ACY I N PL A N

INITIAL SCHEMES

Reinventing Mass Gathering/viewing occasions Re-envisioning white elephants as white rabbits

Where could we start generating concepts that break the ground-rules ?

Initial Scheme Development

Circulation Structure Accessibility Using natural terrain Non-proďŹ t Collaboration

Self-check system

The Image displays the aspect of rimmed bowl that could be partially submerged within the natural slope of the land

It Talks about the possibility of two sections of the stadium that are temporary/ permanent

The image displays the possible aspects that a new-age stadia could possess, one of sustainability, accessibility adn lightness

It urges from the need of issues that a convential stadia has been undergoing since ages

The illustration on the right shows us the partial bowl that has been sliced to reduce its weight and add a dynamism

INITIAL CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT 01_

01 Creating a looped/ ramped access that links stadia across opposite stands to take advantage of the circumference.

figure 4.12 _

WHAT IF?

02 Variation to looped access with changing levels of stands in opposite ends and juxtaposing them on a hilly sloped land. 03 Typical structural joints using web joists and abutting framework around existing concrete bowl.

permutations with circulation

02_

figure 4.13 _

03_

figure 4.14 _

MIND MAPPING Emphasis is on mapping all the trends found from recorded data to identify patterns and thereby proceeding towards predicting a plausible proposal

chapter five Attempting to Creating a unique concept 1896 - 2016 AT H E N S t o R I O

This chapter analysis all the mind mapping of the previous chapters and refines the essence of a concept amidst those........

FINDING A CONCEPT

Genesis of an all inclusive ‘Bowl’

Reinventing Mass Gathering/viewing occasions Re-envisioning white elephants as white rabbits

figure 5.0 _

THE

BOWL

Attempt here is to generate an archetype that re-invents the very principles of design for a National Stadia...

BOWL GENESIS

Rede�ining the elements of the standard stadia into something that performs the role of its counterpart and yet, in the process, is capable of producing a homgenous, reactive single membrane that in the shape of a Bowl rede�ines the language of mass viewership in the national stadiums & arenas across the world.

figure 5.1 _ PREFABRICATED

OLYMPIC BOWL CENTRAL

FIELD ATOP ARENA

| AERIAL VIEW |

THE BOWL RED IS COV ERING T H E CO NCEP T

TAKING ADVANTAGE OF

NATURAL GRADIENT OF THE LAND

figure 5.2 _ MAIN BOWL

GALLERY ACCESSIBLE/ STRUCTURAL

RAMP ACCESS

BRACING THE BOWL

USED AS PROJECTION

MOVIE SCREENS

OUTDOOR THEATRE

figure 1 _

TYPE 1

ENCIRCLING

BRACE D BOWL

RIMMED ACCESS GALLERY/ EXHIBIT

ACCES S BRACING TO REINF O RCE S T RUCT URE

ITERATIVE BOWLS BRACED BOWL

A braced bowl takes advantage of the old tradition of bracing any structure to add stability and has been reinvented by adding a function to the braces-’accessibility’. Here the bracings act as ramps that attach a rim around the circumference of the bowl.

RIM M E D BOWL RIM M ED ACCES S D IV ID ING S ECT IO NS

TYPE 2

RIMMED BOWL

A rimmed bowl has been developed taking the idea of temporary and permanent structures forward. Here the top stand acts as temporary extension to the already existing lower bowl that just sits inside the natural terrain of the land. The rim acts as a structural divider & access ramps. CENTRAL

FIELD ATOP ARENA

ENCIRCLING

RIMMED ACCESS SUB-LEVEL

MULTI-PURPOSE ARENA

TEMPORARY EXTENSION

CAPACITY - 28000

PERMANENT GALLERY

CAPACITY - 20000

TAKING ADVANTAGE OF

NATURAL GRADIENT OF THE LAND

figure 5.3 _

WHAT IF ?

| ALTERNATE SCENARIO |

PHASE 1 01

COMPLETE BOWL

J UXTAPO SI T I O N TO SL OP E

Placing the bowl in an existing sloping land that could replace the need for strong foundations.....

A BUTTING BOWL TO A HILL

PHASE 2

temporary

RETRACTING BOWL

BOWL CONFIGURATION

Dividing the stadia gallery in levels and temporary/permanent structures to take advantage of resizing......

deformable

BOWL CONFIGURATION

PHASE 3 03

RESIDUAL BOWL

figure 5.4 - 5.7 _

permanent

After removal of Retracting top temporary stand, the residual permanent structure could mimic the existing bowl......

BOWL CONFIGURATION

Configuring the bowl to exist as a partial sub-grade structure to take advantage of the natural terrain of land

Configuring a bowl within natural slope of the land

figure 5.8 _

01_

PA RTIA L BOWL

02_

S COO P ING A PA RT O F BOW L W IT H IN EA RT H

figure 5.9 _

TYPE 3

PARTIAL BOWL

The Idea of juxtaposing the bowl to the hill has been taken to the next level here. In this case, the proposal is to produce only a partial stadia away from the natural slope of the hill so that we have one side of structure & the other side could be channelized as natural amphitheatre.

