What About Tattoo

What About Tattoo? http://tattoonity.com

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Contents Articles Tattoo

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Tattoo artist

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Tattoo convention

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Tattoo ink

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Tattoo machine

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UV tattoo

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List of tattoo artists

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Legal status of tattooing in the United States

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Lower back tattoo

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Body suit (tattoo)

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Lucky Diamond Rich

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References Article Sources and Contributors

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

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Article Licenses License

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Tattoo

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Tattoo A tattoo is a form of body modification, made by inserting indelible ink into the dermis layer of the skin to change the pigment. The first written reference to the word, "tattoo" (or Samoan "Tatau") appears in the journal of Joseph Banks, the naturalist aboard Captain Cook's ship the HMS Endeavour in 1769: "I shall now mention the way they mark themselves indelibly, each of them is so marked by their humour or disposition".

Tattooing has been practiced for centuries in many cultures spread throughout the world. The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, traditionally had facial tattoos. Today one can find Berbers of Tamazgha (North Africa), MÄ ori of New Zealand, Hausa people of Northern Nigeria, Arabic people in East-Turkey and Atayal of Taiwan with facial tattoos. Tattooing was widespread among Polynesian peoples and among certain tribal groups in the Taiwan, Philippines, Borneo, Mentawai Islands, Africa, North America, South America, Mesoamerica, Europe, Japan, Cambodia, New Zealand and A tattooed woman in the United States, ca. 1907.

Micronesia. Indeed, the island of Great Britain takes its name from tattooing, with Britons translating as 'people of the designs' and the Picts, who originally inhabited the northern part of Britain, literally meaning 'the painted people'.[1] British people remain the most tattooed in Europe.[1] Despite some taboos surrounding tattooing, the art continues to be popular in many parts of the world.

Since the 1990s, tattoos have become a mainstream part of global and Western fashion, common among both sexes, to all economic classes, and to age groups from the later teen years to middle age. By the 2010s, even the Barbie doll put out a tattooed Barbie in 2011, which was widely accepted, although it did attract some controversy.[2] In 2010 around 3 in 5 (62%) of Generation Y did not have any tattoos in the United States and three-fourths (75%) of Australians under 30 did not have any tattoos.[3]

Etymology The Oxford English Dictionary gives the etymology of tattoo as "In 18th c. tattaow, tattow. From Polynesian tatau.

In Tahitian, tatu." The word tatau was introduced as a loan word into English, the pronunciation being changed to conform to English phonology as "tattoo".[4] Sailors on later voyages both introduced the word and reintroduced the concept of tattooing to Europe.[5] Tattoo enthusiasts may refer to tattoos as "Ink", "Tats", "Art", "Pieces", or "Work"; and to the tattooists as "Artists". The latter usage is gaining

A tribal hand tattoo in Jaipur, India. Tattooing is a tradition among many indigenous people.

greater support, with mainstream art galleries holding exhibitions of both conventional and custom tattoo designs. Beyond Skin, at the Museum of Croydon, is an example of this as it challenges the stereotypical view of tattoos and who has them. Copyrighted tattoo designs that are mass-produced and sent to tattoo artists are known as flash, a notable instance of industrial design. Flash sheets are prominently displayed in many tattoo parlors for the purpose of providing both inspiration and ready-made tattoo images to customers.

Tattoo The Japanese word irezumi means "insertion of ink" and can mean tattoos using tebori, the traditional Japanese hand method, a Western-style machine, or for that matter, any method of tattooing using insertion of ink. The most common word used for traditional Japanese tattoo designs is Horimono. Japanese may use the word "tattoo" to mean non-Japanese styles of tattooing.

In Taiwan, facial tattoos of the Atayal tribe are named "Badasun"; they are used to demonstrate that an adult man can protect his homeland, and that an adult woman is qualified to weave cloth and perform housekeeping.

The anthropologist Ling Roth in 1900 described four methods of skin marking and suggested they be differentiated under the names of tatu, moko, cicatrix, and keloid.[6]

History Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice at least since around Neolithic times. Ă–tzi the Iceman, dating from the fourth to fifth millennium BC, was found in the Ă–tz valley in the Alps and had approximately 57 carbon tattoos consisting of simple dots and lines on his lower spine, behind his left knee, and on his right ankle. These tattoos were thought to be a form of healing because of their placement which resembles acupuncture.[19] Other mummies bearing tattoos and dating from the end of the second millennium BC have been discovered, such as the Mummy of Amunet from ancient Egypt and the mummies at Pazyryk on the Ukok Plateau.[7] Pre-Christian Germanic, Celtic and other central and northern European tribes were often heavily tattooed, according to surviving accounts. The Picts were famously tattooed (or scarified) with elaborate dark blue woad (or possibly copper for the blue tone) designs. Julius Caesar described these tattoos in Book V of his Gallic Wars (54 BC).

Tattooing in Japan is thought to go back to the Paleolithic era, some ten thousand years ago. Various other cultures have had their own tattoo traditions, ranging from rubbing cuts and other wounds with ashes, to hand-pricking the skin to insert dyes.

Tattooing in the Western world today has its origins in Polynesia, and in the discovery of tatau by eighteenth century explorers. The Polynesian practice became popular among European sailors, before spreading to Western societies generally.[8]

Types of tattoos The American Academy of Dermatology distinguishes 5 types of tattoos:[9] traumatic tattoos, also called "natural tattoos", that result from injuries, especially asphalt from road injuries or pencil lead; amateur tattoos; professional tattoos, both via traditional methods and modern tattoo machines; cosmetic tattoos, also known as "permanent makeup"; and medical tattoos.

Traumatic tattoos According to George Orwell, coal miners could develop characteristic tattoos owing to coal dust getting into wounds.[10] This can also occur with substances like gunpowder. Similarly, a traumatic tattoo occurs when a substance such as asphalt is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or trauma. These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread across several different layers of skin, and scarring or permanent discoloration is almost unavoidable depending on the location.

In addition, tattooing of the gingiva from implantation of amalgam particles during dental filling placement and removal is possible and not uncommon. Another example of such accidental tattoos is the result of a deliberate or accidental stabbing with a pencil or pen, leaving graphite or ink beneath the skin.

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Amateur and professional tattoos Many tattoos serve as rites of passage, marks of status and rank, symbols of religious and spiritual devotion, decorations for bravery, sexual lures and marks of fertility, pledges of love, punishment, amulets and talismans, protection, and as the marks of outcasts, slaves and convicts. The symbolism and impact of tattoos varies in different places and cultures. Tattoos may show how a person feels about a relative (commonly mother/father or daughter/son) or about an unrelated person.

Today, people choose to be tattooed for cosmetic, sentimental/memorial, religious, and magical reasons, and to symbolize their belonging to or identification with particular groups, including criminal gangs (see criminal tattoos) but also a particular ethnic group or law-abiding subculture. Some MÄ ori still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. In Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand, the yantra tattoo is used for protection against evil and to increase luck.

Tattooing among females of the Koita people of Papua New Guinea

In the Philippines certain tribal groups believe that tattoos have magical qualities, and help to protect their bearers. Most traditional tattooing in the Philippines is related to the bearer's accomplishments in life or rank in the tribe. Among Catholic Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, tattoos with Christian symbols

traditionally began at age five and was added to each year, with the V-shaped tattoo on the chest indicating that she had reached marriageable age, 1912.

would be inked on to protect themselves from the Muslim Turks.

Extensive decorative tattooing is common among members of traditional freak shows and by performance artists who follow in their tradition.

Identification People have also been forcibly tattooed. A well-known example is the identification system for inmates in Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust. Tattoos have also been used for identification in other ways.

For example, during the Roman Empire, Roman soldiers were required by law to have identifying tattoos on their hands in order to make it difficult to hide if they deserted. Gladiators and slaves were likewise tattooed, exported slaves were tattooed with the words "tax paid" and it was a common practice to tattoo "Stop me, I'm a runaway" on their Tattoo marking a deserter from the British Army. foreheads. Emperor Constantine I banned tattooing the face around AD Skin removed post-mortem.

330 and the Second Council of Nicaea banned all body markings as a pagan practice in AD 787.[11] The Latin word for "tattoo" was "stigma", hence the English word "stigmatise".

In the period of early contact between the MÄ ori and Europeans, MÄ ori chiefs sometimes drew their moko (facial tattoo) on documents in place of a signature. Tattoos are sometimes used by forensic pathologists to help them identify burned, putrified, or mutilated bodies. As tattoo pigment lies encapsulated deep in the skin, tattoos are not easily destroyed even when the skin is burned.

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Tattoos are also placed on animals, though very rarely for decorative reasons. Pets, show animals, thoroughbred horses and livestock are sometimes tattooed with identification and other marks. Pet dogs and cats are often tattooed with a serial number (usually in the ear, or on the inner thigh) via which their owners can be identified.

Also, animals are occasionally tattooed to prevent sunburn (on the nose, for example). Such tattoos are often performed by a veterinarian and in most cases the animals are anesthetized during the process.

Branding is used for similar reasons and is often performed without

An identification tattoo on a survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp.

anesthesia, but is different from tattooing as no ink or dye is inserted during the process.

Cosmetic When used as a form of cosmetics, tattooing includes permanent makeup and hiding or neutralizing skin discolorations. Permanent makeup is the use of tattoos to enhance eyebrows, lips (liner and/or lipstick), eyes (liner), and even moles, usually with natural colors, as the designs are intended to resemble makeup.

Medical Medical tattoos are used to ensure instruments are properly located for repeated application of radiotherapy and for the areola in some forms Tattooed lip makeup. of breast reconstruction. Tattooing has also been used to convey medical information about the wearer (e.g. blood group, medical condition, etc). Tattoos are used in skin tones to cover vitiligo, skin pigmentation disorder.

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Prevalence Tattoos have experienced a resurgence in popularity in many parts of the world, particularly in North and South America, Japan, and Europe. The growth in tattoo culture has seen an influx of new artists into the industry, many of whom have technical and fine arts training. Coupled with advancements in tattoo pigments and the ongoing refinement of the equipment used for tattooing, this has led to an improvement in the quality of tattoos being produced.[12] During the first decade of the 21st century, the presence of tattoos became evident within pop culture, inspiring television shows such as A&E's Inked and

A pe'a is a traditional male tattoo in Samoa. Samoan tattooing was practiced continuously despite attempts at suppression by Christian colonists in the 1830s.

TLC's Miami Ink and LA Ink. The decoration of blues singer Janis Joplin with a wristlet and a small heart on her left breast, by the San Francisco tattoo artist Lyle Tuttle, has been called a seminal moment in the popular acceptance of tattoos as art.[13] Formal interest in the art of the tattoo became prominent in the 1990s through the beginning of the 21st century. Contemporary art exhibitions and visual art institutions have featured tattoos as art through such means as displaying tattoo flash, examining the works of tattoo artists, or otherwise incorporating examples of body art into mainstream exhibits. One such 2009 Chicago exhibition Freaks & Flash featured both examples of historic body art as well as the tattoo artists who produced it.[14]

In many traditional cultures tattooing has also enjoyed a resurgence, partially in deference to cultural heritage. Historically, a decline in traditional tribal tattooing in Europe occurred with the spread of Christianity. However, some Christian groups, such as the Knights of St. John of Malta, sported tattoos to show their allegiance. A decline often occurred in other cultures following European efforts to convert aboriginal and indigenous people to Western religious and cultural practices that held tattooing to be a "pagan" or "heathen" activity. Within some traditional indigenous cultures, tattooing takes place within the context of a rite of passage between adolescence and adulthood.

Tattooing has become a fad among celebrities. David Beckham, an international soccer star, caught tattoo ‘fever’ beginning with the birth of his first son back in 1999 when he had Malloy ink his son’s name, “Brooklyn” at the bottom of his back. Then he had the first part of his guardian angel inked on his back. This was followed up in 2000, with his wife’s name being misspelled in Hindi on his left arm.[15]

Modern materials and techniques allow for a range of previously impossible designs and colors within tattoo art. Tattoo by artist based in Yunnan, China.

Many studies have been done of the tattooed population and society's view of tattoos. In June 2006 the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology published the results of a telephone survey which took place in 2004. It found that 36% of Americans ages 18–29, 24% of those 30-40 and 15% of those 41-51 had a tattoo.[16] In September 2006, the Pew Research Center conducted a telephone survey which found that 36% of Americans ages 18–25, 40% of those 26-40 and 10% of those 41-64 had a tattoo.[17] In January 2008, a survey conducted online by Harris Interactive estimated that 14% of all adults in the United States have a tattoo, just slightly down from 2003, when 16% had a tattoo. Among age groups, 9% of those ages 18–24, 32% of those 25-29, 25% of those 30-39 and 12% of

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those 40-49 have tattoos, as do 8% of those 50-64. Men are just slightly more likely to have a tattoo than women (15% versus 13%)[18]

Negative associations In Japan, tattoos are strongly associated with organized crime organizations known as the yakuza, particularly full body tattoos done the traditional Japanese way (Tebori). Many public Japanese bathhouses (sentĹ?) and gymnasiums often openly ban those bearing large or graphic tattoos in an attempt to prevent Yakuza from entering.[19] The Government of Meiji Japan had outlawed tattoos in the 19th century, a prohibition that stood for 70 years before being repealed in 1948.[20]

Conspicuous tattoos and other body modification can make gainful employment difficult in many fields.

In the United States many prisoners and criminal gangs use distinctive tattoos to indicate facts about their criminal behavior, prison sentences, and organizational affiliation.[21] A teardrop tattoo, for example, can be symbolic of murder, with each tear representing the death of a friend. At the same time, members of the U.S. military have an equally well established and longstanding history of tattooing to indicate military units, battles, kills, etc., an association which remains widespread among older Americans. Tattooing is also common in the British Armed Forces.

Tattooing was also used by the Nazi regime in Nazi concentration camps to tag prisoners.

Insofar as this cultural or subcultural use of tattoos predates the widespread popularity of tattoos in the general population, tattoos are still associated with criminality. Tattoos on the face in the shape of teardrops are usually associated with how many people a person has murdered. Although the general acceptance of tattoos is on the rise in Western society, they still carry a heavy stigma among certain social groups. Tattoos are generally considered an important part of the culture of the Russian mafia.

The prevalence of women in the tattoo industry, along with larger numbers of women bearing tattoos, appears to be changing negative perceptions. A study of "at-risk" (as defined by school absenteeism and truancy) adolescent girls showed a positive correlation between body-modification and negative feelings towards the body and self-esteem; however, also illustrating a strong motive for body-modification as the search for "self and attempts to attain mastery and control over the body in an age of increasing alienation."[22]

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Religious perspectives Christianity There is no consistent Christian view on tattooing. The early Christian Montanist movement practiced tattooing as putting signs or seals of God's name according to Rev. 7:3; 9:4; 13:16; 14:1; 20:4; 22:4.

