Sabeen's Thesis research by Tanya N.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 THE CRISIS 6

IMAGE OF THE LOCATION 16 FIELD RESEARCH – A VISIT TO KARACHI 28

IMAGE OF THE USER 56

Problem Statement Hypothesis Initial Directions Human-Centered Design (HCD) Process Pakistan Making a case for Karachi Process Part 1 – Interviews – Organizations & Individuals Part 2 – Villages Visit Part 3 – Interviews – Water-related companies & Organizations Scenarios of Use Alternative household water storage vessels Target use social structure Personas A sample family tree

USER RESEARCH SYNTHESIS 76 MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 83 STAKEHOLDERS 96 MAKING A CASE FOR WATER 102

PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT 120

WHAT’S NEXT? 131 APPENDIX 136

BIBIOGRAPHY 144

Initial brainstorming Concept Exploration Final Concept 1 Final Concept 2 Scope Definition Format and Dimensions Platform Interface Materials Durability, Reliability and Storage Safety Device Performance User Experience Proposed Water Quality Standards Human Factors Next Steps Breakdown of Design Week-by-Week Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PAANI ASANI REVOLVES AROUND DEVELOPING A PRODUCT THAT MAKES ACCESSING CLEAN DRINKING WATER EASIER FOR PEOPLE LIVING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. IT AIMS ON DESIGNING A PRODUCT THAT MAKES IT ACCEPTABLE AND ADAPTABLE FOR PEOPLE, LIVING IN LOWER-INCOME URBAN SETTINGS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, TO GET ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKING WATER. TO NARROW DOWN ON A FOCUS, KARACHI, PAKISTAN WAS USED AS A TARGET CITY FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY. IT IS BEING USED A REFERENCE POINT, THE PRODUCT HAS TO BE ACCEPTABLE TO THAT PART OF THE WORLD, AND THEN IN TURN WITH PROPER RESEARCH AND ADAPTABLE SOLUTIONS, BE ABLE TO WORK IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD. THIS PARTICULAR REGION WAS CHOSEN FOR THE EASE OF ACCESS AND THE ABILITY OF THE PROJECT TEAM TO RELATE WITH THE PEOPLE; AS WELL AS ITS RICH CULTURAL BACKGROUND THAT ADDS TO THE CHALLENGE OF ADAPTABILITY THROUGH DESIGN. THE WORD “PAANI ASANI” LITERALLY MEANS “WATER EASY” IN URDU, WHICH IS THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE. USING THIS CATCHY LOCAL PHRASE MAKES IT GO ALONG WITH THE THEME OF ADAPTABILITY, DURING WHICH IT CAN BE INTERCHANGEABLE AND ADAPTABLE WITH THE REGION IT IS BEING USED IN. THIS RESEARCH STARTS BY GIVING A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT, OUTLINING THE PROBLEM STATEMENT, HYPOTHESIS AND THE INITIAL DIRECTIONS APPROACHED. IT THEN TAKES A LOOK AT PAKISTAN AS A COUNTRY, GIVING ITS BACKGROUND AND THEN DELVES INTO ITS CURRENT WATER SITUATION. IT THEN EXPLORES THE RECENT WATER SITUATION OF KARACHI, MAKING A STRONG CASE FOR THIS CITY AND ITS NEEDS. FIELD RESEARCH, CONDUCTED IN KARACHI AND SURROUNDING AREAS IS THEN DOCUMENTED. THE USER IS THEN RESEARCHED AND ANALYZED IN DETAIL, FROM THEIR BUYING PREFERENCES TO THEIR LIVING CONDITIONS. CURRENT WATER USE-CASE SCENARIOS ARE DRAWN, FROM WHICH PRODUCT OPPORTUNITIES ARE IDENTIFIED, FORMING REQUIREMENTS AND GOALS FOR THE PRODUCT. THE RESEARCH THEN DELVES INTO AN ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT MARKET TECHNOLOGIES, LISTING PROS AND CONS AND THOUGHTS FORMULATED. BASED ON THE RESEARCH, CONCEPT EXPLORATION IS THEN DOCUMENTED, ALONGSIDE WITH A PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT. IN THE END, A STRATEGY AND PLAN IS LAID OUT FOR THE LATER PHASES OF PAANI ASANI.

THE CRISIS

HALVE, BY 2015, THE PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WITHOUT SUSTAINABLE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER AND BASIC SANITATION Target of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set at 2002 World Summit

PROBLEM STATEMENT THE EIGHT MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

• Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty • Achieve universal primary education • Promote gender equality and empower women • Reduce child mortality • Improve maternal health • Combat hiv / aids, malaria and other diseases • Ensure environmental sustainability • Develop a global partnership for development 8

A large fraction of the World’s population around 1.1 billion people - does not have access to improved sources of water. For many others, contamination of water during transport and in the household presents a significant health risk. For this segment of the world’s population, use of effective technologies for household water treatment and storage is likely to have direct beneficial effects in the form of reduced infectious diseases and also contribute to greater productivity and other associated benefits from improved health. Household treatment often can provide these benefits to underserved populations much more quickly than it will take to design, install and deliver piped community water supplies. Around 2.2 million die of basic hygiene related diseases, like diarrhea, every year. The great majority are children in developing countries. Interventions in hygiene, sanitation and water supply make proven contributors to controlling this disease burden. For decades, universal access to safe water and sanitation has been promoted as an essential step in reducing this preventable disease burden.

Nevertheless the target “universal access” to improved water sources and basic sanitation remains elusive. The “Millennium Declaration” established the lesser but still ambitious goal of halving the proportion of people without access to safe water by 2015. Achieving “universal access” is an important long-term goal. How to accelerate health gains against this long-term backdrop and especially amongst the most affected populations is an important challenge. A variety of physical and chemical treatment methods to improve the microbial quality of water are available and many have been tested and implemented to varying extents in developed and developing countries. But there is a need for a product to be developed that takes into account the importance of education, socio-cultural acceptance, changing people’s beliefs and behaviors, achieving sustainability and affordability in the provision of safe water. There is a need for a product that is adapted and developed for a particular country, taking into account the culture and needs of the specific place, only then can a long-term solution be achieved.

HYPOTHESIS

Water is essential to sustain life, and a satisfactory (adequate, safe and accessible) supply must be available to all. Improving access to safe drinking water can result in tangible benefits to health. Every effort should be made to achieve drinking water that is as safe as practicable. Therefore, if a product can be developed for a particular area that provides safe, clean and treated drinking water, then there will be a decrease in water-related health problems, and at the same time an increase in the quality of life for people. The product can then, with the proper research and development, be adapted for use in other areas and aim at providing a long-term solution for this problem.

INITIAL DIRECTIONS During initial thesis research, the following were identified as possible directions: Water Treatment. Making water potable through different treatment methods at potentially dramatic cost savings and significant health gains. There are three different aspects to consider according to where the water is sourced: Water Contamination: Pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into their water bodies without proper treatment that causes bacteria, viruses and parasites, which lead to waterborne diseases. Water Desalination: The excess amount of salt content in water when water is sources from the oceans. The salinity of water changes the taste and at times makes it impossible to drink. Water Sedimentation: Suspension of dust and pollen particles in water. This is a com12

mon problem for all untreated sources of drinking water. Water Transportation. Considering where the sources of drinkable or purified water are located, and how water can be transported from source to homes. The time spent collecting water by traditional methods keeps children from being able to go to school, and prevents women from carrying out their daily domestic chores and caring for their families. In many developing nations, they must walk five miles or more a day just to get water, and this can be a dangerous process, and tolling on the body. Traditionally, women carry large, five-gallon water pots on their heads, a method that can be severely damage the spine and even cause complications during childbirth.

Water Sanitation and Storage. Inadequate sanitation is the primary cause of the over 5 million water-related deaths that occur yearly. Contamination of found water supplies is often bacterial due to contact with human and animal excrement. Hence, the level of water treatment required and the cost of providing that treatment can be reduces by improving and upgrading sanitation facilities so that the water supplies is not contaminated by waste. These measures provide huge benefits. The associated costs are high, but they are substantially less than the costs of purifying waste-contaminated water. As stated in a 2008 World Health Organization report titled Safe Water, Better Health, â&#x20AC;&#x153;An important share of the total burden of disease worldwide â&#x20AC;&#x201C; around 10% - could be prevented by improvements related to drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, and water resource management.â&#x20AC;?

Conclusion. However, during the course of the research, through surveys and talks with the user, it was determined that not just any ONE of these directions would be acceptable. There was a need for a product that combined two or all of the possibilities. The users indicated a preference for a treatment and storage product, which was then chosen as a final direction. Support for this direction is provided during the course of this research.

HUMAN CENTERED DESIGN “A new way to go beyond analysis, a way to create new solutions based on the voice of the consumer” ― IDE Vietnam Human-Centered Design (HCD) is a process and a set of techniques used to create new solutions for the world. Solutions include products, services, environments, organizations, and modes of interaction. It is called “human-centered” because it starts with the people being designed for. The HCD process begins by examining the needs, dreams and behaviors of the target users. It seeks to listen and understand what they want, which falls under the category of “Desirability”. Once what is Desirable is identified, solutions are examined through the lenses of “Feasibility” and “Viability”.

Viability

Feasibility

Desirability

What do the target users desire?

What is tecnically + organizationally feasible?

What can be financially visable?

How it works The solutions that emerge at the end of HCD should be an intersection of all three and need to be desirable, feasible, viable

IMAGE OF THE LOCATION

OFFICIAL NAME: Islamic Republic of Pakistan. CAPITAL: Islamabad. AREA: 796,096-sq. km. [Punjab 205,344; Sindh 140,914; Northwest Frontier Province 74,521; Balochistan 347,190; Federally Administered Tribal Areas AREA - COMPARITIVE: Slightly less than twice the size of California 27,220 and Islamabad (Capital) 906 sq. km.] POPULATION: 187,342,721 (July 2011 est.) ETHNIC GROUPS: Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28% RELIGIONS: 95% Muslims, 5% others PER CAPITA INCOME: US $ 460 CURRENCY: Pak. Rupee LANGUAGE: Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English, Burushaski, and other 8% MAJOR CITIES: Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Faisalabad and Multan. NATIONAL FLOWER: Jasmine. NATIONAL TREE: Deodar (Cedrus Deodara). NATIONAL ANIMAL: Markhor. NATIONAL BIRD: Chakor (Red-legged partridge) POPULAR GAMES: Cricket, Hockey, Football, Squash.

PAKISTAN URBAN CENTERS IN PAKISTAN Rank

City

City population (2002)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Karachi Lahore Faisalabad Rawalpindi Gujranwala Multan Hyderabad Peshawar Quetta Islamabad

10,272,500 5,611,500 2,191,200 1,558,400 1,349,300 1,310,400 1,275,900 1,094,900 620,900 586,500

http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/pakistan.htm.

Background A brief history The Indus Valley civilization, considered one of the oldest in the world dating back at least 5,000 years, spreads over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium BC, remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan people. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars - in 1947-48 and 1965 - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear 18

weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in 1998. India-Pakistan relations have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, but both countries are taking small steps to put relations back on track. In February 2008, Pakistan held parliamentary elections and in September 2008, after the resignation of former President MUSHARRAF, elected Asif Ali ZARDARI to the presidency. Pakistani government and military leaders are struggling to control domestic insurgents, many of whom are located in the tribal areas adjacent to the border with Afghanistan. In January 2012, Pakistan assumed a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council for the 2012-13 term.