NE S TE D BOWL RES T ING O N A L IGH T NES T ED S T RUCT URE

TYPE 4

NESTED BOWL

The existing bowl is nested beautifully in a temporary or permanent yet light scaffolding structure that could take advantage of external peripheral accessibility and future multi - use avenues that could be attached to the scaffolding.

CENTRAL

FIELD ATOP ARENA

SEAMLESS

GRADIENT ACCESS INTO THE BOWL

ENCIRCLING

PERIPHERAL RAMP ACCESS

TWO-TIER VIEWING GALLERY

CAPACITY - 48000

TEMPORARY SCAFFOLDING

TEMP. SUPPORT SYSTEM

WOODEN SCAFFOLDING AS A NEST

figure 5.10 _

figure 5.11 _

gallery provision

B OW L CO N F IGU RATIO N

01_ figure 5.12 _

peripheral viewing

B OW L CO N F IGU RATIO N

02_

figure 5.13 _

nodes of entrance

B OW L CO N F IGU RATIO N

03_

01 Adjusting the bowl within the slope with a subtle stucture underneath

SLICED BOWL

The partial bowl has been re-envisioned to create a niche by slicing the stadia at the front end of the slope to enhance the viewing aspect of the bowl and also a gradual seamless accessibility into the heart of the stadium. This niche could inturn reduce the weight of the stadium by a huge margin...

Sliced Bowl front Niche

Reduces overall weight of the structure Creates seamless accessibility into the heart of the stadia Creates a new viewing persepctive

figure 5.14 _

figure 5.15 _

sectional alignment

WITH ACCESSI BIL IT Y

figure 5.16 _

seamless gradient

WITH ACCE SSIBILITY

THE SLICE

Attempting to alter the structural balance of the conventional stadia

TYPE 5

What actually happens to the host nation post hosting the Games ?

Design Development Schemes

Ownership Division of power Control ProďŹ t Distribution Non-proďŹ t Collaboration

Self-check system

Reinventing Mass Gathering/viewing occasions Re-envisioning white elephants as white rabbits

02 02

Reinventing Mass Gathering/viewing occasions Re-envisioning white elephants as white rabbits

DESIGN DVLP. Emphasis is on creating a prototype that challenges the monotony of purpose

chapter six Heading towards Design Development 1896 - 2016 AT H E N S t o R I O

The chapter tries to make the transition of developing the concept into a believable and workable design proposal with all the needed pragmatic parameters that could actually be applied to any business model for the Games........

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

MAPPING DECISIONS

ESTIMATED ANALYSIS

issues

needed big factors for sustenance

_01

_02

Global SocioEconomic Impact

Aspects of Sustenance

Stadia Govern asp

ESTIMATED ANALYSIS

Ownership Division of power Control Proﬁt Distribution Non-proﬁt Collaboration Self-check system

Reinventing Mass Gathering/viewing occasions

Architectu Des Direct

Re-envisioning white elephants as white rabbits Sustainability Inclined Re-purpose Arenas

Stru

Mecha

Innov

Multi-va

BIGGEST POSSIBLE INTERVVENTION

rning pects

3 big headings

_03

_04

ural sign tion

Design Development strategies

ucture

RETRACTABLE

anism

aterial

ENERGY SUFFICIENT

vation

alency

ADAPTIVE

What actually happens to the host nation post hosting the Games ?

TRANSITIONS

Architectural Decisions

LIGHT / SUBTLE

STRUCTURAL IMPAIRMENT

FLEXIBIITY

ENERGY GENERATOR

INNOVATIVE

EXPLOITER

ACCESSIBILITY DISRUPTER

HELPER

REACTIVE

UTILITY HANDICAPPED

ADAPTIVE

reactivemodularity

LEGACY PROPOSAL SCHEME

Solar powered membrane to guage in solar energy for power generation.........

PART BOWL / /

Creat aqua cultu public reven

01 BRIDGE NETWORK ON TRENCH

An array of bridges are aligned atop the trench on the circumference of the Bowl.......... / /

02 CONTINUING CANOPY

THE RESPONSIVE BOWL 97

The landings from each sectors continue to the outer rim regions acting as canopy for thep promenade ........... / /

INSTALLATION SCHEMES STANDING GALLERIES

The purpose of creating a central installation body that changes with time is so that the stadium has the ability to react to the need of the hour and respond adequately.......

Reviving a new way to encounter experience through standing Galleries.........

LEGACY PROPOSAL /

/ /

LEVITATING STAGE

INSET GALLERY

QUACULTURE/ AQUARIUM

ting a safe niche for atic life to breed and ure and then use it for c access can genrate nue..........

BRACED ROOFING

/ /

Using available energy source to feed the immediate neighborhood with with portable water.........

SOLAR MEMBRANE

/ /

PROMENADE

SHUTTER

03 PEDESTRIAN PROMENADE

The extensive rims are used as pedestrian jogging tracks & walkways..........

figure 6.3 _

An all encompassing, adaptive yet self-sustaining enclosure of the Games that re-invents the idea of a conventional Stadium Bowl...

MULTI-EVENT VENUE

The venue can hold a number of sporting events from soccer, track n ﬁeld,american football..........

Unshrunk bowl

The bowl houses the standard dimensions for amjority of the / / sporting ﬁeld events......... / / 02

Flexibility with various sports

Alternating Installations

The events in the central bowl change and give rise to a memoir museum, aquaculture, & concert hall.........

