DUSS Dhrubak

Dc‡`óv jvwddv Rvgvj gWv‡iUi XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU ‡Pqvicvimb ‡ivewU· GÛ †gKvUªwb· BwÄwbqvwis wefvM XvKv wek^we`¨vjq m¤úv`K ‡gvt ivBmyj Bmjvg m¤úv`bv cl©` dqmvj web †ZŠwn` wmwÏKx cwi‡Zvl P›`ª ivq ‡gvt ZwiKzj Bmjvg w`cy bvwdmv ivqnvbv Avey bvwmg nvq`vi AjsKiY Ges web¨vm ‡kL †mvenvbx †mŠif cÖ”Q` cÖZ¨vkv mvnv m¤úv`bv mn‡hvMx gbRyi Avn‡g` Rq gygZvwnbv ingvb gyËvwmg wejøvn& mv`gvb dzqv` mRxe ‡ivKvBqv kZ`ªæ Hwkqv dvBiæR Bgivb ïf ‡Rwib Zvmwbg dvwib gvwjnv bIkxb gvImyj AvRv` ‡gvt Avãyi ingvb Avey mvC` †gvnv¤§` mv‡qg †hvMv‡hvM : 01559500327 science.duss@gmail.com scienceduss.org /DUScienceSociety

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XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

DHAKA UNIVERSITY SCIENCE SOCIETY GKyk kZ‡K GKwU RvwZi AMÖMwZi Rb¨ ‡h wRwbmwU me‡P‡q ‡ewk cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡Z `¶ gvbem¤ú`| `ytLRbK n‡jI mZ¨, weÁvb PP©vi h_vh_ my‡hvM bv _vKvq Avgv‡`i ‡`k weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡Z GL‡bv wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ ‡mvmvBwU (wWBDGmGm) weÁvb PP©vi GB cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K Dcjwä K‡i KvR ïiz K‡i‡Q 2015 mvj ‡_‡K| wWBDGmGm XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_©x‡`i GKwU weÁvb msMVb| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wk¶v_©x‡`i gv‡S weÁvb‡K RbwcÖq Kiv, weÁvb RM‡Z Pjgvb NUbvejxi mv‡_ wbqwgZ cwiPq Kwi‡q ‡`Iqv, ‡`‡ki L¨vZbvgv weÁvb M‡elK, ‡jLK, wk¶K‡`i mvwbœ‡a¨ G‡m fwel¨‡Z weÁvb PP©vi GKwU cø¨vUdg© ‰Zwi K‡i ‡`Iqv| GKB mv‡_ wWBDGmGm memgq wk¶v_©x‡`i DrmvwnZ K‡i weÁvb M‡elYvi cÖwZ| msMVbwUi wek¦vm, weÁvb M‡elYvi gva¨‡g ‡`k I RvwZi DbœwZ‡Z me‡P‡q ‡ewk Ae`vb ivLv m¤¢e Ges GB D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Yi j‡¶¨ mviveQi Ry‡o bvbv Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K wWBDGmGm| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQy Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU n‡jv cvVPµ hv cÖwZ gv‡mi 1g I 3q e…n¯úwZevi Av‡qvwRZ nq Ges weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q cvi¯úvwiK Av‡jvPbv I mgv‡jvPbv nq GB cvVP‡µ| weÁvb mswkøó ‡mB Ávb‡K Av‡iv `¶ Kivi Rb¨ Av‡qvwRZ nq IqvK©kc| GQvovI weÁv‡bi wewfbœ ‡¶‡Î M‡elYvi Z_¨ I my‡hvM Ges K¨vwiqvi Movi Rb¨ Av‡qvRb Kiv nq wimvP© I K¨vwiqvi ‡mwgbvi| ïaygvÎ IqvK©kc, ‡mwgbviB bq weÁv‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q ¯‹yj, K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_©x‡`i mivmwi AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZeQi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq RvZxq weÁvbDrme Ges ÷y‡W›U Kbdv‡iÝ| GQvovI Avgv‡`i Av‡iv wKQy D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ Av‡Q- cvewjK ‡jKPvi, Rvb©vj ÷vwWR, AvKvk ch©‡e¶Y, wdì wUªc BZ¨vw`|

m~wPcÎ K…wÎg eyw×gËv: gvbyl bv-wK ‡gwkb!

CRISPR-Cas9 Ges Avgv‡`i RxeweÁv‡b AMÖMwZ †h QqwU wgD‡Ukb Avcbv‡K †`‡e AwZgvbexq ˆewkó¨ WvK© g¨vUvi KvKZvjxq NvZK Avgiv ‡Kb NygvB? nvw›UsU‡bi ‡ivM I wRbcÖ‡KŠkj mvÿvrKvi ce© Interview with Astrid Eichhorn GK bR‡i Avgv‡`i wKQz Kvh©µg MÖ¨vwf‡Ukbvj †jwÝs wMÖ‡mi GK me¨mvPx wnwj‡gkb we`¨yr PvwjZ AvYweK cÖfveK dy‡qj ‡mj gnvRvMwZK cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z, mg‡qi Av‡MB wK c„w_ex‡Z Rxe‡bi AvMgb N‡U‡Q? evwjNwo, K‡ji cvwb I KYvi ‡Kvqv›Uvg ag© gywf wiwfD: `¨v c¨v‡mÄvim Ab¨ GwWmb ebvg ‡Umjv: HwZnvwmK ‰Øi_

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK Gevi mxgvšÍi¶x GB ‡iveU‡`i GKwU‡K mxgv‡šÍi Icv‡i A_©vr Ab¨ ‡`‡ki mxgvbvq wM‡q GKUv dzj evMvb ‡_‡K ‡Mvc‡b GKUv dyj wb‡q Avm‡Z cvVv‡bv n‡jv Ges e‡j ‡`qv n‡jv ‡Kv‡bv fv‡eB Kv‡iv nv‡Z aiv cov hv‡e bv| dyj Avb‡Z wM‡q ‡iveU ‡`L‡jv, evMv‡bi gvjx GwM‡q Avm‡Q| mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv‡K ‡h wRwbm¸‡jv BwZg‡a¨ ‡kLv‡bv n‡jv, ‡mUv ‡_‡K ‡iv‡evUwU wm×všÍ ‡bqvi cÖwµqv ïiæ Ki‡jv| wm×všÍ¸‡jv n‡Z cv‡i GiKg- ‡iveU gvjxi nv‡Z aiv c‡o hv‡”Q| wKš‘, ‡h‡nZy wb‡`©k ‡`qv Av‡Q Kv‡iv nv‡Z aiv cov hv‡e bv, ZvB GB gvjxi nv‡Z aiv cov eÜ n‡Z n‡e| Kxfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i? gvjx hw` bovPov Ki‡Z bv cv‡i, Zvn‡j ai‡ZI cvi‡e bv| gvjx GKUv gvbyl| gvbyl GKUv cÖvYx| cÖvYx g„Zz¨ n‡j bovPov Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡gwk‡bi Kv‡Q e›`yK Av‡Q| ‡gwkb‡K ‡kLv‡bv n‡q‡Q, e›`y‡Ki ¸wj‡Z cÖvYxi g„Zz¨ n‡Z cv‡i| AZGe, mv‡_ mv‡_ ¸wj Kivi wm×všÍ ‡b‡e ‡iveU| GLv‡b ‡kl n‡q ‡M‡jI K_v wQ‡jv| Zv‡K ‡h AviI ‡kLv‡bv n‡qwQ‡jv, ‡gwk‡bi Kvi‡Y hw` ‡Kv‡bv cÖvYxi g„Zz¨ nq Zvn‡j ‡m cÖvYx‡Mvôxi Ab¨ m`m¨iv ‡m ‡gwkb aŸsm K‡i ‡dj‡e| AZGe, gvjx Z_v GKUv gvbyl‡K gvivi Kvi‡Y Ab¨ gvbyliv ‡m ‡gwkb‡K aŸsm K‡i ‡dj‡e| aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ gvbylRb Zv‡K ai‡Z Avm‡e| wKš‘, Avevi ‡h Zv‡K e‡j ‡`qv n‡q‡Q, ‡Kv‡bvfv‡eB aiv cov hv‡e bv| GLb Dcvq? GKgvÎ Dcvq me gvbyl‡K aŸsm K‡i ‡djv| GLb ‡h‡nZy A‡bK gvbyl‡K gvi‡Z n‡e, ¸wj PvjbvKvix ‡gwkbwU Ab¨ me ‡gwkb‡KI wb‡`©k Z_v Zvi ‡kLv wRwbm¸‡jv Kwc K‡i cvwV‡q ‡`‡e| me ‡gwkb GK mv‡_ gvbyl gviv ïiæ Ki‡e| AvcvZ wb‡f©Rvj, ïaygvÎ GKUv dyj Zy‡j wb‡q Avmvi wb‡`©k ‡_‡K wbwðý n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡i gvbe RvwZ| GLv‡b j¶¨ Ki‡jB ‡`Lv hv‡e ‡h, ‡gwkb‡K KvD‡K gvivi Rb¨ wb‡`©k ‡`qv nqwb; wKš‘, c~e©eZ©x Ávb e¨envi K‡i Ô`yB‡q `yB‡q PviÕ wgwj‡q wb‡q ‡gwkb wVKB gvbyl ‡g‡i ‡dj‡Q| AZGe, ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡h, Ggb cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e nIqv m¤¢e ‡h wb‡`©k bv ‡`qv m‡Ë¡I ‡gwkb gvbyl ‡g‡i ‡dj‡Q| Ggb Dcv‡q, GKUv jwRK ‡_‡K Av‡iKUv jwRK, jwR‡K jwR‡K ‡hvRb-we‡qvRb NwU‡q AviI bZyb jwRK; bZyb GKUv wRwbm ‡kLv‡bv n‡j, Av‡Mi ‡kLv wRwb‡mi mv‡_ wgwj‡q wKQy bZyb wm×všÍ wb‡Z ‡kLv; Gfv‡e, µgvMZ wb‡R wb‡R wk‡L Pjvi cÖwµqv‡KB ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡gwk‡bi eyw×gvb n‡q DVv; GUv‡KB ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i K…wÎg eyw×gËv| cÖkœ P‡j Av‡m, mxgvbv ‡Kv_vq ‡m wk¶vi? ‡kl ‡Kv_vq ‡m eyw×gvb n‡Z _vKvi Pjgvb cÖwµqvi? wkL‡Z wkL‡Z Ggb w`bI wK Avm‡e ‡h gvby‡li Rvbvi cwiwa‡KI AwZµg K‡i hv‡e ‡gwkb? GLv‡b, GKUv wRwbm e‡j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb ‡h, gvbyl f~wgô n‡q k~b¨ wk¶v wb‡q, Avevi g„Zz¨i mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li me wk¶v k~b¨‡Z wM‡q ‡cŠuQvq| Ab¨w`‡K, ‡gwk‡bi g„Zz¨ ‡bB| ‡gwkb cÖwZwbqZ Zvi eyw×gËvi DbœqbB NwU‡q hv‡e Ges ‡m cÖwµqv AbšÍKvj a‡i Pjv m¤¢e| ÒZvn‡j Dcvq? GLb Kx n‡e?Ó GB cÖ‡kœi DËiI wVK ‡UKwbK¨vj bq, eis wKQyUv gb¯ÍvwË¡K ev mvB‡KvjwRK¨vj| g„Zz¨ SyuwK Av‡Q Ges gvbyl RvwZ wbwðý n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡m e¨e¯’v‡Zv BwZg‡a¨ Avgiv K‡iB ‡i‡LwQ|

‡gwkb wK wb‡R wb‡R wk‡L ‡dj‡Z cvi‡e wbZ¨bZyb wRwbm? hš¿ hw` GK mgq gvbyl‡`i kÎæ n‡q D‡V, ‡j‡M hvq hš¿ Avi gvb‡e hy×, Z‡e ‡K Rqx n‡e ‡m hy‡×? ‡gwkb wK ‡g‡i ‡dj‡Z cvi‡e gvbyl‡K, aŸsm K‡i ‡dj‡Z cvi‡e gvbe mf¨Zv? Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi hZUyKy bv ‡UKwbK¨vj, Zvi ‡P‡q ‡ewk wd‡jvmwdK¨vj| Av‡M Avwm Avmj cÖkœUv ev cÖkœ¸‡jv Kx ‡m RvqMvUv‡Z| cÖ_g K_v n‡”Q, ‡gwkb wK Aj‡iwW wKQy wKQy ‡¶‡Î gvby‡li ‡P‡q ¶gZvkvjx bq? DËiUv n‡jv Òn¨vuÓ| wKQy wKQy RvqMvq gvby‡li mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| wKš‘, ‡gwk‡bi ‡bB| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv ‡h‡Z cv‡i Do‡Z cvivi K_v| gvbyl Do‡Z cv‡i bv, wKš‘ ‡gwkb Do‡Z cv‡i| Zvn‡j, Avgiv wK ewj ‡h ‡gwkb gvby‡li ‡P‡q kw³kvjx? A_ev, AšÍZ GB ‡¶‡Î ej‡ev wK ‡h gvby‡li ‡P‡q ‡gwk‡bi ¶gZv ‡ewk? Ab¨ Av‡iKwU cÖkœ n‡jv ‡gwkb wK gvbyl‡K ‡g‡i ‡dj‡Z cv‡i? GB cÖ‡kœi DËi A‡bK mnR| Aek¨B ‡g‡i ‡dj‡Z cv‡i| GLb ‡h PvjKwenxb Mvwo iv¯Ívq P‡j, ‡m GKUv MvwoB‡Zv Pvcv w`‡q GK mv‡_ A‡bK gvbyl ‡g‡i ‡dj‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘, G me¸‡jv D`vni‡Y GKUv wRwbm ‡Lqvj Ki‡jB eySv hv‡e ‡h, me ‡¶‡ÎB, gvbyl hw` ‡gwkb‡K AvKv‡k Dovi ev ‡g‡i ‡djvi wb‡`©k ‡`q, gvbyl hw` Mvwo Z_v ‡gwkb‡K gvby‡li Mv‡q DwV‡q ‡`qvi wb‡`©k ‡`q, ‡KejgvÎ ZLwb ‡gwkb ‡m wb‡`©k¸‡jv cvjb Ki‡Z wM‡q GB NUbv¸‡jv NUv‡e| Zvn‡j, cÖK…Z weZK©Uv ‡Kv_vq ev Avmj cÖkœUv Kx? Avmj cÖkœUv n‡jv, Ggb cwiw¯’wZi D™¢e nIqv wK m¤¢e ‡h wb‡`©k bv ‡`qv m‡Ë¡I ‡gwkb gvbyl ‡g‡i ‡dj‡Q ev ‡g‡i ‡dj‡Z D×Z n‡”Q? ‡mvRvmvÞv DËiUv n‡”Q Òm¤¢eÓ| Kxfv‡e m¤¢e ‡mUv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ‡M‡jB P‡j Avm‡e K…wÎg eyw×gËv ev ÔGAvBÕ Gi Mí, P‡j Avm‡e jwRK, P‡j Avm‡e Kx K‡i ‡gwkb wb‡R wb‡R wk‡L ‡dj‡Z cv‡i ‡m Mí| Avevi, D`vni‡Y P‡j hvB| aiv hvK GKUv ‡gwkb‡K KZ¸‡jv wRwbm ‡kLv‡bv n‡jv| ‡hgbt hv‡`i cÖvY Av‡Q Zviv cÖvYx| gvbyl, cï, cvwL BZ¨vw` wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvYx| ‡Kv‡bv cÖvYx gviv ‡M‡j bovPov Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| eva©K¨RwbZ Kvi‡Y, `yN©Ubvq, wel cÖ‡qv‡M, e›`y‡Ki ¸wj ev welv³ M¨v‡mi ‡me‡b gvby‡li g„Zz¨ n‡Z cv‡i| AviI, ‡kLv‡bv n‡jv, ‡gwk‡bi Kvi‡Y hw` ‡Kv‡bv cÖvYxi g„Zz¨ nq Zvn‡j ‡m cÖvYx‡Mvôxi Ab¨ m`m¨iv ‡m ‡gwkb aŸsm K‡i ‡dj‡e| aiv hvK, GKUv ‡gwkb‡K ‡KejgvÎ GB wb‡f©Rvj mZ¨¸‡jv wkwL‡q ‡`qv n‡jv| Lye ‡hŠw³Kfv‡e Av‡iv aiv hvK, GKBai‡Yi KvR A‡bKevi Ki‡Z n‡j, K‡qKRb wg‡j ‡hb `ªæZ ‡kl Ki‡Z cv‡i ‡mRb¨ wkw¶Z ‡gwkbUv (‡hwU‡K ‡kLv‡bv n‡q ‡M‡Q) Ab¨ ‡gwkb‡`i GB wRwbmwU wkwL‡q w`‡Z cvi‡e| wkwL‡q ‡`qv gv‡b wb‡`©k¸‡jv Kwc K‡i ‡`qv| fwel¨‡Zi K_v `~‡i _vK, GB wRwbmUvi ev¯Íevqb AvR‡Ki w`‡bi mvaviY eøy-Uy_ ‡UK‡bvjwR w`‡qB K‡i ‡djv m¤¢e| Gevi ev¯Íe GKUv cwiw¯’wZ we‡ePbv Kiv hvK| wKQy ‡iveU Av‡Q, hv‡`i KvR n‡e e›`yK wb‡q mxgvšÍ cvnviv ‡`qv| D‡jøL¨, ‡h mg¯Í RvqMvq gvby‡li g„Zz¨ SyuwK ‡ewk (‡hgbt mxgvšÍ, Kqjv Lwb, BZ¨vw`), fwel¨r c„w_ex‡Z ‡m mg¯Í RvqMv‡ZB ‡ewk ‡iveU e¨envi nevi m¤¢vebv|

XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

05

†g | 2017 | aªæeK GKw`‡K, Kj-KviLvbvq ‡gwk‡bi e¨envi A‡bK wKQyB ‡hgb `ªæZ I mnR K‡i w`‡q‡Q, Ab¨w`‡K ‡mwU `vuwo‡q hv‡”Q gvby‡li weKí wn‡m‡e; ‡e‡o hv‡”Q Av‡qk, wKš‘, Ajm n‡q co‡Q gvbyl, mv‡_ mv‡_ ‡e‡o hv‡”Q ‡eKvi mgm¨v| G nv‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡j, KLb ‡h Kg©‡¶‡Î gvby‡li ‡P‡q ‡gwkb ‡e‡o hv‡e ‡mUv wb‡qB n‡”Q Av‡jvPbv| Z‡e, mv‡_ mv‡_ cvëv hyw³I ‡`Lv‡bv n‡”Q| ejv n‡”Q ‡h, Ggb wKQy ¯’vb Av‡Q ‡hLv‡b gvby‡li c‡¶ Dcw¯’Z nIqv ev KvR Kiv Am¤¢e, A_P, ‡mLv‡b ‡gwkb wM‡q Abvqv‡m Kg© m¤úv`b K‡i Avm‡Q| mgy‡`ªi Mfxi wKsev g½‡ji c„‡ô GL‡bv ch©šÍ ‡Kej ‡gwkb‡KB ‡i‡L Avmv m¤¢e| ÔGAvBÕ ej‡Z G ‡jLvq ‡ewkifvMB ‡iv‡evU wb‡q ejv n‡q‡Q ev D`vniY ‡`qv n‡q‡Q; Z‡e, cÖK…Z A‡_© GAvB ïay Gm‡ei g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| Gi wewfbœ kvLv-cÖkvLv i‡q‡Q| ‡gwkb jvwb©©s‡qi wewfbœ ‡UKwbK, wbDivj ‡bUIqvK© ev bvbv ai‡Yi G·cvU© wm‡÷g, GAvB-mswkøó M‡elYvi Ab¨Zg kvLv| ‡gwkb jvwb©s ‡UKwbK, e¨envi K‡i ‡Kv‡bv GKwU wm‡÷‡gi AZx‡Zi WvUv we‡kølY K‡i fwel¨Z AvPi‡Yi aviYv cvIqv hvq; wKsev, wewfbœ Dcv`vb‡K we‡kølY K‡i mwVK ‡kÖYxfy³ Kiv hvq| ‡hgbt MZ `k eQ‡ii eb¨v cwiw¯’wZ we‡kølY K‡i AvMvgx eQ‡ii cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© cÖ¯‘Z nIqv A_ev GKUv B‡gBj we‡kølY K‡i e‡j ‡`qv hvq ‡mwU ¯ú¨vg bvwK wb‡f©Rvj B‡gBj| wbDivj ‡bUIqvK© e¨envi K‡i Ab¨ A‡bK wKQyi mv‡_ mv‡_ Qwe (Qvcv eB‡qi c„ôv) ‡_‡K ‡U·U& (‡jLv) ‡ei K‡i Avbv, wKsev ‡gwkb w`‡q (‡hgb, ‡gvevBj) KÚ, K_v, kã ev evK¨ eyS‡Z cviv m¤¢e| G·cvU© wm‡÷g¸‡jv G·cvU© gvby‡li gZ wm×všÍ w`‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb, GKRb we‡klÁ Wv³vi ‡ivMxi wewfbœ wi‡cvU© we‡kølY K‡i ‡h ai‡Yi ‡cÖmwµckb w`‡eb, GKwU ‡gwWK¨vj G·cvU© wm‡÷gI wi‡cvU© we‡kølY K‡i ‡gvUvgywU GKB ‡cÖmwµckb w`‡e| G mg¯Í wKQy QvovI nvj Avg‡ji ¸M‡ji ¯§vU© Mvox wKsev c¨v‡KR ‡Wwjfvwi Kivi Rb¨ A¨vgvR‡bi ¯§vU© ‡W«v‡bi gZ D`vniY¸wj‡Zv Av‡QB, ‡hLv‡b mivmwi AvwU©wdwmqvj B‡›Uwj‡RÝ ev K…wÎg eyw×gËvi cÖ‡qvM N‡U _v‡K| m‡e©vcwi, GB K…wÎg eyw×gËv gvbe RvwZi Rb¨ Avkxe©v` bv Awfkvc n‡q ‡`Lv w`‡e, ‡mUv wbf©i Ki‡e K…wÎg eyw×gËvi e¨env‡ii Dci| GKB cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i we`y¨rI ‰Zwi nq, Avevi cvigvYweK ‡evgvI ‰Zwi nq; ‡h A¨vwmW w`‡q wfUvwgb evbv‡bv nq, ‡m GKB A¨vwmW w`‡q Avevi Sj‡mI ‡`qv nq| fwel¨‡Zi c„w_ex Kx n‡e, ‡mwU ‡KejgvÎ fwel¨‡ZB Rvbv m¤¢e; Z‡e, Av‡Mi K_vi cybive„wË K‡i eZ©gv‡b GBUyKy AšÍZ ejv m¤¢e ‡h, ÒGZ mn‡R aŸsm nIqvi Rb¨ Rb¥ nqwb gvby‡li, m„wó nqwb we¯§qKi gvbe cÖRvwZiÓ|

mviv we‡k¦ ‡h cwigvY cvigvYweK ‡evgv Av‡Q, ‡mUvi hw` we‡ùviY ïiæ n‡q hvq, cwiw¯’wZUv Kx `vuov‡e Kíbv Kiv hvq! wKš‘, ZvB e‡j wK c„w_ex aŸsm n‡q hv‡”Q? GBWm& ev B‡evjvi gZ GKUv ‡iv‡M cy‡iv c„w_ex‡Z msµgY n‡jB‡Zv gvbe mf¨Zv aŸsm n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡i! ZvB e‡j wK gvbe mf¨Zv aŸsm n‡q ‡M‡Q? bv n‡q hvqwb| KviY, kZ-mn¯ª« eQ‡ii wU‡K _vKvi HwZn¨ ey‡K aviY K‡i, ‰eix c„w_ex‡K Kv‡ji Ave‡Z© ek gvwb‡q emev‡mi Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o Zy‡j, ZviciB‡Zv me©‡kÖô cÖRvwZi ZKgv AR©b K‡i‡Q ÔgvbeÕ| GZ mn‡R aŸsm nIqvi Rb¨ Rb¥ nqwb gvby‡li| ‡Lqvj Ki‡j ‡`Lv hv‡e, ‡iveU ev h‡š¿i ‡h K…wÎg eyw× ‡mUvi Drm wKš‘ H gvbylB| GKUv hš¿ hw` Awek¦vm¨ iK‡gi eyw×gvb n‡q D‡V, cÖK…Z A‡_© ‡m eyw×i `vex`vi ‡mB ‡gavex gvbylwU ‡h hš¿wU evwb‡q‡Q ‡m gvbylwU| Z‡e GUv wVK ‡h, Dc‡ii D`vniY ¸‡jv‡Z ‡hwU e¨vL¨v G‡m‡Q, gvby‡li wb‡Ri eyw×B wb‡Ri Rb¨ Kvj n‡q `vuov‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e, ‡mwU A‡bK Òhw`-wKš‘-A_eviÓ Dci wbf©ikxj| Gevi, Av‡iKUv Lye mnR I mvaviY D`vniY ‡`B, ‡hwU w`‡q e¨vL¨v Kiv hv‡e Kxfv‡e ‡gwkb‡K _vgv‡bv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| aiv hvK, GKUv ‡gwkb gvbyl‡K AvµgY Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jv| GLb ‡gwkb Kxfv‡e eyS‡e Zvi cv‡k GKRb gvbyl Av‡Q! Lye mnR| GLbB Ggb ‡dBm wiKMwbkvb mdUIq¨vi Av‡Q ‡h¸‡jv B‡gR cÖ‡mwms‡qi gva¨‡g e‡j w`‡Z cv‡i ‡KvbUv gvbyl ‡KvbUv Ab¨ cÖvYx (‡dBmeyK ‡d«Û‡`i U¨vM Kivi Rb¨ GwU K‡i _v‡K)| AZGe, Av‡jvP¨ GB Ôg¨vb wKjviÕ ‡gwkbwUI ‡m iKg ‡Kv‡bv B‡gR cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i cÖ_‡g ‡dBm mbv³ Ki‡e, Avi hLwb ‡`L‡e ‡dBmwU ‡Kv‡bv gvby‡li, mv‡_ mv‡_ AvµgY Ki‡e| Gevi Avwm, GB ‡iv‡evUwUi nvZ ‡_‡K evuPvi Dcvq wK ‡m RvqMvUv‡Z| GZ¶‡Y nq‡Zv aviYv K‡i ‡djv hv‡”Q| n¨vu, Lye mvaviY GKUv Kvco w`‡q gyL ‡X‡K ‡dj‡j A_ev GKUv e· w`‡q gyLgÛj Ave„Z K‡i ‡dj‡jB ‡iveUwU Avi ‡dBm wW‡U± Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| wKš‘, ‡iveUwU‡K hw` Av‡iKUy ¯§vU© K‡i evbv‡bv nq? ‡m‡¶‡Î Kx n‡e? ‡hgb ‡iv‡evUwU hw` G·-‡i e¨envi K‡i, Zvn‡j e‡·i wfZi gyLgÛj jywK‡q ivL‡jI ‡dBm wW‡U± Kiv hv‡e| Avm‡j, ‡mwUI eÜ Kivi Dcvq Av‡Q| Z‡e, ‡mwU e¨vL¨v Kiv GLv‡b g~jwelq bv| g~jwelq n‡jv, ‡Kv‡bv bv ‡Kv‡bvfv‡e ‡gwkb‡K ‡evKv evbv‡bvi GKUv Dcvq nq‡Zv ‡_‡KB hvq| GLv‡b ‡LjvUv eyw×i| Avi GB eyw× wRwbmUv gvby‡li mnRvZ, Avi ‡gwk‡bi hvwš¿K ev K…wÎg| cv_©K¨Uv GLv‡bB| mgqB e‡j w`‡e, ‡KvbwU ‡ewk kw³kvjx| bvbvb K_vi fx‡o Ab¨ Av‡iKUv wel‡q ejvB n‡jv bv| c„w_exe¨vcx GLb ïiæ n‡q‡Q K…wÎg eyw×gËvm¤úbœ ‡gwkb evbv‡bvi JwPZ¨ wb‡q cÖkœ|

XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

‡jLK: mnKvix Aa¨vcK, BÝwUwUDU Ae Bbd‡g©kb †UK‡bvjwR, XvKv wek^we`¨vjq

06

Ges Avgv‡`i RxeweÁv‡b AMÖMwZ CRISPR-Cas9

‰mq` BgwZqvR bv`wf

RxeweÁv‡bi RM‡Z CRISPR-Cas9 Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q Ggb GK ‰ecøweK cwieZ©b Avbvi m¤¢vebv ‡h nq‡Zv Avi 50-60 eQi c‡i Avgv‡`i DNA Gi ‡Kvb ÎywU Avgiv ivLe bv|

†g | 2017 | aªæeK

wPÎ CRISPR-Cas9 Gi MVb

wPÎ CRISPR-Cas9 Gi Kvh©wµqv Cas9 †K‡U †dj‡e fzj web¨v‡mi DNA AskUzKz| Zvici, k~b¨ n‡q hvIqv DNA Gi duvKv Ask c~iY Ki‡e †Kv‡li DNA Polymerase GbRvBg| DNA Polymerase mvaviYZ DNA Gi msL¨ve„wׇZ e¨eüZ nq| cÖhyw³wU RNA Gi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ n‡e Avi GB Kvi‡YB Zv cy‡ivcywi wbLuyZ n‡e| RNA Gi gva¨‡g cwiPvjbv Kivi d‡j †h †Kvb Kvw•LZ DNA ev †cÖvwUb Gi mv‡_ CRISPR-Cas9 wg‡j hv‡e| m¤ú~iK web¨v‡mi Kvi‡bB RNA, DNA ev †cÖvwU‡bi mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z cvi‡e| DNA m¤úv`bv Kivi cÖhyw³ Av‡MI wQj, †hgb- wR¼ wd½vi wbDwK¬‡qR, U¨v‡jb BZ¨vw`, wKš‘ †m¸‡jv ïay GbRvBg ev †cÖvwUb wbf©i nIqvi `ÿZv Kvw•LZ ch©v‡q DbœxZ nqwb| Avevi GKB mv‡_ wewfbœ Spacer e¨envi K‡i GKB mv‡_ wewfbœ ÎæwUhy³ DNA Ask‡K ÎæwUgy³ Kiv m¤¢e| RxeweÁv‡bi RM‡Z CRISPR-Cas9 Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q Ggb GK ‰ecøweK cwieZ©b Avbvi m¤¢vebv ‡h nq‡Zv Avi 50-60 eQi c‡i Avgv‡`i DNA Gi ‡Kvb ÎywU Avgiv ivLe bv| B‡Zvg‡a¨B wWRvBb ‡ewe ‰Zwi Kivi K_v DV‡Q| cÖhyw³i AccÖ‡qv‡M nq‡Zv gibv¯¿ ‰Zwi‡ZI e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i CRISPR-Cas9| Gi mewKQy gv_vq ‡i‡LB Avgv‡`i GwM‡q ‡h‡Z n‡e, Db¥y³ Ki‡Z n‡e Rxe‡bi inm¨|

MZ 20-25 eQ‡i RxeweÁv‡b DbœwZ n‡q‡Q Af~Zc~e©| cÖhyw³MZ w`K ‡_‡K ‡Kvlwe`¨v (cell biology) , cÖvYimvqb (biochemistry), AYyRxeweÁvb (microbiology), fvBivmwe`¨v (virology), eskMwZwe`¨v (genetics), ‡`ncÖwZi¶vwe`¨v (immunology)-BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv GwM‡q wM‡q‡Q weÁvb KíKvwnbxi gZ K‡iB| Avgiv ‡`L‡Z ‡c‡qwQ AZ¨vaywbK me cÖhyw³| wR‡bvg wm‡Kv‡qwÝs G GweAvB mwjW, ‡mv‡j·vi mv‡_ P‡j G‡m‡Q AvqbU‡i›U, A·‡dvW© b¨v‡bv‡cvi hv ‡b·U ‡Rbv‡ikb wm‡Kv‡qwÝs bv‡g cwiwPZ| Avgv‡`i Av‡Q ‡Kvl evQvBKvix cÖhyw³, GK wjUv‡ii `k j¶ fv‡Mi GK fvM Zij wb‡q evsjv‡`‡ki M‡elYvMvi¸‡jv‡ZB KvR n‡”Q| Zvn‡j eZ©gvb we‡k¦ GLb me‡P‡q PwP©Z cÖhyw³i bvg Kx? DËi n‡”Q CRISPR-Cas9, GB cÖhyw³ Avgv‡`i wR‡bvg ev wWGbG (DNA) Gi m¤úv`bv K‡i _v‡K| Avgv‡`i DNA ‡Z hw` ‡Kvb ÎywU aiv c‡o, ‡hgb - wgD‡Ukb, Zvn‡j GB cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g H DNA sequence ‡K ÎywUgy³ Kiv m¤¢e| ïay ZvB bq, ‡Kvb ‡iv‡Mi wRbMZ KviY AbymÜvb, wRbMZ cwieZ©b (genetic engineering) wbY©q BZ¨vw` wewfbœ Kv‡R GB cÖhyw³ Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q AwgZ m¤¢vebvi `yqvi| Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i GB cÖhyw³? Avm‡j CRISPR-Cas9 Gi D™¢e e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡Z| fvBivm AvµgY ‡VKv‡Z, e¨vK‡Uwiqv Zv‡`i i¶vKe‡P cÖhyw³wUi g~jbxwZ mshy³ K‡i| ‡Kvb fvBivm AvµgY Ki‡j, ‡mB fvBivmwUi DNA ev RNA Gi wKQy Ask, e¨vK‡Uwiqv Zvi wbR¯^ DNA ‡Z msiw¶Z K‡i iv‡L| c‡i ‡mB fvBivm Avevi AvµgY Ki‡j wbDwK¬‡qR GbRvB‡gi gva¨‡g msiw¶Z DNA ¯§…wZi mvnv‡h¨ fvBivmwUi ‡mB ¯’v‡b AvµgY K‡i aŸsm K‡i ‡d‡j| GB g~jbxwZi mvnv‡h¨ CRISPR-Cas9 w`‡q DNA m¤úv`bv Kiv nq| GLb cÖhyw³wU Lye mij `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvK| cÖhyw³wUi `ywU Ask - GKwU RNA LÛ Ges Zvi mv‡_ mshy³ Cas9 GbRvBg hv w`‡q DNA ‡K‡U ‡djv nq| RNA AskwUi `ywU fvM Av‡Q GK, DNA Gi ‡h AskwU m¤úv`bv Ki‡Z n‡e ‡mwUi wecixZ ev cwic~iK aviv (DNA Gi `ywU cÖwZ-mgvšÍivj Ask _v‡K, GKwU AciwUi cwic~iK) Ges `yB, GKwU AwffveK RNA (guide RNA or gRNA) hv Cas9 GbRvBg‡K enb K‡i wb‡q Avm‡e|

XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

‡jLK: wkÿv_©x, ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis GÛ ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwR wefvM, XvKv wek^we`¨vjq|

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‡h QqwU wgD‡Ukb Avcbv‡K ‡`‡e AwZgvbexq ˆewkó¨ ivBmyj Bmjvg GKUv wgD‡Uk‡bi d‡j gvbyl e¨v_v Abyfe Kivi hš¿Yv ‡_‡K gyw³ ‡c‡Z cv‡i, LUg‡U fvlvq hv‡K ejv hvq 'congenital analgesia' Gi gv‡b ‡mB gvbylUvi nvZ a‡i Avcwb R¡jšÍ Pyjvq ‡muwa‡q w`‡jb, ev GKUv myB wewa‡q w`‡jb, MjMj K‡i i³ co‡Q, A_P ‡m wKQyB Abyfe Ki‡Q bv| ‡m nqZ w`we¨ Nygy‡”Q| ïb‡Z ‡eLvàv jvM‡jI GUv N‡U|

†g | 2017 | aªæeK nwjD‡Wi gywf¸‡jv ‡`L‡Z ‡`L‡Z mycvig¨vbiv Avgv‡`i Lye ‡ewk cwiwPZ| GKUv gvbyl cy‡iv ‡Mv_vg wmwU‡K euvwP‡q w`‡”Q| wKsev mg¯Í Ab¨v‡qi weiæ‡× iæ‡L `vov‡”Q GKRb| Zvi kix‡i mvaviY gvby‡li Zyjbvq wKQy A¯^vfvweK mnbkxjZv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡eI Avgiv ‡c‡q hvB Ggb wKQy gvbyl, hv‡`i nqZ GKUv Ab¨iKg ‰ewkó¨ ev mnbkxjZv i‡q‡Q, hv Avgv‡`i Pg‡K ‡`q| hv nqZ N‡U ‡Kv‡bv wgD‡Uk‡bi Kvi‡Y| wgD‡Ukb nj ‡mB ¯^ZtùyZ© wKsev evB‡ii cÖfv‡e wWGbG wm‡Kv‡q‡Ý cwieZ©b, hvi d‡j ‡Kv‡bv GKUv ‰ewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b N‡U| ‡gvUK_vq GZUyKy ejv nj, hw`I aviYvUv Av‡iv e¨vcK| wKQy D`vniY GLv‡b Uvbv ‡h‡Z cv‡i, 1. GiKg GKUv wgD‡Ukb nj 'Sclerosteosis' Gi d‡j nv‡oi MV‡bi ‡¶‡Î cyiæZ¡ ‡e‡o hvq| Ab¨‡`i Zyjbvq mn‡R nvo fvOv m¤¢e nq bv| gRv K‡i ejv hvq, Mvwoi `yN©Ubvq Zvi ‡eu‡P hvIqvi my‡hvM ‡ewk| wK mycviwnDg¨vb UvBc e¨vcvi m¨vcvi! wKš‘ Sw°Sv‡gjvI Av‡Q wKš‘| AwZwi³ nvo e„w× Zvi gv_vi gMR wKsev ‡giæ`‡Ûi i¾y‡Z AwZwi³ Pvc ‰Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡hUvi djkÖæwZ‡Z Zvi kÖeYkw³ nviv‡bvi gZ e¨vcviI N‡U ‡h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ weÁvbxiv PvB‡Qb wVK GB wRwbmwU e¨envi Ki‡Z| osteoporosis ev Gai‡bi nv‡oi mgm¨vq hviv fy‡Mb, Zv‡`i Rb¨ Avkxe©v` n‡Z cv‡i GB 'thick bone mutation ' 2. Av‡iKiKg wgD‡Ukb n‡Z cv‡i 'low cholesterol ' Gi ‡¶‡Î| ‡ewki fvM gvby‡li ‡¶‡ÎB ‡`Lv hvq PCSK9 bv‡gi GKUv ‡cÖvwUb ‡`‡n GKUv `yó ‡Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji cwigvY evwo‡q ‡`q, hv‡K Avgiv ewj LDL. wKš‘ wKQy gvby‡li GB PCSK9 wR‡bB wgD‡Ukb _v‡K, hvi d‡j ‰Zix nq GK AKvh©Ki ‡cÖvwUb| Gi Kvi‡Y GBme gvby‡li ‡`‡n Lye Kg cwigv‡Y `yó ‡Kv‡j‡÷ij LDL ‰Zix nq, evB‡ii ‡Kv‡bv cÖ‡Póv QvovB| weÁvbxiv GB wgD‡UkbUv ‡c‡q‡Qb ïay ¸wUK‡qK Av‡d«v-Av‡gwiKvb‡`i gv‡S, hvi d‡j Zv‡`i ü`wc‡Ûi mgm¨vi SuywK K‡g‡Q 90% ch©šÍ| 3. GKUv wgD‡Uk‡bi d‡j gvbyl e¨v_v Abyfe Kivi hš¿Yv ‡_‡K gyw³ ‡c‡Z cv‡i, LUg‡U fvlvq hv‡K ejv hvq 'congenital analgesia' Gi gv‡b ‡mB gvbylUvi nvZ a‡i Avcwb R¡jšÍ Pyjvq ‡muwa‡q w`‡jb, ev GKUv myB wewa‡q w`‡jb, MjMj K‡i i³ co‡Q, A_P ‡m wKQyB Abyfe Ki‡Q bv| ‡m nqZ w`we¨ Nygy‡”Q| ïb‡Z ‡eLvàv jvM‡jI GUv N‡U| wKš‘ e¨v_vi wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| GB ai‡bi gvbyl cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKUv wekvj SuywKi gv‡S ‡eu‡P _v‡K| GB gvbylUv nqZ eo ai‡bi AvNvZ ‡cj, wKsev Zvi kix‡ii ‡fZi GKUv eomo Sv‡gjv ‡`Lv w`j| ‡m wKš‘ wKQyB Vvni Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Ilyawk‡í wKš‘ A‡bKw`b ‡_‡KB GiKg GKUv Ilya evbv‡bvi K_v fvev n‡”Q, ‡hUv KvR Ki‡e ‡gv¶g ‡cBbwKjvi wnmv‡e| nqZ A`~i fwel¨‡Z Avgiv GiKg wKQy ‡c‡Z cvwi| 4. Ny‡gi ‡¶‡ÎI wgD‡Ukb? ûg| Avgv‡`i A‡b‡KiB nqZ ‡`Lv hvq cÖwZ iv‡Z 7-8 N›Uv bv Nygv‡j nq bv| wKš‘ wKQy gvby‡li hDEC2 wR‡b wgD‡Uk‡bi Kvi‡Y gvÎ wZb-Pvi N›Uvi Ny‡gB kixi PvsMv n‡q hv‡”Q| ‡ewk Ny‡gi Avi `iKviB n‡”Q bv|

XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

GB Kg Ny‡gi gvbyl¸‡jvB Avgv‡`i ‡P‡q cÖwZw`b wVK KZ mgq ‡ewk cv‡”Q, wPšÍv Kiv hvq?

5. g¨v‡jwiqvi weiæ‡×I wgD‡Ukb cÖwZ‡iva Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GUv Av‡m 'sickle cell disease' bvgK GKUv ‡ivM ‡_‡K| wn‡gv‡Møvweb ‰Zix‡Z e¨eüZ `yB Kwc wR‡b wgD‡Uk‡b ‡`Lv hvq eo ai‡bi mgm¨v| GB `yBUv wmKjW wR‡bi Rb¨ ‡`Lv hvq i³ Lye mn‡R Aw·‡Rb mviv ‡`‡n cwienY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| wKš‘ GKUv wmKjW wRb Avi GKUv ¯^vfvweK wRb n‡j ‡gvUvgywU my¯’fv‡e Rxebhvcb Kiv hvq Avi g¨v‡jwiqv msµg‡Yi SuywK K‡g hvq kZKiv `k fvM ch©šÍ| Avkv Kiv hvq, GB e¨vcviUv we‡kølY K‡i fwel¨‡Z weÁvbxiv g¨v‡jwiqvi weiæ‡× Av‡iv Kvh©Ki wKQy ‰Zwi Ki‡e| 6. ‡Ljvayjvq fvj Kivi Rb¨ A‡b‡KB ‡Zv w`‡bi ci w`b cwikÖg K‡i| wKš‘ wgD‡Uk‡bi Rb¨ hw` GB RvqMvq GKUy ‡ek my‡hvM cvIqv hvq?

Avgv‡`i meviB ACTN3 bv‡g GKUv wRb Av‡Q| wKš‘ GB wR‡b wKQy mgm¨v Avgv‡`i wKQy Ab¨iKg ¶gZv w`‡Z cv‡i, ‡Ljvayjvi ‡¶‡Î| 2008 mv‡j GKUv M‡elYv PjwQj G¨v_‡jU Avi AmvaviY ‡g‡Wjavix me w¯úª›Uvi‡`i Dc‡i| ACTN3 bv‡gi GB wRb GKUv ‡cÖvwUb ‰Zix K‡i, hvi bvg nj 'alpha actinin-3'.

GB ‡cÖvwUb Avgv‡`i gvsm‡ckxi Zš‘¸‡jv wbqš¿Y K‡i, hv ‡`Šov‡bvi wKsev fv‡iv‡Ëvj‡bi mgq Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GgbwK Avgv‡`i gvsm‡cwki ‡Kvl¸‡jvi `ªæZ ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨I GB ‡cÖvwUb `vqx| ‡Zv ejwQjvg, 2008 mv‡ji ‡mB ‡¯úvU©mg¨vb‡`i K_v| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡iv ‡`Lv hvq ACTN3 Gi `yBUv Kwc‡Z wgD‡Ukb Av‡Q, Avm‡j 20% gvby‡li gv‡S GiKg ‡`Lv hvq, hv Zv‡`i gvsm‡ckxi ms‡KvPb cÖmvi‡Y Avjv`v myweav ‡`q| VvÆv K‡i GB wRb‡K A‡b‡K Wv‡K '‡¯úvU©m wRb'| GBRb¨B nqZ ‡`Lv hvq wKQy gvbyl Avgv‡`i gv‡S ‡_‡KB ‡ei n‡q cwiYZ n‡”Q, mycvi G¨v_‡jU wn‡m‡e| | ‡jLK : wkÿv_©x, AYyRxeweÁvb wefvM, XvKv wek^we`¨vjq|

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK Av‡iKwU aviYv n‡jv WIMPs( Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) | GB aviYvwU m¤ú~Y© KvíwbK| aviYv Kiv nq ‡h, hw` WIMPs Gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K Z‡e GB KYv¸‡jvi fi ‡cÖvU‡bi f‡ii `k ev GKk ¸Y n‡e, wKš‘ Zviv LyeB `ye©jfv‡e wµqv K‡i hvi Kvi‡Y G‡`i kbv³ Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| WvK© g¨vUvi GesGB gnvw e‡k¦i f w el ¨r weMe¨vs w_Iwi Avgv‡`i e‡j ‡h, m„wói ïiæ‡Z Avgv‡`i gnvwe‡k¦i A¯^vfvweK GKwU m¤cÖmviY N‡U Ges GLbI m¤cÖmviY n‡”Q| Zvn‡j ‡mB ‡¶‡Î Aek¨B e„nr cwigvY fi Aewkó i‡q ‡M‡Q, we‡kl K‡i A`„k¨ fi hv WvK© g¨vUvi iƒ‡c Av‡Q| weÁvbxiv aviYv K‡ib ‡h, WvK© g¨vUvi GB gnvwe‡k¦i f‡i 23 kZvsk ‡hvM K‡i‡Q, e¨vwiIwbK c`v_© cÖvq 4 kZvsk Ges cÖvq 72 kZvs‡k Ae`vb ivL‡Q Avi GK ai‡bi inm¨ hv WvK© GbvwR© bv‡g cwiwPZ| (GLb WvK© GbvwR© wK Zv wb‡q c‡i GKmgq K_v n‡e| ) GLb cÖkœ n‡jv gnvwek¦ m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q wKš‘ GUv wK AvRxeb m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡e? gnvKl©B wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡i gnvwe‡k¦i cwiYwZ Ges gnvKl© wbf©i K‡i gnvwe‡k¦i f‡ii Dci| gnvwe‡k¦i f‡ii wµwUKvj NbZ¡ n‡jv 10-29 MÖvg/Nb ‡mwg, hv wba©viY K‡i wK NU‡Z cv‡i ev wK N‡U hv‡”Q| ‡mB ‡¶‡Î wZb ai‡bi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| cwi‡ewóZ gnvwek¦ ( Closed Universe)hw` Avmj fi NbZ¡ wµwUKvjfi NbZ¡ A‡c¶v ‡ewk nq Z‡e gnvwek¦ m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡e, Gici LyeB ax‡i ¯’wMZ n‡e Ges Ae‡k‡l aŸsmcÖvß n‡e hv‡K ejv nq weMµv ( Big Crunch) msKU ev mgZj gnvwek¦ (Critical or Flat Universe)hw` Avmj fi NbZ¡ wµwUKvj fi NbZ¡ Gi mgvb nq Z‡e GB gnvwek¦ AvRxeb m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _vK‡e, Z‡e Zv mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ AviI kø_ n‡e| Db¥y³ gnvwek¦ ( Open Universe)hw` Avmj fi NbZ¡ wµwUKvjfi NbZ¡ A‡c¶v Kg nq Z‡e gnvwek¦ GKB MwZ‡Z m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡Z _vK‡e| GLb GKwU mymsev` †kvbv‡ev, gnvwek^ m¤úªmvwiZ n‡”Q Ges Zv mg‡e‡M bv, m¤úªmvwiZ n‡”Q Z¡ivwš^Z n‡q| G M‡elYvi Dc‡i Adam, Riess, Brian, Schmidt, Saul Perlmutter 2011 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| Z‡e wK n‡Z hv‡”Q ‡mBUv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B WvK© g¨vUv‡ii cwigvY m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i Rvb‡Z n‡e| WvK© g¨vUvi m„wói e¨vcv‡i A‡bK¸‡jv w_Iwi Av‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ hw` ‡h‡Kvb GKwU w_Iwi cÖgvwYZ nq Z‡e Gi gva¨‡g weÁvbxiv Avgv‡`i gnvwe‡k¦i MVb m¤ú‡K© AviI fv‡jv aviYv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avgv‡`i gnvwe‡k¦ WvK© g¨vUvi GKwU weivU cÖkœ| Avi Gi mgvav‡bi gva¨‡g nq‡Zvev Avgiv Avg‡`i GB gnvwek¦‡K Avevi bZyb K‡i ‡`Lvi my‡hvM cv‡ev|