Context Pakistan lays in southern Asia, bordering with India in the east, Afghanistan in the west and China in the north. The terrain consists of Indus plain in the east, mountains of Himalaya, Karakuram and Hidukush ranges in the north, hill regions (up to 4700 m) in the northwest and upland Baluchistan plateau in the west. The climate of the country is mostly arid to semi-arid with average rainfall varying from less than 125 mm in Baluchistan to in excess of 1000 mm in Islamabad, but becomes low again in northern mountains. The Indus, the main river of Pakistan, has its source in the mountains of Karakuram range and flows south-words through the provinces of Punjab and Sindh to Arabian Sea. Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum are the major tributaries of Indus in Punjab. Relatively abundant water and fertile plain have encourages major proportion of the population to settle in the main cities of Karachi, Islamabad, and Lahore. However, flooding along the Indus

valley is a frequent problem. Agriculture forms major part of national economy. 27% of the land is arable and principal crops include cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, and maize. Most of the agriculture development is along the Indus plain. Irrigation is a major aspect of agriculture development, much being from canal fed river water. Tube-well irrigation is also very common in the Indus plain. Fertilizers and pesticides have widely been used in Indus plain. Industries have been developed in many urban centers. Most important of this is the textile industry. Tanneries are also abundant in towns of Kasur, Lahore as well as Karachi. The geology of Pakistan is dominated by young (quaternary) sediments, which outcrop over large parts of the Indus plain and Baluchistan basins and are often 100 meters thick. The Indus sediments are mainly alluvial and deltaic deposits, consisting mainly of fine-medium sand, silt and clay. 19

Current Situation/Issues in Pakistan Water Availability Although Pakistan has adequate ground and surface water resources but rapid population growth, urbanization and un-planned water consumption; is affecting both quantity as well as quality of water. This depletion of water resources and deteriorating water quality has resulted in increased waterborne diseases. Per capita availability of water which was 5000 cubic meter in 1951 has decreased to 1000 cubic meters and will further decrease to 660 by year 2025. Amongst the provinces, Punjab has the best rural water supply system where only 7% of the population has to depend on dug wells & river. In Sindh 24% of the rural population uses water from unprotected sources while the ratio of the rural population using dug wells and surface water in NWFP and Baluchistan is 46% & 72% respectively. Water Quality A national water quality study carried out in 2001 by Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), covering 21 cities indicated that 50% of the samples had bacteriological contamination. Besides, samples from eight cities also had traces of arsenic above the WHO limits of 10 ppb. This study also indicated that un-treated discharge of industrial effluents were effecting the surface and ground water as the ground water samples from industrial areas of Karachi had presence of lead, chromium and cyanides. Some other factors having direct affect on water quality include: - Non-separation of municipal wastewater and industrial effluents â&#x20AC;&#x201C; both flow into open drains, which then flow to the nearby water bodies - Absence of regular monitoring mechanisms to assess the water quality - No approved surface or drinking water quality standards - Use of 5.6 million tons of fertilizer & 70,000 tons of pesticides â&#x20AC;&#x201C; This mixes with the irrigation water & leaches through the soil into the groundwater aquifers - Industrial effluents from petrochemicals, paper & pulp, food processing, tanneries, refineries, textile and sugar industries.

High Risk Contaminants There are two major types of high-risk contaminants that pose potential health risks. These include: 路 Microbiological Contamination & 路 Chemical Contamination Microbiological Contaminants In general terms, the greatest microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with faeces from humans or animals (including birds). Faeces can be a source of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths. Faecally derived pathogens are the principal concerns in setting health-based targets for microbial safety. Microbial water quality often varies rapidly and over a wide range. Short-term peaks in pathogen concentration may increase disease risks considerably and may trigger outbreaks of waterborne disease. Furthermore, by the time microbial contamination is detected, many people may have been exposed. For these reasons, reliance cannot be placed solely on end product testing, even when frequent, to determine the microbial safety of drinking water. Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) conducted a national water quality study in 2001. During first phase of this program, covering 21 cities, 100% samples from 4 cities and 50% samples from 17 cities indicated bacteriological contamination. A second study conducted by PCRWR in 2004 found no significant improvement and almost 95% of the shallow ground supplies in Sindh had bacteriological contamination. The links between water quality and health risks are well established and proved. An estimated 250,000 child deaths occur each year in Pakistan due to waterborne diseases. Chemical Contaminants The health concerns associated with chemical constituents of drinking water differ from those associated with microbial contami-

nation and arise primarily from the ability of chemical constituents to cause adverse health effects after prolonged periods of exposure. There are few chemical constituents of water that can lead to health problems resulting from a single exposure, except through massive accidental contamination of a drinking-water supply. Moreover, experience shows that in many, but not all, such incidents, the water becomes undrinkable owing to unacceptable taste, odor and appearance. The chemical contamination mainly occurs due to sediments, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff. According to GOP figures, 5.6 million tons of fertilizer and 70,000 tons of pesticides are being used in the country annually. These pesticides, mostly insecticides mix with the irrigation water, which leaches through the soil into the ground water aquifers. Out of 107 samples of ground water collected between 1988 and 2000, 31 samples were found to have contamination of pesticides beyond FAO/WHO safety limits. Another major problem with ground water in Pakistan is the high salinity that occurs due to water logging from irrigation, dissolution of salts from sediments, industrial pollution and from seawater intrusion. This problem affects large parts of Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and NWFP. In addition to municipal & industrial effluents, contamination of ground water by arsenic is also becoming a serious problem. In Sindh (Dadu, Khairpur) & Punjab (Multan, Shiekhupura, Lahore, Kasur, Gujranwala & Bahawalpur), approximately 36% of the population is exposed to a level of contamination higher than 10ppb and 16% is exposed to contamination of 50 ppb. Excessive fluoride concentrations are a problem in parts of Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan. Incidences of dental fluorosis are very common in Tharparker, Thar Desert, Makran area, Patoki, Nowshera, the salt range, Kasur, and Bahawalpur. Concentrations up to 29 mg/l have been reported.

THE TABLE BELOW PROVIDES A BRIEF SUMMARY OF KEY WATER CONTAMINANTS IN PAKISTAN:

CONTAMINANT

CONCENTRATION RANGE

LOCATION

RISK TO HEALTH

Microbiological contamination waterborne pathogens

Based on very limited number of water quality tests (about 50) conducted by WAP partners, the thermo tolerant fecal coli form were counted between 30-300 cfu/100ml have been observed in community based groundwater supplies.

Sindh & Punjab

Cause of diarrheal diseases, fever, death, parasitic infection. The greater the level of contamination, the greater the risk of infection.

Fluoride

Up to 29 mg/l has been observed

Fluvial aquifers in the Punjab, and Sindh region

Concentrations above 1.5mg/l and lower than 3.0mg/l have been found to cause dental imperfections. Greater concentrations have been found to cause bone defects and deformity.

Arsenic

In Sindh & Punjab 36% of the population is exposed to Arsenic contamination higher than 10ppb & up to 50 ppb

Sindh & Punjab

Ingesting inorganic arsenic increases the risks of skin cancer and tumors of bladder, kidney, liver & lung.

RIVERS

LENGTH

FAMOUS GLACIERS

LENGTH

The Indus Jhelum Chenab Ravi Sutlej Beas (tributary of Sutlej)

2,896 825 1,242 901 1,551 398

Siachin Batura Baltoro

75 km 55 km 65 km

LAKES

LOCATION/PROVINCE

Manchar Keenjar Hanna Saif-ul-Maluk Satpara Kachura

Sindh Sindh Balochistan Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa Northern Areas Northern Areas

km km km km km km

DESERTS

LOCATION/PROVINCE

Thar Cholistan Thal

Sindh Punjab Punjab

DRINKING WATER SOURCE:

MAJOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES:

Improved: Urban: 95% of population Rural: 87% of population Total: 90% of population Unimproved: Urban: 5% of population Rural: 13% of population Total: 10% of population (2008)

Degree of risk: high Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever Vector borne diseases: dengue fever and malaria Animal contact disease: rabies

MAKING A CASE FOR KARACHI

SALINITY LEVELS BY PROVINCE

Bhutta and Smedema (2005).

1. Lyari 2. Saddar 3. Jamshed 4. Gadap 5. SITE 6. Kemari 7. Shah Faisal 8. Korangi 9. Landhi 10. Bin Qasim Town 11. Malir 12. Gulshan 13. Liaquatabad 14. North Nazimabad 15. Gulberg 16. New Karachi 17. Orangi 18. Baldia A. Karachi Cantonment B. Clifton Cantonment C. Korangi Creek Cantonment D. Faisal Cantonment E. Malir Cantonment F. Manora Cantonment

CANTONMENTS ARE DISTRICTS WHERE THERE ARE RESIDENCES FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL AND THE MILITARY HAS A LARGE HOLD OVER THESE AREAS.

KARACHI WATER BUDGET DIAGRAM

WATER PROBLEMS REPORTED BY CITY FROM MAJOR NEWSPAPERS Rawalpindi

Other

All cities Karachi Islamabad Lahore

Dawn, The Nation and The News.

The pie chart indicates the geographic distribution of articles by the country’s major newspapers on urban water problems. Not surprisingly, given its climate, size, and systemic infrastructure problems, Karachi had by far the largest proportion of articles on shortages, pollution, waterborne disease, and load shedding related water problems. Lahore suffers from some of these same problems. The capital region of Islamabad also reported serious water supply and distribution problems. The water scenario in Karachi, located in the province of Sindh, is an example of the problems associated with urban water. Currently, the water demand of the city (680 million gallons per day, or MGD) is well in excess of the supply (547 MGD). Of the supply, about 40% is lost through leakages and theft. At current population growth rates, Karachi will need a new scheme of 100 MGD every five years. But there is no more water to be mobilized from the Indus or Hub river sources. The Karachi Water and Sewage Board (KWSB) is the only government utility responsible for supplying water and treating sewage for the entire population of Karachi, currently estimated at 18 million. It is also the policy and regulation hub. “KWSB is supposed to generate Rs. 16 billion ( US $ 200 million) annually, but recovers only Rs 2 billion – 12.5% of the amount billed.” – Simi Kamal (Hisaar Foundation) The environmental consequences are enormous. In Pakistan, 250,000 children die each year from waterborne diseases, and most of them live in urban areas. The natural availability of water in Karachi can be described with water budget diagram that plot average monthly precipitation (P)

and potential evapotranspiration (PE) rates during the year. Precipitation is a measure of local water supply while potential evapotranspiration is the maximum amount of water that would be consumed by evaporation and the transpiration of plants. The difference between these two values for precipitation and potential evapotranspiration rates provides a rough estimate of the actual evapotranspiration (AE) that can occur, soil moisture storage (ST), and the key concerns of monthly water deficits (D) and surpluses (S). The table displays the hydro climatic water budgets for Karachi. These budget indicates that Karachi has a truly arid climate—because the meager monsoon precipitation in these cities (P), which occurs only in June through August, does not come close to evapotranspiration demand (PE) in those months. In other words, the small amount of moisture generated by the monsoons is rapidly consumed— resulting in a very dry climate. There is a net annual water scarcity, that is, in no case does annual precipitation exceed the annual actual evapotranspiration that can occur. For the purpose of this study, Clifton Cantonment was chosen as the area of study. Water samples were collected and tested for water quality. The water quality fell below WHO standards. The samples were tested at a local facility in Pakistan, Accepta Chemicals, which is accredited in England. The water quality was deemed “Not Suitable for human consumption”. Users were picked from this locality to be asked questions about their current water situations and their needs and wants.

FIELD RESEARCH

PROCESS Traveling to Karachi, Pakistan to conduct field research. During the stay, field research will be conducted on â&#x20AC;&#x153;Paani Asaniâ&#x20AC;?. For the first part, local organizations and appropriate individuals were contacted and interviews (Appendix 2) were conducted. These were organizations and individuals that worked with lower income families in and around parts of Karachi and aimed at providing them solutions for clean drinking water. They were involved with purchasing and distributing products, and also spreading the awareness for the problem. Next, observations and interviews (Appendix 2) were conducted. This was focused in different localities inside and outside the city. Visits were made to six villages just outside Karachi and 2 areas within the urban area. The goal was to define the personae of the target users. Meeting the end users and observing how they lived, in general and then, in more detail how they deal with water. Here surveys were conducted to see what they needed. Observing their lifestyles and customs play a big part in what the end product and design will be. Lastly, companies and organizations were contacted that dealt with the act of purifying water. The aim for this was to find out what could be a feasible or viable solution, and what were the options as far a local solution was concerned.

PART 1 - INTERVIEWS – ORGANIZATIONS & INDIVIDUALS

RABAYL MANZOOR, DIRECTOR OSDI

DURRIYA KAZI

I met with the director of an NGO called OSDI (Organization for Social Development Initiatives). This is one of the organizations I contacted when I was doing my midpoint, and they wanted me to meet with them when I came here. On one hand, I think the meeting went successful; she was very excited about my project and had a ton of very useful input. She told me about how they had done water research in some areas. The floods last summer made them take a faster leap on their research and the organization donated a lot of money towards getting water treatment products out to families in need. The products donated are the LifeSaver and LifeStraw family systems. They were having big problems in terms of the families not being able to adapt the products. She also told me that they had usability issues: like the LifeStraw system took about 5 minutes just to get a glass of water, and for someone who’s thirsty, waiting 5 minutes and watching water trickle down drop by drop is not option. Where I think this did not help was that the organization works in the interior part in the province of Sindh. The director, while ready to help me with whatever I needed, was not ready to offer any support to get to those areas and meet actual families. She said there were big security issues to just to these places. The highways, she said, were not safe.

I talked to a Durriya Kazi, who is a professor at the local university and is involved with water issues. She gave me a few more people to talk to whom I’ve been trying to call and get in touch with. I talked to her about my project too. She also said the same thing as the OSDI director, but she gave a really good suggestion as well. She said to maybe concentrate on a more urban setting. She said the urban areas are heavily populated and come with their own set of problems. She suggested that I look into how water is accessed and distributed in urban areas.