PERENNIAL USAGE

20 EVENT OVER

VENUE

The bowl houses the standard dimensions for amjority of the sporting ﬁeld events.........

figure 6.4 _ SOCCER

FULL/ PARTIAL

TRACK N FIELD RUGBY TENNIS

2 MAIN VERSIONS OF THE

BOWL

figure 6.5 _

Partial Stadium

Certain sections of the stands are taken oﬀ as per need

This ensures ﬂexibility in the type of event held during the year

100

RE TRACTAB LE

E NE RG Y S UF F ICIE NT

A DA PTIV E

RETRACTABLE

01 Major transitions through Issues, Impacts, Reasons, Perceptions to Reactions

102

SHRIN ING

RETRACTABILITY full capacity

The illustration displays the different versions of the Bowl with varying capacities

B OWL R ETRACTION PH AS ES

BOWL IN PLACE

COMPLETE OLYMPIC / BOWL The natural version of the Bowl when it takes its full shape during the ocassion of the Games..........

figure 6.7 _ 01 SECTOR STATS

CAPACITY TIER 3 - 800 TIER 2 - 700 TIER 1 - 500

This is ensured through a sound retracting mechansim made possible due to its light structure

figure 6.6 _

CAPACITY - 60,000

103

NKThe Bowl has the ability to contract, according to the need of the event...

02 PARTIALLY RETRACTED / BOWL The bowl sheds its ï¿½irst layer of tier to contract into a much smaller bowl with 2 Tiers..........

half capacity

figure 6.5 _

BOWL RET RACT IO N P HAS ES

CAPACITY - 35,000

7.5 M_

REDUCING HEIGHT

SLIDING BOWL

CONTRACTED SKIN

INITIATING PUSH

SLIDING SKIN

PREPARING SLIDE

The locks along the Web joists are released to let the skim skim down......... / /

The shutters are unlocked from the guides and force along the direction inwards..........

The thin envelope skims along the channels provided by the steel Web joists..........

/ /

figure 6.8 _

104

03 COMPLETELY RETRACTED / BOWL The bowl then sheds its second layer of tier to contract into a its smallest retracted form with just a permanent level left...

The third version is the lowest remaining permanent structure that sits within the natural terrain of the earth

figure 6.9 _

partial capacity

CAPACITY - 15,000

BOWL RET RACT I O N P HAS ES

7.5 M_

SLIDING BOWL

CONTRACTED SKIN

The lower illustrations display the degree of contraction and the mechanism that governs it.

INITIATING PUSH

SLIDING SKIN

The thin envelope skims along the channels provided by the steel Web joists.......... / /

The shutters are unlocked from the guides and force along the direction inwards.......... / /

figure 6.10 _

105

R 54

REDUCING HEIGHT

CONTRACTED SKIN

SLIDING SKIN

PREPARING SLIDE

The locks along the Web joists are released to let the skin skim down.........

The thin envelope skims along the channels provided by the steel Web joists..........

/ /

COMPLETE RETRACTION

SLIDING BOWL

FURTHERING PUSH

INITIATING PUSH

The need for complete retraction is gained by pushing the shutters to its farthest extreme - 15 m ..........

The shutters are unlocked from the guides and forced along the direction inwards..........

/ /

figure 6.11 _

107

THE PROCESS

ALL 3 TIERS INTACT

TIER 3 TIER 2

TIER 1

01 COMPLETE BOWL

TIER 3 DISMANTLED

TIER 2

BOWL SLIDES IN HEIGHT

TIER 1 PUSH

02 PARTIAL RETRACTION

TIER 2 DISMANTLED BOWL SHRINKS

TIER 1

PUSH

DISMANTLABLE TIERS / PROGRESSION The progression displayed here depicts the process of dismantling each tier of the upper extension ..........

03 COMPLETE RETRACTION

figure 6.12 _ 108

FLEXIBILITY TIMBER OVER STEEL

RAPID ASSEMBLY/ DECONST.

The contrast between two counterparts emerging in the Building industry has been addressed well and analysed..........

The ability of the mechanism to dismantle individual sections of the tier makes it a vital aspect for multi-valency.........

80 %

LIGHTER, STABLE

4 TIMES

FASTER TO CONST.

100 %

SUSTENANCE

TIMBER USAGE

CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER

superior insulation

CHEAPER.

SUSTAINABLE

6 TIMES

109

low CO2 emissions

FLEXIBILITY UPPER EXTENSION /

The ability of the individual stadia sector to deconstruct and construct within limited periods of time makes it a viable option.........

CENTRAL AISLE

TIER 3 FLIGHT OF SEATS

LANDING

TIER 2

TIMBER RAFTER BEAMS

2ND FLIGHT OF SEATS

SOLAR SENSITIVE MEMBRANE

BRACED COLUMN SUPPORT

MANOUVERING SHUTTER

SUPPORTING ANGLE

BOWL TIMBER MEMBER

figure 6.13 _

PERFRATED MEMBRANE

EXTENDED BEAMS

FLIGHT OF ACCESS STAIRS

DECONSTRUCTION AXON. NAVIGATING RAILS

UPPER BOWL EXTENSION / /

110

STRUCTURE ENCIRCLING PROMENADE An Encircling promenade acts as the outer rim here giving ample room for pedestrian usage..........