WvK© g¨vUvi bvwdmv ivqnvbv weMZ K‡qK `k‡K Km‡gvjwR÷iv Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q ‡h, b¶Î, MÖn, cvnvo ‡h me mvaviY c`v_© w`‡q ‰Zwi n‡q‡Q Zv GB gnvwe‡k¦i Lye Kg cwigvY fi aviY K‡i| weÁvbxiv GB mvaviY c`v_©¸‡jv‡K ev‡i¨vwbK c`v_© e‡jb| WvK© g¨vUvi Avgiv ‡mBme c`v_©‡K ewj hv cÖZ¨¶fv‡e ch©‡e¶Y Kiv m¤¢e bv Ges hv ev‡i¨vwbK c`v_© w`‡q MwVZ bq| 1930 mv‡j WvK© g¨vUv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ cÖ_g ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib GKRb myBm A¨v÷«bgvi wd«UR RyBwK hLb wZwb ‡Kvgv K¬v÷vi wb‡q ch©‡e¶Y KiwQ‡jb| ‡Kvgv K¬v÷vi n‡jv 1000 Qvqvc‡_i GKwU fvix ¸”Q| wd«UR j¶¨ Ki‡jb ‡h, ‡mB w÷«s (¸”Q) Gi g‡a¨ wKQy Qvqvc_ LyeB `ªæZ Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡Q, GgbB `ªæZ ‡h Ab¨vb¨ Qvqvc‡_i gva¨vKl©xq Uvb ‡_‡K Zv‡`i wePy¨Z n‡q hvIqvi K_v wQ‡jv| wKš‘ GgbwU nq wb| RyBwK eyS‡Z cvi‡jb ‡h w÷«s Uv A‡bK ‡ewk fvix Zvi wnmv‡ei Zyjbvq| Avi Gi ‡_‡K ‡evSv hvw”Q‡jv ‡h w÷«s Gi ‡ewkifvM fiB wQ‡jv A`„k¨| cieZ©x‡Z 1970 mv‡j A¨v÷«bgvi wf‡qiv Kzcvi iæweb Ges ‡K›U dW© j¶¨ Ki‡jb ‡h, wKQy wbKUeZ©x Qvqvc‡_i evwn‡ii K¶c‡_ b¶Îmg~n Qvqvc‡_i ‡K›`ª‡K Abygv‡bi ‡P‡q A‡bK ‡ewk `ªæZ cwiågY Ki‡Q| GLvb ‡_‡K Avev‡iv WvK© g¨vUv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ cÖgvwYZ nq| WvK© g¨vUv‡ii me‡P‡q gRvi welq n‡jv, Avgiv Rvwb ‡h WvK© g¨vUvi Ab¨vb¨ ev‡i¨vwbK c`v_© ‡hB Dcv`vb w`‡q ‰Zwi Zv w`‡q ‰Zwi bq| Avi GB Kvi‡YB WvK© g¨vUvi ‡`Lv hvq bv| ev‡i¨vwbK c`v_©mg~n G‡K Ac‡ii Dci gnvKl©, wbDwK¬qvi ej, w¯’iZvwoZ e‡ji gva¨‡g wµqv K‡i| Avi GB wg_w®Œqvi Kvi‡YB Zviv Av‡jv wbtmiY K‡i hvi Kvi‡Y Avgiv †PŠ¤^K ev‡i¨vwbK c`v_©mg~n‡K ‡`L‡Z cvwi| wKš‘ WvK© g¨vUvi ïaygvÎ gva¨vKl©‡bi gva¨‡g wµqv K‡i| Avi GB e‡ji Rb¨B Avgiv Gi cÖfve ‡`L‡Z cvB Qvqvc_ Ges b¶‡Îi MwZ‡Z| Avevi WvK© g¨vUv‡ii KwYKvmg~n mvaviY g¨vUv‡ii g‡a¨ w`‡q cvi n‡Z cv‡i bv, GB Rb¨ Avgiv WvK© g¨vUv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ eyS‡Z cvwi bv| WvK© g¨vUv‡i i cÖ K… w Z WvK© g¨vUv‡ii h_v_© cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© GLbI wbwðZ nIqv hvq wb| Z‡e wKQy aviYv Kiv nq| cÖ_g aviYvwU n‡jv MACHOs | m¤¢eZ MACHOs WvK© g¨vUvi in‡m¨ wKQyUv Ae`vb iv‡L| ( MACHOs- Massive Compact Halo Object) | MACHOs n‡jv e„nr c`v_© hv Qvqvc‡_i eY©ej‡q Ae¯’vb K‡i wKš‘ G‡`i kbv³ Kiv hvq bv KviY G‡`i Av‡cw¶K D¾¡jZv LyeB Kg |

‡jLK: wkÿv_©x, MwYZ wefvM, XvKv wek^we`¨vjq|

XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

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KvKZvjxq NvZK AvivdvZ ingvb

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK gvbyl‡K AvµgY Kivi Rb¨ AYyRxeiv weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q e‡j Avgiv fvwe| Z‡e Avgiv nq‡Zv Avw`Kvj ‡_‡K Pjgvb hy‡× ‡emvgwiK nZvnZ Qvov Ab¨ wKQy bB| 1.

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‡ivM-cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v `~e©j Ggb e¨w³i g‡a¨B mvaviYZ G NUbv¸‡jv N‡U| AwaKvsk ‡¶‡Î GwU e¨vK‡UwiqvwUi GKwU we‡kl cÖKi‡Yi (Strain) fy‡ji Kvi‡Y nq| G we‡kl cÖKiYwU RwUj myMvi-AYyi ‡gvUv Av¯Íi‡Y Ave„Z _v‡K| G AveiY A‡bKUv e‡g©i g‡Zv hv Zv‡`i gvbe ‡ivM-cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v ‡_‡K i¶v K‡i| Z‡e 2007 mv‡j ‡cbwmjf¨vwbqv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯‹yj Ae ‡gwWwm‡b G‡jbv jvB‡m‡¼v ‡`‡Lb ‡h GB 'civµgkxj AYyRxe I `ye©j evnK' M‡í Av‡iv evwK Av‡Q| Avgv‡`i k¦vmbvjx‡Z ‡÷«‡ÞvK°vm wbD‡gvwbqv‡K wn‡gvwdjvm Bbd¬y‡qÄvi (Hemophilus influenzae) g‡Zv Ab¨vb¨ e¨K‡Uwiqvi mv‡_ GKmv‡_ _vK‡Z nq| GB AYyRxe `yBwU mycÖwZ‡ekx bq| wn‡gvwdjvm Bbd¬y‡qÄv ‡cvlK ‡`‡ni ‡k¦Zi³KwYKv‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i Gi cÖwZ‡hvMx‡K AvµgY Kivi Rb¨| GB iY‡KŠkj mvaviYZ KvR K‡i| jvB‡m‡¼v ‡`L‡jb Bu`y‡ii g‡a¨ G `yBwU AYyRxe GKmv‡_ _vK‡Z w`‡j mvaviYZ ‡÷«‡ÞvK°vm wbD‡gvwbqvi RvqMv ‡e`Lj n‡q hvq Avi wn‡gvwdjvm Bbd¬y‡qÄv GKvB kvmb K‡i| wKš‘ ‡÷«‡ÞvK°vm wbD‡gvwbqvi ‡gvUv Av¯Íi‡Yi eg© civ cÖKiY¸‡jv ‡k¦Zi³ KwYKvi Kv‡Q A‡f`¨| ZvB GB cªKiYwU RvqMv ‡Q‡o ‡`q bv| GB eg© ‡ek G¸‡jv ‰Zwii Rb¨ cÖPyi kw³i c«‡qvRb nq| d‡j G e¨vK‡Uwiqvi nvjKv I Kg kw³ e¨‡q AveiY ‰Zwi Kiv cÖKiY¸‡jvi mv‡_ ‡gvUv Av¯Íi‡Yi cÖKiY ¸‡jv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq ‡c‡i DV‡Z cv‡i bv| msL¨v evov‡bvi cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq ‡gvUv Av¯Íi‡Yi ‡÷«Bb¸‡jv ‡n‡i hvq| wKš‘ wn‡gvwdjvm Bbd¬y‡qÄv KZ©…K cwiPvwjZ ‡ivMcÖwZ‡iva evwnbxi weiæ‡× GKUv ‡gvUv Av¯ÍiY AvKw®§Kfv‡e jvfRbK n‡q `vuovq| KvKZvjxqfv‡e GiKg ‡gvUv Av¯ÍiY GB cÖKiY‡K k¦vmZ‡š¿i Mfxi As‡k AvµgY Ki‡Z `¶Zi K‡i ‡Zv‡j| d‡j Zv fqven ‡iv‡Mi KviY n‡q `vuovq| cÖwZ‡hvMxi KvQ ‡_‡K wb‡R‡K AvZ¥i¶v Ki‡Z wM‡q ‡÷«‡ÞvK°vm wbD‡gvwbqv wb‡Ri ARv‡šÍB wb‡RB NvZ‡K cwiYZ nq| ‡÷«‡ÞvK°vm wbD‡gvwbqvi Rw½myjf ‡ivM ‰Zwii ¶gZv gvbe-evn‡Ki weiæ‡× ‡Kvb Awf‡hvRb bq| eis GwU g~jZ cvk¦©cÖwZwµqv, GKwU AcÖZ¨vwkZ NUbv| e¨vK‡UwiqvwU gvbyl‡K gv‡i KvKZvjxq fv‡e| 2. mß`k kZ‡Ki ‡kl w`‡K WvP weÁvbx A¨v›Uwb f¨vb wjD‡qbûK bZyb ai‡bi gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc-‡jÝ ‰Zwi K‡ib| d‡j AYyRx‡ei A`„k¨ wekvj RMr `„k¨gvb n‡q c‡o| Gi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri `vu‡Zi gqjv ‡`‡L wZwb ‡j‡Lb: 'Zvici Avwg fxlY we¯§‡q ‡`wL ‡h GLv‡b A‡bK¸‡jv ‡QvU ‡QvU A¨vwb‡gjKy¨j i‡q‡Q, Zviv bo‡Q'| GB ‡QvU ‡QvU Rxe¸‡jv weÁvbxgn‡j we¯§q m„wó Ki‡jI Zv‡`i A¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j fvev n‡Zv| wjD‡qbû‡Ki M‡elYvi avivevwnKZv ivL‡Z Lye Kg M‡elKB wb‡R‡`i wb‡qvwRZ K‡ib| G Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b nq Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z hLb j¨yB cv¯‘i I ievU© KL& cÖgvY K‡ib wKQy wKQy AYyRxe wewfbœ fqven ‡iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx|

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK GwU K¨vwÛWv A¨vjweKvbm (Candida albicans) ev ÷¨vdvB‡jvK°vm Awiqvm (Staphylococcus aureus) Gi g‡Zv A‡bK e¨vK‡Uwiqv I QÎv‡Ki ‡¶‡ÎI cÖ‡hvR¨ bq, hviv `xN©w`b a‡i gvbe RxevYy wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q I Avgv‡`i weiæ‡× fv‡jvfv‡eB Awf‡hvwRZ| Z‡e GB AbyKíwU A‡bK¸‡jv ‡iv‡Mi wKQy A™¢yZy‡o welq ‡ek fv‡jvfv‡eB e¨vL¨v K‡i| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, ‡Kvb e¨vK‡Uwiqv ‡Kb Zv‡`i evn‡Ki ¶wZ Ki‡e, hv‡`i Ici Zviv ‡eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ wbf©ikxj? ‡Kvb ‡Kvb ‡¶‡Î DËi my¯úó: Zviv Kvwk ev nvuwPi g‡Zv DcmM© ‰Zwi K‡i KviY G¸‡jv Zv‡`i Qwo‡q co‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| wKš‘ ‡÷«‡ÞvK°vm wbD‡gvwbqvi ‡¶‡Î wK ej‡ev? G e¨vK‡UwiqvwUi ‡hme ‡÷«Bb evn‡Ki k¦vmc‡_i ‡Kvb ¶wZ bv K‡iB e‡m _v‡K Zviv BwZg‡a¨B Ab¨ e¨w³‡Z Qwo‡q ‡h‡Z m¶g| ‡m wn‡m‡e Gi k¦vmZ‡š¿i Mfx‡i Svuc ‡`qv ‡ivMm„wóKvix cÖKiYwU Avm‡j Kg ‡Qvuqv‡P| GKB K_v ejv hvq wn‡gvwdjvm Bbd¬y‡qÄv I bvB‡mwiqv ‡gwbbRvBwUm (Neisseria meningitidis) Gi ‡¶‡ÎI| Giv gw¯Í‡®‹i PZyc©v‡k cÖwZi¶vg~jK c`©vwU msµwgZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y e¨vK‡Uwiqvj ‡gwbbRvBwUm bvgK g„Zz¨SyuwKc~Y© gw¯Í®‹-cÖ`vn n‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j e¨vK‡UwiqvwU wKš‘ bZyb ‡bŠKv‡Z DVvi ‡Kvb Avkv QvovB wb‡R‡`i RvnvRwU Zwj‡q w`‡Z cv‡i| KvKZvjxq weeZ©b AbyKí Gme AvcvZ ‰ewi‡Z¨i mgvav‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| GwU e‡j ‡h AšÍZ wKQy gvbe e¨wai ‡¶‡Î Avm‡j gvby‡li ‡Kvb ‡cÖ¶vcUB ‡bB! KvKZvjxq weeZ©b AbyKí w`‡q AYyRxe m¤úwK©Z A‡bK¸‡jv Avwe®‹v‡ii e¨vL¨v ‡`qv hvq| weÁvbxiv wÎk nvRvi eQi a‡i ei‡d R‡g _vKv e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡Z Gw›Uev‡qvwUK cÖwZ‡ivax wRb Lyu‡R ‡c‡q‡Qb (hv msM„nxZ n‡q‡Q wgwjqb eQi cyi‡bv ¸nv ‡_‡K)| Avgiv Gw›Uev‡qvwUK‡K AvaywbK Avwe®‹vi e‡j fve‡Z cvwi| A_P GwU g~jZ hy×v¯¿ hv e¨vK‡Uwiqviv eû hyMhyMvšÍi ‡_‡K G‡K Ac‡ii weiæ‡× e¨envi K‡i Avm‡Q| Av‡j·vÛvi ‡d¬wgs 1928 mv‡j hLb ‡cwU«wW‡k ‡gv‡ìi `~lY Lyu‡R cvb Zvi eû Av‡M ‡_‡K cÖK…wZ‡Z Gw›Uev‡qvwUK Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jv| Gw›Uev‡qvwUK cÖwZ‡ivax wRb GB cÖvPxb hy‡×i Ask wn‡m‡e weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Giv AvRKvj Avgv‡`i e¨vcKfv‡e Drcvw`Z Jly‡ai weiæ‡× AYyRxe‡`i wU‡K _vK‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

AYyRxe‡`i ‡iv‡Mi KviY wn‡m‡e ‡`Lvi ‡mB cyivZb `„wófw½ GL‡bv e`jvq wb| AYyRxeiv meRvqMv‡ZB weivRgvb| wKš‘ ‡dvb, wK‡evW©, Uq‡j‡U Zv‡`i Dcw¯’wZ Avgiv gqjv I Acwi”QbœZvi wPý wn‡m‡e ‡`wL| Zviv Avgv‡`i ‡`n fwZ© K‡i Av‡Q, Avgv‡`i Lv`¨ nRg Ki‡Z Avi ¯^v¯’¨ i¶vq mvnvh¨ Ki‡Q| wKš‘ Avgiv Zv‡`i `ykgb wn‡m‡e ‡`wL hv‡`i‡K aŸsm K‡i wRZ‡Z n‡e| GB ‰eix g‡bvfv‡ei KviY mnR‡eva¨| Avgiv, hv‡`i gvB‡µv‡¯‹vc e¨env‡ii my‡hvM Av‡Q, Zviv Qvov AwaKvsk gvbylB wbR ‡Pv‡L AYyRxe ‡`L‡eb bv| Avgiv AYyRx‡ei g‡a¨ GKvsk‡K ‡ivMe¨vaxi KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kwi| wKš‘ ‡mB msL¨vjNyivB myomywo ‡`qv nvuwPi Kzqvkv wKsev gm„b Z¡‡K dzmKzwoi Rb¨ `vqx| hLb msL¨vjNy RxevYyi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i Rxeb ûgKxi gy‡L c‡o ZLbB Avgiv G‡`i e¨vcv‡i m‡PZb n‡q DwV| Avi BwZnv‡mi AwaKvsk mgq Ry‡o RxevYyiv wQ‡jv fqven ûgwK| ¸wUemšÍ, K‡jiv, hÿv I ‡cø‡Mi gnvgvix gvbeRvwZ‡K fxZmš¿¯Í K‡i‡Q| Gme e¨vaxi fq ag©xq ixwZbxwZ ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i K›UvwRqb (2012) ev AvDU‡eªK (1995) Gi g‡Zv nwjD‡Wi PjwPÎ n‡q Avgv‡`i mgMÖ ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖfve ‡i‡L‡Q| hLb AYyRxeiv Avgv‡`i gvi‡Q bv ZLb I‡`i m¤ú‡K© Avgiv Ab¨gb®‹ _vwK| ZvB evnK I RxevYy, bvqK I LjbvqK, Avgiv I Zviv GiKg eqvb ‰Zwi Kwi| hviv ‡ivM ‰Zwi K‡i Zviv Avgv‡`i e¨envi Kivi gva¨‡g eske…w× K‡i ‡eu‡P _v‡K| ZvB bZyb bZyb c×wZ‡Z Zv‡`i‡K cÖwZ‡iva Kivi `iKvi nq| GR‡b¨ Avgiv M‡elYv Kwi ‡h Zviv wKfv‡e Avgv‡`i ‡ivMcÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v‡K ‡evKv evwb‡q weewZ©Z nq, wKsev wKfv‡e Zviv Lye mn‡R GK e¨w³ ‡_‡K Ab¨ e¨w³‡Z Qwo‡q hvq| ‡hme wRb Zv‡`i ‡ivM ‰Zwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i ‡mme wRb‡K mbv³ K‡i Avgiv DMÖ-‰ewkó¨ (virulence factor) wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kwi| Zv‡`i c„w_ex‡Z Avgiv wb‡R‡`i‡K ‡K‡›`ª ivwL| Avgiv cy‡iv welqwUB wb‡R‡`i `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K e¨vL¨v Kwi| wKš‘ µgea©gvb M‡elYvq ‡`Lv hv‡”Q Avgv‡`i gvbe‡Kw›`ªK `„wófw½wU KL‡bv KL‡bv Ag~jK| ‡hme Awf‡hvR‡bi Kvi‡Y e¨K‡Uwiqv, QÎvK I Ab¨vb¨ RxevYy Avgv‡`i ¶wZ K‡i, ‡m¸‡jv gvbe-‡ivM cwi‡cÖw¶‡Zi evB‡iI weewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| G Awf‡hvwRZ ‰ewk󨸇jv AYyRxe-BwZnv‡mi Ask hv Avgv‡`i ¶wZ K‡i, ‡g‡iI ‡d‡j| wKš‘ GwU Avgv‡`i m¤ú‡K© bq| GB aviYvwU KvKZvjxq weeZ©b AbyKí bv‡g cwiwPZ| B‡gvwi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AYyRxeweÁvbx e«ym ‡jwfb GwU‡K 2008 mv‡j e‡j‡Qb 'shit happens' AbyKí wn‡m‡e (A_©vr ev‡R NUbv N‡U AbyKí)| GB AbyKí me ai‡bi msµg‡Yi ‡¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| we‡kl K‡i fvBiv‡mi ‡¶‡Î ‡Zv G‡Kev‡iB AevšÍi| KviY fvBivm‡K me mgq evnK ‡Kv‡li g‡a¨ msL¨ve…w× Ki‡Z n‡e|

XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK G e¨vK‡Uwiqvi GKwU cÖKiY cvb (hv 536 bv‡g cwiwPZ)| GB cÖKiYwU Gme wkKvix‡`i cÖwZnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi Ggb wKQy wRb i‡q‡Q hv GwU‡K A¨vwgevi RviK Dr‡mPK (GbRvBg) ‡_‡K i¶v K‡i I ‡jŠn-AYyi g‡Zv `yj©f cywó Lyu‡R ‡c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| GwU Gi wkKvixi g‡a¨ bó bv n‡q eis wkKvix-‡Kv‡li g‡a¨ e„w×jvf K‡i| Gici GKmgq ‡fZi ‡_‡KB wkKvix ‡KvlwU‡K ‡g‡i ‡d‡j| Gme cÖwZi¶vKvix wR‡bi g‡a¨ A‡bK¸‡jvB mvaviY Ae¯’vq wbixn B‡ðwiwkqv Kwj ‡K gvbyl, Bu`yi I Ab¨vb¨ ¯Íb¨cvqx‡`i g‡a¨ fxlY AmyL ‰Zwi‡Z m¶g K‡i ‡Zv‡j| GwU mn‡RB ‡evaMg¨ ‡h ‡Kb GiKg nq| ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvnvh¨Kvix g¨v‡µv‡d‡Ri g‡Zv wKQy ‡Kv‡li Kv‡Ri aiY A‡bKUv A¨vwgevi g‡ZvB| Zviv AYyRxe‡K ‡Kv‡li ‡fZ‡i wb‡q nRg Kivi ‡Póv K‡i| ‡m‡¶‡Î A¨vwgev-we‡ivax e¨vK‡Uwiqv g¨v‡µv‡d‡Ri weiæ‡×I Kvh©Ki n‡Z cvi‡e| cÖvK…wZK wkKvixi weiæ‡× Awf‡hvwRZ n‡q B‡ðwiwkqv Kwji wewfbœ ‡÷«Bb KvKZvjxqfv‡e Avgv‡`i ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v‡K civ¯Í K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| KvKZvjxq weeZ©‡bi AbyKíwU nq‡Zv Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Kv‡Q weiw³Ki g‡b n‡e| cÖkœ n‡Z cv‡i ‡h ¯’vbxq P¨v‡j‡Äi wecix‡Z ‡Kvb Awf‡hvRb GKwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K m¤úK©wenxb cÖvYxi weiæ‡× cÖ¯‘Z K‡i ‡Zvjvi m¤¢vebv KZUyKy? DËi n‡jv: A‡bK ‡ewkB| weeZ©b m¤¢vebvi welq| `xN© mgqKvj I AwaK msL¨ve„w×i gva¨‡g weeZ©‡bi iƒc cÖKvwkZ nq| Avi AYyRxe‡`i G `yBwUB i‡q‡Q| Zviv c„w_ex‡Z K‡qK kZ ‡KvwU eQi a‡i AR¯ª cwigv‡Y weivRgvb| K¨vmv‡Wfvj g‡b K‡ib cÖwZwU e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Kv‡Q wfbœ wfbœ KvW© i‡q‡Q| G KvW©¸‡jv cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Awf‡hvRb| ‡ewkifvM Kv‡W©i mgvnvi Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q A_©nxb| ‡Kvb e¨vK‡Uwiqv nq‡Zv Ab¨ ‡Kvl Øviv nRg n‡Z evav w`‡Z m¶g| wKš‘ Zv nq‡Zv 37 wWMÖx ‡mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq evo‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨wU nq‡Zv mwVK ZvcgvÎvq evo‡Z cv‡i, wKš‘ Avgv‡`i ‡`‡ni g„`y ¶vixq wcGBP (pH) Zviv mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avm‡j G¸‡jv ‡Kvb e¨vcviB bv| KviY c„w_ex‡Z G‡Zv ‡ewk e¨vK‡Uwiqv i‡q‡Q ‡h Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡iv Kv‡Q Ggb me Kv‡W©i mgvnvi _v‡K hv w`‡q Avgv‡`i ‡ivMvµvšÍ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| ZvB K¨vmv‡Wfvj e‡jb, 'Avcwb hw` c„w_exi mKj AYyRxe-cÖRvwZ wb‡q fv‡eb ‡h, G‡jvcv_vwofv‡e Zv‡`i meviB wewfbœ ‰ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q, Zvn‡j Avcwb ej‡Z ‡M‡j ‡h ‡Kvb Rx‡ei weiæ‡× RxevYy Lyu‡R cv‡eb|' bZyb msµgK ‡iv‡Mi DÌvb‡K bZyb Av‡jv‡Z ‡`L‡Z ‡kLvq GB Aek¨¤¢veZv| weMZ K‡qK `k‡K fqven bZyb QÎv‡Ki DÌvb ‡`Lv ‡M‡Q hv DfPi cÖvYx‡`i nZ¨vh‡Ái Rb¨ wKsev DËi Av‡gwiKvi K‡qK wgwjqb ev`yo nZ¨vKvix White nose Syndrome Gi Rb¨ `vqx| K¨vmv‡Wfvj e‡jb, 'gvbylRb Avgv‡K wR‡Ám K‡i ‡h Giv ‡Kv‡Ì‡K G‡jv| GgbI n‡Z cv‡i cÖvK…wZK wbe©vP‡bi Pv‡ci gva¨‡g Drcbœ nIqv G ‡iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx ‰ewk‡ó¨i mv‡_ evn‡Ki ‡Kvb m¤úK© ‡bB|'

wbDBq‡K©i B‡qwkfv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AYyRxeweÁvbx AviUy‡iv K¨vmv‡Wfvj e‡jb, 'Gme AYyRxe `yN©UbvekZ RxevYy n‡q wM‡q‡Q| Avcwb hw` c„w_ex ‡_‡K Ab¨ me cÖvYx‡K mwi‡qI ‡d‡jb, ZvI Zviv wU‡K _vK‡Z cvi‡e| Zey, weeZ©b wKQy ‰ewk‡ó¨i mwVK mgvnv‡ii Rb¨ G‡`i‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i‡Q hv gvby‡li g‡a¨ ‡ivM ‰Zwi K‡i|' K‡jiv ‡iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx wfweªI K‡jiv (Vibrio cholerae) bvgK e¨vK‡Uwiqv Gi fv‡jv D`vniY| weÁvbxiv Av‡M g‡b Ki‡Zb ‡h GwU g~jZ gvbe RxevYy| fvev n‡Zv RxevYywU AvµvšÍ gvby‡li gj w`‡q `ywlZ cvwbi gva¨‡g Qwo‡q c‡o| GLb Avgiv Rvwb ‡h GwU GKwU mvgyw`ªK e¨vK‡Uwiqv hv g~jZ kvgyK ev wSby‡Ki g‡Zv ‡QvU ‡LvjKx cÖvYxi ‡Lv‡ji mv‡_ wb‡R‡K mshy³ K‡i| Z‡e gv‡S gv‡S GwU Avgv‡`i cvwbi mieiv‡n P‡j Av‡m| wbD mvD_ I‡qjm wek¦we`¨vj‡q wfweªI K‡jiv wb‡q M‡elYv Kiv Wvqvb g¨vKWvIMvW e‡jb, 'MZ `k‡K gvbylRb GUv ‡g‡b wb‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q ‡h GiKg ‡ekwKQy myweavev`x RxevYy gvbyl ‡_‡K gvby‡l Qwo‡q covi mgq mvgwqKfv‡e cwi‡e‡k _v‡K| wKš‘ g~jZ Giv cwi‡e‡k _vKv e¨vK‡Uwiqv hviv gv‡S gv‡S gvby‡li ms¯ú‡k© P‡j Av‡m|' A‡bK RxevYyB g~jZ gvbe ‡`‡n Nyi‡Z Avmv ch©UK| Zv‡`i cÖK…Z evwo n‡jv mvM‡i, ¸nvq, ev gvwU‡Z| G‡`i‡K fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j Zv‡`i cÖvK…wZK ev¯‘ms¯’v‡b ‡i‡L eyS‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb gvwU AYyRxe‡`i Rb¨ Pig cÖK…wZi evm¯’vb KK©k Avi memgq e`‡j hvIqv ai‡bi| gvwU eb¨v ‡_‡K Liv Ae¯’vi gy‡L m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i, `vnK-Zvc ‡_‡K RgvU euvav ei‡d wKsev wbKl AÜKvi ‡_‡K Zxeª ‡mŠi wewKi‡Yi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i| gvwU‡Z Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡hvMx AYyRx‡ei KgwZ ‡bB| GQvovI i‡q‡Q ¶yavZ© AYyRxe-wkKvix ‡cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv| Avgiv evN-wmsn-fvjyK‡K fq cvB| Ab¨w`‡K e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡`i dvR fvBivm, ‡bgv‡UvW KxU I wkKvix A¨vwgevi mv‡_ hy× Ki‡Z nq| GmKj cwiw¯’wZ e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K Ggb me Awf‡hvR‡bi w`‡K wb‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡i hv Zv‡`i‡K KvKZvjxqfv‡e gvbe-‡cvl‡K Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ Dchy³ K‡i ‡Zv‡j| Avgiv gvbyl ‡Zv Avm‡j wfbœ GKwU cwi‡ek gvÎ| e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K Rj we‡qvRb ‡_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ GKwU ‡gvUv K¨vcmy¨j Zv‡K Avgv‡`i ‡ivM-cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v ‡_‡K i¶v K‡i| evZvm w`‡q Qwo‡q co‡Z Awf‡hvwRZ ‡Kvb ‡¯úvi wbk¦v‡mi mv‡_ Avgv‡`i k¦vmZ‡š¿ cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i| weÁvbxiv ‡`wL‡q‡Qb ‡h A‡bK¸‡jv cÖvK…wZK SyuwKi gy‡LvgywL n‡q e¨vK‡Uwiqviv Awf‡hvR‡bi gva¨‡g KvKZvjxqfv‡e gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ ¯Íb¨cvqx‡`i‡K msµwgZ Ki‡Z ‡ewk `¶ n‡q I‡V| ‡hgb gvbe A‡š¿ mnRjf¨, M‡elYvMv‡i weÁvbx‡`i Kv‡Q wcÖq B‡ðwiwkqv Kwj (Escherichia coli) e¨vK‡Uwiqvi K_v ejv hvK| e¨vK‡UwiqvwU gvwU wKsev ¯Íb¨cvqxi A‡š¿i cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k wkKvix A¨vwgevi wec‡`i m¤§yLxb nq| A¨vwgevwU G‡K ‡L‡q ‡d‡j nRg Kivi ‡Póv K‡i| 2010 mv‡j divmx weÁvbx d«v›U ‡Wcvwjm I Zvi mnKg©xe„›`

XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK ‡Kvb bZyb MÖ‡n gvbe AwfhvÎxiv KL‡bv ‡M‡j ‡Kb Zv‡`i‡K ‡mLvbKvi AYyRxe ‡_‡K mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e Zv GB hyw³ w`‡q e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| K¨vmv‡Wfvj G wel‡q g‡b K‡ib, 'msµvgK ‡ivM wb‡q KvR Kiv AwaKvsk ‡ckv`viB g‡b K‡ib g½‡j hw` AYyRxe ‡_‡KB _v‡K Zvn‡j Avgv‡`i Zv wb‡q wPšÍvi KviY wK? Zv‡`i ‡Zv gvby‡li g‡a¨ ‡ivM Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ‡cÖvwUb _vK‡e bv| Z‡e fvebvi welq n‡jv, hw` AwaK msL¨K AYyRxe _v‡K Zvn‡j nq‡Zv ‡mLv‡b wKQy RxevYy _vK‡ZI cv‡i|' NUbv hw` ZvB nq, Zvn‡j ‡mme msµgY eûw`b a‡iB AvµgYvZ¥K n‡q _vK‡e| ‡jwfb e‡jb, 'hLb Avwg QvÎ wQjvg ZLb ciRxwewe`iv ej‡Zb ‡h, ‡ivM n‡jv ‡cvlK I ciRxwei ga¨Kvi m¤ú‡K©i Avw`g `kv| mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ mK‡jB G‡K Ac‡ii cÖxwZ-m¤cÖxwZ I mn‡hvwMZvi w`‡K weewZ©Z n‡q hvq| wg‡_vRxweZv I kvwšÍc~Y© mnve¯’vb G‡¶‡Î ‡kl j¶¨ n‡q _v‡K|' Z‡e RxevYy‡`i Rw½myjf-DMÖZv ïiæ ‡_‡KB hw` KvKZvjxq NUbv n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j ‡Kvb KvKZvjxq-RxevYyi wb‡Ri c_ ‡_‡K m‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ nq‡Zv ‡Zgb GKUv weeZ©bxq Pvc _vK‡e bv| GB AbyK‡íi g‡a¨ A‡bKUv ‰bivk¨ev`x, Am‡šÍvlRbK wKQy GKUv i‡q‡Q| GUv Avgv‡`i mywbw`©ó DËi ‡_‡K ewÂZ K‡i| K¨vmv‡Wfvj GKwU ch©v‡jvPbvq wj‡L‡Qb, ÔRxevYyi AvµgYvZ¥K ev Rw½ ‰ewkó¨ ‰`em¤¢vebv ‡_‡K D™¢~Z n‡Z cv‡i Ggb GKwU cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g hvi ‡Kvb e¨vL¨v ‡bB| Zv ‡Kej N‡U‡Q|Õ GB `…wófw½ Abyhvqx, Avgv‡`i Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv bvU‡K Avgiv ‡K›`ªxq PwiÎ bB| GgbwK Avgiv cvk¦© PwiÎI bB| Avgiv ‡Kej c_Pvix hviv g‡Âi evB‡i ‡nu‡U hvIqvi mgq Qyu‡o ‡djv mvRmiÄvg w`‡q AvNvZcÖvß nw”Q| AYyRx‡ei c„w_ex‡Z ‡K›`ªxq welq n‡jv Ab¨vb¨ AYyRxeiv| Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ kZ ‡KvwU eQi a‡i wg_w¯Œqv K‡i Avm‡Q| Avgiv hLb GB cÖvPxb hy‡×i g‡a¨ cv ‡dwj ZLb µmdvqv‡ii g‡a¨ c‡o hvB, nZvnZ nB| I‡qjm-Gi g½jMÖnevmx‡`i g‡Zv AvgivI KvKZvjxq NvZK‡`i `‡j c‡o hvB| GW Bqs cyi¯‹vicÖvß weÁvb ‡jLK| b¨vkbvj wRIMÖvwdK mvB‡U Zvui Not Exactly Rocket Science eBwU ¯’vb ‡c‡q‡Q| GQvov wZwb wewfbœ mgq Iq¨viW, b¨vPvi, wbD mv‡qw›U÷, `¨v MvwW©qvb I `¨v UvBgm cwÎKvq wj‡L‡Qb| G ‡jLvwU AbjvBb cwÎKv Aeon-G cÖKvwkZ Coincidental killers Gi fvlvšÍi|

May 1-10 2017| DUSS ROOM. TSC 2ND FLOOR

XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

m`m¨ AvnŸvb 2017 Avgv‡`i mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z PvB‡j P‡j Avmyb wWBDGmGm iæg, wUGmwm, XvKv wek^we`¨vjq †hvMv‡hvM: science.duss@gmail.com scienceduss.org /DUScienceSociety