The majority of Christians do not take issue with the practice, while a minority uphold the Hebrew view against tattoos (see below) based on Leviticus 19:28.

Tattoos of Christian symbols are common. When on pilgrimage, some Christians get a small tattoo dating the year and a small cross. This is usually done on the forearm.

There is no prohibition against tattoo within the Catholic Church, provided that the tattoo is not an image that is sacrilegious, blasphemous, or obscene. At the Catholic council of Calcuth in Northumberland in A.D. 786, Christians who received a tattoo "for the sake of God" (i.e., a religious tattoo in the form of a cross, a monogramme of Christ, or a saint's name or image) were commended as praiseworthy.

Drawing of Croat woman with Christian hand tattoos.

Catholic Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina used tattooing, especially of children, for perceived protection against forced conversion to Islam during Turkish occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1463-1878). This form of tattooing continued long past its original motivation, though it was forbidden during Yugoslavian communism.

Tattooing was performed during spring time or during special religious celebrations such as the Feast of St. Joseph, and consisted mostly of Christian crosses on hands, fingers, forearms, and below the neck and on the chest.[23][24][25] Coptic Christians who live in Egypt tattoo themselves with the symbols of Coptic crosses on their right wrists.

Mormonism Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (often referred to as "Latter-day Saints" or "Mormons") have been advised by their church leaders to not tattoo their bodies.[26] In the Articles of Faith of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints it states that the Latter-day Saints accept the Bible to be the word of God.[27] Therefore, the church believes that the body is a sacred temple as preached in the New Testament,[28] and that they should keep it clean, inside and out. Tattooing, among other things, is discouraged.

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Islam Tattoos are considered forbidden in Sunni Islam. According to the book of Sunni traditions, Sahih Bukhari, "The Prophet forbade [...] mutilation (or maiming) of bodies."[29] Sunni Muslims believe tattooing is forbidden and a sin because it involves changing the creation of God (Surah 4 Verse 117-120), and because the Prophet cursed the one who does tattoos and the one for whom that is done.[30] There is, however, difference of scholarly Sunni Muslim opinion as to the reason why tattoos are forbidden.[31] The use of temporary tattoos made with henna is very common and is considered permissible in Muslim Morocco,and Tunisia and other predominantly Muslim nations such as Bangladesh, Indonesia and Malaysia. The permissibility of tattoos is debated in Shi'a Islam, with some Shi'a pointing to a ruling by Ayatollah Sistani stating they are permitted.[32] Woman applying henna in Morocco,

Judaism

2008. Permanent tattoos are forbidden in Sunni Islam, though their permissibility in Shia Islam is debated.

Tattoos are forbidden in Judaism[33] based on the Torah (Leviticus 19:28): "You shall not make gashes in your flesh for the dead, or incise any marks on yourselves: I am the Lord." The prohibition is explained by contemporary rabbis as part of a general prohibition on body modification that does not serve a medical purpose (such as to correct a deformity). Maimonides, a leading 12th century scholar of Jewish law and thought, explains the prohibition against tattoos as a Jewish response to paganism.

Since it was common practice for ancient pagan worshipers to tattoo themselves with religious iconography and names of gods, Judaism prohibited tattoos entirely in order to disassociate from other religions. In modern times, the association of tattoos with Nazi concentration camps and the Holocaust has given an additional level for revulsion to the practice of tattooing, even among many otherwise fairly secular Jews. It is a common misconception that anyone bearing a tattoo is not permitted to be buried in a Jewish cemetery.

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Neopagan Neopagans can use the process and the outcome of tattooing as an expression or representation of their beliefs.[34] Many tattooists' websites offer pagan images as examples of the kinds of artwork they provide.

Procedure Tattooing involves the placement of pigment into the skin's dermis, the layer of dermal tissue underlying the epidermis. After initial injection, pigment is dispersed throughout a homogenized damaged layer down through the epidermis and upper dermis, in both of which the presence of foreign material activates the immune system's phagocytes to engulf the pigment particles. As healing proceeds, the damaged epidermis flakes away (eliminating surface pigment) while deeper in the skin granulation tissue forms, which is later converted to connective tissue by collagen growth. This mends the upper dermis, where pigment remains trapped within fibroblasts, ultimately concentrating in a layer just below the dermis/epidermis boundary. Its presence there is stable, but in the long term (decades) the pigment tends to migrate deeper into the dermis, accounting for the degraded detail of old tattoos.[35]

Modern tattoo machine in use: here outfitted with a 5-needle setup, but number of needles depends on size and shading desired.

Some tribal cultures traditionally created tattoos by cutting designs into the skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink, ashes or other agents; some cultures continue this practice, which may be an adjunct to scarification. Some cultures create tattooed marks by hand-tapping the ink into the skin using sharpened sticks or animal bones (made like needles) with clay formed disks or, in modern times, needles.

Traditional Japanese tattoos (Horimono) are still "hand-poked," that is, the ink is inserted beneath the skin using non-electrical, hand-made and hand held tools with needles of sharpened bamboo or steel. This method is known as tebori.

Traditional Hawaiian hand-tapped tattoos are experiencing a renaissance, after the practice was nearly extinguished in the years following Western contact. The process involves lengthy protocols and prayers and is considered a sacred rite more than an application of artwork. The tattooist chooses the design, rather than the wearer, based on genealogical information. Each design is symbolic of the wearer's personal responsibility and role in the community.

Tools are hand-carved from bone or tusk without the use of metal.[36] The most common method of tattooing in modern times is the electric tattoo machine, which inserts ink into the skin via a single needle or a group of needles that are soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin, usually 80 to 150 times a second. This modern procedure is ordinarily sanitary. The needles are single-use needles that come packaged individually. The tattoo artist must wash not only his or her hands, but he or she must also wash the area that will be tattooed. Gloves must be worn at all times and the wound must be wiped frequently with a wet disposable towel of some kind. The equipment must be sterilized in a certified autoclave before and after every use.

Traditional two coil tattoo machine

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Prices for this service vary widely globally and locally, depending on the complexity of the tattoo, the skill and expertise of the artist, the attitude of the customer, the costs of running a business, the economics of supply and demand, etc. The time it takes to get a tattoo is in proportion with its size and complexity. A small one of simple design might take fifteen minutes, whereas an elaborate sleeve tattoo or back piece requires multiple sessions of several hours each.

The modern electric tattoo machine is far removed from the machine invented by Samuel O'Reilly in 1891.

O'Reilly's machine was based on the rotary technology of the electric engraving device invented by Thomas Edison.

Modern tattoo machines use electromagnetic coils. The first coil machine was patented by Thomas Riley in London, 1891 using a single coil. The first twin coil machine, the predecessor of the modern configuration, was invented by another Englishman, Alfred Charles South of London, in 1899.

Another tattoo machine was developed 1970-1978 by the German tattoo artists Horst Heinrich Streckenbach[37] (1929–2001) and Manfred Kohrs.[38]

Dyes and pigments Early tattoo inks were obtained directly from nature and were extremely limited in pigment variety. In ancient Hawaii, for example, kukui nut ash was blended with coconut oil to produce an ebony ink.[36] Today, an almost unlimited number of colors and shades of tattoo ink are mass-produced and sold to parlors worldwide. Tattoo artists commonly mix these inks to create their own unique pigments.

Rotation- Tattoo- Machine by Manfred Kohrs; Number 1978Â K

A wide range of dyes and pigments can be used in tattoos, from inorganic materials like titanium dioxide and iron oxides to carbon black, azo dyes, and acridine, quinoline, phthalocyanine and naphthol derivates, dyes made from ash, and other mixtures. Iron oxide pigments are used in greater extent in cosmetic tattooing.

Modern tattooing inks are carbon based pigments that have uses outside of commercial tattoo applications. In 2005 at Northern Arizona University a study characterized the makeup of tattoo inks A variety of inks at a station in a tattoo shop. The (Finley-Jones and Wagner). The FDA expects local authorities to small paper cups on the counter are used for legislate and test tattoo pigments and inks made for the use of mixing inks. permanent cosmetics. In California, the state prohibits certain ingredients and pursues companies who fail to notify the consumer of the contents of tattoo pigments.

There has been concern expressed about the interaction between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures and tattoo pigments, some of which contain trace metals. The magnetic fields produced by MRI machines interact with these metals, including nonferrous metal particles, and while rare, are capable of causing first-degree or second-degree burns [39] or distortions in the image. The type and density of the ink as well as shape of the tattoo may increase the risk, particularly if the shape approximates an RF pick-up loop[40]. The television show MythBusters tested the hypothesis, and found a slight interaction between commonly used tattoo inks and MRI. The

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interaction was stronger with inks containing high levels of iron oxide.[41][42]

Studio hygiene The properly equipped tattoo studio will use biohazard containers for objects that have come into contact with blood or bodily fluids, sharps containers for old needles, and an autoclave for sterilizing tools.[43] Certain jurisdictions also require studios by law to have a sink in the work area supplied with both hot and cold water.

Proper hygiene requires a body modification artist to wash his or her hands before starting to prepare a client for the stencil, between clients, and at any other time where cross contamination can occur. The use of single use disposable gloves is also mandatory. Also, disposable gloves should be taken off after each stage of tattooing. The same gloves should not be used to clean the tattoo station, tattoo the client, or clean the tattoo; the tattoo artist should change their disposable gloves at each stage. In some states and countries it is illegal to tattoo a minor even with parental consent, and (except in the case of medical tattoos) it is forbidden to tattoo impaired persons, people with contraindicated skin conditions, those who are pregnant or nursing, those incapable of consent due to mental incapacity or those under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

Traditional tattooing among the Dayak people of West Borneo, ca. 1927

Before the tattooing begins the client is asked to approve the final position of the applied stencil. After approval is given the artist will open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile or sterile disposable instruments and supplies, and fresh ink for each session (loaded into disposable ink caps which are discarded after each client). Also, all areas which may be touched with contaminated gloves will be wrapped in clear plastic to prevent cross-contamination. Equipment that cannot be autoclaved (such as counter tops, machines, and furniture) will be wiped with an approved disinfectant.[44] Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, generally helps artists to be aware of the latest trends.

However, many of the most notable tattooists do not belong to any association.

While specific requirements to become a tattooist vary between jurisdictions, many mandate only formal training in bloodborne pathogens, and cross contamination. The local department of health regulates tattoo studios in many jurisdictions.

Tattoo artist drawing a design on a client before permanent tattooing.

Disposable gloves are used in modern tattooing for hygiene.

For example, according to the health departments in Oregon and Hawaii, tattoo artists in these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions, as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo in Oregon state without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is a felony offense.[45] Tattooing was legalized in New York City in 1997,[46] and in Massachusetts and Oklahoma between 2002 and 2006.

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Aftercare

Tattoo specific salves have become prevalent in recent years.

Tattoo artists, and people with tattoos, vary widely in their preferred methods of caring for new tattoos. Some artists recommend keeping a new tattoo wrapped for the first twenty-four hours, while others suggest removing temporary bandaging after two hours or less to allow the skin to 'breathe'. Many tattooists advise against allowing too much contact with hot tub or pool water, or soaking in a tub for the first two weeks. This is to prevent the tattoo ink from washing out or fading due to over-hydration and to avoid infection from exposure to bacteria. In contrast, other artists suggest that a new tattoo be bathed in very hot water early.

General consensus for care advises against removing the scab that may form on a new tattoo, and avoiding exposing one's tattoo to the sun for extended periods for at least 3 weeks; both of these can contribute to fading of the image. Furthermore, it is agreed that a new tattoo needs to be kept clean.

Various products may be recommended for application to the skin, ranging from those intended for the treatment of cuts, burns and scrapes, to cocoa butter, hemp, salves, lanolin, A&D, Bepanthen or Aquaphor.[47] Oil based ointments are almost always recommended to be used in very thin layers due to their inability to evaporate and therefore over-hydrate the already perforated skin. In recent years, specific commercial products have been developed for tattoo aftercare. Although opinions about these products vary, there is near total agreement that either alone or in addition to some other product, soap and warm water work well to keep a tattoo clean and free from infection.[48] Ultimately, the amount of ink that remains in the skin throughout the healing process determines, in large part, how robust the final tattoo will look. If a tattoo becomes infected (uncommon but possible if one neglects to properly clean their tattoo) or if the scab falls off too soon (e.g. if it absorbs too much water and sloughs off early or is picked or scraped off), then the ink will not be properly fixed in the skin and the final image will be negatively affected.

Health risks Because it requires breaking the skin barrier, tattooing may carry health risks, including infection and allergic reactions. Modern tattooists reduce such risks by following universal precautions, working with single-use items, and sterilizing their equipment after each use. Many jurisdictions require that tattooists have blood-borne pathogen training, such as is provided through the Red Cross and OSHA. In amateur tattoos, such as those applied in prisons, however, there is an elevated risk of infection. Infections that can theoretically be transmitted by the use of unsterilized tattoo equipment or contaminated ink include surface infections of the skin, herpes simplex virus, tetanus, staph, fungal infections, some forms of hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV.[49] In the United States there have been no reported cases of HIV contracted via commercially-applied tattooing process.[50] Modern tattoo artist's nitrile gloves Tattoo inks have been described as "remarkably nonreactive histologically".[35] and sterilized equipment However, cases of allergic reactions to tattoo inks, particularly certain colors, have been medically documented. This is sometimes due to nickel in an ink pigment, which is a common metal allergy.[51] Occasionally, when a blood vessel is punctured during the tattooing procedure a bruise/hematoma may appear.

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Tattoo removal While tattoos are considered permanent, it is sometimes possible to remove them with laser treatments, fully or partially. Typically, black and some colored inks can be removed more completely. The expense and pain of removing tattoos will typically be greater than the expense and pain of applying them. Pre-laser tattoo removal methods include dermabrasion, salabrasion (scrubbing the skin with salt), cryosurgery, and excision which is sometimes still used along with skin grafts for larger tattoos.[52] These older methods however have been nearly completely replaced by laser removal treatment options.

Temporary tattoos Temporary tattoos are popular with models and children as they involve no permanent alteration of the skin but produce a similar appearance that can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks. The most common style is a type of body sticker similar to a decal, which is typically transferred to the skin using water. Although the design is waterproof, it can be removed easily with oil-based creams. Originally inserted as a prize in bubble gum packages, they consisted of a poor quality ink transfer that would easily come off with water or rubbing.

Today's vegetable dye temporaries can look extremely realistic and adhere up to 3 weeks due to a layer of glue similar to that found on an adhesive bandage.