SHAHID KHAN, CEO, INDUS EARTH TRUST I met with Shahid Khan, who is the CEO of Indus Earth Trust, which is an NGO, based in Karachi. Talking to Mr. Khan was an interesting experience. I had told him a little bit about my project in our email interactions. In this meeting, I first asked him about the organization and what it does. He told me it was more of a trust then an NGO. He also told me they aimed on restructuring and rebuilding instead of relief efforts. The organization works in the Interior part of Sindh in villages and they are recently expanding into working in other states. In total, they provide restructuring efforts to 400 villages. The main things the organization concentrates on are as follows: 1. Water 2. Renewable Energy Sources 3. Food / Organic systems for food 4. Shelter 5. Education 6. Livelihood options (Microcredit) 7. Sanitation 8. Health In terms of water, the organization sets up water pumps in villages. He said that the sub soil water in the aquifers that they were digging up was clean enough to drink in some villages. In others, they were facing water salinity issues. In some cases, where the villages are near the sea, the water again is too saline to drink. The literacy rate in these villages is about 17% where children study up to 7th grade, after which the boys go to work with their fathers and the girls start helping around the house. Shahid Khan mentioned to not take the literacy rate to mean that the people are not intelligent; he mentioned that people in the villages that he worked with caught on quicker than some of the other people he had worked with in the city. He said their intelligence could be measured in terms of how well they caught on to the skills taught to them. He also mentioned that to get people interested and involved in products or solutions was to show them how it benefited them and what the opportunities were for them. He gave me the example of solar powered lanterns they were giving out in the villages so that the villagers could have light at night. When they first gave them out, the children in the villages used them as toys. Then the villagers were taught what the benefits of having light at night were, and that there day did not have to end when the sun went down. That he claimed made a difference. He also said giving them ownership of the products also made a big difference. He said the trust worked on a percentage basis with the villages. They did not provide a product or service free of charge, but made the villagers responsible for part of the payment for whatever was provided. He said that made a huge impact on acceptability and usage. We started talking about the products. And a general conclusion was something Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been looking into, that the product needs to be sustainable. Sustainable in terms of materials: What are the materials that are needed, Are they readily available in Pakistan, Is the material recyclable. Another thing was efficiency and if it is economically available. He also told me to look into the recyclable plastic industry. The meeting was very interesting. A lot of things that he said validated my theories. He also agreed to let me tag along on a trip he was taking to the villages in the near future.

MOEZ PREMANI –VOLUNTEER AT KARACHI RELIEF TRUST-PAK PANI PROJECT (PURE WATER PROJECT) The Karachi Relief Trust work in 3 major areas in Pakistan: • Interior Sindh • Lower Punjab • Upper North Part of NWFP They work with flood affected in these areas. The Pak Pani Project is responsible for providing clean drinking water to people in these areas! They have about 17-18 camps in each of these areas. The product they’ve found the most useful is the LifeStraw. The families and communities they work have adapted to this product the most successfully. The other product they put out to test was the PUR tablet. These chlorine tablets, on one hand, are very affective in the sense that they do the job very quickly and kill all bacteria. On the other hand, people have a hard time understanding that it actually cleans the water so it doesn’t work in terms of adapting the product. Its somehow a hard concept to see the actual process happening where murky water becomes clear, the bacteria getting eradicated and settling to the bottom. For the LifeStraw, the Trust employs an adaptability process. They start with demos and workshops to volunteer workers at the camps. Once the volunteer workers are absolutely sure of the product and how it works, they are then sent out into villages and communities with the product to educate the user. These volunteer workers work with the communities selling them on the product, and make sure there are no questions left unanswered. The KRT has passed out the LifeStraw family to about 20,000 families since October 2010 in the same process as described above. The only complaint they have received so far is that the holding tank is too small and that it needs to be connected to some source of water (holding tank or running water) for it to be more useful.

PART 2 - VILLAGES VISIT This was a visit to about 6 villages in the interior part of the province of Sindh in Pakistan. I observed and took pictures and basically acted as a silent observer, just looking and asking questions. • Each village composed of at least 15-20 homes. • Most villages has access to clean drinking water from hand pumps that are being put up by various organizations. • The villages with better access to main roads that led to the highways were the ones that had less problems than villages that were isolated. • The drinking water in each village was different, since their sources were all different. • Some villages were closer to the sea, but the sea water is too saline to drink so the sea water is used for cleaning and other purposes. • The water from the hand pumps is also used to cleaning dishes and washing clothes. • The water is stored in clay pots known as “matkas”. “Matkas” have natural cooling properties. • The average income for a villager varies between Rs 300-500, which translates in to $3.506 a day. • The structure of the villages is that they own their homes, and the livelihood for most is agriculture or fishing, but they work for the landowner who owns the lands that the homes are on and where the farming land lives (proof of this is found in the offices of the building commissions that are in the main cities). • Villages combine to form “Tehsils” and there is a school for each “tehsil” which sometimes are useless because there isn’t a teacher. • Most villagers do get sick, but have no idea as to why and the idea of water affecting their lives so much does not make sense to them. • Most villagers complained more about the houses they lived in and that they were made of twigs and would get destroyed in the rain. They were more concerned about their houses than water. • One of the villages had latrines provided by the UNICEF in the recent floods. The latrines were destroyed because of the strong wind that’s present in that part of the world that is increasing and is now present for most of the year.

PART 3 – INTERVIEWS – WATER RELATED COMPANIES AND ORGANIZATIONS SMALL-SCALE WATER DISTRIBUTION PLANT A visit was made to a small-scale water distribution plant. This plant is part of operations for a local club and the water treated is sold to the club members at a very low cost of Rs 20 ($0.25) per 5 gallons whereas the local cost in the market is around $1-1.75. The chart documents the club’s water treatment procedure. The procedure is a normal process that most bottled water companies use.

Reverse osmosis process used by the distribution plant TANKER WATER (WATER THAT THE CITY PROVIDES)

SUBSOIL WATER (ACCESSED THROUGH PUMPS)

1. SILICA SAND OR MEDIA FILTER COARSE PARTICLES UPTO 20 MICRONS

2. ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER WHICH REMOVES SMELL, TASTE AND COLOR

PRE-FILTRATION

2. ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER WHICH REMOVES SMELL, TASTE AND COLOR

3. CARTRIDGE FILTER MADE OUT OF PP FIBERS REMOVES FINER PARTICLES UPTO 5 MICRONS

WATER IS COMBINED TOGETHER

MINERAL BALANCING MIX MADE OF: - MAGNESIUM SULPHATE - CALCIUM BICARBONATE - POTASSIUM SULPHATE - SODIUM CHLORIDE

WATER IS COMBINED TOGETHER

REVERSE OSMOSIS DISSOLVED PARTICLES / SALTS. CAN BE USED FOR SALINE WATER

STORED IN STEEL CONTAINERS SO AS TO PREVENT BACTERIA AND RE-CONTAMINATION

CARTRIDGE FILTER UPTO 5 MICRONS UV FILTER CARTRIDGE FILTER UPTO 5 MICRONS UV FILTER OZONE GENERATOR CARTRIDGE FILTER UPTO 0.2 MICRONS

THE WATER IS THEN FILLED IN 5 GALLON WATER BOTTLES AND IS READY TO BE SOLD 45

FREE WATER POTABLE FACILITY I have narrowed down my focus to focus in on lower income households and am trying to get a grasp of what is going around the city and how the city provides water and sources and distributes it to households. Basically the city provides sea water, which is said to be potable, through underground pipes to households. Since there is not a proper system of pipes, at times sewer pipe lines run along household water pipelines. The local cantonment board in one part of town has set up these water facilities that provides clean drinking water, free of cost, to households. I had the chance to go and visit one of these potable water facilities. It was closed, even though it was supposed to be open at the time, but there were people present who answered some of my questions about how the water is filtered and then guided me to the head office and the person incharge so I could take pictures. After a lot of going back and forth to find the person actually in charge with the authority to let me see the facilities, I found the right person to talk to who told me about the process and was nice enough to take me round and have a look at everything and take pictures. Basically their process is similar to a filtration process, in the following steps: 1. They start by backwash to clean out any water or bacteria left over. 2. The water then goes through a sand filter 3. Then comes a cartridge filter which filters water to about 5 microns (the cartridges are replaced every month or earlier if needed). 4. Then the water is made to go through a GAC (Granulated Activated Carbon) filter. 5. Lastly, to make sure all the bacteria is out and the water is potable, it made to pass through a UV filter. This particular facility services around 200-250 people everyday and each consumer is restricted to filling 4 5-gallon bottles of water per day.

PURE PAK WATER SYSTEMS PurePak Water Purifaction systems is a company that provides quality drinking water systems to local communities. How the company works is that they franchise these water stations to individuals, charging them a nominal fee for maintenance of systems. The premise of the company is to provide high quality water at a low cost affordable to all. The government in any way is not funding it. The slogan of the company is to give ownership and responsibility to local communities so that they can be enabled to solving their own problems. The systems are very easy to use and have an efficient computerized system that monitors every detail. It runs on a 9 stage purification systems. The goal of the company is to set up a system every 300-400 consumers. Since there are no transportation and distribution costs involved, it makes it easy to keep the costs very low and provide a quality service at lower costs. It is a point-of-use water treatment system. This system has great possibilities. On one hand, it is made to be adaptable. The filters can be adjusted according to the water source and be made adaptable for different localities and communities. A drawback is it is purely run on electricity, and therefore will not work in areas that have no access to electricity, The system has possibilities for design. There is also a possibility that some of the parts for this product that are currently being imported to be produced locally!

Reverse Osmosis process used by Pure Pak Systems

Makeup: activated carbon, organic material

1 micron precision filter

Makeup: silica sand, pebbles, anthracide

5 micron precision filter

Absorption filter

Multi-medium filter

Tap Water

Booster Pump

High pressure pump

Infrared mineralization

Reverse Osmosis Membrane

Postposition activated carbon

PURE WATER TANK

UV Light

Control valve of high pressure

Pure water

Concentrated water

WATER PUMPS The source of the water here is supplied by the governement. This is basically the distribution network for households that need more water or do not have access to piped water. These water tankers cost about Rs 1000-2000 ($11-24) depending on the size and location. This local source supplies water to about 600 water tankers in a day and each tanker has the capacity to store about 800-3000 gallons. The water here is supposedly potable. The quantity is managed through token tickets and there is an electronic system that connects all the water pumps with its head office.

“AVAILABILITY OF CLEAN WATER IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN SEVERAL DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INCLUDING PAKISTAN. IT IS WELL KNOWN THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF DISEASES, IN GENERAL, AND THOSE IN RURAL AREAS, IN PARTICULAR, ARE WATER BORNE IN NATURE. PCSIR HAS BEEN WORKING FOR A LONG TIME FOR DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES THAT WOULD BE HELPFUL IN DEBACTERIFICATION OF WATER AND SOME OF THESE HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFUL WHEN APPLIED ON A LARGE SCALE.” – DR QAMAR IQBAL – CHAIRMAN, PCSIR “A COMMUNITY-BASED SYSTEM CAN BE DEVELOPED FOR SUCH COMMUNITIES WHERE THE SYSTEM MAKES BORING WATER INTO DRINKABLE BY MAKING THE TDS BELOW 1000 PPM, WHICH IS WHO ACCEPTABLE.”

PCSIR LAB PCSIR Lab is the research lab that deals with drinking water in Pakistan. It is also the main lab that is accredited to certify drinking water as “fit for human consumption”. I visited the lab and met with the head microbiologist and chemical engineer. Drinking water at the PCSIR is tested in two categories: • Chemically: The parameters that come under here are TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), pH levels, Calcium, Magnesium, Chlorine, Sulphate, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness. • Microbiologically: The parameters that come under here are Total Bacteria Count, Choliforms and Fecal Choliforms. The Choliform count is what decides if the water is according to WHO guidelines. The Total Bacteria count is more to determine if the treatment is efficient or not. A lot of information I got from the lab was about where the water for the city comes from. The two main sources are a Dam and then some parts are supplied by well water, which is now running low, so the major source is the Hub Dam. The lab also told me that the KWSB (Karachi Water and Sewer Board); the Board deals with treating the water and making it fit for drinking; is pretty efficient in the way it works and treats water. The main problem they stated was with how the water was distributed after treatment. The publicsupply water and sewer lines ran together and problems come up when the two mix. Some areas in the city get sewer water, which is undrinkable. The lab personnel also told me about a product they had developed in the past. It was a device which had a silver electrode, which when given a 1.5V charge, would ionize the silver, and when introduced to water, would get rid of all the chemical content that is harmful. The lab also gave me some papers about the drinking water quality of the country and papers about what was possible and the different products that had been tested or could be tested. I am in the process of reading through these papers.