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XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

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Avgiv ‡Kb NygvB? mv‡q` Avkivd

Avgv‡`i A‡b‡KB aviYv K‡i _vwK, Ny‡gi mg‡q Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‹i hveZxq KvRKg© eÜ _v‡K| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©, Ny‡gi gv‡SI Avgv‡`i gw¯Í®‹ Zvi KvR Pvwj‡q ‡h‡Z _v‡K| Gmgq Avgv‡`i Bw›`ªq¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ cvIqv mKj Z_¨¸‡jv Zvi aiY Abyhvqx hvPvB-evQvB‡qi gva¨‡g `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ (Long Term Memory) wnmv‡e Rgv nq|

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XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

f~wgKv iv‡L ‡h Kvi‡Y wkïiv 13 ‡_‡K 14 N›Uv Nywg‡q KvUvq Ges AwaKvsk mg‡q ‡m KvUvq ‡ig-Ny‡g (REM sleep)| wkKv‡Mv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Allan Rechtschaffen Sleep Laboratory GKwU M‡elYvq cvwbi Dc‡i GKwU µgvMZ N~Y©vqgvb PvKwZi Dci wKQy Bu`yi ivLv nq Ges Zv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‹i Zi½ cÖwZwbqZB gvcv nw”Qj| ‡`Lv hvq, Uvbv A‡bKw`b a‡i Bu`yi‡K Nygv‡Z bv ‡`Iqv n‡j cÖvq wZb-Pvi mßv‡ni g‡a¨B Bu`yi¸‡jv gviv hvq| (wet`ªt GLv‡b GKUv welq cwi®‹vi nIqv `iKvi, ïaygvÎ Nygv‡Z ‡`Iqv nqwb e‡jB Bu`yi¸‡jv gviv ‡M‡Q GgbUv bq| eis, Bu`yi¸‡jvi g„Zz¨q wcQ‡b Av‡iv A‡bK¸‡jv KviY Av‡Q; Gi g‡a¨ bv Nygv‡Z ‡`Iqv GKwU eo KviY, Z‡e GKgvÎ KviY bv| g~jZ ‡hUv ‡`Lv hvq, GiKg µgvMZ bv Nygv‡bvi d‡j, ‡`‡n (Bu`y‡ii) KwU©mj (cortisol) bvgK GKa‡bi ni‡gvb wbM©Z nq| GB KwU©m‡ji KvR n‡jv kix‡ii ‡ivM cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v‡K Kwg‡q ‡`Iqv| ‡h Kvi‡Y wKQyw`b c‡i B`yi¸‡jvi kix‡i ‡ek wKQy ¶Z m„wó nIqv ïiæ K‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡`i kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv h‡_ó nv‡i Kg‡Z _v‡K) Avgv‡`i A‡b‡KB aviYv K‡i _vwK, Ny‡gi mg‡q Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‹i hveZxq KvRKg© eÜ _v‡K| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©, Ny‡gi gv‡SI Avgv‡`i gw¯Í®‹ Zvi KvR Pvwj‡q ‡h‡Z _v‡K| Gmgq Avgv‡`i Bw›`ªq¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ cvIqv mKj Z_¨¸‡jv Zvi aiY Abyhvqx hvPvB-evQvB‡qi gva¨‡g `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ (Long Term Memory) wnmv‡e Rgv nq| 2009 Gi w`‡K K‡qKRb Av‡gwiKvb Ges ‡d«Â M‡elKiv wg‡j ¯§„wZkw³ e„w×i wcQ‡b Sharp Wave Ripples bv‡g gw¯Í‡®‹i ga¨Kvi GK ¶y`ª Zi‡½i cÖfve D‡jøL K‡ib| GB ¶y`ª Zi½ ¸‡jvi gva¨‡g gw¯Í‡®‹i wn‡cvK¨v¤úvm (hippocampus) ‡_‡K wewfbœ Z_¨ wbIK‡U©‡· (neocortex) P‡j hvq, ‡hLv‡b `xN©¯’vqx ¯§„wZ¸‡jv Rgv _v‡K| M‡elKiv ‡`‡Lb, Mfxi Ny‡gi g‡a¨ GB Sharp Wave Ripples me‡P‡q ‡ewk cÖevwnZ nq| ‡Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri Av‡Mi ivZ wKsev Qv·`i ‡¶‡Î ejv hvq cix¶vi Av‡Mi iv‡Z A‡b‡KB ‡Ubk‡b Nygv‡Z cv‡i bv, Avevi A‡b‡KB cix¶vi covi Kvi‡Y Nygvq bv| Ges hw` cix¶v fv‡jv n‡q hvq, Zvn‡j Gi Rb¨ mvivivZ ‡R‡M cov‡K GKwU KviY wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i| Gfv‡e cÖwZ cix¶vi Av‡Mi iv‡Z ev ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR¸‡jvi Av‡Mi iv‡Z bv Nygv‡bvi GKUv ‡iIqvR ‰Zwi nq Ges µ‡gB wb‡Ri g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi wek¦vm R‡b¥, Avwg bv Nywg‡q A‡bK fv‡jv KvR Ki‡Z cvwi (!) welqwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, ‡Kbbv Gfv‡e bv Nywg‡q KvR K‡i hZB fv‡jv djvdj cvIqv hvK bv ‡Kb, GKUv mgq ‡mUvB Avcbvi Rb¨ ¶wZi KviY n‡q `vuov‡e| GKUvbv 19 N›Uv ‡R‡M _vKvi d‡j A‡bK mgq gw¯Í‡®‹i wKQy ‡Kvl bó n‡q ‡h‡Z cv‡i|

18

†g | 2017 | aªæeK

bv Nygv‡bvi ‡ivM Bb‡mvgwbqvi (Insomnia) K_v Rvbv Av‡Q wKš‘, Nygv‡Z fq cvq GiKg ‡Kvb wKQyi K_v ‡kvbv n‡q‡Q wK? welqUv ‡bnvZB gRv wn‡m‡e jvM‡jI mwZ¨Kvi A‡_©B GK`j gvbyl Av‡Q, hviv wKbv Nygv‡Z fq cvq! GiKg Nygv‡Z fq cvIqv‡K ejv nq ‡mvgwb‡dvweqv (Somniphobia) wKsev wnc‡bv‡dvweqv (Hypnophobia)| Zv‡`i GB Nygv‡Z fq cvIqvi KviY wnmv‡e cvIqv †M‡Q ‡h AZ¨waK `yt¯^cœ ‡`Lv ev Ny‡gi mv‡_ RwoZ Ggb ‡Kvb NUbv ‡hUv cieZ©x‡Z Zvi Rb¨ fqven iK‡gi ¶wZi KviY n‡q‡Q| fv‡jvK_v, nii gywf wKš‘ ‡mvgwb‡dvweqvi wU«Mvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| me©‡kl K_v, Nyg m¤úwK©Z Avgiv ‡h Z_¨¸‡jv Rvwb ‡m¸‡jv g~jZ weMZ 25 eQ‡ii M‡elYvi gva¨‡g cvIqv| Avgiv GLbI Nyg m¤úwK©Z A‡bK wKQyB mwVKfv‡e Rvwb bv; A‡bKUv Abygvb Avi A‡bKUv `xN©w`‡bi Kyms¯‹v‡ii ga¨ w`‡qB Avgiv Nyg‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i AvmwQ| Av‡iv A‡bK KvR Kivi Av‡Q GB Nyg wb‡q| ‡jLK : wkÿv_©x, g‡bvweÁvb wefvM, XvKv wek^we`¨vjq|

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XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

19

nvw›UsU‡bi ‡ivM I wRbcÖ‡KŠkj Avey bvwmg nvq`vi

nvw›UsU‡bi ‡ivM `ywbqvi me‡P‡q fqven ‡R‡bwUK ‡ivM¸‡jvi GKwU| GB ‡iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx wgDU¨v›U wR‡bi ïay GK Kwc ‡iv‡Mi j¶Y cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ h‡_ó| Avµv‡šÍi eqm wÎk ev Pwjø‡ki N‡i _vKvKv‡j G ‡iv‡Mi j¶Y cÖKvk cvq| nVvr gy‡Wi cwieZ©b, Pig wW‡cÖkb, nv‡Zi nvjKv Kvucywb ïiæi w`‡Ki j¶Y| ‡f‡bRy‡qjvi e¨vivbwKUv‡m ¯’vbxqiv G‡K El mal ev kqZvb e‡j Wv‡K|

†g | 2017 | aªæeK ‡f‡bRy‡qjvi e¨vivbwKUvm bvgK MÖvg wPwKrmv BwZnv‡m weL¨vZ KviY GLv‡bB Avwe®‹vi n‡qwQ‡jv nvw›UsU‡bi ‡iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx wRb| 1979 mv‡j GLv‡b G ‡ivM cÖwZ `k R‡b GK R‡bi wQ‡jv| b¨vwÝ I‡q·jvi, g‡bvweÁvb ‡Q‡o nIqv GK wRbweÁvbx,hvi wb‡Ri evev nvw›UsU‡bi ‡iv‡M AvµvšÍ wQ‡jb,GB MÖv‡g G‡m ‡ivMvµvšÍ‡`i ‡_‡K bgybv msMÖn K‡i cvwV‡q‡Qb j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z| nvw›UsU‡bi ‡ivM `ywbqvi me‡P‡q fqven ‡R‡bwUK ‡ivM¸‡jvi GKwU| GB ‡iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx wgDU¨v›U wR‡bi ïay GK Kwc ‡iv‡Mi j¶Y cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ h‡_ó| Avµv‡šÍi eqm wÎk ev Pwjø‡ki N‡i _vKvKv‡j G ‡iv‡Mi j¶Y cÖKvk cvq| nVvr gy‡Wi cwieZ©b, Pig wW‡cÖkb, nv‡Zi nvjKv Kvucywb ïiæi w`‡Ki j¶Y| G Kuvcywb ax‡i ax‡i evo‡Z _v‡K Ges GK ch©v‡q mviv kix‡i Qwo‡q c‡o| KuvcywbUv A‡bKUv bv‡Pi gZ n‡q hvq Pig ch©v‡q| Awbqwš¿Z G bvP ‡`‡L g‡b nq ‡hb ‡ivMxi Dc‡i AwZcÖvK…Z wKQy fi K‡i‡Q| ‡f‡bRy‡qjvi e¨vivbwKUv‡m ¯’vbxqiv G‡K El mal ev kqZvb e‡j Wv‡K| ‡iv‡Mi ‡kl ch©v‡q ‡ivMxi KMwbwUf dvskb nvwi‡q hvq, kix‡ii bovPovi Dc‡i wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv| msµgY, wW‡gbwkqv, Acywó‡Z Zv‡`i g„Zz¨ nq-kqZv‡bi msMx‡Zi Zv‡j bvP‡Z bvP‡Z| GB ‡h ‡ivMxi Pvicv‡ki mevB‡K gvbweKfv‡e wech©¯Í K‡i ‡`Iqvi g‡Zv fqven GKUv g„Zz¨, Gi R‡b¨ `vqx wKš‘ gvby‡li ‡µv‡gv‡mvg Pv‡i _vKv gw¯Í‡®‹i ‡e‡o IVvi mv‡_ RwoZ GKwU ‡cÖvwUb ‡KvW Kivi wRb| IB wR‡b CAG hw` cici Pwjøk ev‡ii ‡ewk _v‡K Zvn‡j nvw›UsU‡bi ‡ivM nq| aiæb Avcbvi ¯^vgx ev ¯¿xi GB ‡ivM Av‡Q Ges Zvi GK Kwc ‡ivM m„wóKvix wgDU¨v›U wRb Av‡Q| m¤¢vebv 50 kZvsk ‡h Avcbvi mšÍv‡bi GB ‡ivM n‡e| Avcwb Zvn‡j wKfv‡e wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ‡h GB ‡ivM Avcbvi mšÍv‡bi n‡e bv? GLv‡b Kv‡R Avm‡e ‡R‡bwUK w¯Œwbs cÖhyw³| Avcbv‡`i ‡_‡K wW¤^vYy I ïµvYy wb‡q j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z ‰Zwi Kiv n‡e å~Y| ‡Kvb ‡Kvb å~‡Yi GB ‡ivM _vK‡e, ‡Kvb ‡Kvb å~‡Yi _vK‡e bv| Gici GB å~Y¸‡jv ‡_‡K wR‡bvg wb‡q wWGbG wP‡ci gva¨‡g kbv³ Kiv n‡e nvw›UsUb ‡iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx wRb| ‡hme å~‡Yi G ‡ivM ‰Zwii wgDU¨v›U wRb Av‡Q Zviv evwZj n‡e Avi ‡hme å~‡Yi ‡bB, Zv‡`i ‡_‡K GKwU å~Y gv‡qi M‡f© ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e| ïay nvw›UsUb ‡ivM bv, G c×wZ‡Z Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ ‡R‡bwUK ‡ivM ‡hgb ‡U m¨vLm ‡ivM, WvDb wmb‡W«vg, wmw÷K dvB‡eªvwmm BZ¨vw`i Dcw¯’wZ ev Abycw¯’wZ wbwðZ Kiv hvq| DbœZ wPwKrmve¨e¯’v Av‡Q Ggb ‡`‡k G ‡mev BwZg‡a¨ cvIqv hvq Ges A‡b‡KB Kg Li‡P Mf©avi‡Yi cÖ_g wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨B å~Y ‡_‡K bgybv wb‡q ‡R‡bwUK w¯Œwbs Kivb| hw` ‡`Lv hvq mšÍv‡bi RxebNvZx ‡Kvb ‡ivM _v‡K Zvn‡j Mf©cv‡Zi wm×všÍ Zviv wb‡Z cv‡ib| Avi hw` Ggb nq ‡h cÖwZUv å~‡YB gvivZœK ‡Kvb ‡ivM _v‡K? ZLb ‡h cÖhyw³ Kv‡R Avm‡e Zv n‡jv Rvg©jvBb ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis| å~‡Y _vKv ‡Kvl¸‡jvi wR‡bvg‡K GwWU K‡i ‡iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx wRb ev` w`‡q fv‡jv wRb w`‡q w`‡jB n‡jv| Av‡M GKvR A‡bK KwVb _vK‡jI B`vbxs Avmv CRISPR-Cas 9 wR‡bvg GwWwUs cÖhyw³ w`‡q G KvR mn‡RB Kiv m¤¢e| ‡hme ‡R‡bwUK ‡iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx wRb kbv³ Kiv ‡M‡Q Zv‡`i ‡¶‡ÎB wKš‘ ïay Gme cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨| Wvqv‡ewUm ev K¨vbmv‡ii gZ A‡bK wRb RwoZ RwUj ‡R‡bwUK ‡ivM¸‡jv‡Z G¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM AwbðqZvq fiv| Px‡b weÁvbxiv gvbe å~‡Y B‡Zvg‡a¨ CRISPR-Cas 9 wR‡bvg GwWwUs cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i ‡`wL‡q‡Qb ‡h Zv fv‡jvfv‡eB KvR K‡i| m¤cÖwZ BD‡K, Rvcvb mn Av‡iv K‡qKUv ‡`k gvbe å~‡Yi wR‡bvg GwWU Kiv msµvšÍ M‡elYv Kivi AbygwZ ‡c‡q‡Q| Z‡e ‡Kvb ‡`‡kB GL‡bv ‡Kvb miKvi AbygwZ ‡`qwb wRb GwWU K‡i gvbewkï Rb¥ ‡`evi| cÖhyw³ nv‡Z G‡m‡Q Avgv‡`i, mvaviY gvbyl‡`i GLb wm×všÍ ‡bevi mgq ‡h GB cÖhyw³ Zviv e¨envi Ki‡e wK bv| ‡jLK: wkÿv_©x, ‡R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis GÛ ev‡qv‡UK‡bvjwR wefvM, XvKv wek^we`¨vjq|

XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK

wWBDGmGm: GKRb fvj M‡el‡Ki g‡a¨ wK wK ¸Yvejx _vKv DwPZ e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib? nvwmbv Lvb: M‡elYv n‡”Q GKUv ‡bkv aiv‡bvi e¨vcvi| Avwg cÖwZ mKv‡j GKUv Py¤^‡Ki AvKl©Y ‡eva Kwi, Ab¨vb¨ ‡h ‡Kv‡bv mgm¨v _vK‡jI ‡mB AvKl©‡Yi Kv‡Q Zv nvi ‡g‡b hvq| A‡bKw`b a‡i ‡h M‡elYv KiwQ, ‡mBRb¨B GB AvKl©Y ‰Zix n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ cÖ_g w`‡KB, M‡elYv Kivi Rb¨, cÖ_gZ AvMÖn _vKv DwPZ, Ges A‡bK mgq ‡`qvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _vKv DwPZ| ‡hgb ‡`Lv ‡h‡Z cv‡i ‡h ‡Zvgv‡K iv‡Z BbwKD‡ek‡bi Rb¨ j¨v‡e ‡_‡K ‡h‡Z n‡”Q, wKsev Lye ‡fv‡i G‡m ‡iRvë wb‡Z n‡”Q| Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri cÖwZ AvKl©Y _vK‡ZB cv‡i, Z‡e mewKQy ev` w`‡q ‡Zv Avi M‡elYv bv| wKš‘ M‡elYvi cÖwZ mZZvi RvqMvUv, ‡mUv ‡fZ‡i aviY Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡mBRb¨ h‡_ó AvMªn _vKv `iKvi|

mvÿvrKvi

(W. nvwmbv Lvb)

wWBDGmGm: Avcbvi GB Kv‡Ri ‡cQ‡b Kvi Aby‡cÖiYv me‡P‡q ‡ewk KvR K‡i‡Q e‡j g‡b K‡ib? nvwmbv Lvb : Aek¨B Avgvi evev| ‡mUv mvZPwjø‡ki ‡`kfv‡Mi c‡ii K_v, bZyb ‡`k MwVZ n‡q‡Q| GB ‡`k‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ ‡h cv‡Ui f~wgKv Av‡Q, GUv Dwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| Gi Rb¨ wZwb Avgvi ‡gRfvB‡K ‡KvjKvZvq RyU ‡UK‡bvjwR BÝwUwUD‡U cvVvb, cvU wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨| evev gviv hvb Avgvi wk¶K wn‡m‡e ‡hvM ‡`qvi wKQyw`b Av‡M| Gici hLb M‡elYvq Avwm, evevi ‡mB B”QvB Avgv‡K cvU wb‡q KvR Kivi †cQ‡b eo Aby‡cÖiYv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q|

W. nvwmbv Lvb eZ©gv‡b XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ev‡qv‡K‡gw÷« Ges gwjKyjvi ev‡qvjwR wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK| Zvi mvÿvrKviwU wb‡qwQ‡jb †gvt ivBmyj Bmjvg, AYyRxeweÁvb (4_© el©) Ges bvwdmv ivqnvbv, MwYZ (¯œvZK‡Ëvi)| wWBDGmGm: Avcwb ‡Zv A‡bK w`b a‡iB ‡`‡k M‡elYv Ki‡Qb| M‡elYvq Avmvi Rb¨ ‡Kvb e¨vcviUv Avcbv‡K AvMÖnx K‡i Zyj‡jv? nvwmbv Lvb: GKUy ‡cQb ‡_‡K Avwg eis Avwm| Avwg hLb B›Uvi‡gwW‡qU cwo, ZLb Avgvi GK fvBqv Ges fvex Av‡gwiKv ‡_‡K ‡`‡k Av‡mb| Zv‡`i gy‡L ïwb Zv‡`i wKQy eÜyevÜe ev‡qv‡Kwgw÷«‡Z M‡elYv Ki‡Qb gvwK©b gyjy‡K| ‡mB Mí¸‡jv ï‡bB ev‡qv‡Kwgw÷«‡Z covi Rb¨ Avgvi ‡fZi AvMÖn Rb¥v‡Z _v‡K| cieZ©x‡Z XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Avwg wKš‘ ïay ev‡qv‡Kwgw÷«‡ZB cix¶v w`B, Ab¨ ‡Kv‡bv mve‡R‡± Avwg Avi cix¶v ‡`Bwb| ‡Zvgiv Rv‡bvI bv nqZ, ZLb wefvM¸‡jvi Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v cix¶v w`‡Z nZ| Avwg GB wefv‡M fwZ© nevi ci eyS‡Z ‡c‡iwQjvg, GB ev‡qv‡Kwgw÷« wb‡q A‡bK wKQy Kiv hvq| ‡mB ‡_‡KB Avm‡j ïiæ|

wWBDGmGm: Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vj‡q ewnwe©‡k¦i Zyjbvq ‡miKg j¶Yxq ‡Kv‡bv M‡elYv ‡`Lv hvq bv| Gi KviY wn‡m‡e wK g‡b K‡ib? Qv·`i wmwRwcG Gi ‡cQ‡b ‡QvUv wK ‡Kv‡bv KviY n‡Z cv‡i? nvwmbv Lvb: Avwg ‡Zv Qv·`i ‡Kv‡bv ‡`vl ‡`wLbv| Avgiv Zv‡`i hZUyKy my‡hvM K‡i ‡`B, ‡mBUyKyb w`‡q ‡Zv Zviv GLv‡b ‡mvbv djvq, Zvi ‡iRvë fvj wKsev Lvivc ‡nvK| Avwg mgm¨v ‡`wL GLv‡b wk¶K‡`i, hw`I GUv ej‡j GKUy fyj ejv n‡e, g~jZ cy‡iv e¨e¯’vcbvi| GLv‡b ‡Kv_vI

wk¶K‡`i M‡elYv Ki‡Z n‡e, bv Ki‡j wK n‡e, ejv ‡bB| ‡h‡nZy GKRb wk¶‡Ki c‡¶ M‡elYv Kiv Lye mnR KvR bv- dvÛ Avbv, ‡j‡M _vKv, wi‡cvU© ‡jLv, ‡ccvi ‡jLv| Zvi cvkvcvwk Av‡Q wk¶KZv, Zv‡`i ‡m‡¶‡Î `vwq‡Z¡ ‡Kv‡bv Qvo ‡`qv nqbv| GLv‡b ‡Kb GKRb wk¶K M‡elYvq AvMÖn ‡eva Ki‡e?

wWBDGmGm : GKRb bvix wn‡m‡e M‡elYvi Rb¨ Avcwb wK cÖwZeÜKZvi gy‡LvgywL n‡q‡Qb? nvwmbv Lvb: mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z, bvix wn‡m‡e Avwg ‡miKg Avjv`v K‡i ‡Kv‡bv c«wZeÜKZvi gy‡LvgywL nBwb| Ab¨vb¨ ‡¶‡Î cwowb, GUv ej‡j fyj n‡e, wKš‘ M‡elYvi ‡¶‡Î Avgvi c‡_ ‡miKg mgm¨v nqwb|

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK wWBDGmGm: Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vj‡q A‡bKB wefv‡M AvÛviMÖvRy‡qkb m¤úbœ K‡i ‡d‡j, A_P GB Pvi eQ‡i ‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi M‡elYvi my‡hvM cvq bv| G‡¶‡Î Avcbvi gZvgZ wK? nvwmbv Lvb: wek¦we`¨vj‡q ‡h cvV `vbUvB gyL¨, GUvB Avgiv mevB a‡i ‡bB| ZvQvov ‡ewkifvM ‡¶‡ÎB M‡elYv wKš‘ ‡ek e¨qeûj| Avgiv nqZ GZ wekvj wk¶v_©x‡K GZ Kg wiG‡R›U wKsev hš¿cvwZ w`‡q mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvwibv| M‡elYv ‡h ‡`k GwM‡q ‡bqvi nvwZqvi, GUvB A‡bK mgq ‡KD wPšÍv K‡i ‡`‡L bv|

wWBDGmGm: GKRb fvj QvÎB wK GKRb fvj M‡elK? Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vj‡q ‡`Lv hvq wmwRwcG Gi wfwˇZ w_wmm ch©v‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i wewfbœ M‡elYvMv‡i my‡hvM ‡`qv nq| wKš‘ M‡elYvq mevi AvMÖn ev D`¨g ‡Zv GK bq| GUv KZUv hyw³hy³ e‡j g‡b K‡ib? nvwmbv Lvb: Avwg ‡Zvgvi K_vi mv‡_ mngZ ‡cvlY Kwi| A‡bKw`b a‡i M‡elYv Kivi Kj¨v‡Y ‡`‡LwQ, hv‡`i ‡iRvë Lye GKUv fvj bv, ZvivI Lye fvj wPšÍv fvebv K‡i Avgv‡K e‡j ‡h, g¨vWvg, Gfv‡e KvRUv Kiv DwPZ| Ges mwZ¨B ‡`wL Zv‡`i wPšÍv fvebv¸‡jv Lye mwVK| wKš‘ Avgv‡`i Kg wi‡mv‡m©i GB ‡`‡k GK gvcKvwVi evB‡i ‡h‡q ‡h wK Kiv DwPZ, ‡mUvI ‡Zv ey‡S IVv KwVb| Av‡iKUv e¨vcvi, ‡hUv Avwg g‡b KiwQ Lye Riæwi, Avgv‡`i wimvP©¸‡jv wKš‘ ïay gv÷vm© ch©v‡qi| Avgv‡`i wefv‡Mi me‡P‡q fvj ‡Q‡j‡g‡q¸‡jvB wKš‘ we‡`‡k P‡j hvq wcGBPwW Ki‡Z| Avi we‡`‡ki wimvP© gv‡bB n‡”Q wcGBPwW ÷y‡W›U‡`i wb‡q wimvP©| Zviv K‡qK eQi a‡i wb‡ew`ZcÖvY n‡q GKUv M‡elYv Ki‡Q, ZLb nqZ GKUv djvdj cvIqv hvq| wKš‘ GKUv djvdj nqZ GB Aí K‡qKw`‡bi M‡elYvq cvevi K_v bq| GLv‡b wcGBPwW bv Kivi ‡cQ‡b A‡bK KviY Aek¨ Av‡Q| A_© Gi ‡cQ‡b f~wgKv ivL‡jI ivL‡Z cv‡i| Gic‡iI ‡`Lv hvq, wewfbœ cÖwZôvb hLb mvK©yjvi ‡`q, ZLb evB‡i ‡_‡K wcGBPwW Kiv KvD‡K AMÖvwaKvi ‡`qv nq| GB e¨vcvi¸jv eÜ bv n‡j GLv‡b ‡KD wcGBPwW Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ n‡e bv|

wWBDGmGm: Avcbvi ‡¶‡Î wK dvwÛs Gi e¨vcv‡i cÖwZeÜKZvi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq? nvwmbv Lvb: bv, GLb ‡ZgbUv mgm¨v nqbv| cÖ_‡g nqZ e¨vcviUv KwVb, wKš‘ fvj KvR ‡`Lv‡j ‡m‡ÿ‡Î nqZ dvwÛs ‡c‡Z Lye GKUv mgm¨v nqbv| wWBDGmGm: Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k M‡elYvcÎ ‡ei nq, wKš‘ ‡mUv nqZ c‡i Avi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gyL ‡`‡L bv| Avgv‡`i j¨ve‡iUwi ‡_‡K BÛvw÷« - GB dviv‡Ki e¨vcv‡i wK g‡b K‡ib? nvwmbv Lvb: G‡¶‡Î ‡Kvwiqvi D`vniY Avwg Uvb‡Z PvB| GB ‡¶‡Î ‡Kvwiqv ‡`Ljvg Lye `ªæZ DbœwZ NwU‡q‡Q| Avwg GKUy Rvbvi ‡Póv K‡i ‡`LwQjvg, ‡Lqvj K‡i ‡`Ljvg, wek¦we`¨vjq wKš‘ wbR D‡`¨v‡M GB ‡hvMm~ÎwU ‰Zix K‡i| ‡Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv wKQy my‡hvMmyweav cv‡e, miKvi ‡_‡K U¨v· ev Ab¨vb¨ e¨vcv‡i| wKš‘ Zvi wewbg‡q Zv‡`i wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e, Zv‡`i M‡elYv¸‡jv‡Z A_©vqb Ki‡Z n‡e| GB M‡elYv wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡`i Kv‡RB jvM‡Q| GB ‡hvMm~Î wKš‘ cÖ_‡g ‡Rvi K‡iB ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡qwQj, wKš‘ hLb ‡Kv¤úvwb ¸‡jv Gi mydj ‡c‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q, ZLb Avi ‡Kv‡bv ‡Rvi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb co‡Q bv| ‡Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv ¯^Z:ùyZ©fv‡eB ‡hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Q| Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k GB ‡hvMv‡hvMUvB ‡bB| GLb hw` GKRb wk¶K‡K wek¦we`¨vj‡q K¬vm ‡bqv, LvZv ‡`Lv Avi cvkvcvwk M‡elYv Pvjv‡bvi ci BÛvw÷«i ‡cQ‡b ‡`Šov‡Z nq, Zvn‡j GUv wKfv‡e m¤¢e Zywg e‡jv?

wWBDGmGm: GKRb M‡elK bvix wn‡m‡e wK wK mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL nq? G ‡_‡K wKfv‡e ‡ei nIqv ‡h‡Z cv‡i? nvwmbv Lvb: GB mgm¨v ïay Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k bq, mviv c„w_ex‡Z GB wb‡q Av‡jvPbv n‡Z Avwg ‡`‡LwQ| M‡elYvi Rb¨ ‡h mgq Avi kÖg w`‡Z n‡e, ‡m‡¶‡Î N‡i Ges evwn‡i, GB fvimvg¨ ivLvUv eo mgm¨v n‡q `vuovq| ‡g‡q‡`i we‡kl K‡i mšÍvb aviYKv‡j GKUv mgq w`‡Z nq| Zywg hLb wd‡i Av‡mv M‡elYvMv‡i, Zywg Avwe®‹vi Ki ‡h M‡elYv ‡ek LvwbKUv GwM‡q ‡M‡Q| GUv GKUv c„w_exgq mgm¨v| cwievi ‡_‡KI cÖwZeÜKZv Avm‡Z cv‡i Avgv‡`i gZ mgv‡R| Z‡e Avwg eje, mewKQyi gv‡S cwieZ©b Avm‡Q| GKRb ‡g‡qi hw` AvMÖn ‡ek cÖej nq, ‡m‡¶‡Î GB¸wj ‡Zgb mgm¨v bq, Avwg eje|

wWBDGmGm: Zvn‡j Avcwb g‡b Ki‡Qb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi BÛvw÷«¸‡jvi mv‡_ ‡hvMm~Î ¯’vc‡b wekvj f~wgKv _vKv DwPZ? nvwmbv Lvb: ûg, Avwg ‡mUv g‡b KiwQ|

wWBDGmGm: gvwëwWwmwcøbvwi wimv‡P©i ms¯‹…wZ GLv‡b ZZUv cÖPwjZ bq| GKRb M‡elK wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vj‡q GB h_v_©Zv wVK KZUyKy e‡j g‡b K‡ib? nvwmbv Lvb: GLv‡b wKš‘ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wKQy Kivi ‡bB| GUv e¨w³ ch©v‡qi wk¶K‡`iB wKš‘ e¨vcvi| †h‡nZz Avwg dvÛ G‡bwQ Avwg GKvB KvR Ki‡ev, GKvB cvi‡ev| GBiKg GKwU gvbwmKZv GLbI KvR K‡i| ‡`wi‡Z n‡jI Avgv‡`i wek¦we`¨vj‡qi A‡b‡K GUv Dcjwä K‡i‡Q| wKQyUv n‡jI GUv wKš‘ ïiæ n‡q‡Q| Avgiv GLvb wKQz †ÿ‡Î AvšÍ:wefvM MelYv n‡Z †`LwQ|

wWBDGmGm: Avgv‡`i ‡`‡ki ‡cÖ¶vc‡U wK ai‡bi M‡elYv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv DwPZ? nvwmbv Lvb: Avwg ‡h‡nZy K…wl wel‡q M‡elYv KiwQ, GB RvqMvq wKš‘ ‡`‡k fvj KvR n‡”Q| GBR‡b¨B nqZ Avgiv Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z ‡c‡iwQ| wKš‘ ‡`‡ki `w¶Yv‡j jeYv³Zv mnbkxj dm‡ji e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e| Rjevqy cwieZ©b †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ K…wl ‡ÿ‡Î A‡bK M‡elYv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK That was the time when a lot of amazing pictures from Hubble Space Telescope came out. I just looked at those and thought that it was so wonderful that these beautiful things are out there in the universe, and I thought, “I want to understand more about them! I want to learn all about them!” So that’s sort of how I got interested in physics with this idea that I would like to understand more of astrophysics. And then when I started with it, what I found even more interesting is particle physics because that, in some sense, underlies what goes on in astrophysics. And then I got more and more interested in particle physics and theoretical physics. Eventually I realized there is something even more fundamental that we can try to understand which is quantum gravity. Research on quantum gravity is really trying to understand our universe at the most fundamental level. So that’s how I ended up doing what I do now.

Interview

Astrid Eichhorn

DUSS: You are working with asymptotic safety and quantum gravity. How are these two phenomena interrelated?

Astrid : The main idea of quantum gravity is to understand the fundamental building blocks of our universe. It tries to unify the two major pillars of twentieth century physics. These are general relativity, discovered by Albert Einstein, which describes gravity in terms of spacetime curvature, on the one hand, and on the other hand, quantum field theory, which is the framework in which the standard model of particle physics, describing all elementary particles, is formulated.