Henna tattoos (Mehndi) and silver nitrate stains that appear when exposed to ultraviolet light can take up to two weeks to fade from the skin. Silver nitrate is, however, a toxic substance and should not be used on skin.[53] Temporary

Temporary tattoo being applied to a human ankle

airbrush tattoos (TATs) are applied by covering the skin with a stencil and spraying the skin with ink. In the past, this form of tattoo only lasted about a week. With the newest inks, tattoos can reasonably last for up to two weeks. Airbrush tattoos are generally sprayed with cosmetic paints. The ease of removal is a factor in their growing popularity. Unlike henna tattoos, the cosmetic paints can be rubbed off with isopropyl alcohol.

Gallery

Maori chief, New Zealand, c. 1880

Japan, 1889

Yakuza members display their full-body tattoos

Latin Kings gang member showing his gang tattoo

Tattoo

14

Traditional tattoo of Datoga people, Tanzania

References Bibliography Anthropological • Buckland, A. W. (1887) "On Tattooing," in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1887/12, p. 318-328 • Caplan, Jane (ed.) (2000): Written on the Body: the Tattoo in European and American History, Princeton U P • DeMello, Margo (2000) Bodies of Inscription: a Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community, California.

Durham NC: Duke University Press • Fisher, Jill A. (2002). Tattooing the Body, Marking Culture. Body & Society 8 (4): pp. 91–107.

• Gell, Alfred (1993) Wrapping in Images: Tattooing in Polynesia, Oxford: Clarendon Press • Gilbert, Stephen G. (2001) Tattoo History: a Source Book, New York: Juno Books • Gustafson, Mark (1997) "Inscripta in fronte: Penal Tattooing in Late Antiquity," in Classical Antiquity, April 1997, Vol. 16/No. 1, p. 79-105 • Hambly, Wilfrid Dyson (1925) The History of Tattooing and Its Significance: With Some Account of Other Forms of Corporal Marking, London: H. F.& G. Witherby (reissued: Detroit 1974) • Hesselt van Dinter, Maarten (2005) The World of Tattoo; An Illustrated History. Amsterdam, KIT Publishers • Jones, C. P. (1987) "Stigma: Tattooing and Branding in Graeco-Roman Antiquity," in Journal of Roman Studies, 77/1987, pp. 139–155 • Juno, Andrea. Modern Primitives. Re/Search #12 (October 1989) ISBN 0-9650469-3-1 • "Tattooing Among Japan's Ainu People" [54]. Lars Krutak. Retrieved 2009-08-24.

• Lombroso, Cesare (1896) "The Savage Origin of Tattooing," in Popular Science Monthly, Vol. IV., 1896 • Pang, Joey (2008) Tattoo Art Expressions, http://www.tattootemple.hk • Raviv, Shaun (2006) Marked for Life: Jews and Tattoos (Moment Magazine; June 2006) • Comparative study about Ötzi's therapeutic tattoos (L. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract) [55] • Robley, Horatio (1896) Moko, or, Maori tattooing. London: Chapman and Hall • Roth, H. Ling (1901) Maori tatu and moko. In: Journal of the Anthropological Institute v. 31, January–June 1901 • Rubin, Arnold (ed.) (1988) Marks of Civilization: Artistic Transformations of the Human Body, Los Angeles: UCLA Museum of Cultural History • Sanders, Clinton R. (1989) Customizing the Body: the Art and Culture of Tattooing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press

Tattoo • Sinclair, A. T. (1909) "Tattooing of the North American Indians," in American Anthropologist 1909/11, No. 3, p. 362-400 • Wianecki, Shannon (2011) "Marked"[[Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine [56]].]

Popular and artistic • Green, Terisa. Ink: The Not-Just-Skin-Deep Guide to Getting a Tattoo ISBN 0-451-21514-1 • Green, Terisa. The Tattoo Encyclopedia: A Guide to Choosing Your Tattoo ISBN 0-7432-2329-2 • Krakow, Amy. Total Tattoo Book ISBN 0-446-67001-4 Medical • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC's Position on Tattooing and HCV Infection [57], retrieved June 12, 2006 • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Body Art (workplace hazards) [58], retrieved September 15, 2008 • United States Food and Drug Administration, "Tattoos and Permanent Makeup" [59], CFSAN/Office of Cosmetics and Colors (2000; updated [2004, 2006]), retrieved June 12, 2006 • Haley R.W. and Fischer R.P., Commercial tattooing as a potential source of hepatitis C infection, Medicine, March 2000;80:134-151

Notes [1] Nick Groom, The Union Jack: The Story Of The British Flag, Atlantic Books:London (2006) [2] http:/ / www. inquisitr. com/ 152414/ barbie-tattoos-lead-to-predictable-media-hysteria-world-to-end-soon/ [3] http:/ / www. news. com. au/ entertainment/ fashion/ im-inked-therefore-i-am-why-tatts-have-left-a-mark-on-gen-y/ story-e6frfn7i-1225945591327 [4] Samoa: Samoan Tattoos (http:/ / www. polynesia. com/ samoa/ samoan-tattoos. html), Polynesian Cultural Center, [5] Tattoo 2. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000 (http:/ / www. bartleby. com/ 61/ 89/ T0058900. html) [6] Roth, H. Ling (1900) On Permanent Artificial Skin Marks: a definition of terms. Anthropological Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Bradford, September 11th 1900 [7] Tattoos: Egyptian Mummies from BMEzine.com Encyclopedia (http:/ / wiki. bmezine. com/ index. php/ Egyptian_Mummies); Tattoos: Pazyryk Mummies from BMEzine.com Encyclopedia (http:/ / wiki. bmezine. com/ index. php/ Pazyryk_Mummies) [8] "Tattoo" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 584263/ tattoo#tab=active~checked,items~checked& title=tattoo -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia). Encyclopaedia Britannica. .

[9] Tattoos, Body Piercings, and Other Skin Adornments (http:/ / www. aad. org/ public/ Publications/ pamphlets/ cosmetic_tattoos. html) [10] "Down the Mine" (1937) in the collection "Inside The Whale" (1940), George Orwell [11] Adrienne Mayor People Illustrated (http:/ / www. archaeology. org/ 9903/ abstracts/ tattoo. html) Archaeological Institute of America Volume 52 Number 2, March/April 1999 [12] Mifflin, Margot. Bodies of Subversion A secret History of Women and Tattoo. New York City: Juno Books, 1997.

[13] Deb Acord "Who knew: Mommy has a tattoo", Maine Sunday Telegram November 19, 2006 [14] The Chicago art exhibition, Freaks & Flash (http:/ / www. art. org/ exhibitions/ archives/ 2009/ tattoo. htm), for example, juxtaposed circus sideshow banners depicting tattooed performers like "The Tattooed Lady" alongside art inspired by the tattoo Renaissance of the 1960s and 1970s.

[15] "CELEBRITY TATTOOS-BECKHAM, JOHNY DEPP" (http:/ / surftolondon. com/ celebrity-tattoos-beckham-depp). http:/ / surftolondon. com: Surf to London. . Retrieved 6 July 2011. "tattoos like David Beckham’s" [16] Laumann AE, Derick AJ (September 2006), "Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: a national data set", Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 55 (3): 413–21, doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.03.026, PMID 16908345 [17] The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. A Portrait of "Generation Next" (http:/ / people-press. org/ report/ 300/ a-portrait-of-generation-next) [18] Harris Interactive. Three in ten Americans with a tattoo say having one makes them feel sexier or more artsy (http:/ / www. harrisinteractive. com/ harris_poll/ index. asp?PID=868) [19] NYtimes.com (http:/ / travel. nytimes. com/ frommers/ travel/ guides/ asia/ japan/ tokyo/ frm_tokyo_0085022417. html) [20] Ito, Masami, " Whether covered or brazen, tattoos make a statement (http:/ / search. japantimes. co. jp/ cgi-bin/ nn20100608i1. html)", Japan Times, June 8, 2010, p. 3.

[21] Andrew Lichtenstein, Texas Prison Tattoos (http:/ / www. foto8. com/ issue01/ dprisontattoos/ prisontattoos1. html), , retrieved 2007-12-08

15

Tattoo [22] Carroll L, Anderson R (2002), "Body piercing, tattooing, self-esteem, and body investment in adolescent girls", Adolescence 37 (147): 627–37, PMID 12458698 [23] Darko Zubrinic (1995), Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina (http:/ / www. croatianhistory. net/ etf/ et02. html), Zagreb, [24] Croatianhistory.net (http:/ / www. croatianhistory. net/ etf/ et02. html#tattoo) [25] Customs and folkways of Jewish life, Theodor Herzl Gaster.

[26] Latter-day Saints commanded to not be tattooed (http:/ / lds. org/ ldsorg/ v/ index. jsp?hideNav=1& locale=0& sourceId=c6f0b5658af22110VgnVCM100000176f620a____& vgnextoid=2354fccf2b7db010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD) [27] "We believe the Bible to be the word of God ..." LDS.org (http:/ / scriptures. lds. org/ en/ a_of_f/ 1/ 8#8) [28] 1 Cor 3:10-17 (http:/ / scriptures. lds. org/ en/ 1_cor/ 3/ 10-17#10); read all these verses to understand the full context [29] Sahih Bukhari, Oppressions, Volume 3, Book 43, Number 654 [30] ‘Abd-Allaah ibn Mas’ood wrote: “May or may not Allaah curse the women who do tattoos and those for whom tattoos are done, those who pluck their eyebrows and nose hairs, and those who file their teeth for the purpose of beautification and alter the creation of Allaah.” (al-Bukhaari, al-Libaas, 5587; Muslim, al-Libaas, 5538) [31] "Ruling of Tattoos in Islam". Retrieved 2009-03-25 (http:/ / www. muslimconverts. com/ cosmetics/ tattoos. htm) [32] Rulings of Grand Ayatullah Sistani - Youth's Issues Posted 18 October 2006 (http:/ / www. alulbayt. com/ rulings/ 15. htm) [33] "Tattooing in Jewish Law". Retrieved 2009-06-25 (http:/ / www. myjewishlearning. com/ practices/ Ethics/ Our_Bodies/ Adorning_the_Body/ Tattoos. shtml) [34] Earthtides Pagan Network News, Spring 2010 (http:/ / www. earthtides. org/ Newsletters/ EPNNSpring2010. pdf) [35] Tattoo lasers / Histology (http:/ / www. emedicine. com/ derm/ topic563. htm#section~histology), Suzanne Kilmer, eMedicine [36] "Marked" (http:/ / www. mauimagazine. net/ Maui-Magazine/ July-August-2011/ Marked/ ) Article by Shannon Wianecki in Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine, Vol.15 No. 4 July 2011.]

[37] de:Horst Heinrich Streckenbach tattoo samy, german [38] Vgl. Marcel Feige, Das Tattoo-und Piercing Lexikon, S. 282, ISBN 3-89602-209-1.

[39] Franiel T, Schmidt S, Kligebiel R (November 2006). "First-Degree Burns on MRI due to Nonferrous Tattoos" (http:/ / www. ajronline. org/ content/ 187/ 5/ W556. long). AJR Am J Roentgenol 187 (5). doi:10.2214/AJR.06.5082. PMID 17056894. .

[40] Wagle William A, Smith Martin (2000). AJR Am J Roentgenol 174 (6): 1795. PMID 10845532. http:/ / www. ajronline. org/ content/ 174/ 6/ 1795. long.

[41] "Mythbusters: Can a tattoo explode in an MRI machine?" (http:/ / youtube. com/ watch?v=PAnz95zzEzk). .

[42] Karen L. Hudson. "Tattoos and MRI Scans" (http:/ / tattoo. about. com/ cs/ tatfaq/ a/ mri_scan. htm). about.com. .

[43] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Body Art: Preventing Needlestick Injuries (http:/ / www. cdc. gov/ niosh/ topics/ bbp/ bodyart/ needlestick. html). Retrieved September 15, 2008.

[44] Tattoos (http:/ / www. kidshealth. org/ teen/ your_body/ skin_stuff/ safe_tattooing. html), Renee Kottenhahn, TeensHealth [45] Oregon State Health Department (http:/ / www. oregon. gov/ OHLA/ links. shtml) [46] NYC24.org (http:/ / www. nyc24. org/ 2003/ issue4/ story4/ page2. html) [47] http:/ / tattoo. about. com/ cs/ beginners/ a/ blaftercare. htm [48] Tattoo Post Operative Care (http:/ / www. thetattoocollection. com/ tattoo_post_operative_care. htm) [49] Tattoos: Risks and precautions to know first - MayoClinic.com (http:/ / www. mayoclinic. com/ health/ tattoos-and-piercings/ MC00020) [50] HIV and Its Transmission (http:/ / www. cdc. gov/ hiv/ resources/ factsheets/ transmission. htm) July 1999, CDC [51] The Science of Tattoos (http:/ / www. dermadoctor. com/ article_The-Science-Of-Tattoos_113. html) December 2011 [52] Images of Tattoo removal procedure (http:/ / www. tattoo-bewertung. de/ content/ aktuelle-laserbehandlung), , retrieved 2011-01-12 [53] "Safety data for silver nitrate" (http:/ / msds. chem. ox. ac. uk/ SI/ silver_nitrate. html). PTCL Safety. . Retrieved 3 March 2011.

[54] http:/ / www. vanishingtattoo. com/ tattooing_among_japans_ainu. htm [55] http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=GatewayURL& _origin=AUGATEWAY& _method=citationSearch& _piikey=S0003552103000840& _version=1& md5=f6dd58d559c19d58799b93a66225b038 [56] http:/ / www. mauimagazine. net/ Maui-Magazine/ July-August-2011/ Marked/ [57] http:/ / www. cdc. gov/ hepatitis/ C/ cFAQ. htm#cFAQ10 [58] http:/ / www. cdc. gov/ niosh/ topics/ body_art/ [59] http:/ / www. fda. gov/ Cosmetics/ ProductandIngredientSafety/ ProductInformation/ ucm108530. htm

External links • September 11 Memorial Tattoos in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database (http:// statenisland.pastperfect-online.com/00039cgi/mweb.exe?request=keyword;keyword=indelible memories;dtypewanted=;dtype=d)

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Tattoo artist

17

Tattoo artist A tattoo artist (also tattooer or tattooist) is an individual who applies permanent decorative tattoos, often in an established business called a "tattoo shop," "tattoo studio" or '"tattoo parlour."

Tattoo artists usually learn their craft via an apprenticeship under a trained and experienced mentor.

Apprenticeships To become a tattoo artist a person must first have a passion for art and for drawing and also be able to draw. A strong tattoo in other visual media also will help in creating phenomenal works of art on skin. The next step is to gain an apprenticeship from a person that is already skilled in the art of tattooing.[1]

A tattoo artist performs a tattoo.

A tattoo apprenticeship traditionally last 5 years. 6 months to 1 year in your apprenticeship is when you are allowed to start tattooing. The rest of your time is spent improving your techniques and skill. After 5 years you become a journeyman. Although you have "finished" your apprenticeship, that was only the start of a long journey of education. You are always learning new techniques and skills from fellow journeyman along the way. At 10 years you are considered a well traveled journeyman.