IMAGE OF THE USER

SCENORIOS OF USE

SCENARIO 1 SOURCE: No access to water

PROBLEM: Going to faraway source to get work

PRODUCT OPPORTUNITY: • Transporting from source to point of use • Enough to last for a week due to distance traveled • Storage for larger quantities

SCENARIO 2 SOURCE: No access to water

PROBLEM: No access at all

PRODUCT OPPORTUNITY: • Using water collection methods such as, Atmospheric Harvesting or Rainwater Harvesting • Device for collecting harvested water

SCENARIO 3 SOURCE: Water Tankers

PROBLEM: Water not potable

PRODUCT OPPORTUNITY: • Treatment plus storage • Storage requirements for water • Device that cleans water and then provides storage • Device that stores water and then cleans as needed

SCENARIO 4 SOURCE: Piped Water

PROBLEM: Water not potable

PRODUCT OPPORTUNITY: • Treatment plus storage device • Cleans water and is less industrial and more portable

SCENARIO 5 SOURCE: Piped Water

PROBLEM: Water and Sewer lines mixed so dirty water PRODUCT OPPORTUNITY: • Treatment added at point of entry into home • An attachment system to point of entry • A treatment attachment to the faucet • Treatment and storage device • Filtration or other treatment needed for effectiveness

TABLE. ALTERNATIVE HOUSEHOLD WATER STORAGE VESSELS

TYPE OF VESSEL

PROTECTED OPENING FOR FILLING AND CLEANING

Pot, Jug or Urn

Varies; some yes; some no

Varies; usually 4- 40L

Bucket

Varies: usually 4- 40L

Cooking Pot

Yes (lid) No (no lid)

Varies: usually 4- 20L

Gourd (Calabash)

Yes

Varies, usually 1- 10 liters

Storage Drum or Barrel

Varies, often 200 L (55 gal.)

Cistern or Basin

No, typically

Varies; often large (>200L)

Plastic Beverage Bottle

Yes, if cap is available

Usually 1-2 L

Jerry Can

Yes

Usually 4-40 L

CDC Vessel

Yes

20L

Oxfam Vessels

Yes

14L

SIZE OR VOLUME

MATERIAL/ CLEANABILITY/ COM POSITION COMPATIBLE WITH USE

PROTECTED DISPENSER (SPIGOT, SPOUT, ETC.)

WEIGHT/ PORTABILITY

Varies / Varies / Varies

No, often; Yes, some

Varies / Varies / Moderate-High

Plastic or Metal / High / Varies

Cylindrical / Light /Moderate-High

Metal or Clay / High / High

Cylindrical / Varies / Moderate-High

Plant fruit/moderate/ moderate

Yes, usually

Globular or elliptical, with a curved neck

Metal/ Moderate/High

Cylindrical / Heavy / Low

Varies: concrete, metal, clay / Low- moderate / High

Often No

Cylindrical; Rectangular / Heavy / Low

Plastic / High- Moderate/ Varies by type of plastic and use conditions

Yes, narrow mouth

Cylindrical / Light / High

Metal; Plastic / Medium/ varies

Yes, narrow mouth

Rectangular / Light / High

Plastic / High / High for chlorination Treatment; low for solar Treatment

Yes, spigot

Rectangular/ Light/High

Plastic / High / High for chlorination Treatment; low for solar Treatment

Yes, spigot

Cylindrical / Light / High

TARGET USER SOCIAL STRUCTURE

ISLAM • Islam is the religion practiced by the majority and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives. • A religious obligation for Muslims is to pray five times a day - at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening; and their lives, including school and work, are structured around these prayers. • Friday is the Muslim holy day, during which everything is closed. Schools observe half-day, ending before Friday noon prayers. • During the holy month of Ramadan all Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk. Fasting includes no eating, drinking, cigarette smoking, or gum chewing. Schools close approximately two hours early during this month, and people return home to break their fasts. THE FAMILY • The extended family is the basis of the social structure and individual identity. • It includes the immediate family, immediate relatives, distant relatives, tribe members, friends, and neighbors. • Loyalty to the family comes before other social relationships, even business. • Nepotism is viewed positively, since it guarantees hiring people who can be trusted, which is crucial in a country where working with people one knows and trusts is of primary importance. • The family is more private than in many other cultures. • Female relatives are protected from outside influences. It is considered inappropriate to ask questions about a Pakistani’s wife or other female relatives. • Families are quite large by western standards, often having up to 6 children.

Photo Credits: Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Shoot Photograpy

HIERARCHICAL SOCIETY • Pakistan is a hierarchical society. • People are respected because of their age and position. • Older people are viewed as wise and are granted respect. In a social situation, they are served first and their drinks may be poured for them. • Pakistanis expect the most senior person, by age or position, to make decisions that are in the best interest of the group. The same works in a family. MEETING AND GREETING • Greetings are between members of the same sex. Men shake hands with each other. Once a relationship is developed, they may hug as well as shake hands. Women generally hug and kiss. • Names may include two names that have a specific meaning when used together, and the meaning is lost if the names are separated. It is best to ask a person how they wish to be addressed. • It is not a culture where first names are commonly used, except among close friends. • People are greeted according to their social standing, for example, male older cousins and brothers are addressed by adding a “Bhai” at the end of their names which means Brother in Urdu. GIFT GIVING ETIQUETTES • If invited to a home, bring the hostess a small gift such as flowers or local sweets. • Men should avoid giving flowers to women. If a man must give a gift to a woman, he should say that it is from his wife, mother,

sister, or some other female relative. • Do not give alcohol. • Gifts are given with two hands. DINING ETIQUETTE • If invited to a home you will most likely have to remove your shoes. Check to see if the host is wearing shoes. If not, remove yours at the door. • Dress conservatively. • Arrive approximately 15 minutes than the stipulated time when invited to dinner or a small gathering. You may arrive up to one hour later than the stipulated time when invited to a party. • Show respect for the elders by greeting them first. • In more rural areas, it is still common to eat meals from a knee-high round table while sitting on the floor. • Many people in urban areas do not use eating utensils, although more westernized families do. • When in doubt, watch what others are doing and emulate their behavior. • Guests are served first. Then the oldest, continuing in some rough approximation of age order until the youngest is served. • Do not start eating until the oldest person at the table begins. • You will be urged to take second and even third helpings. Saying “I’m full” will be taken as a polite gesture and not accepted at face value. • Eat only with the right hand.

Photo Credits: Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Shoot Photograpy

PERSONAS

SAEED FAMILY Location: Urban Karachi Family Members: 8 Average Income: $1200 / year The Saeed family lives in the urban city of Karachi, Pakistan. They migrated 10 years ago from a small rural village and half their immediate family still lives in the village. They earn their living by working as house cleaners and chauffeurs. They scarcely use tap water because the water and sewer lines, which provide for their neighborhood, are mixed which cause the tap water to become this murky liquid that is not usable. They rely on tanker water that they buy once a week, which they fill into two water tanks, one on their roof, and the other in the kitchen. The water tankers provide them with barely potable water, and their storage tanks are rarely cleaned. After getting the tanker water, they sometimes boil it, but mostly just drink it as is. They go to the doctor almost once a month since some family member is always falling sick. They do not associate getting sick with the water that they drink. In the future, the Saeed family is able to afford and buy a product that allows them get clean drinking water and keep it clean, thus have less health related issues.

SANA Location: Urban Karachi Family Members: 4 Sana is the sole woman in her family. She is responsible for taking care of her household. Her household responsibilities include getting drinking water from the well. The well is located approximately 5 miles away. Her family daily consumption of water is about 20 liters a day, so she has to bring back that much water everyday. Getting water is usually the first thing she has to do in her long list of daily household chores. She carries the water in plastic containers on her head. On most days, the end of the journey exhausts her and this is when her day has just begun. In the future, Sana is able to transport water from the source to her home much more efficiently. She does not have to carry such large loads on her head, so she does not have back problems and is in a much better state to do the rest of her work. She is also much more happier because, even though she still has to go a long way to get water, she does not have to put that much strain on her body and is not that exhausted at the end of her day.

KHAN FAMILY Location: Rural Sindh Family Members: 10 Average Income: $800/year The Khan family lives in rural village in Sindh, Pakistan. Some of their family migrated to the more urban areas and visit on holidays and special occasions like weddings. They earn their living through fishing. They scarcely use the local lake water, since the water is contaminated and gives them a murky liquid that is not usable. They rely on a local aquifer, which is a few miles from their home. They go once a week to get their requirements, which they then fill into a water tank, one on the roof of their house. Their storage tanks are rarely cleaned. After getting the water, they sometimes boil it, but most times just drink it as is. They go to the doctor almost every week as some family member is always falling ill. They do not associate getting sick with the water that they drink. In the future, the Khan family has family visiting from the urban areas. They bring with them, a water treatment device as a gift, which they can install in their home. This product then allows them to get clean drinking water and keep it clean, thus they now have less health related issues and are able to live a more healthy life.

DR LEE Occupation: International Medical Corps Location: Pakistan Dr Lee has been part of the International Medical Corps for about 10 years. He is stationed in the flood-affected areas in Pakistan at the moment; but throughout the years he has traveled into many developing countries for his work and has treated and met numerous people in developing countries. He feels that the main problems that his patients face are water related diseases. A big chunk of this, he accounts to the fact that most of the people do not have access to clean drinking water, and when they do, there are fewer problems. For most of his patients, he raises the issues of awareness and the importance of making sure that their water is clean and potable. The main issue he faces is that he feels there the products in the market are at times too industrial and hard to use for the people he deals with. In an ideal situation, he is able to provide his patients with a better solution; a solution they can accept and easily adapt.

A SAMPLE FAMILY TREE Hashim ali (Husband)

Mushtaq (Son)

Aisha

3 Children: 2 Daughters 1 Son

Haider (Son)

Zubaida (Wife)

Faiza

3 Children: 3 Daughters

Rashida (Daughter)

Abdul hanif

Sajida (Daughter)

2 Children: 2 Daughters

Reside in the same house

USER RESEARCH SYNTHESIS

TIME WAS SPENT AT CLIFTON CANTONMENT, WHICH IS A LOCALITY IN KARACHI. QUESTIONNAIRES (APPENDIX 3) WERE PREPARED AND CONDUCTED WITH THE USER, AND TIME WAS SPENT INVESTIGATING HOW THEY LIVED THEIR LIVES, AND HOW THEY DEAL WITH WATER ON A DAILY BASIS. CONVERSATIONS WERE ALSO CARRIED AS TO WHAT THEY WOULD PREFER IN TERMS OF A WATER PRODUCT. THE FOLLOWING POINTS DOCUMENT THE SYNTHESIS OF VISITS TO THE TARGET USERS AS RELATED TO WATER IN THE AREA IDENTIFIED:

WATER SOURCES • Piped Water. • Private Tankers: looks, smells and tastes better but are paid and need to be ordered. • Drink onsite water instead of carrying it around. May purchase packaged water, when away from home or if someone falls ill. TREATMENT • Allow water to stand in vessel to allow suspended impurities to settle. • Boiling and/or straining through a piece of cloth. • Episodic and need based, for when someone is ill or if a child is born. • Most people recognized the relationship between unclean water and poor health, but attributed illnesses to changes in season or weather. Believe natural bodily immunity can ward off most water borne diseases.

STORAGE • Store 2-3 day water supply in vessels of various sizes. Array of plastic, steel, and clay vessels to collect, transport and store water. • Do not store water for drinking and cooking in plastic containers because they are difficult to clean and give water a plastic smell. • Drinking water is stored in steel containers, because steel is easy to clean and durable in its appearance and fits in environment. • Summer, stored in clay pots to keep it cooler. Not used since they are heavy, easily breakable, and expensive. • All vessels are washed using soap, ash or dry earth once a week, no matter what material it is made of.

PURCHASING DECISIONS • Feel more comfortable assessing and buying products with which they are already familiar. • The only way they are aware of a product is if they have seen it in the home of a friend or relative. • Social Influence plays a strong role: opinions based on other people’s first-hand experiences. Try at another relative’s house before buying a product. • Most own a television, and consider television advertising and say that helps build product awareness. Television advertising does not drive actual decision, but its impact is indirect and depends on how it feeds into social conversation. • Women decide day-to-day purchases. Men are responsible for big purchases. Children are change agents and can bring lifestyle transitions. Family members also look to the eldest son, who is the heir apparent, for major purchases and decisions. • Durable products are usually bought from showrooms in urban areas. Inexpensive everyday items are bought from informal retail channels - such as neighborhood shops, door-todoor salespeople, and cart sellers. • Aspire to buy what they see in more affluent homes. • Most people would buy a television, mobile phone, and bicycle before they bought a water treatment device.