100

SUSTENANCE

The entire bowl has been divided into 2 basic systems - one lower permanent bowl and the other a retractable upper 2- tiered bowl..........

STRUCTURAL

REGULAR USAGE Farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market and jogging tracks ensure usage

ANALYSIS

TEMPORARY / PERMANENT

111

ALTERNATING INSTALLATIONS

The central curves crop installation from theis site and ends bound to change into thewith site and respect create to the arising respercussions need of the in terms hour of an amphitheatre.......... ..........

01 ENCIRCLING BOWL

The outer aesthetic component givingit the shape of a bowl with arched round members..........

/ /

02 UPPER TEMPORARY EXTENSION BOWL

HOLDING SHUTTER

The timber shutter mechanism that brought the bowl near the ďŹ eld after the main event or during small events.......... / /

TIER 3 TIER 2

03 UPPER TIERED BOWL

The upper extension of the bowl that is temporary and can be removed once the event is done.......... / /

TIER 1

04 LOWER PERMANENT BOWL

LOWER TIER BOWL

The permanent strata of the stadium that stays intact in the sloping land to organize events of a smaller scale......... / /

05 UNDERLYING TIMBER STRUCTURE

The dismantlable timber structure that supports the upper extension of the bowl.......... / /

figure 6.14 _

MEMBER ANALYSIS AXON. TEMPORARY/ PERMANENT / /

112

THE MECHANISM guide runners

The illustration depicts the members that allow for smooth transition of these vast stands of the stadium

FLE X IB LE ST R UCTU RE M EM BERS

figure 6.15 _ GUIDE RUNNERS

timber shutters

FLE X IB LE ST R UCTU RE M EM BERS

figure 6.16 _

TIMBER SHUTTER

The structure below that governs all the mobile mechanism is primarily steel and the stands wooden

BRACED CURVED BOWL

GUIDE RUNNERS

113

THE

HOW>

What actually allows the smooth retraction of these heavy masses?

PERFORATED MEMBRANE

CURVED WEB JOISTS

TIMBER SHUTTER

perforated membrane

FLEXI BLE S T RU CT U RE MEMBERS

PUS

figure 6.17 _ VENTILATING LOUVERS STRUCTURAL CROSS BRACING

114

RE TRACTA BLE

E N E RGY S U F F I CI E N T

A DA PTIV E

ENERGY SUFFICIENT

02 Major transitions through Issues, Impacts, Reasons, Perceptions to Reactions

116

SCHEME

The theories of Bernouilli’s principle have been used to create a vertical trombe wall that heats up the surrounding area and induces a continuous �low of cool air frm beneath to the topmost portions of the stands through stack effect.

SOLAR SENSITIVE MEMBRANE

100 %

SUSTENANCE

These perforated membrane-like skin acts as seamless cross�lows for wind while harnessing solar power through built-in panels..........

REVENUE GENERATOR GENERATING ENERGY SUPPLY BACK TO THE GRID

117

Synthesizing Solar Energy

What if the Bowl actually is an energy incubator rather than an exploiter ?

SOLAR SENSITIVE MEMBRANE

figure 6.18 _

NAVIGATING SHUTTER

118

SCHEME

Using the natural gradient of the surrounding terrain around, the central inundated water body in the sub-structure of the central �ield could, in the future, be responsible for easy and cheap water storage and distribution into the neighboring city.

HARVESTING RAINWATER 2030 demand outstrips supply

40-50 %

General inundation around the periphery of the sloping lands to take advantage of the natural gradient of the slope to direct water �low.........

SAVE ON WATER BILLS

figure 6.19 _

STADIA

The conserved water harvested can amount to a major diﬀerence in a small town with dﬀerent bills by 50 %..........

TRENCH

/ /

TAKING ADVANTAGE OF NATURAL GRADIENT

119

Harbouring a Reservoir

What if the Bowl houses a reservoir beneath its central ï¿½ield ?

TIMBER COVERING

SLIDING COVERS

BRACED ROOFING GRID

VIEWING GALLERY RETAINING WALLS

AQUA POND

SUPPLY CHANNELS

underground supply channels figure 6.20 _

120

RE TRACTA BLE

E NE RG Y S UF F ICIE NT

ADAP TI VE

ADAPTIVE

03 Major transitions through Issues, Impacts, Reasons, Perceptions to Reactions

122

Creating a map to experience the evolution of the ‘stadiapurpose’ over time....

PRESENT_ Aquaculture/ Aquarium

Ownership Division of power Control Proﬁt Distribution Non-proﬁt Collaboration Self-check system Spirit intact

figure 6.21 _ EVOLUTION

01 /

Describing the stages of transformation for the same stadium according to the need of the time and neighborhood it is a part of....