Tattoo Artwork Tattoo artists can create original tattoos for their customers Tattooers or tattooists may use flash (pre-drawn, stock images that can be traced onto the skin).

Tattoo Tools Some of the tools of the trade have greatly evolved, and some have stayed the same. Such as the tattoo machine. In itself the traditional machine has not changed from its original design and/or concept. With the rise of new machine designs, the rotary both air and electric powered tools has made its way into the industry. A practitioner can also have many different needle sets. Such as round liner needles, round shader needles, flat shaders, and mag needles.

The amount of needles attached to the needle bar change as well. There are large magnum needle groups from 15 needles on one bar, all the way to 55 needles on one bar. A practitioner must have the basic tools in order to provide a tattoo. All other items at the artist's disposal are as different as each tattoo. Basic tools are the tattoo machine, power supply, clip cord, foot pedal, grip, tips, grip stem, needles, and tattoo ink.

Tattoo artist

Tattoo Studio The properly equipped tattoo studio will use biohazard containers for objects that have come into contact with blood or bodily fluids, sharps containers for old needles, and an autoclave for sterilizing tools when they are not using disposables. Certain jurisdictions also require studios by law to have a sink in the work area supplied with both hot and cold water.

Proper hygiene requires a body modification artist to wash his or her hands before starting to prepare a client for the stencil,between clients, after a tattoo has been completed, and at any other time where cross contamination can occur. The use of single use disposable gloves is also mandatory. In some countries and U.S. states it is illegal to tattoo a minor even with parental consent, and it is usually not allowed to tattoo impaired persons (e.g. someone intoxicated or under the influence of drugs), people with contraindicated skin conditions, those who are pregnant or nursing, or those incapable of consent due to mental incapacity. Before the tattooing begins the client is asked to approve the position of the applied stencil. After approval is given the artist will open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile or sterile disposable instruments and supplies, and fresh ink for each session (loaded into disposable ink caps which are discarded after each client). Also, all areas which may be touched with contaminated gloves will be wrapped in clear plastic to prevent cross-contamination. Equipment that cannot be autoclaved (such as countertops, machines, and furniture) will be cleaned with a low level disinfectant and then wiped with an approved high level disinfectant.

The local health department can/will do a hands on inspection of tattoo studios every 4 months in the state of Tennessee. The venue will be graded based on the areas being inspected. If the studio passed an inspection, the health department will sign off on a passing scorecard and the studio will be required to show their score publicly. If the studio fails an inspection, they will be given the opportunity to correct the mistakes (if minor) or be fined (major health risks)and can also be placed out of business on the spot.

Also, the possession of a working autoclave is mandatory in most states. An autoclave is a medical sterilization device used to sterilize stainless steel. The autoclave itself will be inspected by the health department and required to submit weekly spore tests. However if these jurisdictions are up to date, they will not require an autoclave if the practitioners are using 100% disposable tubes and grips which are made of plastic and some grips are made of rubber. These come EO Gas [2] pre sterilized for one time use only and must never be re sterilized.

Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, generally helps artists to be aware of the latest trends. However, many of the most notable tattooists do not belong to any association. While specific requirements to become a tattooist vary between jurisdictions, many mandate only formal training in bloodborne pathogens, and cross contamination. The local department of health regulates tattoo studios in many jurisdictions.

For example, according to the health departments in Oregon and Hawaii, tattoo artists in these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions, as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo in Oregon state without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is considered a felony offense.[3] Tattooing was legalized in New York City, Massachusetts, South Carolina and Oklahoma between 2002 and 2006.[4]

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Tattoo artist

19

References [1] Hudson, K."How To Become a Tattoo (http:/ / ttattoopassion-fashionstlylemania. blogspot. com/ ) Artist" About.com , - http:/ / tattoo. about. com/ od/ tattoosgeneralinfo/ ht/ beatattooartist. htm [2] http:/ / www. eurotherm-lifesciences. com/ en-GB/ applications/ eto-sterilization/ [3] Oregon state health dept. - http:/ / www. oregon. gov/ OHLA/ links. shtml [4] Americana Pop Tattoo Company, A Tattoo Studio Located In Boston, Ma - http:/ / www. aptattoo. com

Tattoo convention A tattoo convention is a meeting and exhibition for tattoo practitioners and enthusiasts, as well as anyone who wishes to see the world of tattooing up close.

The first world tattoo convention was held by Dave Yurkew on January 24th-25th, 1976 in Houston, Texas.[1] Dave Yurkew, who was also President of the North American Tattoo Club[2] went on to host another 6 consecutive World Tattoo Conventions through 1982.[3] Lyle Tuttle was quoted as saying that this was "The event that changed tattooing forever".[4] On January 19th-21st 1996, Dave Yurkew and Lyle Tuttle co-hosted the 20th Anniversary of the First World Tattoo Convention in Houston, Texas[5], following up with the 25th

Don Ed Hardy and Dave Yurkew at the 2nd World Tattoo Convention in Reno Nevada, 1977.

anniversary on January 18th-21st 2001 in Houston, hosted by Dave Yurkew and John Stuckey[6].

The first I.T.A.A. Convention were held in 1977 in Reno, the first National Convention in Denver, Colorado March 23rd - 25th, 1979 at the Cosmopolitan Hotel. Speakers at this convention were: Don Ed Hardy, Terry Wrigley, Peter Tat 2 Poulos, Diane Poulos, Bob Shaw , Big Walt Kilkucki, Painless Jeff Baker, Dave Yurkew, and from Germany Horst Heinrich Streckenbach and Manfred Kohrs.[7]

tattoo convention in 2008.

Tattoo conventions range from small events sponsored by a local business that may last a day, to major international conventions spanning a weekend or the better part of a week.

They may include contests and exhibitions, booths selling tattoo-related items and even booths rented for use by tattoo artists who work during the convention. Collectors may attend conventions specifically to obtain a tattoo from a particular visiting artist.

Other events may include professional events such as workshops and meetings as well as social events.

Contests, usually restricted to registered participants, usually feature a variety of categories: black-and-gray, tribal, oriental, backpiece, women, men, and so on. Judging may be by vote or by a panel of judges.

The first tattoo convention in London, England took place in 2005.[8]

Tattoo convention

References [1] [http://img202.imageshack.us/img202/8196/1stll.jpg [2] http:/ / img98. imageshack. us/ img98/ 8458/ prezt. jpg [3] http:/ / img683. imageshack. us/ img683/ 7204/ 7thq. jpg [4] http:/ / img64. imageshack. us/ img64/ 1808/ tutquote. jpg [5] http:/ / img11. imageshack. us/ img11/ 8455/ 20thc. jpg [6] http:/ / img11. imageshack. us/ img11/ 8455/ 20thc. jpg [7] NT (http:/ / www. nationaltattooassociation. com/ fullhistory. html) [8] FOX news - Passion for tattoos on display in London (http:/ / www. foxnews. com/ story/ 0,2933,171616,00. html)

Tattoo ink Tattoo inks consist of pigments combined with a carrier, and are used in tattooing.

Tattoo inks are available in a range of colors that can be thinned or mixed together to produce other colors and shades. Most professional tattoo artists purchase inks pre-made (known as pre-dispersed inks), while some tattooers mix their own using a dry pigment and a carrier.[1] Tattoo ink is generally permanent. Tattoo removal is difficult, painful, and the degree of success depends on the materials used. Recently developed inks claim to be comparatively easy to remove. Unsubstantiated claims have been made that some inks fade over time, yielding a "semi-permanent tattoo."

Ingredients Regulations In the United States, tattoo inks are subject to regulation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as cosmetics and color additives.[2] The FDA and medical practitioners have noted that many ink pigments used in tattoos are “industrial strength colors suitable for printers’ ink or automobile paint.”[3][4] In California, Proposition 65 requires that Californians be warned before exposure to certain harmful chemicals;[5] tattoo parlors in California must warn their patrons that tattoo inks contain heavy metals known to cause cancer, birth defects, and other reproductive harm.[5]

Pigment bases Manufacturers are not required to reveal their ingredients or conduct trials, and recipes may be proprietary.

Professional inks may be made from iron oxides (rust), metal salts, plastics.[6] Homemade or traditional tattoo inks may be made from pen ink, soot, dirt, blood,or other ingredients.[3][7] Heavy metals used for colors include mercury (red); lead (yellow, green, white); cadmium (red, orange, yellow); nickel (black); zinc (yellow, white); chromium (green); cobalt (blue); aluminium (green, violet); titanium (white); copper (blue, green); iron (brown, red, black); and barium (white). Metal oxides used include ferrocyanide and ferricyanide (yellow, red, green, blue). Organic chemicals used include azo-chemicals (orange, brown, yellow, green, violet) and naptha-derived chemicals (red). Carbon (soot or ash) is also used for black. Other compounds used as pigments include antimony, arsenic, beryllium, calcium, lithium, selenium, and sulphur.[5][7] Tattoo ink manufacturers typically blend the heavy metal pigments and/or use lightening agents (such as lead or titanium) to reduce production costs.[7]

20

Tattoo ink

Carriers A carrier acts as a solvent for the pigment, to “carry� the pigment from the point of needle trauma to the surrounding dermis. Carriers keep the ink evenly mixed and free from pathogens, and aid application. The most typical solvent is ethyl alcohol or water, but denatured alcohols, methanol, rubbing alcohol, propylene glycol, and glycerine are also used. When an alcohol is used as part of the carrier base in tattoo ink or to disinfect the skin before application of the tattoo, it increases the skin's permeability, helping to transport more chemicals into the bloodstream.

Health concerns A variety of medical problems, though uncommon, can result from tattooing.

Medical workers have observed rare but severe medical complications from tattoo pigments in the body,[8] and have noted that people acquiring tattoos rarely assess health risks prior to receiving their tattoos.[9]

Other tattoo inks Glow in the dark ink and blacklight ink Both blacklight and glow in the dark inks have been used for tattooing. Glow in the dark ink absorbs and retains light, and then glows in darkened conditions by process of phosphorescence. Blacklight ink does not glow in the dark, but reacts to non-visible UV light, producing a visible glow by fluorescence. The resulting glow of both these inks is highly variable. The safety of such inks for use on humans is widely debated in the tattoo community.

The ingredients in some "glow" inks are listed as: (PMMA) Polymethylmethacrylate 97.5% and microspheres of fluorescent dye 2.5% suspended in UV sterilized, distilled water. These inks are as safe as any on the market.

However you are well advised to test a small piece of skin before committing to a large piece.

Removable tattoo ink While tattoo ink is in generally very painful and laborious to remove, tattoo removal being quite involved, a recently introduced ink has been developed to be easier to remove by laser treatments than traditional inks.

Black henna Health Canada has advised against the use of "black henna" temporary tattoo ink which contains para-phenylenediamine (PPD), an ingredient in hair dyes. Black henna is normally applied externally in temporary Mehandi applications, rather than being inserted beneath the skin in a permanent tattoo.

Allergic reactions to PPD include rashes, contact dermatitis, itching, blisters, open sores, scarring and other potentially harmful effects.[10]

Ancient Roman recipe The Roman physician Aetius created a recipe for tattoo ink. [11] One pound of Egyptian pine bark Two ounces of corroded bronze, ground with vinegar Two ounces of gall (insect egg deposits) One ounce of vitriol (iron sulphate) Mix well and sift. Soak powder in 2 parts water and 1 part leek juice. Wash the skin to be tattooed with leek juice.

Prick design with needles until blood is drawn. Rub in the ink.

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Tattoo ink

22

Notes [1] Tattoo Ink Carrier Chemistry: The Liquid Part of Tattoo Ink (http:/ / chemistry. about. com/ od/ medicalhealth/ a/ tattoocarrier. htm), Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. [2] http:/ / www. fda. gov/ forconsumers/ consumerupdates/ ucm048919. htm [3] (http:/ / www. fda. gov/ ForConsumers/ ConsumerUpdates/ ucm048919. htm), Mayo Clinic, retrieved 19 October 2009 [4] Engel E, Santarelli F, Vasold R, et al. (2008). "Modern tattoos cause high concentrations of hazardous pigments in skin". Contact Dermatitis 58 (4): 228–33. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01301.x. PMID 18353031.

[5] Metal Toxicity: Tattoos: Safe Symbols? (http:/ / www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/ articlerender. fcgi?artid=1280436), Environmental Health Perspectives, retrieved 19 October 2009 [6] Tattoo Ink Chemistry (http:/ / chemistry. about. com/ library/ weekly/ aa121602a. htm), retrieved 19 October 2009 [7] Poon, Kelvin Weng Chun (2008), In situ chemical analysis of tattooing inks and pigments: modern organic and traditional pigments in ancient mummified remains, University of Western Australia [8] Antal AS, Hanneken S, Neumann NJ, et al. (2008). "Erhebliche zeitliche Variationsbreite von Komplikationen nach Tätowierungen". Der Hautarzt 59 (10): 769–71. PMID 18773181.

[9] Möhrenschlager M, Worret WI, Köhn FM (2006). "Tattoos and permanent make-up: background and complications". MMW Fortschr Med. 148 (41): 34–6. PMID 17190258.

[10] http:/ / www. hc-sc. gc. ca/ ahc-asc/ media/ advisories-avis/ 2003/ 2003_66_e. html [11] http:/ / www. thetattoocollection. com/ history_of_tattoos. htm

References • Health Canada website (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2003/2003_66_e.html) • About.com article on tattoo inks (http://chemistry.about.com/od/medicalhealth/a/tattoocarrier.htm)

Tattoo machine A tattoo machine is a hand-held device generally used to create a tattoo, a permanent marking of the skin with indelible ink. Modern tattoo machines use electromagnetic coils to move an armature bar up and down, Connected to said armature bar is a barred needle grouping that pushes ink into the skin. Tattoo artists generally use the term "machine", or even "iron", to refer to their equipment. The word "gun" is often used but is looked down upon by professional artists.

A modern two-coil tattoo machine, held as it would be when in use

Tattoo machine

23

Two-coil tattoo machine

History The predecessor to the tattoo machine was the electric pen invented by Thomas Alva Edison and patented under the title Stencil-Pens in Newark, New Jersey, United States in 1876.[2] It was originally intended to be used as a duplicating device, but in 1891, Samuel O'Reilly discovered that Edison's machine could be modified and used to introduce ink into the skin, and later patented a tube and needle system to provide an ink reservoir.

While O'Reilly's machine was based on the tattoo rotary technology of Edison's device, modern tattoo machines use electromagnets. The first machine based on this technology was a single coil machine patented

by Thomas Riley of London, just twenty days after O'Reilly filed the patent for his rotary machine. For his machine, Riley placed a modified doorbell assembly in a brass box. The modern two-coil configuration was patented by Alfred Charles South, also of London. Because it was so heavy, a spring was often attached to the top of the machine and the ceiling to take most of the weight off the operator's hand.