QUALITY OF WATER • Needs to meet expectations of good water, as well as microbiological standards according to WHO. • User sensitivity to odors resulting from chemical treatment or storage in low-grade plastic containers. PRODUCT USE • Location preferable wall-hung or tabletop. Placement where it could be filled most easily, while keeping the top container out of reach of children. • People consume more water in the summer season compared to winter or rainy season. • Most water consumption occurs during mealtime or when the family comes together. • Water level indicator or some sort of process showing. PRODUCT CAPACITY • Provide enough water for periods of peak demand. • 5-6 liters per family member per day. • Also need capacity to accommodate guests, neighbors, and children, who are frequent visitors. PRODUCT AESTHETICS • Desire for modernity. • Cylindrical shapes are considered old-

fashioned when compared with asymmetrical or angular shapes. • Sight of dirt being visibly removed when being used is critical to the device’s efficacy. Product Accessibility • Height of the device determines who can access it. Adults can use taller devices. Shorter devices or lower placements permit children and older members of the family to access them. Product Assembly • Simple, intuitive setup to reinforce user confidence and comfort with technology. PRODUCT CLEANING • Allocated space for cleaning, so product will move every time is cleaned; so more wear and tear than usual. • Cleaning with abrasive materials. PRODUCT SETUP/INSTALLATION • Instructions easier to understand when presented verbally by salesperson. • More illustrated graphics, rather than text on instruction manuals. • Installation needs to be easy with tools found readily available in the home if needed. • Pre-assembled or semi-assembled.

MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS

SEVERAL CANDIDATE TECHNOLOGIES FOR HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT AND STORAGE APPEAR TO BE ACCESSIBLE, SIMPLE AND ECONOMICAL FOR USE IN BOTH THE DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. SOME OF THESE SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED FOR MICROBIAL EFFICACY AND REDUCTION OF WATERBORNE DISEASE, AND FOR COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE SUSTAINABILITY AND COST RECOVERY.

TABLE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; COSTS OF DIFFERENT METHODS FOR WATER TREATMENT AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL METHOD

COST

Boiling or heating with fuels

Depends on heating method as well as availability and cost of fuels, which range from low to high

Exposure to Sunlight

Low

UV Irradiation (lamps)

Moderate â&#x20AC;&#x201C; high

Plain Sedimentation

Low

Granular media, rapid rate depth filter

Low to Moderate

Slow sand filter

Low to Moderate

Vegetable and animal derived depth filters

Low to Moderate

Fabrics, paper, membrane, canvas, etc. filter

Varies: Low for natural; high for synthetics

Ceramic and other porous cast filters

Moderate to high

Septum and body feed filters

Varies

Aeration

Low

Coagulation-Flocculation or Precipitation

Varies on the cost of materials

Adsorption (charcoal, carbon, clay, etc.)

Varies on the cost of materials

Ion exchange

Usually High

Chlorination

Moderate

Ozonation

High

Chlorine Dioxide

High

Iodination (elemental, salt, or resin)

High

Acid or base treatment with citrus juice, hydroxide salts, etc.

Varies on the cost of materials

Silver or Copper

Low

Combined systems: chemical coagulationflocculation, filtration, chemical disinfection

High

Low: Less than US $10. Moderate: Between Us $10-100. High: Greater than US $100

TABLE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT METHODS METHOD

ADVANTAGES

Solar Treatment Systems

Microbial inactivation by pasteurization (temperatures of 55C or higher for several hours are recommended).

Simple, low cost use of small vessels (PET plastic for SODIs and black or opaque bottles for solar reflection or cooking system); maybe other bottles of vessels too. Does not change the chemical quality of water.

SODIs (Heat+UV) system most effective In water with low to moderate turbidity (<30 NTU).

Apparent synergistic effects of heat and UV in the SODIs system.

Improved bacterial inactivation in aerobic water by SODIS system.

Opaque or black bottle system achieves temperatures high enough to inactivate viruses and is less affected by turbidity or UV-absorbing solutes

DISADVANTAGES

COMMENTS

Often requires several hours to disinfect and even longer (2 days) if cloudy weather; more heat-resistant pathogens inactivated only slowly (rotavirus) or not at all (e.g., hepatitis A virus and bacterial spores).

Time to inactivate varies with system (UV+Heat) or (heat only) and sunlight conditions; requires a system to indicate that target temperature has been reached (thermometer, melting wax indicator or other thermal indicator).

Limited to volumes of 1-several liters per bottle; using 1.5 L bottles (optimum size), several bottles are needed per household per day.

Availability of sufficient number of suitable bottles, depending on type of solar treatment (simple sunlight exposure vs. solar collectors or cookers) and geographic location.

Provides no chemical disinfectant residual; water must be consumed within a day or so, or else microbial re-growth can occur.

Leaching of chemicals possible from some plastic bottles, causing objectionable tastes and odors; periodic bottle replacement needed; periodic bottle cleaning to avoid development of biofilms.

High turbidity interferes with microbial inactivation; requires turbidity reduction by sedimentation, filtration and other methods.

Requires clear bottles allowing penetration of UV radiation (preferred plastic is polyethylene terephtalate or PET); some bottles do not allow UV to penetrate.

Requires low turbidity (<30NTU) water; requires at least several clear plastic bottles and an opaque or black surface on a side of the bottle or on surface on which bottle rests to expose to sunlight.

Evidence of synergistic effects documented for vegetative bacteria but it has not been studied for viruses or parasites.

Requires pre-aeration (e.g., mechanical mixing) to create aerobic conditions; effect may not occur in water with reducing agents (e.g., sulfides). System requires solar collector or cooker to deliver sufficient solar energy; small volume of water vessels; poor inactivation on cloudy days.

METHOD

ADVANTAGES

Plain Sedimentation

Simple, low cost technology to reduce settable solids and perhaps some microbes for water.

Removal of settable solids can reduce turbidities and make the water more amenable to other treatment methods to reduce microbes. Recommended as a simple pretreatment of household water prior to application of other treatments to reduce microbes.

Bucket filter

Useable on a small scale at household level; simple; can use local, low cost media and buckets; simple to operate manually; low (<90%) to moderate (90-99%) turbidity reduction.

Barrel or drum filter

Useable on a small scale at household or community level; relatively simple; can use local, low cost media and barrels or drums; relatively easy to operate manually; low to moderate turbidity reduction.

Roughing filter

Useable on a small scale at community level; relatively simple; can use local, low cost construction material and media; relatively easy to operate manually; low to moderate turbidity reduction

DISADVANTAGES

COMMENTS

Only settable solids, such as sands, silts and larger microbes settle efficiently; clays and smaller microbes do not settle; only moderate to low microbe reductions.

Can be applied to large and small volumes of water using commonly available water collection and storage vessels; settled material must be removed and vessels cleaned regularly.

In some waters solids are not efficiently removed by settling and alternative methods of removing solids are required.

Reduced levels of solids (turbidity) improve penetration of UV radiation (from sunlight), decreases oxidant (e.g., chlorine) demand, decreases solids-associated pathogens.

Unreliable method to reduce pathogens; solids are not efficiently removed by settling from some waters; can be labor intensive.

Pre-treatment to remove solids (turbidity) is recommended for turbid waters prior to solar or chemical disinfection.

May require fabrication by user; initial education and training in fabrication and use needed; requires user maintenance and operation (labor and time). Commercial ones are relatively expensive. Low (<90%) pathogen reduction. Requires some technical know-how for fabrication and use; initial education and training needed; requires user maintenance and operation (some skill, labor and time). Low (<90%) pathogen reduction. Less amenable to individual household use because of scale; requires some technical know-how for construction and use; initial education and training needed; requires user maintenance and operation (skill, labor and time). Low (<90%) pathogen reductions.

METHOD

ADVANTAGES

Slow Sand filters

Useable on a small scale at community and maybe household level; relatively simple; can use local, low cost construction materials and filter media; relatively easy to operate manually; high turbidity and microbe reductions.

Fiber, fabric and membrane filters

Usable at household level if filter media is available, easy to use and affordable.

Porous ceramic filters

Simple and effective technology for use at the household level; extensive microbe reductions by quality filters; filters can be locally made from local materials, if education and training provided.

Diatomaceous earth filters

Efficient (moderate to high) removals of waterborne pathogens.

DISADVANTAGES

COMMENTS

Requires some technical know how for fabrication and use; initial education and training needed; requires user maintenance to clean and operate (materials, skill, labor and time).

Simple, affordable and appropriate technology at the community level; less appropriate for treating individual household water, unless by a collection of households.

Wide range of filter media, pore sizes and formats; microbe removal varies with filter media; best used to remove large and particle-associated microbes; not practical, available or affordable for efficient removal of all waterborne pathogens.

Has been effective in reducing guinea worm, Fasciola and schistosomiasis; can be coupled with other treatment methods (coagulation and disinfection) to improve overall microbe reductions.

Quality ceramic filters may not be available or affordable in some areas. Quality of local made filters may be difficult to document unless testing is available to verify microbe reductions; need criteria and systems to assure quality and performance of filters.

Greater efforts are needed to promote the development of effective ceramic filters for household water treatment in developing countries by adapting the local production of clay and other ceramic ware now used for other purposes to water treatment.

Not practical for household use; need specialized materials, construction and operations including regular maintenance; dry media a respiratory hazard.

Pre-fabricated, commercial DE filters and media are available in some countries but high costs and low availability may limit household use in other places.

TABLE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; COMPARISON OF RECOMMENDED TECHNOLOGIES FOR HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT

CRITERION

BOILING WITH FUEL

SODIS (UV+HEAT)

Microbial Reductions

Yes, extensive

Yes, extensive for most pathogens

Diarrheal disease reduction

Yes

Disinfectant Residual

Quality requirements of water to be treated

Low turbidity (<30 NTU) for effective use

Chemical changes in water

None

Microbial re-growth potential in treated water

Yes, with storage beyond 1-2 days

Skill level and ease of use

Low skill, easy to use

Availability of needed materials

Requires fuel source

Requires PET bottles and dark surface

Limits to volume of water treated

Yes, difficult to scale above cooking volumes

Yes, 1-1.5L per bottle, can treat multiple bottles simultaneously

Performance verification requirements

Observe water for rolling boil

Measure for target temperature

Acceptability

High

High to Moderate

Sustainability

High, unless fuel scarcity

High

Treatment time length

1-10 minutes

Hours of sunlight, full sun no clouds

SOLAR DISINFECTION WITH HEAT ONLY

UV DISINFECTION WITH LAMPS

FREE CHLORINE AND STORAGE IN AN IMPROVED VESSEL

CHEMICAL COAGULATION + CHLORINE DISINFECTION

Yes, extensive for most pathogens

Expected due to high temperature (55 C)

Expected due to germicidal effects

Yes

Expected due to multiple treatments

Yes

None

Low turbidity (<30 NTU) for effective use

None

Yes, may cause taste and odor

Yes, with storage beyond 1-2 days

None, if chlorine residual is maintained

Low skill, easy to use

Moderate skill, training required

Low skill, easy to use

Moderate skill, training required

Color requirements, solar reflector or solar cooker

Requires UV units and replacement lamps and electric source

Requires free chlorine source or chlorine generator and storage vessels

Requires chemical mixture source which might limit availability

Yes, 1-4L per container, can treat multiple bottles simultaneously

No, depends on lamp size and number and reactor volume

Yes, fixed volume of 10-20 L

Measure for target temperature

Verify for lamp output

Measure chlorine residual or microbial quality

Measure turbidity reduction and chlorine residual

High to Moderate

High

High to Moderate

High

Hours of sunlight, full sun no clouds

Seconds to minutes, depending on water volume and reactor design

Tens of minutes

TABLE â&#x20AC;&#x201C; COMPARISON OF TECHNOLOGIES TO PRE-TREAT TURBID HOUSEHOLD WATER

CRITERION

SETTLING; PLAIN SEDIMENTATION

FIBER, CLOTH OR MEMBRANE FILTER

Effected by particle size

Yes, only settable particles removed

Yes, depends on pore size of filter; micron preferred

Availability of equipment and/ or materials

Readily available vessels

High for local materials, low for membranes

Skill; ease of use

Low; very easy

Low, easy

Maintenance Requirements

Low; clean settling vessel

Low for disposable filters, moderate to high for reusable filters

Applicability to water volumes of individual households

Yes

Cost

Low

Low for local filters, high for imported filters

Acceptance

High

Sustainability

High

TECHNOLOGIES GRANULAR MEDIA FILTER

SLOW SAND FILTER

Depends on medium and design; 50-99% turbidity removal possible

Large particles reduce filter runs

High for bucket and local filters; medium for drum or barrel filters; low for more advanced designs

Medium of construction materials and filter sand available

Low for buckets; medium for drum; barrel or cistern

Medium; requires training to operate and monitor

Low for buckets; medium for drum; barrel or cistern filters; all require cleaning