IMM. FUTURE_ Revisiting Memoir

Ownership Division of power Control Proﬁt Distribution Non-proﬁt Collaboration Self-check system Spirit intact

LEGACY OVER TIME OF FAR FUTURE_ Harnessing A - Biome

Ownership Division of power Control Proﬁt Distribution Non-proﬁt Collaboration Self-check system Legacy intact

124

Harbouring Aquaculture

Reaching the neighborhood

Distributing water channels to neighborhoods in the form of pure potable water

Using existing resource

/ /

Using the catchment area to house and breed ďŹ shes and aquatic life

Installing SubStructure

Ensuring alternate streams of revenue generation Making use of the unused core of the stadia- ďŹ eld figure 6.22 _

AQUACULTURE/ AQUARIUM Demand for fish growing

Taking advantage of the natural resource of rainwater and channeling future revenue streams..........

$50 mil. PROFITABLE VENTURE

An added source of revenue generation that takes advantage of the collected water through aquaculture..........

125

REVISITING MEMOIR Reducing footfalls into stadiums

Relive the magic of the history of the Games in this memoir installation that could be the most popular revenue stream after the games..........

78 %

VENUES DESERTED

RELIVE GAMES RELIVE PLAYERS The memoir acts as a tribute to the players and the sporting nations to have an ocassion to relive the games..........

Central Museum

Museum of memories from the games of this season and from history..........

/ /

Installing Super Structure

Ensuring consistent ďŹ&#x201A;ow of revenue through ticket sales Ensuring spirit Intact

figure 6.23 _

126

Green-house enclosure

Building A -Biome

The area houses vegetation nad uses solar power to cultivate green-house gases.........

Vegetative enclosure

The area is deserted and responds well to the created installation by creating an energy Biome..........

/ /

Installing Replacement Structure

Ensuring the use of the space after desertation Making sure its a consistent revenue generator figure 6.24 _

HARNESSING A-BIOME Lack of Land-mass for building Biomes Adequate Surface Area

The last use of the area that the bowl captures into a energy producing Biome..........

2080 DEPLETING RESOURCES

GREEN-HOUSE ENCLOSURE Opportunity to synthesis wn biome using dolar casings and creating a green-house dome

127

ANOTHER LEGACY MODEL The ability of the extensive promenade to be used for temporary installations and the central core beneath the ﬁeld for harbouring aquatic life..........

FARMER’S MARKET

At occasions when the Bowl is retracted, the promenade could hold temporary farmer’s markets.........

/ /

SUB-GRADE AQUARIUM

The central area of the ﬁeld could be utilized for either breeding ﬁshes or as an aquarium that could add to the revenue........

01 AERIAL VIEW

The aerial display of the olympic stadium with all its tiers intact...stadia in its complete form....

[ ]

01 GRAND STADIA CENTRE OUTER SKIN OF THE BOWL / /

THE BOWL DURING OLYMPICS 131

figure 6.26 _

The image above displays the fullyoccupied version of the stadium during the quadrennial events - â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Olympicsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;...

132

THE RADIATING BOWL 133

figure 6.27_

The perforated membrane of the Bowl allows it to be used as a radiating Bowl that ensures it keeps the spirit of the Games alive far in the future ...

134

THE BOWL AFTER OLYMPICS 135

figure 6.28 _

The Retracted bowl shown above is now far in the future since the last big event was played. The ďż˝ield now shapes itself for temporary installations to organize exciting concerts... 136

regular use of promenade

F ULL SIZED BOWL

night concerts - legacy

RETRAC TED BOWL

figure 6.29 _

137

figure 6.29 _

The images indicate some of the activities that the promenade of the Bowl could be used for......

SOME GLIMPSES OF THE BOWL

138

conclusion

139

NOT THE END_ In our pursuit to unravelling the mysteries and questions that surround the biggest sporting event on the planet - ‘Olympics’;

We saw all the research data hinting towards a certain void in the entire way we quantify the expedience/ success of the Games. The void here is a very broad, yet empirical issue of the dearth of a sound system of classi�ication that could assert and quantify the justness of the investments and the implications of the Games in an all-round perspective. With minimal threads to link us to the core causes of the outcome of the Games, we relied on the avenues that had the biggest in�luence on Host city investments/ pro�it share - and found major Architectural Interventions as second to only City Infrastructure projects. This justi�ied our position to mend the Architectural side of the problem to cure the bigger picture of the Games. With the ‘All-Inclusive, Adaptive Bowl’, we surely were able to initiate an attempt to re-envision the idea of devising a future for the Stadia as one that is bespoke, reactionery, volatile and in a way metamorphical in its planning, management and design; and one that has the ability to extend the tremors of its virtues to other facets, de�ining an all-around development of the partcipating host city/nation, preparing them for any unforseen circumstances in the future.

However, the only way we could test the expedience of our porposal would be through certain past benchmarks or quantitative estimations about the future. This surely doesn’t guarantee a successful Stadium or the event on the whole. So, I guess, the search for the nearest possible ideal situation is always on!

140

appendix

141

THE FINAL EXPOSITION 07

reactivemodularity 02

01 01

THE RETRACTION / VERSIONS

COMPLETE OLYMPIC / BOWL

PARTIALLY RETRACTED / BOWL

COMPLETELY RETRACTED / BOWL

The natural version of the Bowl when it takes its full shape during the ocassion of the Games..........

7KH ERZO VKHGV LWV Æ¬UVW OD\HU RI WLHU WR FRQWUDFW into a much smaller bowl with 2 Tiers..........

The bowl then sheds its second layer of tier to contract into a its smallest retracted form with just a permanent level left...