U.S. Patent 196747

[1]

, Stencil-Pens

Most modern tattoo machines can control needle depth, speed, and force of application, which has allowed tattooing to become a very precise art form. Such advancements in precision have also produced a style of facial tattooing that has attained mainstream popularity in America called dermapigmentation, or "permanent cosmetics".

The basis of the modern tattoo machine is still relatively unchanged from the 1820 discovery by a Danish inventor Hans Christian Oersted called electromagnetism (Brian & Cohen 2007). Oersted’s invention is now known, in what is commonly implemented as a prime motor for the doorbell circuit, as the basis for all modern coil tattoo systems. Modern tattoo is symbolized by the advent of the mechanized version of the emplacement of some form of ink or dye under the skin. The basic usage was first transposed from an invention patented in 1876 by Thomas Edison (U.S. Patent 196,747). Edison’s machine was not intended for the skin, but for creating embroidery patterns by means of an electric punch. This concept was further elaborated on in 1891 by Samuel O’Reilly, who took a modified version of Edison’s now dual coiled mechanism and deemed it proper for skin tattooing (U.S. Patent 196,747). It is argued that O’Reilly was the inventor, even though it is actually Charlie Wagner who holds the 1904 patent for the “tattoo machine” (www.tattooarchive.com). This patent demonstrates that the “tattoo device” has an ink chamber or “tube” and uses the single coil method for movement of the armature bar. In 1929 Percy Waters received his patent for the dual coil tattoo machine, which was set in a frame (U.S. Patent 1724812). Another patent was issued in 1979 to Carol Nightengale, who made some substantial modifications to the frame (U.S. Patent #4159659). Some of Nightengale’s

Tattoo machine

24

modifications can be seen today in cutback machines, and fully adjustable frame styles. Nightengale’s version was also the first patented design that utilized front and rear spring apertures. While the history of the modern machine appears just as obscure as that of the history of the ancient process of tattoo, it is obvious that there were many individuals working toward the same concept. Even today there are many innovations such as the “swash drive” or bearing driven rotary machine, the “neuma” which is run off air compression and cuts the coils and electromagnetism completely out of the machine, and the contactless machines which avoid the use of spark and utilize vibration to move the armature bars. Advances in coils from 6 to 16 wraps are also available. Tattoo machines have evolved in many ways, but the primary goal has remained the same over the ages; to put ink into the skin. The speed and accuracy that this is achieved has evolved over time, and the inks and pigments used have also changed. There are many exciting things being developed and with the information age of the Internet being upon us currently, the knowledge of machine builders and the number of tools available to tattoo artists around the world is expanding at an exponential speed. Even with all these advancements in the tattoo world, it is not uncommon to still see tattoo rituals performed in places like Japan and American Samoa the same way that they have been done for centuries.

—C. R. Jordan, Basic Fundamentals of Modern Tattoo[3]

Classification There are many types of machines. Liners and shaders are the more common machines from a technical standpoint. Mechanically, there are coil tattoo machines; also pneumatic machines, and rotary, or linear, tattoo machines.

• Rotary tattoo machine: A rotary tattoo machine, built in 1978 by Manfred Kohrs of Germany. Rotary tattoo machines were the original machines, based on rotary technology, which was invented by Samuel O'Reilly and improved by the tattoo artists through the years. Rotary type machines use an electric motor to drive the needles. Some recent upgrades include using an armature bar to increase efficiency, a characteristic of coil machines. Recently, there have been improvements to make this type of machine pneumatic, in place of the electric motor used now.

Manfred Kohrs 1978 - Rotary tattoo machine

• Coil tattoo machine: Coil tattoo machines are the most commonly seen and used. These machines use an electromagnetic circuit to move the needle grouping. There are many variations, from single-coiled machines to triple-coiled machines. They can be made from many different materials and in many different sizes and shapes. Dual-coiled machines are considered to be standard. The coils generally range from 8 to 10 wrap. The coils create the ohms,or resistance, used to properly regulate the machines speed and power. Causing less trauma to the skin.

• Liner tattoo machine: The purpose of a liner machine is to lay the ink in the skin in one single pass to create a dominant line. It uses a short contact circuit (about 1.5mm–2mm), which causes the machine to cycle faster.

• Shader tattoo machine: The shader machine is commonly used to shade black or variants of black ink. Also Color is used in this type of machine, the saturation level of this machine is low. It uses a bigger contact gap than a liner (about 2mm–3.5mm) to make it cycle slightly slower. This machine is also used for sculpting lines. Some artists will use this type of machine for all lines, as it allows the lines to be retraced with less trauma to the skin.

• Pneumatic tattoo machine: Tattoo artist Carson Hill in the year 2000 invented the first pneumatic tattoo machine and began the patent process. A pneumatic tattoo machine is powered by an air compressor, and they are extremely lightweight. Pneumatic tattoo machines use pressurized air to power the tattoo machine and drive the needles up and

Tattoo machine down. These tattoo machines are entirely autoclavable, so that the entire tattoo machine can be placed in the autoclave and sterilized fully without any major disassembly. Unlike traditional coil machines, which require complete disassembely to be placed into an autoclave.

Tattoo machines are not limited to just these types. A common variant is having a "cutback", which uses stiffer front springs. This is more commonly used in liners, but is known to be used on shader machines, more typically for portrait work. Machines are usually categorized into long stroke and short stroke varieties. The longer-stroked machines are good for coloring and shading, as well as sculpting lines, while doing less damage to clients' skin.

Shorter-stroke machines are commonly used for lining in a single pass style, and also in a shader setup to achieve a more subtle gradation of black such as would be found in portraits. Length, width, tension, angle, and stiffness of the spring varies the functionality of the machine. The contact gaps, as well as capacitor's and even the style of machine and its angles of deflection, can also all be variants in machine tuning. The proper tuning of the machine is essential for the type of machine being used, also for the type of tattoo the artist is doing.

References [1] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents?vid=196747 [2] U.S. Patent 196747 (http:/ / www. google. com/ patents?vid=196747) [3] Jordan, C. R.. Basic Fundamentals of Modern Tattoo. Tattoo Books Online. ISBNÂ 9780615281476.

UV tattoo UV tattoos or blacklight tattoos are tattoos made with a special ink that is visible under an ultraviolet light (blacklight). Depending upon the ink, they can be nearly invisible in non-UV environments, thus they are a popular consideration for people seeking a subtler tattoo. They are particularly popular in the raver subculture.

Although the tattoos are sometimes considered invisible in normal light, scarring from the tattoo machine in the application process may remain, and therefore still show. A UV tattoo becomes visible under blacklight, when it glows in colors ranging from white to purple, UV Tattoo as shown under a black light depending on the ink chosen. Colored ink is also available, where the ink is visible in normal light (as with a regular tattoo) but the ink will glow vividly under UV light. However, some UV inks are not as bright under normal light as normal tattoo ink and are considered not as vibrant.

Arguments against UV tattoos No tattoo inks have ever been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration because the FDA "has not traditionally regulated tattoo inks or the pigments used in them"[1]. Claims made that UV Tattoo Ink is "FDA Approved" when used for tattooing appear to be fraudulent; some UV-reactive tattoo inks may have been approved by the FDA for food-related purposes (such as marking food animals, like fish), but this is not the same as being "FDA approved" for use on humans for cosmetic purposes.

UV Tattoo Ink is also many times more expensive than regular tattoo inks. Some people have had reactions to ingredients in the ink, ranging from minor itching to dermatitis. Several UV inks are suspected carcinogens and allergens and at this time no research has been conducted into the side effects of long term exposure. Although many people who have received UV or blacklight tattoos have had physical effects on the skin, any ink could cause a reaction. This can be a result of not protecting the tattoo from UV rays within 3 months of receiving the tattoo process or by using scented cremes or lotions on the tattoo area. This can damage the ink, causing it to become a

25

UV tattoo normal ink color in all light. In time, it may also not glow in black lighting. Clear/blue UV inks are known to yellow or turn slightly brown with sun exposure. Color/black UV inks are known to become colored in all lighting.

Therefore, it might permanently appear as a regular tattoo.

Arguments for UV tattoos Over recent years, as the formulas for UV inks have been improved upon, it has become more common to hear reports of success with little or no reaction.

Tattoos can be mostly invisible, suitable for those who may be restricted in their choice of tattoo placement (because of their profession, for example) who can then choose to show off the tattoo under UV or Black light lighting.[2]

Application issues UV inks are not as bright under normal light as normal tattoo inks, and do not blend during application, as normal inks do. Their effect will be dulled if regular ink is used on top of them. Therefore, for vibrant, high impact tattoos, normal ink is normally used, allowed to heal, and then highlighted with UV inks. Only highly experienced tattooists should apply UV tattoos, and should have a blacklight within arm's length of the tattoo chair. When applying white or clear UV ink, this blacklight should be turned on throughout the procedure.

UV inking takes a little bit longer than normal, due to UV inks being a little thinner and harder to work with, and because the tattoo must be wiped and checked under a blacklight frequently during application.

Also note that for non-colour based UV work, it is possible that outlines can become an issue. If the artist isn't careful, any ink or other materials they use to outline their design can become part of the work. This is not normally an issue with standard tattoos as normal coloured ink covers this. However for fully hidden UV art, this can be a problem, as it will most likely not be even, or well distributed within the work, and reveal some of the art instead of being mostly hidden (scarring can always give away the art).

References [1] "Consumer Updates: Think Before You Ink: Are Tattoos Safe?" (http:/ / www. fda. gov/ ForConsumers/ ConsumerUpdates/ ucm048919. htm). US FDA website. . Retrieved 8 September 2011.

[2] http:/ / www. tattooartists. org/ Gal3975_UV_Blacklight_Ink. asp

26

List of tattoo artists

27

List of tattoo artists This is a list of tattoo artists- the tattoo artists who have helped the art of decorative tattooing gain popularity, are known for tattooing celebrities, or are well-known in popular culture and in the tattooing industry.

Don Ed Hardy at the 2nd World Tattoo Manu Farrarons

Convention in Reno Nevada, 1977.

Dan Henk

Manfred Kohrs, 1976

Joey Pang

Kim Saigh

List of tattoo artists

28

Henk Schiffmacher

Tattoo Samy - H.H. Streckenbach

Paul Timman

Lyle Tuttle

Kat Von D

Leo Zulueta at Spiral Tattoo. Ann Arbor, Michigan, August 2011

Name Guy Aitchison

Lifetime b. 1968

Nationality American

Notes Tattoo artist and painter based in Illinois, featured on TLC's Tattoo Wars. Brother of Hannah Aitchison.

List of tattoo artists

29

Hannah Aitchison b. 1966

American

Chicago, Illinois based artist featured on TLC's LA Ink. Sister of Guy Aitchison.

[1]

Phil Andros

1909–1993 American

Alex Binnie

b. 1959

British

Mark Bodé

b. 1963

American

Comic book creator formerly based in Massachusetts, now based in California.

Paul Booth

American

Tattoo artist for bands including Slipknot, Mudvayne, Slayer, Pantera, Soulfly and Sepultura.

Darren Brass

American

Miami based tattoo artist featured on TLC's Miami Ink.

George Burchett

1872–1953 British

Mister Cartoon

Vincent Castiglia

Mexican American b. 1982

aka Samuel Morris Steward. Tattoo-Artist "Phil Sparrow" California.

and writer from Ohio, later based in

[2]

[3]

[4]

Known as "King of Tattooists".

[5]

Tattooed royalty and The Great Omi.

aka Mark Machado

American

Gabriel Cece Patrick Conlon

American

Jason Cruz

b. 1974

American

Lead singer of punk rock band Strung Out, worked briefly as a tattoo artist.

Alan Dean

b. 1964

British

Owner of Tattoo UK - UK based tattoo studio chain.

Fred Durst

b. 1970

American

Lead singer of rock band Limp Bizkit, worked briefly as a tattoo artist.

Manu Farrarons

b. 1967

French

Polynesian tattoo artist based in Tahiti, French Polynesia.

Chris Garver

b. 1970

American

Formerly based in New York City, now based in Florida. Featured on TLC's Miami Ink.

Mary Jane Haake

b. 1951

American

Known for her work in medical tattooing and permanent makeup.

Yoji Harada

b. 1973

Japanese

Florida based tattoo artist, featured on TLC's Miami Ink.

Don Ed Hardy

b. 1945

American

[6] Known as "the godfather of modern tattoo." Hardy trained under Sailor Jerry and Japanese masters, Hardy is a noted proponent of the use of Japanese tattoo designs and techniques in

[3]

American work. He founded Tattootime.

Henry Hate

b. 1968

American

Dan Henk

b. 1972

American

aka Henry Martinez Jr.

Herbert Hoffmann 1919–2010 German Horiyoshi III

b. 1946

Japanese

Nikko Hurtado

b. 1981

American

Greg Irons

1947–1984 American

birth name: Gregory Rodman Irons

Ami James

b. 1972

Co-star of Miami Ink.

American

Jason Jones

American

Katzen

American

Manfred Kohrs

b. 1957

Greg Kulz Dr Lakra

German

Has been a guest artist on LA Ink several times.

Student of Horst Heinrich Streckenbach, Conceptual artist

American b. 1972

Mexican

aka Jeronimo Lopez Ramirez

Vyvyn Lazonga

American

aka Beverly Bean. Well-known tattoo artist from the 1970s onward. Based in Seattle, Washington.

Nikole Lowe

New Zealand

Based in London.

Leslie Mah

American

Mark Mahoney

American

List of tattoo artists

30

Corey Miller

American

Louis Molloy

British

Shannon Moore

b. 1979

American

Former WWE Superstar and Current TNA Wrestler owns Gas Chamber Ink in Southern Pines, North Carolina.

Chris Núñez

b. 1973

American

Featured on TLC's Miami Ink.

Samuel O'Reilly

d. 1908

American

Opie Ortiz

b. 1971

American

Joey Pang

Chinese

Known for her Chinese Art and Calligraphy pieces Samoan master tattooist

Sua Sulu'ape Paulo II

d. 1999

Samoan

Eric Pele

b. 1969

American

Thomas Pendelton

b. 1971

American

Jacki Randall

b. 1959

American

Cliff Raven

1932–2001 American

Jack Rudy

[3]

aka J.E.Randall known for original, freehand, cartooning and artworks as popularized in the 90s.

American

Known for his "black and gray" work. Owns/tattoos at Goodtime Charlie’s Tattooland in Anaheim, California.

American

One of the artists on the first season of LA Ink.

Kim Saigh

b. 1973

Sailor Jerry

1911–1973 American

aka Norman Keith Collins.

Henk Schiffmacher

b. 1952

Dutch

aka Hanky Panky. The Amsterdam Tattoo Museum showcases his tattoo collection, the largest in the world.