Medium; required periodic cleaning and replacement of upper sand layer

Low

Unlikely; most are too large for water needs of individual households

Low if construction is local

Low if materials and construction is local

High

Moderate

High

Moderate

STAKEHOLDERS

END USER: Lower Income Households in developing countries Parents and children Average income: $ 800-1500 / yr PRODUCT DESIGNER PRODUCT ENGINEER GRAPHIC DESIGNER: PACKAGING & MARKETING MODELER 3 D PROTOTYPER CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS PURCHASER: User UNICEF United Nations Water for People WaterAID IRC Indus Earth Trust - Pakistan OSDI - Pakistan Aid for Refugee and Orphans (ARO) Hearts and Hands International Charity: Water DOCTORS NURSES GOVERNMENTS COMPETITORS / MARKET: LifeStraw (Vestergaard Frandsen) AYZH -India LifeSaver Potters for Peace Potters without borders Project H PUR HydroPack

SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS: Doctors without borders Engineers without borders Standards Organizations: WHO NSF International Water Quality Associations (WQA) Central Government LOCAL AUTHORITIES: Local Water and Sewer Boards

THE TABLE PROVIDES A LIST OF SOME KEY ACTORS INCLUDING GOVERNMENT; RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS, NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AND THAT ARE INVOLVED IN MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY IN PAKISTAN:

STAKEHOLDER

RESPONSIBILITY

NATURE OF ORGANIZATION

Ministry of Environment

Development and regulation of National Water Quality Standards, guideline and limits on water quality contaminants

Government

Pakistan Council for Research on Water Resources (PCRWR)

National organizations with established laboratories in all main districts that provides support on testing micro-biological and chemical quality of water in accordance with national standards

Government

Pakistan Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (PCSIR)

Public sector institute that also has facilities for testing water quality

Government

National Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad

The technical services division of this institute has the facility for water quality testing

Research Institute

Shah Abdul Latif University (SALU), Khairpur

A university that has a specialized wing for testing water quality

Academic Institution

UNICEF

Closely working with Ministry of Environment and local NGOs on water quality & sanitation

UN Organization

World Health Organization (WHO)

Working with government & NGOs on water quality

UN Organization

Working with local NGOs on disaster management and water quality management

INGO

Oxfam

Industry Experts

WORLD: Karan Singh – Rainwater Club, India Kiran Bir Sethi – Design for Change USA: David Kaisel – Design Researcher Ryan Duke – Project H Zubaida Bai – AYZH, India Roohi Abdullah – World Bank Peter Cleary – LifeStraw Peter Chartrand – Potters for Peace Heather Fleming – Catapult Jonna Davis – Charity: Water Lindsay Ratowsky – Charity: Water PAKISTAN: Rabayl Manzoor – OSDI, Pakistan Shahid Khan – Indus Earth Trust Arif Hasan – Architect Moez Premani – Karachi Relief Trust Benjamin Schaeffer – Aid for Refugees and Orphans Yasmin Nigar – Social Worker Durriya Kazi – Meetha Paani (Sweet Water) Aamir Mehmood – Intercon S.M. Badar – PurePak Water Systems

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Focus groups

SAN FRANCISCO: Humza Khan – Illustrator Junaid – Software Engineer Usman Chaudhri – Software Engineer Zohaib Usmani– Engineer Maira Shafqat – Art Director USA: Miral Sattar – BiblioCrunch/TIME Magazine Roohi Abdullah – World Bank Sidra Sattar – Political Analyst Haider Akmal – Investment Analyst PAKISTAN: Umair Jangda - Photographer Maheen Meenai - Copywriter Nouman Ghaffar Salman Ghaffar Seemi Saad Shahzad Abdullah PAKISTAN RESEARCH COLLABORATOR Taha Chinoy

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MAKING A CASE FOR WATER

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103

INITIAL BRAINSTORMING

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CONCEPT EXPLORATION

Concept exploration started with initial brainstorming with colleagues. This lead as a basis for initial research and concept ideas. Since target users were not readily accessible, focus groups were formed locally, in San Francisco, and across the country. These are like-minded individuals that understand the country and the region. Through meetings with the focus groups and email exchange with other experts, concepts were explored and two final design directions were chosen. During this course, a collaborator was found in Pakistan, who did occasional research and observations with the target users.

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CONCEPT IDEAS Multi-purpose device combining activities Stationary bike acts as an energy source for process Children based product Outside/Inside device: Outside filters/Inside dispenses Nanotube based filter Roof as a collection tank Device that uses its circular motion to generate energy Fog capturer Attachment to tanker Device that uses the Bernoulli principle Water motion to filter Wind powered device Device that creates motion and motion generate energy required for process Crank UV filter Inflatable backpack storage Rainwater collector using nature Redesigning water transportation-looking at the donkey cart Attachment filter that attaches to any faucet, adds portability

“TARGET INFLUENTIAL PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITIES.” “CONVENTIONAL MARKETING THROUGH SCHOOLS, MOSQUES, WELFARE AGENCIES AND DOCTORS IS IMPORTANT!” “GET DOCTORS TO PRESCRIBE WATER FILTERS. TARGET THEM” “NEEDS TO BE SIMPLE AND EASY TO USE” “PROMOTE THROUGH MOSQUES” “ADD ECONOMIC VALUE” “USE RELIGION AS MEANS OF CONVEYING THE MESSAGE” “NEEDS TO BE STATIONARY AND COST EFFECTIVE” “RITUAL BASED, CHANGING MINDSETS ALL OF A SUDDEN IS HARD” “CREATE AN ENVIRONMENT” “EASY TO REPLACE FILTERS, AND AVAILABLE IN ABUNDANCE FROM CONVENIENT STORES”

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FINAL CONCEPT 1 SOLAR POWERED PRODUCT USING THE SUN TO FILTER WATER FOR THEIR EVERY DAY NEEDS. THIS WILL USE THE PROCESS OF SOLAR DISTILLATION TO REMOVE CONTAMINANTS FROM WATER. THE SOLAR DISTILLATION PROCESS WORKS AS SUCH THAT IT USES THE HEAT FROM THE SUN TO HEAT THE WATER (REFLECTIVE MATERIALS ARE USED TO SPEED UP THE PROCESS). ONCE THE WATER IS HEATED, IT CONDENSES PURE WATER, WHICH COLLECTS ON THE TOP, AND THEN THE SLOPE MAKES IT POSSIBLE FOR IT TO FLOW INTO A STORAGE TANK. THERE ARE MANY POSSIBILITIES WITHIN THIS CONCEPT: • MODULARITY CAN BE EXPLORED. • ENVIRONMENTS CAN BE EXPLORED; THE SETTING COULD BE A ROOFTOP OF EVEN THE SIDEWALLS OF HOMES. • THE PROCESS CAN BE SPEEDED THROUGH USE OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS. • ALSO, ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF WATER COLLECTION CAN BE ADDED TO WHEN THE SUN IS NOT PRESENT SO IT COULD HAVE MULTIPLE USES FOR THE SAME PURPOSE.

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EXPERIMENT THE SETUP

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DAY 1 - 1:00 PM THINGS TO OBSERVE: - TIME TAKEN - EFFECTIVENESS - ENVIRONMENT - MATERIALS

MATERIALS: - BIG BOWL - SMALLER BOWL FOR CLEAN WATER - PLASTIC WRAP - WEIGHT (QUARTERS)

DAY 1 - 1:00 PM

DAY 1 - 3:00 PM

START OF EXPERIMENT ENVIRONMENT: INSIDE DIRECT SUNLIGHT PLASTIC CLEAR - NO CONDENSATION

OBSERVATIONS: - WATER IS WARMING - CONDENSATION ON PLASTIC - FIRST FEW CLEAN DROPS IN RECEIVING BOWL

DAY 2 - 10:00 AM

DAY 2 - 12:00 PM

OBSERVATIONS: - PLASTIC CRYSTALLIZED - OVERNIGHT CONDENSATION

OBSERVATIONS: - WATER IS WARMING - NO CRYSTALLIZATION - WATER LEVEL GRADUALLY INCREASING

DAY 2 - 11:00 AM ENVIRONMENT CHANGED TO OUTSIDE DIRECT SUNLIGHT

DAY 2- 5:00 PM

KEY FACTORS WEATHER SUNLIGHT INTERIOR OR EXTERIOR EXTENT OF DIRT TIME TAKEN EFFECTIVENESS

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS - WATER LEVEL INCREASED ONLY SLIGHTLY - SLOPE NEEDS TO INCREASE

COLOR OF BOWL REFLECTIVE MATERIALS FOR OUTER CONTAINER FOR FASTER HEATING SLOPE OF TOP PART EFFECTIVENESS AND TIME TAKEN

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“SOLAR POWER DESALINATION PLANT COULD BE THE PERFECT SOLUTION.” “TOO MUCH SPACE” “THIS IS TOO FUTURISTIC AND THE NEED IS MUCH MORE IMMEDIATE” “WATER IS ALSO A FORM OF ENTERTAINMENT FOR THIS TARGET MARKET….USING SUCH A BIG SPACE FOR DRINKING WATER MIGHT TURN INTO A SWIMMING POOL FOR KIDS, DEFEATING THE PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT…”

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“…AFFORDABILITY IS A BIG ISSUE. WILL THEY BUY IT? I DON’T THINK IT WILL FALL UNDER THEIR PURCHASING POWER...WHAT HAPPENS IF IT RAINS?...SMALL, MOBILE UNITS ARE ALWAYS MORE APPROPRIATE…” ROOHI ABDULLAH, WORLD BANK

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FINAL CONCEPT 2 EXISTING PRODUCT UP-SCALE LOOKING INTO PARTNERING WITH COMPANIES PRODUCING EXISTING WATER TREATMENT DEVICES. WORKING FROM THE DESIGN PERSPECTIVE AND LOOKING WITH THE EXISTING PRODUCTS AND THEIR TECHNOLOGIES. THE DIRECTION WOULD EXPLORE UPDATING AND UP SCALING THEM TO BE SOLD IN THE LOCAL MARKET FOR THE TARGET USERS IDENTIFIED. THIS MARKET HAS ITS SPECIFIC NEEDS, AND THE PRODUCT NEEDS TO FIT THOSE VERY SPECIFIC NEEDS. USING EXISTING PRODUCTS WOULD MAKE IT POSSIBLE FOR A SOLUTION TO APPEAR QUICKLY WHICH IS MUCH NEEDED. CURRENTLY THE IDEA OF CERAMIC FILTERS IS BEING EXPLORED AND COMPANIES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED FOR POTENTIAL COLLABORATIONS. THIS ALSO GIVES A CHANCE FOR THEIR TO BE LOCAL PRODUCTION USING LOCAL MATERIALS, WHICH WOULD CAUSE THE COSTS TO BE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER THAN IF IT THE PRODUCTION WERE TO BE INTERNATIONAL.

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“I AM NOT SURE IF AYZH WOULD BE THE COMPANY YOU COULD PARTNER WITH GIVEN OUR INDIAN CONNECTION SO POLITICALLY IT MIGHT NOT BE A FIT HOWEVER I WOULD LOVE TO HELP YOU IN THE BEST MANNER I CAN GIVEN MY INTEREST AND EXPERIENCE IN WATER PURIFICATION DEVICES. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO CONNECT YOU WITH A FEW PEOPLE WITH INTEREST IN PAKISTAN AND WATER ONCE YOU MAKE YOUR FINAL CHOICE FOR A DESIGN DIRECTION.“ “THINK SIMPLICITY AND CLEAN LINES…THIS SEEMS MORE FEASIBLE AND LESS INTIMIDATING AS A USER”

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“I LIKE THE SECOND DESIGN DIRECTION WHICH WILL GIVE YOU A LOT OF SCOPE AND A GREAT START, WITH THE FIRST I HAVE PERSONALLY WORKED ON SOLAR DISTILLATION, THE OUTPUT ISN’T GREAT AND IS NOT FINANCIALLY VIABLE. “ ZUBAIDA BAI, AYZH

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PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT

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SCOPE The following product requirements document outlines certain requirements for the proposed product design solution for â&#x20AC;&#x153;Paani Asaniâ&#x20AC;? is based on user research and concept development. It will serve as a general guideline during concept design and implementation phases.

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DEFINITION THE PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS ARE DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONAL TERMS: MUST: Necessary or essential SHOULD: Recommended but not required. MAY: Expresses possibility WILL: Indicates statement of fact Adding the word “NOT” to any of the terms implies the opposite of the stated definition

FORMAT AND DIMENSIONS:

• Format incorporates features (such as removable lids) that prevent contact or further contamination of untreated water, as well as provisions for the safe storage and dispensing of treated water.

PRODUCT FORMAT: Products employing a free-standing tabletop format are observed to offer the best combination of user accessibility, adequate head height, and minimal footprint. The freestanding tabletop format provides the greatest flexibility for placement in diverse use environments. • Product format will be appropriate to typical home design and construction attributes (e.g., construction materials, presence of shelves, or furniture) in target market. • Product format does not cause overly disruptive changes to existing user behaviors.

