Lecturer: Ms Grace Tan Harvard Referencing
Why reference?
to acknowledge the source of all ideas which are not common knowledge to give due respect to those whose work has contributed to your discussion to set your work into the context of other research to allow readers of your work to:
read more on the topic check your interpretation replicate your experiments/study
Plagiarism is…
pretending that the ideas and language of other people are your own.
Your assignments, imply that all the ideas and language are your own, unless you specifically state otherwise
if you fail to make clear that sections of your work are not your own, then you are guilty of plagiarism
When to reference
You need to acknowledge the source of your ideas, when:
quoting the exact words of another writer closely summarising a passage from another writer (paraphrasing) using an idea or material which is directly based on the work of another writer
Don’t reference…. You don’t need to reference any information which is held to be common knowledge or widely held knowledge. Don’t hunt up a reference for these:
Famous theories such as Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs BUT…
Quote someone.... If you are talking about Dr Stephen Gould’s thoughts on Darwin’s theory of evolution – then you have to reference Dr Gould and tell the reader where YOU read it.
In-text referencing
Acknowledge others’ work at the point it appears or is discussed in your essay two main methods:
citing in the text, placing author and date of publication in parentheses immediately after the reference or quotation (i.e., Harvard) endnotes or footnotes, where a number is placed immediately after the reference or quotation, with more details at the foot of the page or the end of the document.
Example of intext referencing by numbers. ď Ž
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In-text referencing Brown, P.(2007) compared various testing methods … Brown, P. (2007) stated/explained/expounded/discussed/claim ed that….. OR
In a recent study of various testing methods (Brown,P. 2009) …
In-text referencing
Two or three authors :
Robinson and Jones (2009) discussed the major theories of … … are the major theoretical approaches (Robinson & Jones 2009)
In-text referencing
More than two authors:
Graham et al. (2009) found that the major problems associated with this are … … were found to be the major problems (Graham et al. 2009)
In-text referencing
Where there is no author, use the title and publication date, e.g. Recent developments have shown … (The future of genetics 2008) The future of genetics (2008) described the …
Do NOT use Anonymous
References or Bibliography
a Reference List and/or Bibliography with the full details of the works cited must be provided at the end of your work
a Reference List appears at the end of the essay and includes all the works cited within the essay itself in alphabetical order by author a Bibliography also includes the wider list of works that you have read as background in your research but did not reference directly in the essay
List of References/Bibliographies must:
be in alphabetical order by author’s surname
list items without authors alphabetically by their title
have all the elements of the reference in the correct order use consistent punctuation
The pattern
The pattern for a basic reference in a bibliography is,….. Author(s) or Editor(s) and Date and Title
Books ď Ž
Author(s) or Editor(s). Year of publication, Title, Edition if applicable, Publisher, Place of Publication. Rosner, B A 1990, Fundamentals of biostatistics, 3rd ed., PWS-KENT Publishing, Boston, MA. Mullins, L.J, 2009, Management and Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, Harlow.
Chapters in books
Author(s) of chapter. Year of publication, ‘Title of chapter’, in editors, title of book, Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers of chapter. Blaxter, M. 2009, ‘Principles of Management’, McGraw Hill, Boston, pp. 27-51.
Journal articles
Author(s), Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Title of journal, volume number, issue number, month or season, page numbers.
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Only use if there is no issue number
Gillepsie, N. C. & Lewis, R. J. 2009, ‘Motivational Theories’, Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 145, no. 11-12, pp. 584-590.
Full-text journal articles from electronic database
Author(s). Year of publication, ‘Title of article’, Title of journal, volume number, issue number, page numbers, Accessed on Day Month Year
Wrubel, R. 2009, ‘Maslow’s hierarchy of needs’, Journal of Management, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 210 [Accessed on 20th March 2000]
Web pages ď Ž ď Ž
In-text referencing is the same as print items Author(s). Year, Title, [type of medium] Sponsor of page, viewed day month year, < full details or the main site details>
Caplan, A. L. 2009, The importance of motivational theories, University of Pennsylvania, Accessed on 10 March 2000 <http://www.motivational_theories.penn.edu./
No author
ď Ž
If there is no author, then list it by title: Title, publication year, edition, publisher, place of publication.
ď Ž
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Managerial roles, 2009, 6 edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
No date
ď Ž
If there is no date, use n.d.
Peter, S. M. n.d., An introduction to managerial roles, [online] Available:http://www.life.umd.edu/ [Accessed on 20th Jan 2010]
Thank you