DISMANTLABLE TIERS / PROGRESSION The progression displayed here depicts the process of dismantling each tier of the upper extension ..........

TIER 3 TIER 2

VERSIONS OF RETRACTION

TIER 1

CAPACITY - 60,000

CAPACITY - 35,000

CAPACITY - 15,000

01 COMPLETE BOWL

7.5 M_

PROCESS OF RETRACTION

BOWL IN PLACE

REDUCING HEIGHT

7.5 M_

SLIDING BOWL

CONTRACTED SKIN

15 M_

PARTIAL RETRACTION

COMPLETE RETRACTION

TIER 2

TIER 1 01

SECTOR STATS

PREPARING SLIDE

INITIATING PUSH

SLIDING SKIN

INITIATING PUSH

PUSH

FURTHERING PUSH

CAPACITY The locks along the Web joists are released to let the skim skim down.........

TIER 3 - 800 TIER 2 - 700 TIER 1 - 500

/ /

FLEXIBLE CIRCUMFERENCE

100 %

statistics

The need for complete retraction is gained by pushng the shutters to its farthest extreme - 15 m ..........

/ /

02 PARTIAL RETRACTION 01

STADIUM ENTRANCE

MULTIPLE EVENTS

PURPOSE OF RETRACTION

The shutters are unlocked from the guides and force along the direction inwards..........

/ /

&KQDJLQJ FDSDFLW\ IRU GLÆªHUHQW VL]HG stadiums has been an ever-lasting need for any national stadium..........

SUSTENANCE

The shutters are unlocked from the guides and force along the direction inwards..........

The thin envelope skims along the channels provided by the steel Web joists..........

AQUACULTURE

ENTRANCE TO AQUA.

$IWHU HQWHULQJ WKH VWDGLD Æ®LJKW RI stars take you beneath to a level that houses the viewing gallery for aqua centre..........

Obscure entrance to the level lower tier that takes you up into the top levels with ease..........

Taking adavantage of the +UDYHVWHG ZDWHU WR FKDQQQHOL]H aquatic life for culturing.......... TIER 1

SOCCER TRACK N FIELD

/ /

SECTIONAL / SIGNIFICANCE

RUGBY TENNIS

/ /

The juxtaposition of the stadium to a subtle slope in a way that helps you access the lower bowl of the stadium seamlessly due to its inclined access proves to be a innovative solution to the accessibility for such huge infrastructure ..........

PUSH

The purpose of juxtaposition stems from the urgent need to create seamless accessible experience for the paraplaegic in such massive architectural boulders........

OLYMPICS

PUSH

Rainwater Harvesting in Circumscribing Trench

Juxtaposition to a slope

COMPLETE RETRACTION

RETRACTABLE

reactivemodularity ADAPTIVE

STANDING GALLERIES

MULTI-EVENT VENUE

The purpo creating a installatio that chang time is so stadium h ability to r need of th respond a ly.......

Reviving a new way to encounter experience through standing Galleries.........

Solar powered membrane to guage in solar energy for power generation.........

/ /

02 01

The venue can hold a number of sporting HYHQWV IURP VRFFHU WUDFN Q Æ¬HOG DPHULFDQ football..........

LEVITATING STAGE

LEGACY PROPOSAL SCHEME

Unshrunk bowl

PART BOWL

The bowl houses the standard dimensions for amjority of the / / VSRUWLQJ Æ¬HOG HYHQWV

/ /

/ / 02

Flexibility with various sports

Alternating Installations

INSET GALLERY

AQUACULTURE/ AQUARIUM

The events in the central bowl change and give rise to a memoir museum, aquaculture, & concert hall.........

Creating a safe niche for aquatic life to breed and culture and then use it for public access can genrate revenue..........

PERENNIAL USAGE

BRACED ROOFING

/ /

20 EVENT OVER

VENUE

Using available energy source to feed the immediate neighborhood with with portable water.........

The bowl houses the standard dimensions for amjority of the VSRUWLQJ Æ¬HOG HYHQWV

/ /

SOCCER

TRACK N FIELD RUGBY

BRIDGE NETWORK ON TRENCH

TENNIS

01 PRESENT BOWL OF THE GAMES ENTIRE BOWL

An array of bridges are aligned atop the trench on the circumference of the Bowl..........

/ / SHUTTER

/ /

02 CONTINUING CANOPY

The landings from each sectors continue to the outer rim regions acting as canopy for thep promenade ...........

LEGACY INSTALLMENTS

/ /

REVISITING

MEMOIR

TEMPORARY

BIOME The extensive rims are used as pedestrian jogging tracks & walkways..........

TEMPORARY

PEDESTRIAN PROMENADE

HARNESSING

SUB - STRUCTURE

SUPER - STRUCTURE

REPLACEMENT - STRU

AQUACULTURE/ AQUARIUM

REVISITING MEMOIR

HARNESSING A - BIOME

Taking advantage of the natural resource of rainwater and channelizing future revenue streams..........

Relive the magic of the history of the Games in this memoir installation that could be the most popular revenue stream after the games..........

The last use of the area that the bowl captures into a energy producing Biome..........