WATER STORAGE CAPACITY: 3 L per person per day (pp/d) is the typical consumption of drinking water in the area. Given the mean family size of 8-10 people, that is 24-30 L required per day. • Water storage capacity is sufficient to meet user’s demand for safe water at times of peak consumption throughout the day. • Total water storage capacity and safe water available during peak demand reflect differences in regional- and household water consumption. • Total device capacity: 24-30 L.

Guidelines related to size, shape and capacity

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HEIGHT: The height a vessel needs to be lifted to fill the device should not exceed the median shoulder height of target users. • A low overall product height reduces the physical effort and coordination needed to fill a device. Overall height facilitates use by all household members, including children, handicapped persons, and the elderly. • Overall height provides sufficient height of water over the filter element (head height) to ensure acceptable flow rates without exceeding overall height targets. Footprint (space required by device): Footprint dimensions are a function of container volumes and overall height. Footprint dimensions allow the product to meet stability guidelines. Footprint provides stability on foreseeable placement surfaces such as floors, counters, chairs, and tables. • The product uses minimal counter space without compromising stability or exceeding the overall height guideline. HEIGHT OF TAP: Common local containers fit under the safe water tap and can be filled without needing to be held (e.g., ±53 in above surface for a drinking cup). Tap height enables use by all household members. • The safe water outlet (tap or spigot) is placed so that water can be dispensed directly into commonly used drinking water vessels with minimum risk of contamination.

PLATFORM INTERFACE:

Best-practice recommendations for the interface between filter elements and their containers. • Interconnection fittings are durable and leak-free in daily use over the life of the product. • Interconnection provides clear user feed-

back when connection is fully made. • Design prevents incorrect assembly (i.e., parts only assemble in one correct way). • Low insertion force, (e.g., >80% of users find it “easy”). • Filter element will be positively retained in platform socket—will not fall out if inverted. • Regular cleaning with abrasives does not degrade interconnect integrity over the life of the product. • Assembly and disassembly should not allow untreated water to leak into the clean water container.

MATERIALS:

Factors influencing the choice of construction materials and their surface coating. CERAMICS: Ceramic components are familiar and may appeal to first-time users who will later upgrade to more effective devices. Ceramic filter element efficacy must be balanced against tolerable flow rates. The fragility and weight of ceramic containers and filter elements add to distribution costs. • Ceramic materials used in water containers and/or filter elements meet quality control standards and pose no health risks to users. • All materials in contact with drinking water for a drinking water treatment unit should comply with NSF Standards 42 and 53. • Ceramic materials (including glazes and treatments) in contact with water meet US Title 21 CFR Part 174.5 and 174.6.

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PLASTICS: • Plastics employed in durable devices and packaging is durable, cost-effective, and poses no health risks to users. • Plastic materials in contact with water should meet US Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 177 (food-grade polymers). • Selected materials are UV resistant (resist yellowing, fading, and degradation); compatible/nontoxic when exposed to halogens, oxidants, or other chemical disinfectants; shatter resistant; and translucent when not tinted. • All materials in contact with drinking water for a drinking water treatment unit should comply with National Science Federation (NSF) Standards 42 and 53 and any other technology specific NSF standard (e.g., 44, 55, 58, 62). METALS: • Metal components are durable, cost-effective, and do not pose health threats to users. • Metal components in contact with water meet Title 21 CFR Part 174.5 and 174.6. • All materials in contact with drinking water comply with NSF Standards 42 and 53 and any other technology-specific NSF standard (e.g., 44, 55, 58, 62). • Some metal components resist corrosion and discoloration from water, disinfectants, and galvanic action. • Untreated water qualities (such as pH, temperature, hardness, and water chemistry) can affect the bioavailability, and thus toxicity, of metals such as copper. • Metals employed as bactericides/chelates (e.g., colloidal silver, iron oxide, copper, or brass) remain subject to toxicity limits. • Metal components are able to withstand frequent cleaning. Surface finishes: paints, glazes and colorants:

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• Paints, colorants, inks, and glazes used on HWTS products and packaging should meet relevant national standards (or US/ ISO in the absence of national standards) for food-grade materials and packaging. • Paints, colorants, inks, and glazes are resistant to disinfectants (halogens or others) used to treat water. • All materials in contact with drinking water for a drinking water treatment unit comply with NSF Standards 42 and 53 and any other technology-specific NSF standard (e.g., 44, 55, 58, 62).

DURABILITY, RELIABILITY AND STORAGE:

How the product degrades over time and to mitigate degradation and communicate that to the end user. Durability: • Product safety (due to leaks or worn fittings, for example) is not compromised by normal wear over product life. • Product appearance (external surfaces, decoration, and transparent components) is not significantly degraded over service life. • Products and components pass durability and drop tests, as established by conditions within user households. • Drop test results. LIFE OF FILTER ELEMENT: • The rate of decline in filter element performance in use is acceptable in terms of: • User experience (flow rate reduction). • Perceived cost (replacement frequency). • User experience (maintenance frequency). • Microbiological performance (if diminished through use).

CLEANING: • Durable HWTS devices withstand frequent cleaning with no degradation in performance and minimal aesthetic or functional wear. • Product materials withstand frequent (up to daily) cleaning, at times using abrasive substances. • Materials and surface treatments (color, texture) for exterior parts minimize visible dirt and dust. • Interior materials and surfaces discourage buildup of biofilms and scale from hard water. • Components at risk of clogging due to scale or physical obstruction can be disassembled and cleaned by users. • The device has no crevices for microbial growth that cannot be reached by conventional cleaning methods. Ideally, all part radii should be no smaller than 6 mm so that everything is cleanable with a fingertip. Status Indicator: • Users can easily confirm that the device is functioning properly. • Safe water container is not contaminated by typical malfunctions (clogged filter element or element is incorrectly inserted) END OF LIFE INDICATOR: • Users are clearly informed when device components require replacement. • Indicator anticipates end of life so users have time to procure replacement elements.

SAFETY

Material choices and device safeguards that may influence the health of end users. MATERIAL SAFETY: • Materials used in devices are nontoxic for humans. • Users are protected from direct contact with disinfectants during product assembly, cleaning, maintenance, and disposal. • Materials in contact with drinking water

should comply with FDA regulations governing Food Contact Substances (FCS): Title 21 CFR Parts 174–177. STABILITY: • When filled, the device resists tipping and is stable in normal use. • Device does not move when safe water is dispensed from device using one hand only (including when empty). • Product base design provides stability on uneven surfaces. RECONTAMINATION RISKS: • Product design minimizes the risk of recontamination due to: • Hand contact with treated water or disinfected surfaces. • Contact between device components and contaminated surfaces. • Regular cleaning or maintenance. • External contaminants (insects, dust, dirt, etc. entering upper container). • Untreated water entering safe storage container. • Product design discourages users from dipping drinking vessels into untreated water container. • When maintaining or changing filter elements, untreated water is prevented from contaminating the safe water chamber. DISPOSAL: • Device components are designed to minimize health, safety, and environmental risks when disassembled or disposed. • Direct contact with any dangerous disinfection media is prevented. • Minimize health, safety, or environmental risks when components are disposed of through local channels (e.g., landfill, incineration). • Minimize user contact with surfaces where pathogens or toxins may be concentrated, such as external surfaces of ceramic filter elements

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TOXICITY: EFFLUENT WATER: • Effluent water meets national or international safety standards for chemical and physical contaminants. • Effluent water meets NSF/ANSI Standard 42: reduction in aesthetic and non-health related contaminants in drinking water. • Effluent water meets NSF/ANSI Standard 53: reduction in specific health-related contaminants such as lead, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).

DEVICE PERFORMANCE

Guidelines related to filtration efficacy, treatment rate, and other objective measures. WAIT TIME: • The time required for the device to produce a desired quantity of safe water that is acceptable to end-users. TURBIDITY REDUCTION: • The device reduces the turbidity of untreated water to a level tolerated by local end users. • The effectiveness of reducing turbidity is a trade off with the life of the filter element and frequency of maintenance. • >0.1 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) may reduce effectiveness of disinfectants. • Threshold acceptance of effluent turbidity value: ≤5 NTU. • Most desirable effluent turbidity value: <1 NTU. • Turbidity is apparent to the average human eye at ~5 NTU. MICROBIOLOGICAL EFFICACY: • The efficacy of durable and consumable HWTS products should demonstrate statistically significant reductions in microbiological contaminants over the life of the product. • Threshold for multistage device at end of life:

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• Bacterial efficacy: 3 log reduction value (LRV). • Viral efficacy: 3 LRV. • Cyst reduction: 2 LRV. • Most desirable for multi-stage device: • Bacterial efficacy: 6 LRV. • Viral efficacy: 4 LRV. • Cyst reduction: 3 LRV. RESIDUAL DISINFECTION: • Consider residual disinfectant in treated water, since it guards against recontamination up to the point of consumption. • WHO: residual concentration of free Cl ≥0.5 mg/L after 30 minutes contact time at pH <8.0. • Center for Disease Control Safe Water System (SWS): <2.0 mg/L free Cl 30 minutes after addition of NaOCl, >0.2 mg/L free Cl 24 hours after addition of NaOCl. TIME BETWEEN MAINTENANCE: ROUTINE: • Product maintenance intervals align with the normal household cleaning routines of end users. • Product performance is minimally affected by variations in cleaning routines and frequencies. • HWTS devices continue to function effectively when cleaned according to local customs. • Devices and components stand up to daily cleaning with minimal aesthetic or functional degradation. • No tools or special materials are required for routine maintenance. TIME BETWEEN MAINTENANCE: FILTER ELEMENT REPLACEMENT: • Intervals between replacements of major components (filter element) meet user expectations for device capacity (volume), service life (time), and cost. • Quality and safety of treated water remain within acceptable limits between replacement intervals.

USER EXPERIENCE

PERCEIVED VALUE: • Consumer perceives the product as desirable, appropriate, and worth both the purchase price and the time dedicated to daily routine use. • Demonstrated consumer preference over or on par with similarly desirable household appliances (e.g., pots, pans). • Continued, consistent, and correct use demonstrated over the life of the product (±2 years). • Repeat sales for product replacement. • Evidence of positive word-of-mouth publicity. • Willingness to conduct routine maintenance and acceptance of recurring costs for replacement parts. • Purchase of HWTS products as gifts. • Device styling and configuration meets with local aesthetics and performance expectations.

DAY-TO-DAY USE: • Users find products easy and convenient to fill, operate, clean, and maintain. • Product functional status is clearly communicated to users. • Product performance (flow rate, treated water aesthetics) remains acceptable to users over product life cycle. • Product provides acceptable performance regardless of variations in input water quality. • Product is durable (requires little or no repair over life cycle beyond regular maintenance). • Actual operating costs meet user expectations (at purchase). • Replacement parts and service are readily available if needed.

PRODUCT AESTHETICS: • Consumers find products visually appealing and appropriate for their socio-cultural use environment. INITIAL SETUP AND FIRST USE: • Product aesthetics contribute to long-term • Initial setup and first use of the device pride of ownership among users. provide a positive experience that meets or • Product aesthetics (form, dimensions, exceeds user expectations. colors, materials) appeal to a majority of • The initial setup experience promotes consumers in the target market. consistent and correct product use. • A majority of users indicate the product is • Design attributes contribute to positive appropriate for their (perceived) socioecosetup and first-use experiences: nomic and cultural status. • Device requires little or no assembly prior • A majority of users indicate they feel pride to first use. of ownership for the device. • Setup process requires little or no user • Design allows for some degree of customassistance. ization by owners (choice of colors, surface • Design eliminates opportunities for assemdecorations, or feature levels). bly errors (can only be assembled one • Design aesthetics elicit feelings of familcorrect way). iarity and competence among users (i.e., are • First batch of treated water is potable and not intimidating or overly complex). has no disagreeable flavor, odor, or appearance. • Setup instructions are presented graphically on product packaging and components.

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PROPOSED WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Keeping in view the WHO guidelines and the proposed national water quality standard that are still in the draft shape, the project would set out the following organizational water quality standards:

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PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

PARAMETERS

WHO VALUES

NATIONAL LIMITS

PROJECT LIMITS

JUSTIFICATION

Color

15 TCU

<15TCU

15 TCU

Color above 15 TCU will be detectable hence users may not accept this

Taste & Odor

Acceptable

Users Acceptability

Turbidity

< 5 NTU

High level of turbidity will encourage growth of bacteria

Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)

<1000

<1000 <15TCU

Above this limit the water will become unacceptable and user may turn to an unprotected water source

CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

PARAMETERS

WHO VALUES

NATIONAL LIMITS

PROJECT LIMITS

JUSTIFICATION

6.5 – 8.5

Water is corrosive below 6.5 & soapy above 8.5

Total Hardness as CaCo3 (mg/l)

< 500

In absence of alternate source the value may be revised

Nitrate (mg/l)

< 50

Above this limit, the illness called Blue-Baby Syndrome occurs

Arsenic (mg/l)

0.01

0.05

0.05 is acceptable limit

Fluoride (mg/l)

1.5

< 1.5

Same as proposed national standards

Residual Free Chlorine (mg/l)

0.2 – 0.5

This value should be at user end while at source level it should be between 0.5 – 1.5

MICROBIAL PARAMETERS

PARAMETERS

WHO VALUES

NATIONAL LIMITS

PROJECT LIMITS

JUSTIFICATION

Thermo tolerant Fecal Coliforms (MPN/100 ml)

Zero

0 (Piped System) & 0 – 10 (Community schemes including shallow hand pumps & wells)

Although WHO & National standards for Thermotolerant Coliforms are 0/100 ml however, WHO guidelines relax it up to 10fc/100ml for community managed water supply schemes.