Jonathan Shaw

b. 1953

American

Janet 'Rusty' Skuse

1943–2007 British

Dan Smith

b. 1980

Phillip Spearman

British

LA Ink star

Korean American

Madison Stone

b. 1965

American

Horst Heinrich Streckenbach

1929–2001 German

aka "Tattoo Samy"

Paul Timman

b. 1972

American

Notable for his work on celebrities including Angelina Jolie and Drew Barrymore and his award winning line of porcelain dinnerware with Ink Dish.

Trym Torson

Norwegian

Drummer with death metal band Zyklon.

Bob Tyrrell

American

Known for his "black and gray" portraits

[7]

[8]

[9]

Lyle Tuttle

b. 1931

American

California based artist who tattooed Cher, Jane Fonda and Janis Joplin.

Kat Von D

b. 1982

American

Featured on TLC series Miami Ink and LA Ink.

Lee Wagstaff

b. 1969

English

Leo Zulueta

b. 1952

Filipino American

[6][10] Known as "the father of modern tribal tattooing."

Zulueta championed the all-black tattooing since he began his career as a tattooist in 1981, earning him the title "the king of [6] [11] black." Featured on TLC's Tattoo Wars with his protege Rory Keating.

List of tattoo artists

References [1] Albert L. Morse, The Tattoists, 1st Edition 1977, ISBN 0-918320-01-1, S. 50 [2] Lipton, Joshua (28 February 2002), "Bad Skin" (http:/ / www. rollingstone. com/ news/ story/ 5934150/ bad_skin), Rolling Stone (Wenner Media LLC), , retrieved 31 March 2010 [3] Heffernan, Virginia (July 19, 2005), "Skin Deep but Filled With Significance" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2005/ 07/ 19/ arts/ television/ 19heff. html), The New York Times (The New York Times Company), , retrieved April 8, 2010 [4] Gay, Kathlyn; Whittington, Christine (2002). Body Marks: Tattooing, Piercing, and Scarification (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=LdjDO67eXuwC& pg=RA1-PA31). Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 31. ISBN 076132352X. .

[5] Varndell, Teddy; Meah, Johnny; Secreto, Jimmy (2004). Freaks, Geeks, and Strange Girls (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=qjisWkKq9FkC& pg=PA104). Last Gasp. pp. 104. ISBN 086719622X. .

[6] Aquino, Joann Natalia (March 2012; published January 10, 2012), "Leo Zulueta: The Father of Modern Tribal Tattooing Celebrates 30 Years in the Black", Skin and Ink Magazine (March 2012) [7] , de:Liste der Persönlichkeiten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main#1920–1940 2 History People of Frankfurt/M., Germany [8] "Zyklon Calls It Quits" (http:/ / www. roadrunnerrecords. com/ blabbermouth. net/ news. aspx?mode=Article& newsitemID=133019), Blabbermouth, 7 January 2010, , retrieved 17 November 2010 [9] The Editors at TattooFinder.com (2009). Tattoo Sourcebook (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=Kg9aZ80GGIAC& pg=PA23).

HarperCollins. pp. 23. ISBN 0007289944. .

[10] Levy, Janey (2008). Tattoos in Modern Society (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=HItttnt8uQgC& pg=PA50). The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 50. ISBN 1404218297. .

[11] Chansanchai, Athima (August 12, 2007), "Tattoo convention draws legions -- and a TV show" (http:/ / www. seattlepi. com/ ae/ 327338_tattoo13. html), Seattle Post-Intelligencer, , retrieved March 26, 2010

Legal status of tattooing in the United States In the United States, there is no federal law stating a required age to be tattooed. When a person reaches the age of 18 in the U.S., they are legally considered an adult. Many states require that the person being tattooed is an adult over 18, but some states do allow minors (17 or less) to be tattooed with parental consent.

In all jurisdictions, even those having no law dictating a minimum age, individual tattooers may choose to set age restrictions for their business as a precaution against lawsuits. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most such tattooers will allow a parent or guardian to give written or oral consent in person. The artist may also choose to place addition restrictions based on his or her own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo a minor (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.

Alabama The law says that a minor, 17-years-old or less, can be tattooed but must have written parental consent and the parent, legal guardian, or caretaker, must be present during the time the minor is being tattooed.[1]

Alaska The law says that no person under the age of 18 can be tattooed.[2]

Arizona The law says that the parent or legal guardian must be physically present if the person is a minor (17 or younger).[3]

Arkansas In the State of Arkansas a minor can be tattooed with written consent and presence of a parent or legal guardian.[4]

31

Legal status of tattooing in the United States

California According to California Penal Code 653, every person who tattoos or offers to tattoo a person under the age of 18 years is guilty of a misdemeanor. As used in this section, to "tattoo" means to insert pigment under the surface of the skin of a human being, by pricking with a needle or otherwise, so as to produce an indelible mark or figure visible through the skin. This section is not intended to apply to any act of a licensed practitioner of the healing arts performed in the course of his practice.

Colorado No minimum age to receive a tattoo or body piercing is established in Colorado's state code or regulations.[5] However as stated above, artists may choose to establish their own internal rules for purposes of liability.

Connecticut Quoted as is: "No person shall tattoo an unemancipated minor under eighteen years of age without the permission of the parent or guardian of such minor."[6]

Delaware Quoted as is "No person shall knowingly or negligently tattoo, brand or perform body-piercing on a minor unless that person obtains the prior written consent of the minor's parent over the age of 18 or legal guardian to the specific act of tattooing, branding or body-piercing. "[7]

Florida In the State of Florida a minor can be tattooed with the written notarized consent of the parent or legal guardian.[8]

Georgia Prohibits the tattooing of anyone under age 18 by anyone other than a licensed osteopath or technician acting under the direct supervision of a licensed physician or osteopath. [9]

Hawaii In the State of Hawaii a minor can be tattooed with the written consent of the parents or legal guardian.[10]

Idaho Idaho law requires a written consent by a minor's parent or legal guardian prior to tattooing, branding, or body piercing of minors age fourteen (14) to eighteen (18) years of age. [11]

32

Legal status of tattooing in the United States

Illinois You must be 18 years of age or older to get a tattoo. No minor is allowed to receive a tattoo. [12]

Indiana In the State of Indiana a minor can be tattooed but a parent(s) or legal guardian(s) must be present during the time the minor is being tattooed and the parent(s) must provide written permission for the person to receive the tattoo(s).[13]

Iowa In the State of Iowa a minor may not be tattooed. They must be 18-years-old or older. No parental consent is allowed. [14]

Kansas In the State of Kansas, the law says "No person shall perform body piercing or tattooing on or to any person under 18 years of age without the prior written and notarized consent of the parent or court appointed guardian of such person and the person giving such consent must be present during the body piercing or tattooing procedure."[15]

Kentucky In the State of Kentucky, the law says "Procedures to prevent the tattooing of minors without the consent of one (1) parent or guardian." Meaning that if the person to be tattooed is 18 or younger, they must have the consent of at least one parent or guardian(s).[16]

Louisiana In the State of Louisiana, the law says "Registrants or operators shall not perform tattooing and body piercing for any of these individuals: On persons under 5 years of age without the presence, consent and proper identification of a parent, legal custodian parent or legal guardian".[17]

Maine In the State of Maine, the law says "No tattooing shall be practiced on the person of any one who is less than 18 years of age, as verified by a driver's license, liquor ID card, military ID card, or other adequate record."[18]

Maryland Maryland's health regulations refer to tattooing and piercing as "Skin-Penetrating Body Adornment Procedures" (this excludes piercing of the earlobe). Tattoo artists are required to inform the client of the risks for the tattoo procedure, and must obtain the client's consent in writing. If the client is under the age of 18, their parent or guardian must sign the consent instead. The parlor is then required to keep this consent document for at least 3 years, along with the client's name, the date, a description of the procedure, and the artist's name who performed it.[19]

33

Legal status of tattooing in the United States

New Hampshire Per RSA 314-A:8, "Branding and tattooing a person under the age of 18 is prohibited."[20]

New Jersey New Jersey State Sanitary Code ยง8:27-2.6(5): "No tattoo or permanent cosmetics shall be applied to any person under 18 years of age, without the presence, written consent, and proper identification of a parent or legal guardian."

[21]

New York It is violation of section 260.21 of New York State Penal Law to tattoo minors under the age of 18, regardless of parental consent.[22] Tattooing a minor is considered "unlawfully dealing with a child in the second degree" and is a class B misdemeanor.[23] A class B misdemeanor in New York is punishable by up to 3 months in jail.[24]

North Carolina N.C. General Statute 14-400(a) states: "It shall be unlawful for any person or persons to tattoo the arm, limb, or any part of the body of any other person under 18 years of age without parental consent. Anyone violating the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a Class 2 misdemeanor"[25]

North Dakota No person may perform any body art procedure upon a person under the age of eighteen years without the presence, written consent, and proper identification of a parent, legal custodial parent, or legal guardian.[26]

Ohio Per Ohio Revised Code section 3730.06, a parent, guardian, or custodian must give consent for a tattoo or body piercing procedure to be performed on a minor.[27]

Oklahoma No person under the age of 18 may be tattooed, $5,000 fine to the tattoo artist found tattooing a minor.

Pennsylvania Under Title 18 of Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, "A person commits an offense if he tattoos any person under the age of 18 years without the parent or guardian of such person giving consent for the tattooing of the person and being present at the time of the tattooing of the person.

A person who commits an offense under this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor of the third degree for the first offense. A person who commits a second or subsequent offense under this section within one year of the preceding offense commits a misdemeanor of the second degree."[28]

34

Legal status of tattooing in the United States

Tennessee A person who for commercial purposes tattoos the skin of any person under 18 years of age commits a Class A misdemeanor.[29]

Virginia In Virginia, a person must be 18 to obtain a tattoo or body piercing, unless it is done in the presence of the minor's parent or guardian, or if it is done by or under the direct supervision of a specialized medical professional.[30]

Washington The law says every person who applies a tattoo to any minor under the age of eighteen is guilty of a misdemeanor.[31]

Wisconsin Tattoo artists and establishments where tattoos are performed must be licensed by the state health department, and establishments must be inspected before a licence is issued (statute 252.23 [32]). Alternatively, in areas with a population over 5000 people, the state health department can authorize a local health department to do inspections and licensing (statute 252.245 [33]).

No one may tattoo children except doctors doing so in the course of their medical practice: "(2) Subject to sub. (3), any person who tattoos or offers to tattoo a child is subject to a Class D forfeiture.". (3) Subsection (2) does not prohibit a physician from tattooing or offering to tattoo a child in the course of professional practice.[34]

References [1] "Section 22-17A-2" (http:/ / alisondb. legislature. state. al. us/ acas/ codeofalabama/ 1975/ 22-17a-2. htm). Code of Alabama. . Retrieved 25 October 2011.

[2] "Sec. 08.13.217" (http:/ / www. legis. state. ak. us/ basis/ folioproxy. asp?url=http:/ / wwwjnu01. legis. state. ak. us/ cgi-bin/ folioisa. dll/ stattx10/ query=*/ doc/ {t1456}?). Alaska Statutes. . Retrieved 25 October 2011.

[3] "13-3721" (http:/ / www. azleg. gov/ FormatDocument. asp?inDoc=/ ars/ 13/ 03721. htm& Title=13& DocType=ARS). Arizona Revised Statutes. . Retrieved 25 October 2011.

[4] http:/ / tattoojoy. com/ tattoo_laws/ united_states,arkansas,1. htm [5] 6 CCR 1010-22 BODY ART ESTABLISHMENTS (http:/ / www. sos. state. co. us/ CCR/ NumericalSubDocList. do?deptID=16& deptName=1000 Department of Public Health and Environment& agencyID=143& agencyName=1010 Division of Environmental Health and Sustainability - promulgated by Colorado Board of Health& ccrDocID=2476& ccrDocName=6 CCR 1010-22 BODY ART ESTABLISHMENTS) [6] http:/ / tattoojoy. com/ tattoo_laws/ united_states,connecticut,1. htm [7] http:/ / tattoojoy. com/ tattoo_laws/ united_states,delaware,1. htm [8] http:/ / tattoojoy. com/ tattoo_laws/ united_states,florida,1. htm [9] http:/ / www. ncsl. org/ Default. aspx?TabId=14393 [10] http:/ / tattoojoy. com/ tattoo_laws/ united_states,hawaii,1. htm [11] http:/ / www3. state. id. us/ oasis/ 2004/ S1281. html#daily [12] http:/ / tattoojoy. com/ tattoo_laws/ united_states,illinois,1. htm [13] http:/ / www. in. gov/ legislative/ ic/ code/ title35/ ar42/ ch2. html | Indiana Code 35-42-2-7(e) [14] http:/ / tattoojoy. com/ tattoo_laws/ united_states,iowa,1. htm [15] http:/ / bodyarttattoo. info [16] http:/ / tattoojoy. com/ tattoo_laws/ united_states,kentucky,1. htm [17] http:/ / tattoojoy. com/ tattoo_laws/ united_states,louisiana,1. htm [18] http:/ / tattoojoy. com/ tattoo_laws/ united_states,maine,1. htm [19] "Code Of Maryland Regulations - Communicable Diseases and Related Conditions of Public Health Importance" (http:/ / www. dsd. state. md. us/ comar/ comarhtml/ 10/ 10. 06. 01. 06. htm). .

[20] "RSA 314-A:8" (http:/ / www. gencourt. state. nh. us/ rsa/ html/ xxx/ 314-a/ 314-a-8. htm). New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated. .

Retrieved 26 May 2011.

35

Legal status of tattooing in the United States

36

[21] [www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/phss/bodyart.pdf "NJSSC §8:27-2.6(5)"]. New Jersey State Sanitary Code. www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/phss/bodyart.pdf. Retrieved 30 June 2011.

[22] http:/ / www. health. ny. gov/ community/ body_art/ [23] http:/ / www. health. ny. gov/ community/ body_art/ penal_law. htm [24] http:/ / public. leginfo. state. ny. us/ LAWSSEAF. cgi?QUERYTYPE=LAWS+ & QUERYDATA=$$PEN70. 15$$@TXPEN070. 15+ & LIST=LAW+ & BROWSER=BROWSER+ & TOKEN=58621904+ & TARGET=VIEW [25] http:/ / ncleg. net/ enactedlegislation/ statutes/ html/ bysection/ chapter_14/ gs_14-400. html [26] http:/ / www. legis. nd. gov/ information/ acdata/ html/ . . %5Cpdf%5C33-41-01. pdf [27] "ORC 3730.06" (http:/ / codes. ohio. gov/ orc/ 3730. 06). Ohio Revised Code. . Retrieved 14 June 2011.