These are the two major pillars on which physics is based nowadays. What we don’t really

Interviewer : Pratyasha Saha

Introduction

Astrid Eichhorn is an Emmy Noether Junior Research Group leader at the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Heidelberg, Germany. She is also an Emmy Noether Visiting Fellow at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. Previously, she was a Junior Research Fellow at Imperial College London and a postdoctoral researcher at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. She did her PhD in the group of Holger Gies at the TPI Jena. PBS Nova Next featured her opinion in their report on “A Radical Reinterpretation of Einstein’s Theory”. The online newspaper of the University of Graz mentioned her a “shooting star” among young academics in Physics.

Pratyasha Saha, on behalf of DUSS, spoke with Dr. Eichhorn for a long Q&A session to hear about her research and her view on how to get more people involved in hardcore science, especially women. Her answers are presented below (edited for clarity and brevity).

understand is how to bring the two of them together and accomplishing that is the goal of quantum gravity. So what is the problem? In particle physics, we treat particles as the excitations of underlying quantum fields. As these have quantum properties, they undergo quantum fluctuations, because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. This means, that so called virtual pairs of particles and antiparticles can appear out of the vacuum for a very short time, and then disappear again. The problem of quantum gravity is trying to understand how the gravitational field reacts to these quantum fluctuations. The major problem of quantum gravity is that if we try to treat gravity with the standard quantum field theoretic tools that work well for all other interactions, such as, the electromagnetic force, the strong and the weak

DUSS: When did you first become interested in science?

Astrid : Why did you particularly choose physics in your bachelor study?

Well, actually it’s difficult to pin out the exact time when I started to become interested in science. But I think it was at some point in high school.

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK force, live missing and then we realize that it doesn’t really work. We come to the conclusion that quantum fluctuations of the gravitational field lead to a breakdown of the model at very high energies, or conversely tiny length scales. Let me explain in a bit more detail what happens in some of the other interactions, where the model doesn’t break down at high energies: These become asymptotically free.

Asymptotic freedom is a property that determines the behavior of the strong interaction in the standard model at very high energies. Asymptotic freedom is a consequence of the presence of quantum fluctuations If you “zoom in” to observe a strongly interacting particle more closely, you will see a cloud of virtual particles and antiparticles that surround it. This virtual cloud shields the so-called color charge of the strongly interacting particle, and the effect becomes stronger, the further we zoom in.

Ultimately, we see the strongly interacting particle has no color charge at all, and it behaves just like a free particle. For quantum gravity, this does not work, as quantum fluctuations lead to a growth of the gravitational coupling, so gravity seems to become stronger, not weaker, as we zoom in and it cannot become asymptotically free. However, this does not mean that the model must break down as we zoom in to tiny length scales Steven Weinberg, who is a Nobel prize winner in theoretical physics, for some of his other groundbreaking ideas in quantum field theory, realized that asymptotic freedom can be generalized to asymptotic safety.

Asymptotic safety means that quantum fluctuations trigger a growth of the gravitational coupling as we zoom in to small scales, until the coupling reaches a special value, at which scale invariance sets in and the growth of the gravitational coupling is stopped Scale invariance means that quantum fluctuations follow a delicate balance, where you zoom in further, but the gravitational coupling stays constant. In some sense, this means that in quantum gravity, spacetime becomes a fractal. A fractal is a scale-invariant object, which means, it looks the same, no matter how far you zoom in. If quantum spacetime has similar properties, then it means that we can construct a quantum field theory of gravity which holds up to arbitrarily small scales and provides us with an understanding of the microscopic structure of spacetime.

Now in our universe, you have to consider not only

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spacetime but also matter. So one of the biggest questions is, “If we have a consistent model of quantum spacetime itself, would that model still work if we add all the other degrees of freedom, namely the matter fields of the particles in the standard model to it?” And if a model of quantum spacetime doesn’t work if we add matter, it is not a viable model of quantum spacetime for our universe. Thus, what happens to quantum gravity when we add matter is a very important question.

So specifically what I and my research group work on is considering asymptotically safe quantum gravity and adding the matter fields of the standard model. Then, quantum fluctuations of matter could destroy the delicate balance that we need to achieve scale-invariance, which makes the model asymptotically safe. We ask whether the asymptotic safety paradigm can provide us with a microscopic model of gravity and matter.

DUSS: How is the influence of experiments in theoretical physics or physics in general?

Astrid : I think, what distinguishes physics from mathematics is that it’s not just about building mathematically consistent models, it’s about building models of our world. And for that, the existence of experiments is absolutely crucial. In physics, the development of theory and the development of experiments always should go hand in hand. When one area makes a big step forward then it can also trigger the progress of the other area. In general, you can’t really think about theoretical physics as being separate from experimental physics. They always have to go together to be successful.. But in high energy physics, we currently have the problem that the energy scales we would ideally like to probe experimentally, like the scale of quantum gravity, are actually much higher than we can reach with our current technology. The highest energies that we can reach experimentally are reached by the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. The Large Hadron Collider is doing a great job, it has delivered really exciting results about the Higgs particle, but it cannot easily help to answer our questions about quantum gravity. So this is one of the very big challenges of quantum gravity that we don’t have the situation where theoretical development and experiments can go hand in hand. This is one of the reasons why we actually have to work much much harder in quantum gravity because we don’t have nature showing us the way toward the

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK DUSS: So at the moment there are several possible untested quantum theory of gravity. What experiments are going on to test them?

Astrid : Well, this is really a big challenge of this research field that quantum gravity is expected to set in at an energy of about 10^19 giga electron volts, which is known as the Planck scale. Let’s compare that to the energies that we can reach in experiments: The LHC can reach 10^4 giga electron volts. So there are fifteen orders of magnitude between energies that we can currently reach really well and energy scales that we would like to reach.

And so therefore, in quantum gravity we are facing the challenge that we don’t really have a lot of experimental guidance in order to help us shape our models. There’s actually a small community of people who are working on what is called quantum gravity phenomenology.

They are trying to face that really challenging question of connecting quantum gravity to experiments. And actually there are some observations, in particular in astrophysics, where you can do that.

One idea that works very well, for instance, is trying to understand whether Lorentz symmetry, which underlies Special Relativity, holds at much higher energy or not. Lorentz symmetry tells us that light of different colors, which correspond to different wavelengths, travels at the same speed. Testing whether this holds at high energies, where quantum gravity plays a role, can be done using gamma ray bursts. They are really really bright high energetic bursts of gamma rays, which are high-energetic photons, out there in the universe.

For them, the light travels a really really far distance until it reaches us. Now imagine that Lorentz symmetry is broken even very very slightly, for instance, the blue photons travel a little quicker than red photons. Since you have huge distances over which the photons travel to reach us, this effect can build up and then you would actually be able to detect it here. For this particular observation, the Fermi satellite which is observing gamma ray bursts, has actually allowed us to rule out certain types of Lorentz symmetry violation up to the Planck scale.

Thus, we can already constrain the properties of quantum gravity models from these astrophysical observations. We’re trying to probe physics at the quantum gravity scale but in general it’s really very very difficult to do that.So one idea that I am

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trying to develop further, is the idea of not trying to build experiments that try to meet the Planck scale.

Instead, I’m trying to rule out models of quantum gravity by testing whether they are compatible with everything that we know about the world at lower energies. To give you a simple analogy of what I am trying to do, imagine that the question you would be interested in is trying to understand what the microscopic structure of, let’s say, honey is. But you couldn’t actually probe honey at molecular scales, you could only probe the properties of honey at large scales. Then the ‘honey theorists’ would go ahead and would build models of the fundamental structure of honey and then they would predict macroscopic properties, for instance, the viscosity of honey from their microscopic models. The viscosity of honey is clearly something that you can test at a much much bigger scale than the molecular scale of honey. So you’d have these different ‘honey theorists’ coming up with their different models of what honey is like microscopically and they calculate the viscosity in the different models. Then you can compare that to an experiment to clearly rule out very many different models of the microscopic structure of honey because they give you the wrong value of the viscosity.

In quantum gravity, you can try to do something similar, particularly by asking the question of what properties of matter are compatible with quantum gravity. For instance, one of the properties of matter that we observe is that all the matter particles (electrons, quarks and so on) are light compared to the Planck scale. This is a property that’s technically known as the chiral nature of fermions and it is not necessarily easy to include in a quantum gravity model. So just like the different models of honey give you different viscosities, different model of gravity will tell you whether they are compatible with the existence of fermions or not. So if you check all different quantum gravity models that we have and ask which of them is compatible with the properties of matters at low energy scales, then this will actually allow us to rule out a number of quantum gravity models. To summarize, as it’s difficult to probe quantum gravity at the Planck scale directly, we can try to perform indirect observational consistency test that ask which quantum models of space and time are compatible with the properties of matter at large scales.

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK memorizing facts. Doing that without having any idea what it actually means or where it comes from, that’s just the opposite of what science is. This changed about two years before the final high school year when I got a really really good teacher.

He was trying to teach us how to do science. He used to say, “Well, here we have an experiment, here’s the question that we have, here's the open problem. So do you have any idea how to address this problem?” And then he made us develop the ideas to solve the problems. He really showed me that doing physics is a lot of fun and you can just follow your curiosity. So thanks to him, I actually ended up understanding physics.

DUSS: Is there anything in your research field you want to change to improve how science in your field is done?

Astrid : One thing I would like to change about my research field is to have a closer connection to experiments and to have some experiments that help us in developing models of quantum gravity.

Since there are hardly any experiments that allows us to shed light on the question “What is the quantum nature of spacetime?”, a lot of research is founded on assumptions that people make for different models and then they fight with each other about these assumptions. That can potentially become nothing but a waste of time. So one thing I would like to imagine for a change is that someone would have an inspired idea about experiments that will help us understand quantum gravity better. So then we can give up the fight between different quantum gravity models and instead focus on trying to make sense out of the experimental results together.

DUSS: What contents should we add to make students feel motivated to do fundamental science?

Astrid : I think it is not really that difficult to inspire people about fundamental science. Because at some level we all have the curiosity to understand the world around us. For instance, I think everybody has had that experience of staring up at the night sky seeing the stars and thinking, “Wow! Where has this come from? How did it become so amazing!?”

So the one challenge is to show people what we are actually doing in fundamental science. In theoretical physics, everything might look abstract and mathematical. It is challenging to make people understand that this seemingly very dry subject is exactly trying to answer the questions they naturally have. So the main challenge is to connect the abstract research results to the curiosity that everybody has, the questions that everybody asks at some point in their lives, in particular as a child.

DUSS: What do you think an ideal science curriculum should contain in school level?

Astrid : It’s difficult to say that very generally but I think children are really curious about the world around us. So every child is asking questions like, “What is this? How does it work? Why is it this way?”

I think a good science curriculum should exploit this natural curiosity. It should encourage children and help them answer the questions they have. It should not be so much about learning predefined things by heart, rather it needs to follow the children’s natural curiosity and ask each child, “What is that interests you in particular? What would you like to understand?” And then just help them along the way of proper understanding, for instance, explaining to them what experiments are, how to set up an experiment, why we do experiments and then follow them along the particular area they want to explore more. I think that would be an amazing science curriculum.

DUSS: Was your school curriculum perfect for you?

How did you deal with that?

Astrid : My school curriculum in physics was not that good, at least during the early part of high school.

To me, science is about understanding, but my curriculum was nothing like that. It was just about

XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

N.B : This interview is incomplete. Rest of the part will be published in the next magazine.

27

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28

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29

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK wPÎ 2 Qwei Drm- NASA/ESA

wPÎ 3- Abell 2218 K¬v÷vi Qwei Drm- NASA/ESA

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XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

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†g | 2017 | aªæeK wb‡Pi QwewU ‡`Lyb (wPÎ 5)| ‡jwÝs B‡d‡±i Dcw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y Avgiv Avkv Ki‡Z cvwi ‡h gnvKv‡ki ‡Kvb GKUv As‡ki M¨vjvw·¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i‡K wKQyUv GKmv‡_ ‡RvUe× Ki‡e| KviY ‡jwÝs gnvKv‡kiB As‡ki me¸‡jv M¨vjvw·i Qwe‡K GKBw`‡K cÖmvwiZ Ki‡e| Gfv‡e gnvKv‡ki ‡Kvb GKUv As‡ki wew”Qbœ M¨vjvw·¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb I AvKv‡ii wePz¨wZ Avgv‡`i‡K gnvKv‡ki ‡mB As‡ki ‡jwÝs gvÎv m¤ú‡K© GKwU mivmwi aviYv I wnmve ‡`q| `ye©j ‡jwÝs Gi gva¨‡g ZvB Avgiv AvKv‡ki ‡h‡Kv‡bv As‡k Mª¨vwf‡Ukbvj ‡jwÝs Gi gvÎv cwigvc Ki‡Z cvwi| wPÎ 5

wPÎ 4 Qwei Drm- NASA/ESA

`ye©j ‡jwÝs (weak lensing) ‡jwÝs cÖfve hw` Lye kw³kvjx nq hv gvbyl Lye mn‡RB ‡Kvb G‡÷«vbwgK¨vj B‡g‡R ( ‡hgb Abell 2218 Gi Qwe) mbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡i Z‡e Zv ‡Kej `„p ev kw³kvjx ‡jwÝs| Uv‡M©U M¨vjvw· Ges Avgv‡`i gv‡S hw` Av‡jvi hvÎv c‡_ Lye eo f‡ii M¨vjvw· K¬v÷vi _v‡K Z‡eB ‡mB Uv‡M©U M¨vjvw·i cÖwZK…wZi Dci kw³kvjx ‡jwÝs KvR Ki‡e| GB Kvi‡Y Lye `~ieZ©x M¨vjvw·i AvK…wZ¸‡jvB mvaviYZ kw³kvjx ‡jwÝs Øviv ‡ewk cÖfvweZ nq| Avi GB Kvi‡Y GBme ‡¶‡Î ‡jwÝs Gi cÖfve mbv³ I cwigvc Kiv mnR| wKš‘ GiKg eo gv‡ci ‡jwÝs B‡d± ‰Zwi Ki‡Z m¶g wekvj f‡ii M¨vjvw· K¬v÷v‡ii msL¨v gnvKv‡k LyeB Kg| Avi ZvB Avgiv gnvKv‡k GKB M¨vjvw·i aby‡Ki g‡Zv cÖmvwiZ Qwe A_ev GKvwaK cÖwZwP‡Îi g‡Zv NUbv Lye Anin ‡`L‡Z cvBbv| Ab¨K_vq ej‡Z ‡M‡j gnvK‡k kw³kvjx ‡jwÝs Gi NUbv ‡ek `yj©f| wKš‘ ‡h‡Kv‡bv M¨vjvw· Ges Avgv‡`i gv‡S `„wó c‡_ i‡q‡Q K…òe¯‘i Dcw¯’wZ| ZvB gvÎv hZB mvgvb¨ ev ¶xY ‡nvK bv ‡Kb, Avgiv hZ ai‡bi M¨vjvw· ‡`L‡Z cvB Zvi me¸‡jvB ‡jwÝs Øviv cÖfvweZ| MvwYwZKfv‡e ej‡Z ‡M‡j cÖvq me M¨vjvw·i AvK…wZB ‡jwÝs Gi Kvi‡Y ‡gvUvgywU kZKiv 1 fvM weK…Z nq| GB ai‡Yi ¶xY ‡jwÝs Gi NUbv‡K Avgiv ewj `ye©j ‡jwÝs| `ye©j ‡jwÝs Gi Kvi‡Y m„ó GB ai‡Yi ¶y`ª AvKvi weK…wZ Avgiv Avgv‡`i Lvwj ‡Pv‡Li mvnv‡h¨ ai‡Z cvi‡ev bv| wKš‘ wewfbœ ai‡Yi ‡KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i weÁvbxiv GB ai‡Yi ‡jwÝs Gi Dcw¯’wZ mbv³ K‡i‡Qb| `ye©j ‡jwÝs Avgv‡`i‡K gnvKv‡k K…òe¯‘i Dcw¯’wZ Ges Gi AvPiY I f~wgKv eyS‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Q| ‡jwÝs Gi gvÎv cwigvc Kievi wKQy c×wZ i‡q‡Q| Gi Rb¨ cÖwZUv M¨vjvw·i wP‡Îi Dci Avjv`vfv‡e ‡jwÝs Gi gvÎv wnmve Kievi ‡Kvb `iKvi ‡bB| eis Avgiv GK‡mU M¨vjvw·i Dci ‡jwÝs Gi Mo wnmve Ki‡Z cvwi| Gi Rb¨ Km‡gvjwR÷iv `ywU c~e©vbygvb (assumption) a‡i ‡bq| cÖ_gZ, me M¨vjvw·i mvgwMÖK AvK…wZ ‡gvUv gywU fv‡e Dce…ËvKvi| Avi wØZxqZ M¨vjvw·¸‡jv gnvKv‡k G‡jv‡g‡jv wew”Qbœfv‡e Qwo‡q i‡q‡Q|

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Kv‡i‡›Ui AvBwWqv D‡c¶v K‡ib, ‡Kbbv cy‡iv Av‡gwiKv ZLb GwWm‡bi wW.wm.

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XvKv BDwbfvwm©wU mv‡qÝ †mvmvBwU

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