AQUACULTURE PERMANENT

Demand for fish growing

Reducing footfalls into stadiums

PROFITABLE VENTURE

The purpose of creating a central installation body that changes with time is so that the stadium has the ability to react to the need of the hour and respond adequately.......

Using existing resource

An added source of revenue generation that takes advantage of the cllected water through aquacul-

VENUES DESERTED

/ /

Using the catchment area to house and produce portable water

FREE TICKETS/ BUSINESS

2080

Museum of memories from the games of this season and from history..........

DEPLETING RESOURCES

/ /

Vegetati

GREEN-HOUSE ENCLOSURE

RELIVE GAMES RELIVE PLAYERS

/ /

The memoir acts as a tribute to the players and the sporting nations to have an occasion to relive the games..........

NATURAL RESOURCE REVENUE SOURCE

Adequate Surface Area

Central Museum

78 %

Distributing water channels to neighborhoods in the form of pure portable water

Lack of Land-mass for building Biomes

Reaching the neighborhood

$50 mil.

CONSISTENT REVENUE STREAM SPIRIT OF GAMES

/ /

Opportunity to synthesis wn biome using dolar casings and creating a green-house dome

TICKETS

INTACT

CONSISTENT REVENUE STREAM SPIRIT OF GAMES

TICKETS

INTACT

LEGACY SCHEMES ADAPTIVE REUSE OF THE INNER BOWL / /

present

143

immediate future

far in the future

The area well to th creating a

TIMBER SHUTTER

BRACED CURVED BOWL

GUIDE RUNNERS

FLEXIBILITY

ALL 3 TIERS INTACT

TIMBER OVER STEEL

RAPID ASSEMBLY/ DECONST.

The contrast between two counterparts emerging in the Building industry has been addressed well and analysed..........

The ability of the mechanism to dismantle individual sections of the tier makes it a vital aspect for multi-valency.........

THE SLIDING / MECHANISM

UPPER EXTENSION /

80 %

100 %

LIGHTER, STABLER

SUSTENANCE

4 TIMES

FASTER TO CONST.

MECHANICS OF SLIDING

The ability of the individual stadia sector to deconstruct and construct within limited period of time makes it a viable option.........

The natural sliding mechanism involves a joint between curved bracing and shutter along a timber guide..........

TIMBER USAGE

CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER

superior insulation

CHEAPER.

SUSTAINABLE

6 TIMES

low CO2 emissions

GUIDE RUNNERS

TIMBER

JOINERY

DOVETAIL JOINT

PERFORATED MEMBRANE TIER 3 DISMANTLED

CURVED WEB JOISTS

BOWL SLIDES IN HEIGHT

CENTRAL AISLE

TIER 3 FLIGHT OF SEATS

LANDING

TIMBER NETWORK / STRUCTURE

TIER 2

TIMBER SHUTTER TIMBER RAFTER BEAMS

2ND FLIGHT OF SEATS

SOLAR SENSITIVE MEMBRANE

The timber structure network involving the a series of joinery to aid to the gentle slide -in of the stadium bowl..........

BRACED COLUMN SUPPORT

MANOUVERING SHUTTER

SUPPORTING ANGLE

BOWL TIMBER MEMBER

PERFRATED MEMBRANE

EXTENDED BEAMS

FLIGHT OF ACCESS STAIRS

DECONSTRUCTION AXON. NAVIGATING RAILS

UPPER BOWL EXTENSION / / TIER 2 DISMANTLED BOWL SHRINKS

REDUCING HEIGHT

The locks along the Web joists are released to let the skim skim down.........

THE RETRACTION / PROCESS

FURTHERING PUSH

INITIATING PUSH

The thin envelope skims along the channels provided by the steel Web joists..........

/ /

SLIDING SKIN

PREPARING SLIDE

COMPLETE RETRACTION

SLIDING BOWL

CONTRACTED SKIN

/ /

MECHANICS OF STRUCTURE

The shutters are unlocked from the guides and forcedalong the direction inwards..........

The need for complete retraction is gained by pushing the shutters to its farthest extreme - 15 m .......... / /

/ /

The 4 processes highlights the stages involved in th etransformation of the Bowl into its smaller version..........

PUSH

VENTILATING LOUVERS

LEGACY PROPOSAL /

ose of a central on body ges with that the has the react to the he hour and adequate-

AERIAL VIEW

Bowl as an Energy Generator

INSTALLATION SCHEMES

The aerial display of the olympic stadium with all its tiers intact...stadia in its complete form....

SOLAR SENSITIVE MEMBRANE

These perforated membrane like skin acts DV VHDPOHVV FURVVƮRZV IRU ZLQG ZKLOH harnessingsolar power through built in panels..........

synthesizing solar power

100 %

SUSTENANCE

REVENUE GENERATOR SOLAR SENSITIVE MEMBRANE

GENERATING ENERGY SUPPLY BACK TO GRID

NAVIGATING SHUTTER

SOLAR MEMBRANE

01 GRAND STADIA CENTRE OUTER SKIN OF THE BOWL / /

PROMENADE

The entire bowl has been divided into 2 basic systems - one lower permanent bowl and the other a retractable upper 2- tiered bowl..........

harbouring aquaculture

STRUCTURE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

TIMBER COVERING

SLIDING COVERS

STRUCTURAL

The axonometric display describes the layers of structure and individual members that make uo the entire stadia..........