[28] [www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/PDF/18/18.PDF "18 Pa.C.S. § 6311"]. Title 18 of Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes. www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/PDF/18/18.PDF. [29] http:/ / www. everytattoo. com/ tennesseelaw. shtml [30] Code of Virginia § 18.2-371.3. "Tattooing or body piercing of minors." (http:/ / leg1. state. va. us/ cgi-bin/ legp504. exe?000+ cod+ 18.

2-371. 3) [31] http:/ / apps. leg. wa. gov/ rcw/ default. aspx?cite=26. 28. 085 [32] http:/ / nxt. legis. state. wi. us/ nxt/ gateway. dll/ Statutes%20Related/ Wisconsin%20Statutes/ 9447/ 9468?f=templates$fn=document-frameset. htm$q=tattoo%20$x=server$3. 0#LPHit1 [33] http:/ / nxt. legis. state. wi. us/ nxt/ gateway. dll/ Statutes%20Related/ Wisconsin%20Statutes/ 9447/ 9471?f=templates$fn=document-frameset. htm$q=tattoo%20$x=server$3. 0#LPHit1 [34] liarf=templates&fn=default.htm&d=stats&jd=948.70 948.70 Tattooing of children. (http:/ / nxt. legis. state. wi. us/ nxt/ gateway. dll?)

Lower back tattoo A lower back tattoo is a body decoration. Such tattoos have become popular since the late 1990s. They are commonly derided as suggestive of promiscuity and often referred to as "tramp stamps"[1] and other slang terms.[2] The German term Arschgeweih can be translated as 'ass antlers'. Such tattoos are primarily seen on women. In Australian slang, the term arse antlers may be used.[3]

Popular culture

Lower back tattoos on two women.

[4]

A Barbie doll with a lower back tattoo was released in 2008.

Notes [1] Hudson, Karen L. "The Infamous Tramp Stamp: Are the Rumors True about Women and Lower Back Tattoos?" (http:/ / tattoo. about. com/ od/ tattoosgeneralinfo/ a/ tramp_stamp. htm). About.com. . Retrieved 10 August 2009.

[2] Taylor, Rob (1 October 2008). "It's almost English when dictionary does Australish" (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ oddlyEnoughNews/ idUSN1063973920080110). Reuters. . Retrieved 10 August 2009.

[3] John Baxter (10 February 2009). Carnal Knowledge: Baxter's Concise Encyclopedia of Modern Sex (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=7qEG7CBOH_gC). HarperCollins. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-06-087434-6. . Retrieved 24 December 2011.

[4] Poulter, Sean (30 April 2009). "Barbie given tattoos by makers to mimic high-profile celebrities like Amy Winehouse" (http:/ / www. dailymail. co. uk/ news/ article-1175039/ Chav-Barbie-gets-tattoos-mimic-high-profile-celebs-like-Amy-Winehouse. html). Mail Online. .

Retrieved 8 September 2011.

Body suit (tattoo)

37

Body suit (tattoo) A body suit or full body suit is an extensive tattoo, usually of a similar pattern, style or theme that covers the entire torso or the entire body.

They are associated with freak show and circus performers, as well as with traditional Japanese tattooing.

Such suits are of significant cultural meaning in some traditional cultures, representing a rite of passage, marriage or a social designation.

Notable wearers • • • • • • • • •

Katzen The Enigma The Lizardman Stalking Cat Lucky Diamond Rich Julia Gnuse Leopard Man of Skye Rick Genest Isobel Varley

External links • An example picture of a "cat suit" [1] • History, culture and pictures. [2] • Matt Gone full bodysuit tattoo. [3]

References [1] http:/ / chriswright. org/ news/ enigma/ katzen. jpg [2] http:/ / www. bellaonline. com/ articles/ art37314. asp [3] http:/ / www. mattgone. com/

Tattoo artist working on a body suit.

Lucky Diamond Rich

38

Lucky Diamond Rich Lucky Diamond Rich

Born

1971 New Zealand

Occupation performance artist, street performer Known for

being 100% tattooed Website [1]

[1]

Lucky Diamond Rich (born 1971, New Zealand) is "the world's most tattooed person" (a title formerly held by Tom Leppard), and has tattoos covering his entire body, including the inside of his foreskin, mouth and ears. He holds the Guinness world record as of 2006, being 100 percent tattooed.[2] He is also a performance artist and street performer whose act includes sword-swallowing, unicycling and juggling.

Lucky Diamond Rich

39

Inspiration and first tattoo As a young boy, he read about and began to have recurring thoughts of the most tattooed men and women. It did not go much further than just a thought until he got his first tattoo, which was of a small juggling club on his hip.[3]

References [1] http:/ / www. luckyrich. com/ index. htm [2] Guinness World Records, Most Tattooed Person (http:/ / www. guinessworldrecords. com/ records/ human_body/ body_beautiful/ most_tattooed_person. aspx), , retrieved 2007-05-07 [3] brown, Thom, An Interview with Lucky Diamond Rich by Thom Green of Mantra (http:/ / www. mantratattoo. com/ features/ luckyrich/ interview2004. php), , retrieved 2007-05-07

Lucky Diamond Rich

External links • Lucky Diamond Rich homepage (http://www.luckyrich.com/index.htm) • An interview from 2004 (http://www.mantratattoo.com/features/luckyrich/interview2004.php) • Video interview from Tattoo Convention Amsterdam 2007 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTpEtSc4Er8) YouTube • Interview from The Sydney Morning Herald (http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/ Sydneys-Lucky-Diamond/2004/12/15/1102787149631.html)

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors Tattoo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=470970845 Contributors: 0kdal, 17daves, 21655, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, 5150pacer, 620Curt, A-giau, A8UDI, Aashishsahrawat, Acroterion, Addihockey10, Adi4094, Adolphus91788, Aenioc, Aff123a, Afghana, Agent12, Agüeybaná, Ahoerstemeier, Ahpook, Aintsemic, Aitias, Akamad, Akdc14, AkdenizliAslan, Akuzi, Alaney01, Alansohn, Ale jrb, Alexius08, Alias Flood, Alijohnson, Ally1313, Altbassist1990, Altenmann, Alvis, Alxndr, AnaLisa H, Andrew c, Andrew.persin008, Andreworkney, Andyroo316, Anfang886, Angr, Anil1956, Anna Frodesiak, Antandrus, Anthony Appleyard, Anthropophage, Antiuser, Aquarius Rising, Arab Salsa, Arcadie, Arghya139, Aridd, ArielGold, Arielasteif, Arpingstone, Arteitle, Arthur Holland, Arthur Morello, Artichoke84, AshLin, Astanhope, Asterion, Asus78, Ateo, Augarcher, Ausref, Ave Caesar, Azart, Aznwikieditor, BD2412, Babyheart511, Badagnani, BanyanTree, Barabajang, Barkingdoc, Barrettmagic, Bastique, Batmanwb, Bayyoc, Beach27, Beao, Bearboir, Beetstra, Before My Ken, BehroozZ, Belovedfreak, Beltran9, Bennthewolfe, Betty Logan, Bevo74, Bhadani, BigA0602, Bihco, Biruitorul, Bjdehut, Bloodofox, Blue520, Bobianite, Bobo192, Bobosse, Bodyartlvr, Bond1111, Boneheadmx, Bongwarrior, Booboo270, Bookandcoffee, BorgQueen, Bradeos Graphon, BrainMagMo, Brammers, Briaboru, Brienf, Britishink, Bromius, Brooker, Bryan Derksen, Btverran, Bugkai, C0lmjl, CIreland, CSWarren, Calabraxthis, Calliopejen, Calmer Waters, Caltas, CambridgeBayWeather, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianPenguin, Caniago, CanisRufus, Canley, Canthusus, Captain panda, CardinalDan, Cassalingua, Cavell, Ccrrccrr, Centrx, Cflm001, Char466, Charles Matthews, Chato, Chester Markel, Chmouel, Chowbok, Chris Capoccia, Chrisforreelection, Chrisnarson, Christian75, Christopher Parham, Christy747, Chubdub, Cindiann, Ckclark121, Cla68, CliffC, Closedmouth, ColdRicePudding, ColorlessGreenIdeasSleepFuriously, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Cookie10756, Coolperson2, Corruptcopper, Corvidimus, Corvus cornix, Cougarwalk, CoySmileExposes, Cralar, Cremepuff222, Crohnie, Cryptic, Crystallina, Css, Cub68134, Cyan, Cyclonenim, Cygnis insignis, Cyrius, Czk230, D33T, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DFReborn, DMacks, DRTllbrg, DStoykov, DVD R W, DVdm, DaMan92, Dabomb87, Daea, Dale Arnett, Damianmcgrath, Dancerjla, Daniel 1992, DanielCD, DannyWilde, Darkcard, Darth Panda, Davek79, Dcastil5, DeadEyeArrow, Deanlaw, Debresser, DecadeMan, Deevooh, Deipnosophista, Dekimasu, DerHexer, Dforest, DirectorG, Discospinster, Dmerrill, Dnkidd, Doc Gloom, DocWatson42, Docu, Donreed, DoriSmith, Doug Davidson, Doug rosenberg, Download, Dr.heintz, Dragonfae9, Drappel, Drat, DreamGuy, Dreamafterdream, Dreams, Drkpp, Dudestoduds, Dumarest, Dunkenud, Durova, DurtyWilly, DynV, Dysepsion, EAbney, ESkog, Eamortenson, Ebang, Ebear422, Ed!, Edgar181, Editor2020, Editore99, Edwy, Eino81, El C, Elembis, Eli the Bearded, Elockid, Emiduronte, Emvn, Endlessdan, Epbr123, Erdoganc, Evenios, Everyking, Ewa1991, Excirial, Explicit, Exploding Boy, Eyrian, Ezhiki, Ezn, FEAR6655, Fabrictramp, Falcon Kirtaran, Fash55, Fastifex, Favonian, Felix Folio Secundus, Fieldday-sunday, Figer, Fightindaman, Flowanda, Flyguy649, Forever Dusk, Fourthords, Fragma08, Fram, FrankCostanza, Frecklefoot, FrenchIsAwesome, FreplySpang, Friday, Frominator, Frozen4322, Funandtrvl, Furby100, Fvw, Fyrael, Fyyer, GB fan, Gabriel Kielland, Gail, Gaius Cornelius, Garion96, Ghirlandajo, Ghosts&empties, Gi5nfkr489rnJUHRic, Girlfriend60, Glane23, Glenfarclas, Glowimperial, Gnfnrf, Gnofs, Gnowor, Gobonobo, Gogo Dodo, Gordonofcartoon, Gorm, Graham87, Greedsoul, Greg-nz, Gregbard, GrishaMaslov, Grunglerules, Gscshoyru, Gtstricky, Gurch, Gwernol, Gymnophoria, Gzuckier, Hadal, Haham hanuka, Hajhouse, HalJor, Hallows AG, Ham sandwich, Hammer Raccoon, Hammer of the Gods27, Hanchi, Harryboyles, Hazel77, HebrewScholar, Hede2000, Hektor, Helenalex, Hell in a Bucket, Herald Alberich, Hermaine, Hermione is a dude, Heron, HertzP, HiDrNick, Highwind, HisSpaceResearch, Hjorten, Hmwith, Hottentot, Hoziron, Hu12, HumbleGod, Hut 8.5, Huw Powell, I dream of horses, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, ILFoxtrot, IRMacGuyver, Iamtolstoy, Icairns, Icarus3, Ignaz, Ikklechick, Immunize, Imran66009, In00finity, InShaneee, Infashiond, Inhumandecency, Inhumer, Inkington, Inoldlasvegas, Insanity Incarnate, Intuit Center, Inwalkedcapo, Iridescent, Irishguy, IronGargoyle, Isabel100, Islandbaygardener, Itai, Iwearboxerbriefs, Ixfd64, Izzytwig, J.delanoy, J04n, JB50000, JBsupreme, JDLonghair, JDenn24x, JForget, JNW, JQF, JSpung, Jacek Kendysz, Jacko587, Jacob1207, JakeVortex, James P Twomey, JamesBWatson, Jamesmorel, Jamestaylor121, Jamiebijania, Jamistan, Janetwilliams, Japintov, JaredMatfess, Jas B, Jasonclaydunn, Jay Gatsby, Jcrook1987, Jeanne boleyn, Jerry, Jessica93, Jesuislafete, Jetzel73, Jidanni, Jimbob2008, Jimic be, Jimmyl008, Jimmyson14, Jimworm, Jmabel, JoJan, JoanneB, Joe Sewell, JoeBoxer522, John254, Johnny Primus, Johntex, Johnzimmerman888, Jojhutton, Jonnabuz, Jorge Stolfi, JorgeGG, Josh3580, JossDude, Jossi, Joyous!, Jpatokal, Jpgordon, Jusdafax, Just1Soldier, Jvollers, Jwissick, K12479, K1Bond007, KGasso, KJohansson, Kaihsu, Kalaong, Karada, Kariturner05, Karl-Henner, Karnak, Kasperl, Katalaveno, Katebrown83, Katerenka, KathrynLybarger, Katiecee, Katieh5584, Kbdank71, Kcole chicago, Keegan1wp, Kencf0618, Kenora58, Kerri grant, Kevin, Kgorman-ucb, Khajidha, Khukri, Kierano, Killer ninjas, Kimbayne, Kimchifan, Kingpin13, Klow, Kmg90, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kokeman, Korruski, Koven.rm, Koyaanis Qatsi, KrakatoaKatie, Krellis, Kthapelo, Kukini, Kurowoofwoof111, Kuru, Kurykh, Kuuhkuuh, Kwamikagami, L Kensington, LOL, LadyContradiction, Larry Sanger, Larry_Sanger, Latka, Lawl 111, LeaHazel, Leeraine, Leif, Lemaire, Leotattoo, Leszek Jańczuk, Letshaveintellectualintegrity, Lgrave, Lilac Soul, Lilweir, Lisamodel, Litalex, Lol, Number 69!, Longhair, Lord Of The Flies, Louiecorp, Lovebus, Lradrama, Lucas9000, Lucy-2-0-0-7, Lukay 79, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, Lumbersync, Luna Santin, Luuva, MDGx, MER-C, MESJ, MPF, MacBride, Maesemakulabuuza, Magister Mathematicae, Magnus Manske, Majorly, Makiahy, Malcolm Farmer, Mana77, Mandarax, Maqsarian, Mare-Silverus, Mario777Zelda, Mark Zinthefer, Markwp27, Martpol, Masalai, Masamax, Massiah2012, Mathyou9, Matt Deres, Matt.T, Mattbattprod, Matthuxtable, Mattisse, Mbc362, McSly, Mcowanvsp, Mdj3, Meelar, Mentifisto, Metromoxie, Metta Bubble, Mhbourne, MichaelDiederich, Michaeldsuarez, Michaelkulov, Mike Rosoft, Mikespedia, Mikieminnow, Milnivlek, Milzo1986, Mirv, Mission9801, Misza13, Mkamensek, Mkpumphrey, Mktrow, Mohalfur, Mokhi, Monkey Bounce, Monthbuilt, Moocha, Moomoomoo, Moqui, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, Mostly Rainy, Mr Bound, MrCheshire, MrOllie, Mrs Skylark, Mrwhenhow1, Mryakima, Mspraveen, MusicaleCA, Musicpvm, Mwparenteau, My Core Competency is Competency, Mycomp, Mygerardromance, Mìthrandir, N E, Nahum, Nakon, Natalie Erin, Nate1481, Navalpath, NawlinWiki, Nbarth, Necrothesp, Neilbeach, NellieBly, Nerdygeek101, Nerull22, Nerv, NeuronExMachina, Neutrality, Neverquick, Newmanbe, Newone, Nibuod, Niceguyuk, Nick Garvey, Nigosh, Nikkiarsen, Nixdorf, Nizar fanani, Nlo13, Nlu, No1lakersfan, Nobi, Notheruser, Noveltyghost, Nummer29, Nunquam Dormio, Nyinkartist, Ocee, Oda Mari, Odlaw, Ohnoitsjamie, OlEnglish, Omegatron, Omgwhattodo, Omicronpersei8, Online4cas, OregonD00d, Orphan Wiki, Oxroms, Oxymoron83, PL290, Pacobob, Pakaran, Paleolith, Palindromes238, Pankg07, Parisbag, Pathoschild, Patrick, Patrick Berry, Pattern86, Pauci leones, Paulo duarte ferreira, Peoplesyak, Peruvianllama, Peteinterpol, Peter Greenwell, Phamed, Pharos, PhilKnight, Philip Trueman, Philjinsky, Piano non troppo, Pigman, Pinethicket, Pinkunicorn, Pit, Pnoble805, Poetaris, Porterjoh, Portillo, Pouchkidium, Priceco, PrincessofLlyr, Proffesor akematuphisichonda, Prophet121, 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Skaterguy, SkyWalker, Skylineart, Slfarrell, Smalljim, Smalrebelion, Smappy, Smokethatshit, Smooth O, Snigbrook, Snowdog, Snoyes, Soliloquial, Solipsist, Someone65, Sonia, SpaceFlight89, Sparkit, Spellcast, Spitfire, Spresser, Spylab, SquidSK, Squiddy, Sr35, Srleffler, SstutteringSMRF, Staffwaterboy, Stanley Ipkiss, Stephenb, SteveLamacq43, Steven Zhang, Stevertigo, Stib, Stickee, Str1977, Stryn, SuaveArt, SueTwo, Sugarpop706, SummerPhD, SunCreator, Superbeecat, Superm401, Surv1v4l1st, Switchercat, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TITROTU, Tahiti culture, Tastemyhouse, Tatt bratt, Tattoesrcool, Tattooaddict, Tattoodonkey, Tattooinfo123, Tattoosmod, Tbhotch, Tbsomerset, Technotaoist, Tedder, Tedted, Teinesavaii, Teles, TenPoundHammer, TennFlamecaster, Thaly, The Anome, The Nut, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheGYPSY, TheTito, Thembonesareme, Thingg, Threatis, ThrowingStick, Thue, Tide rolls, Tim1988, TimBentley, Timc, Tinkleheimer, Tiramisoo, Tluvz2spooge, Tobby72, Todd unt, Tom harrison, Tom2hoot, Tony Sidaway, Tony1, Topatientlyexplain, Traveling Man, Trebaruna, Tresiden, Tristanb, Trusilver, TucsonDavid, Turbo king5, Twinjalanugraha, Tyroshi, Tytrain, Udufruduhu, Umlautbob, Ummakynes, Unfocused, Urkelman, Usedbook, Ussrjoker, Ut Libet, VMS Mosaic, Vandalismterminator, Vanhammeruk, Vanished User 0001, Vanka5, Vary, Veinor, Venicebeachtattoos, Veracious Rey, Versageek, Versus22, Vibhijain, Vicki Rosenzweig, Victor Pogadaev, VinceH, Vincnet, Violet august, Vyxx, WAvegetarian, WLRoss, WadeSimMiser, Waltmorton, Wames, Wangi, Warreed, Wavelength, Wclark, Wetman, Whataload, Wheelbug, Whisky drinker, Wik, WikHead, Wiki alf, WikiDao, Wikipelli, Wikitanvir, Wildnox, Witchkraut, Wknight94, Wmahan, Woohookitty, X9Tim, Xenoranger, Xiujun, Xumm1du, Yaabaa, Yellowneonbrains, Yidisheryid, Yintan, Yossiea, Yottamol, Yoyoganstaboi1, Yungjac, Yunshui, Yurtclub, Zalgo, ZamorakO o, Zandperl, Zandrous, Zelenkada, Zer0431, Ziga, Zobango, Zoe, Zsero, Δζ, Σ, தென்காசி சுப்பிரமணியன், రవిచంద్ర, 2255 anonymous edits Tattoo artist Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=470201489 Contributors: 3ebBtefan, Agent12, Alansohn, Austanymarketing, Belovedfreak, BrainMagMo, Brim, Bugkai, CambridgeBayWeather, CanadianLinuxUser, CutOffTies, Daft Libertine, Epbr123, Erpert, Escape Orbit, Exploding Boy, Fram, GrishaMaslov, Hmrox, I dream of horses, Jasonclaydunn, Jmabel, Kbdank71, LilHelpa, Materialscientist, Mathias-S, MirandaAshley, MissAlyx, Ohnoitsjamie, Open for discussions, Oxymoron83, Pathoschild, Rholton, ScarTissueBloodBlister, Skylineart, Snowdog, Tattoosxx, Tedder, Vrenator, WikHead, Wirbelwind, Worthawholebean, 72 anonymous edits Tattoo convention Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=449204936 Contributors: Adm1976, Dr.heintz, Exploding Boy, MrOllie, NeilN, Pharos, ScarTissueBloodBlister, 4 anonymous edits Tattoo ink Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=455523348 Contributors: 2over0, Aamackie, Bhimaji, Bohdanmaks, Chining, DevoutHeretic, Exploding Boy, Grammarmonger, GrishaMaslov, Ground Zero, Holylite, Jeff G., Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, Michael Devore, MrOllie, Nbarth, Polaralex, Qfl247, Quantum420, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Stifle, Sull895, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheDoober, Ut Libet, Woohookitty, 46 anonymous edits Tattoo machine Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=467327545 Contributors: Amorymeltzer, Brion VIBBER, Britishink, Brumski, Bryan Derksen, Cadsuane Melaidhrin, Canvasyou, Chato, Crazyjoe86, Crazytales, Cross Currents, Cyp, Darwin-rover, DerHexer, Dr.heintz, Forresttsao, GTBacchus, Ganeshananda, Glowimperial, GorillaWarfare, GrishaMaslov, Gtrmp, Hellfire83, Heron, Husond, Jmabel, Jni, Kane5187, Kbdank71, Kenb215, Kjramesh, Kubigula, LancerSTFU, Longhair, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, Makele-90, Mana77, Masseysketch, Mav, Mike6432, Mild Bill Hiccup, MrOllie, New traffic pattern, Nick Number, Patrick, Pharos, Pinethicket, Poindexter Propellerhead, PurpleHz, Rafti Institute, Reddi, Reinyday, Resonanteye, Sam Hocevar, Sawran, Shadowlink1014, Stevertigo, SuperHamster, Swedhombre, TenPoundHammer, Theda, Thumperward, ThunderBird, Up2orned, Useight, Wapcaplet, Wiml, Woohookitty, Workhorseirons, Yosephmiddleton, YusukeKoiso, Zotdragon, 117 anonymous edits UV tattoo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=467303863 Contributors: 5150pacer, AgentPeppermint, Anson Stark, Beautiful Maladies, Bookgrrl, Bugkai, CaspianKilkelly, Chrisbrl88, Cmedinger, Coffee, Darkspartan4121, Debresser, Discospinster, Donald Albury, Download, Dukem80, EliF, Epolk, Greenbay1233, HiddenStash.2008, Indigofiction, Irishguy, Jack1956, Jawns317, JustAGal, Kbdank71, Lost.Prophet, MarkMarek, Mistertidy99, Nakon, Ohnoitsjamie, Omkar1234, Protious, R. fiend, Reinyday, Shock the Black, Spiel496, Tatt bratt, Tbone55, Tide rolls, Waldir, Xendude, Zachjackson, 116 anonymous edits