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HUMAN FACTORS

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Visual Limit Easy Head Movement 30

ary

ond Sec

15 a 15 a

pla

Dis

plays

Primary Dis

Reading radius for standard displays 13-28

High Grip Shoulder Width and Min distance between Armmrests 14.5”

ius

Re .8”

Easy High Reach 65.5”

10 degrees

Standing Hip 11.6”

Knee Standard: 24” Min: 20”

Low Counter 31.5”

Elbow Height 35.4”

4” Max

Standing Height 66.2”

Shoulder Height 48”

Eye Height 55”

Min Space for Arm Movement 5”

Normal Sight Line

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WHAT’S NEXT

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NEXT STEPS Through the process of Human-Centered Design, Project Paani will go through three main phases in a loop: Hear, Create, and Deliver. The process will move from concrete observations about people, to abstract thinking uncovering insights and themes, then back to the concrete with tangible solutions. Hear: During the Hear phase, which is also the research phase, stories and inspirations from people were collected. Field research was conducted. During the future hear phase, observations and presenting the users with prototypes and sketches and documenting their feedback will be the basis for the Create phase. Create: In the Create phase, work will be done to translate what is heard from people into frameworks, solutions, and prototypes. This phase will move the project from concrete to more abstract thinking in identifying themes and opportunities, and then back to the concrete with solutions and prototypes. Deliver: During the Deliver phase, realization will be made for the solutions developed through rapid revenue and cost modeling, capability assessment, and implementation planning. This will help launch new solutions into the world. The Design Instance (Feb â&#x20AC;&#x201C; May 2012) will be a continuous loop of Hear and Create. Basically, sketching, prototyping, taking it to the users and focus groups and coming back, reiterating and repeating the process over. The Implementation Instance (June â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Dec 2012) will be when the Deliver phase will take place.

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BREAKDOWN OF DESIGN WEEK-BY-WEEK Week 1

WIP Presentation Pick a design direction Prepare first set of sketches for chosen concept Setup meeting with SF focus group – Tentative for weekend of Week 2 Establish contact with company for Concept 2 for possible collaborations

Week 2

For set of sketches, prepare rough mock-ups exploring size and volume Prepare sketches and mock-ups to be sent to the experts and focus groups Formulate a plan to judging the feedback received SF Focus group meeting 1 Build and send a package for Company based on initial sketches for collaboration

Week 3 Week 4

Put together feedback from experts to start reiteration Formulate sketches based on feedback Prepare mockups accordingly. These will be more refined than the previous ones exploring material. Build at least 5 designs to send out and evaluate Put together and send sketches and mockups to the target users and experts Setup meeting with SF focus group – Tentative for weekend of Week 5

Week 5

Prepare to conduct user testing with focus group. Formulate a worksheet upon which the testing will be conducted Focus group meeting goals: User testing exploring size and functionality Put together all the information collected so far into a book format for future reference

Week 6

Put together feedback gleamed from users and experts Put together a WIP report Talk to World Bank expert Narrow down designs to 4 possible ones

Week 7

WIP report and presentation Sketching and prototyping – Prototypes will explore material in more detail

Week 8

Refined prototypes and start building CAD models. By here have at least 2 possible designs to move forward with. Put together a meeting with focus group to discuss the possibilities – Tentative date, weekend of Week 8

Week 9 Week 10

Refined sketches for the 2 possibilities and start building CAD model Finish CAD model and start building prototypes for final direction Update and revise book built for reference and update it for design book. Prepare content and start layouts

Week 11 Week 12

Work on CAD Model and prepare orthographics Work on CAD model presentation for FINAL PRESENTATION Work on Book

Week 13

Complete CAD Model Complete Prototypes Finish process book and send it to Blurb.com for printing

Week 14

Work on WIP Presentation and preparing prototypes for presentation

Week 15

Presentation Week and Final Process Book 135

APPENDIX

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APPENDIX 1 GLOSSARY AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome CAWST – Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology CDC – Center for Disease Control and Prevention (United States of America) CFU – Colony-Forming Units HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus HWTS – Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage IDE – International Development Agencies JMP – Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (WHO/UNICEF) MDG – Millennium Development Goal NaDCC – Sodium DiChlorisocyanurate NGO – Non-Governmental Organization NTU – Nephelometric Turbidity Units PATH – Program for Appropriate Technology in Health POUZN – Point-of-use water treatment with zinc supplements PSI – Population Services International SWS – Safe Water Systems UN – United Nations UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund USAID – United States Agency for International Development USEPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency WHO – World Health Organization

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APPENDIX 2 BASIC QUESTIONNAIRE - ORGANIZATIONS: • What does your organization do? • Who are the people you deal with? • What areas do you deal in? • What is the average income of the users? • What are the problems in the areas that you deal with? • What is your organization doing in regards to these problems? • What kinds of products are being used related to accessing drinking water? • How easy is it for the users to connect with products and accept it? • Are you taking any measures in terms of product acceptability? BASIC QUESTIONNAIRE - USERS: • What are the problems you face regarding drinking water? What are the issues? • What is your main source of drinking water? • How much do you have to travel to get to this source? • How do you store your drinking water? • How much do you spend on your drinking water? • How do you think drinking water effects your health? Here a general conversation comes in about health and facts about health and how water effects health.

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APPENDIX 3 Agenda: Interview and visit homes. The more, the better! Build and understanding with them, for follow up questions and feedback. Tell them, you are working on a project about building a product that treats water and makes it clean. Once you are finished, ask them if you can come back to them for more questions and if they are willing to help you build the project, if you can show them ideas and if they will comment on it. It is for them so they need to get involved.

Images of kitchen.

Where are they originally from? Is it a village? If itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a village, then which village?

Where are you originally from? If it is a village, what is the name of the village:

How many people live in this house? How many families, Like how many extended families living together? If itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a joint family, how many people in each family? How many rooms in the house (ideally, take some images of the houses from the inside, just so I can get an idea of what their homes look like?)

Images of all sources of water: Yes No Do not restrict the images to just drinking water. Anything to do with water, all activities around water, document and take a picture.

Images of all sources of water. This is not limited to just drinking water: all sources of water. Plus, for drinking water: Where do they get their water? Where do they store it? This includes all storage: water tanks, matkas, whatever they use. Do they do anything in terms of treating it? Like boiling or using some sor of device. Do they think they need to do something to clean their water. If yes, then why? If not, then why not?

Family Name: How many people live in the house: How many rooms in the house: Bedrooms: Living Room: Bathrooms: Kitchens: Others: What is the family structure? Image of the house: Yes No

Images of Kitchen: Yes No Where do you get your water? Source: Purpose: Where do you store your drinking water? List all sources: Do you use any methods to treat your water? Yes No If not, why not: Do you think you need some sort of device to make your water drinkable, why? / Comments:

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APPENDIX 3

140

APPENDIX 3

141

APPENDIX 3

142

APPENDIX 3

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BIBLIOGRAPHY EXPERT INTERVIEWS • Abdullah, Roohi. Telephone and Email. Urban and WSS Specialist, World Bank • Bai, Zubaida. Telephone and Email. CEO/Founder, Ayzh • Cardwell, Ray. In-person. Contra Costa Water District • Chartrand, Peter. Telephone and Email. US Director, Potters for Peace • Cleary, Peter. Telephone and Email. Communications and Public Relations Director, Vestergaard Frandsen. • Kazi, Durriya. Professor, Karachi University. • Khan, Shahid. In-person and Email. CEO, Indus Earth Trust • Manzoor, Rabayl. In-person and Email. Director, OSDI • Rainey, Rochelle. Telephone. Senior Advisor, Environmental Health, USAID Global Health Bureau • Schaeffer, Benjamin. Email. Director, Aid for Refugees and Orphans (ARO), Pakistan BOOKS • Brocklehurst, C. 2004. Water and Sanitation Program: The Case for Water and Sanitation • Hasan, Arif. Participatory Development: The Story of the Orangi Pilot Project-Research and Training Institute and the Urban Resource Centre, Karachi, Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford UP, 2010. • Hasan, Arif. The Unplanned Revolution: Observations on the Processes of Socio Economic Change in Pakistan. Karachi: Oford UP, 2009. • Ingram, Colin. The Drinking Water Book: How to Eliminate Harmful Toxins from Your Water. Berkeley: Celestial Arts, 2006. • Knechtel, John. Water. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2009. • Rogers, Everett M. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free, 2003. • Tilley, Alvin R. The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002. • Weisman, Alan. Gaviotas: A Village to Reinvent the World. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub., 1999. • Zeisel, John. Inquiry by Design: Environment/behavior/neuroscience in Architecture, Interiors, Landscape, and Planning. New York: W.W. Norton &, 2006. CONFERENCES: • Water Conservation Showcase, San Francisco. March 22, 2011 • IDSA Conference. “Is Social Design Good Business”. San Jose. May 6-7, 2011 PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS • 2006. Human Development Report • Andrews, Charles T., and Cesar E. Yñiguez. Water in Asian Cities: Utilities’ Performance and Civil Society Views. Asian Development Bank, 2004. • CAWST. Project BRAVO A Field Study in Haiti. Issue brief. Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology, 2006. • CDC. Best practice recommendations for local manufacturing of ceramic pot filters for Household Water Treatment. June 2011. First Edition. • Harris, John. Callenges to the commercial viability of POU water treatment systems in low-income settings.

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• IDEO, HUMAN CENTERED DESIGN Toolkit, Second Edition. • Jim, Wright, Gundry Stephen, and Conroy Ronan. “Household Drinking Water in Developing Countries: a Systematic Review of Microbiological Contamination between Source and Pointof-use.” Tropical Medicine and International Health 9.1 (2004): 106-17. • Khan, M. Ejaz and Akhlaq Ahmed. Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters in Well Waters of Karachi and their health impacts. November 2001. • Kugelman, Michael, and Robert M. Hathaway, eds. Running on Empty: Pakistan’s Water Crisis. Washington, D.C: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2009. • PATH. Extended User Testing of Water Treatment Devices in Andhra Pradesh. 2010. • PATH. Diarrheal Disease: Solutions to defeca a global killer. • S. Abdallah. Sun tracking system for productivity enhancement of solar distillation. • Shah, Naman. Water Plus, POU LED Ultraviolet System. • SPSS BI. Survey Tips. • T. Handzel, Sobsey, and Sobsey L. Venczel. “Chlorination and Safe Storage of Household Drinking Water in Developing Countries to Reduce Waterborne Disease.” Water and Science Technology 47.3 (2003): 221-28. • Technical Brief. Solar Distillation. • USAID. Best practices in social marketing safe water solutions for household water treatment. • WaterAid. Water Quality Testing Protocol. November 2010. • WHO and UNICEF. 2008. Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation • WHO and UNICEF. Water for Life, Making it Happen. • WHO, 2007. Combating Waterborne diseases at the household level • WHO, 2007. Combating Waterborne diseases at the household level • WHO. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Fourth Edition • WHO. Managing Water in Home: Accelerated health gains from improved water supply. 2002 • WHO. Scaling up household water treatment among low-income populations. 2009 VIDEOS: • Blue Gold: World Water Wars. Dir. Maude Barlow and Tony Clark. PBS. DVD. • Crude. Dir. Joe Berlinger Berlinger. Perf. Pablo Fajardo, Luis Yanza, Steven Donziger. FIRST RUN FEATURES, 2009. DVD. • Flow. Dir. Irena Salina. O-Scope, 2008. DVD. • FRONTLINE: Poisoned Waters. PBS, 2009. DVD. • Running Dry. Dir. Jim Thebaut. Perf. Jane Seymour. 2005. DVD. • Water Voices. Perf. Asia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Fiji Islands, India, Kiribati, Philippines, Thailand, Tonga. Http://www.adb.org/Water/Knowledge-Center/dvds/water-voices.asp. ADB, 2003. Web. 26 Mar. 2011. KARACHI IMAGES CREDIT: • Mehmood, Mutahir. O’Shoot Photography, Karachi, Pakistan. http://www.flickr.com/photos/61448944@N04/

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