ANALYSIS

TEMPORARY / PERMANENT

BRACED ROOFING GRID

ALTERNATING INSTALLATIONS

VIEWING GALLERY

RETAINING WALLS

AQUA POND

SUPPLY CHANNELS

figure 6.30 _

ENCIRCLING BOWL

underground supply channels

The outer aesthetic component givingit the shape of a bowl with arched round members..........

/ /

UCTURE

02 UPPER TEMPORARY EXTENSION BOWL

HOLDING SHUTTER

The timber shutter mechanism that brought the bowl near the ƬHOG DIWHU WKH PDLQ HYHQW RU during small events.......... / /

HARVESTING RAINWATER

Green-house enclosure

The area houses vegetation nad uses solar power to cultivate green-house gases.........

ive enclosure

CHEAP INSTALLATION LOW MAINTENANCE

General inundation around the periphery of the sloping lands to take advantage of the natural gradient of the slope to direct.........

$500 1000 L.

TIER 2

03 UPPER TIERED BOWL

The upper extension of the bowl that is temporary and can be removed once the event is done.......... / /

/ /

is deserted an responds he created installation by an energy Biome..........

/ /

TIER 3

40-50 %

TIER 1

LOWER PERMANENT BOWL

LOWER TIER BOWL

TRENCH

The permanent strata of the stadium that stays intact in the sloping land to organize events of smaller scale......... / /

ENCIRCLING PROMENADE

SAVE ON WATER BILLS

/ /

UNDERLYING TIMBER STRUCTURE

TAKING ADVANTAGE OF NATURAL GRADIENT

Sustenance | Olympic Stadia

Encircling promenade acts as the outer rim here giving ample room for pedestrian usage..........

The conserved water harvested FDQ DPRXQW WR D PDMRU GLƪHUHQFH LQ D VPDOO WRZQ ZLWK GƪHUHQW ELOOV by 50 %..........

Reimagining

STADIA 2030 demand outstrips supply

100 %

The dismantlable timber structure that supports the upper extension of the bowl..........

SUSTENANCE

REGULAR USAGE

/ /

Framer’s market and jogging tracks ensure usage

MEMBER ANALYSIS AXON. TEMPORARY/ PERMANENT / /

144

comparitive A N A LY S I S

the issue

Reimagining Sustenance by Reinventing Purpose

ENVIRONMENT

Amount of Waste (Tonne.)

28,500 No.

Air Travel

36,00,000

&2 2ƪVHW 2

17,000

Waste Food

‘In 2016, rio the FDUERQ RƪVHW IURP WKH VWDƪ DQG DWKOHWHV from the events alone is known to be about 36,00,000 not even counting the millions of visitors

Fuel

ECONOMY

impacts

Beijing

displaced

Seoul Barcelona Atlanta

7,20,000 2,500 30,000 0

6000

Sydney Athens

2700

Beijing

15,00,000

‘In 2014, a decade from the Games, Athens sees itself caught in an unprecedented debt of a whopping US $465 Billion.

RETURN TO INVESTMENT

Athens

Gross Investment

US $ 42.3 Billion

US $ 11 Billion

Returns

US $ 146 Million

US $ -14.5 Billion

nearly nothing

US $ -14.5 Billion

Impact on GDP

No. of people

23,500 29,500 GW

Electricity

SOCIOLOGY

Olympics A Hindrance or an Impetus ?

145

g GESTURES

figure 6.30 _

146

bibliography Horne, John and Garry Whannel. ”Breaking new ground: Rio 2016.” Understanding the Olympics, Second Edition, New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 03-28. Horne, John and Garry Whannel. ”London, the Games and the legacies.” Understanding the Olympics, Second Edition, New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 29-57. Horne, John and Garry Whannel. ”The IOC, political economy and the Games bidding process.” Understanding the Olympics, Second Edition, New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 58-79. Horne, John and Garry Whannel. ”Television and the commercialization of the Olympic Games.” Understanding the Olympics, Second Edition, New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 80-104. Horne, John and Garry Whannel. ”Urban development, city branding and the environment.” Understanding the Olympics, Second Edition, New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 105-128. Horne, John and Garry Whannel. ”Politics and the Olympics.” Understanding the Olympics, Second Edition, New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 195-213.

147

Horne, John and Garry Whannel. ”Festival, spectacle, carnival and consumption.” Understanding the Olympics, Second Edition, New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 213-232. R. Gold, John and Margaret M. Gold ”Athen 2004.” Olympic cities: City Agendas, Planning, and the World’s Games 189-2012, New York: Routledge, 2017, pp. 265-285. The guardian. ”Rio Olympics venues already falling into despair.”9 February 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/10/rio-olympic-venues-already-falling-into-a-state-of-disrepair. Cbs news. ”Olympic challenge: How do cities fare after the Games?”24 February 2014, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/olympic-challenge-how-do-host-cities-fare-after-the-games/ npr. ”What happens to an Olympic city after the Olympics.”21 June 2013, http://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2013/06/21/194199546/what-happens-to-an-olympic-city-after-the-olympics.

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organized distortion

thank you

Reimagining Sustenance by Re-envisioning Purpose

1896 - 2016 AT H E N S TO R I O figure 0 _