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Article Sources and Contributors List of tattoo artists Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=470885702 Contributors: Bbockertats, Belovedfreak, Black60dragon, Blackdoves, Budda4801, Crazyybird, DGG, Dallastattoo, Dr.heintz, Eviltattooist, Expectgood, Fortdj33, GB fan, Gogo Dodo, JamesBarnhill, Jfgarancheski, Johnhol78, Johnzimmerman888, Lmbennett, Locationindependent, Mogli85, Nessma Elaassar, ScarTissueBloodBlister, Skier Dude, Tahiti culture, Tattoomasters147, The Hyphen, Thesilentmusician, Transity, Travismcgregor, Ttonyb1, Vladimir s, 47 anonymous edits Legal status of tattooing in the United States Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=471634684 Contributors: Angr, Boing! said Zebedee, Calabe1992, Causa sui, Coolbho3000, Coxy4, Darthjarek, DuncanHill, El penguino517, Foggymonday, Georgia85, GorillaWarfare, Hallows AG, Iksar babes, J.delanoy, Joel7687, Jvp321, Lam Kin Keung, Legitimus, LilHelpa, Marechal Ney, Mato, NellieBly, Niceguyedc, OnePt618, PKT, Reaper Eternal, Rich Farmbrough, Riograce, Rmhs15, Seaphoto, The Pikachu Who Dared, Trut-h-urts man, Wayne Slam, Wonder al, Wrelwser43, Xenobiologista, Xenophon777, Yair rand, Yirzmo, 150 anonymous edits Lower back tattoo Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=469634460 Contributors: Aaron north, Abdull, AgentPeppermint, Andrew c, AndyBQ, Anomo, Apritcha, ArglebargleIV, Ashley Y, Ashthecat3, Ask123, Atari2600tim, Athaenara, Auric, Avocado kebab, Axefan, Ayrton Prost, BananaFiend, Barney Gumble, Belfunk, Beyond My Ken, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca, Bonkm, Bsharkey, C.Fred, Calliopejen, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Carabinieri, Celtictiger, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chubdub, Chuckiesdad, Ckyliu, Clovis Sangrail, CommonsDelinker, Crissov, Cumulus Clouds, Dabrosch, Dannywein, DarkFireTaker, Darthveda, Davidkazuhiro, Denisarona, DennyColt, Dethme0w, Dgies, Discordian, Discospinster, Dismas, Dolovis, Donald Albury, Doug rosenberg, Doulos Christos, DrJos, Draznog, Dreaded Walrus, Dreadstar, Drockstar, Dumaka, Durin, Dustypagoda, Editor2020, Edward321, Elwood64151, Endlessdan, EnemyOfTheState, Energyfreezer, Enter The Crypt, Everyking, Evrik, Fatwad121, FentonGlass, Flowanda, Foober, Fourthords, Frecklefoot, Futochu, GB fan, GMoneyFix, Genetics411, Ghosts&empties, Gilez, Glane23, Gogo Dodo, Grundle2600, Gwalla, H Bruthzoo, Hakeem.gadi, Halmstad, Hauptj2, Heptapod, Hjorten, Hmrox, Horkana, Huntthetroll, Ian Pitchford, Idyofthenile, In00finity, Infoporfin, Ingolfson, Irishguy, Ironcito, Isquitenice, JMyrleFuller, Jahiegel, Jamestaylor121, JesseRafe, JimmycurN, Jmlk17, Jmperriello, Jordangotcha, Josh3580, Juanjc, Katiecee, Kbdank71, Kgalliard, Kristeneaugusta, Lastar90210, Latka, LeaHazel, Lights, Lisasmall, LonelyMarble, Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters, MBK004, MER-C, MJBurrage, Mabla330, Magicmat, Marcus Brute, Mathmannix, Matt Gies, MattTM, Maxim, Mdd4696, Memories of lost time, Mentifisto, Merci, Michael.Urban, MichaelDiederich, Michaelmc, Minafoss, Mirv, Moloch09, Moomoomoo, MorrisS, Moshe Constantine Hassan Al-Silverburg, NHRHS2010, Naniwako, NawlinWiki, Neodammerung, Nickptar, Night Tracks, NorthernThunder, Nsaa, ONEder Boy, Ohnoitsjamie, Omicronpersei8, OregonD00d, P.O.N.Y., PL290, Pennywisepeter, Phoenixrod, Piledhigheranddeeper, Pne, Pointer1, Popageorgio, Portillo, Pyromancer102, Quentin X, Qwe, Raindrift, Raul654, Ravanacker, RedHillian, RedWordSmith, Redeeming Light, RoachBug, RockMFR, Samsara, Sanguinity, SarahStierch, Semperf, Shaunnol, Sitush, Squiddy, Srushe, Surfer ed, TGC61780, Tabercil, Tad Lincoln, Takometer, Tarotcards, Tektoniks, The undertow, The wub, TheEditrix, Thehelpfulone, Thingg, Thiseach, ThomasIrvin, ThorstenNY, Tide rolls, Tigerghost, Tnxman307, Trilobitealive, Tsalpaugh, Tsonipeled, Ttony21, VMS Mosaic, Versitalex, Wafulz, Wangi, WarFox, WaterBringer, Weissbier, White.matthew.09, Whoville, Witchkraut, Wtfbrok3n, Wtstoffs, Ww2censor, Xcentrix, Yamla, ZeWrestler, Zotdragon, Zucchini1822, 445 anonymous edits Body suit (tattoo) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=468877442 Contributors: ***Ria777, 2tough4u, AgentPeppermint, Ash Crow, Captain-tucker, Dawynn, Diza, Emmyceru, Endlessdan, Exploding Boy, Fradang, Fre k, Goldenrowley, HidariMigi, Kbdank71, McSly, Metalzelot, Neelix, Nunquam Dormio, PN123, ScarTissueBloodBlister, Slakr, The undertow, The wub, Welsh, Wigren, 20 anonymous edits Lucky Diamond Rich Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=451988350 Contributors: AgentPeppermint, Astanhope, Backtable, Bethpage89, Ccacsmss, Christian75, Classicpolo, CommonsDelinker, Conscious, Diza, Laureapuella, Luvcraft, Marrkle, Oh yeah, I forgot, Patrick Rogel, Peteinterpol, Pintoandres90, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Russeasby, ScarTissueBloodBlister, Studerby, The undertow, Tictax123, Uncle Dick, WelshMatt, 34 anonymous edits

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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors File:Body art, 1907.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Body_art,_1907.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Los Angeles, Cal. : The Plaza Gallery, c1907 Image:Jaipuri tribal hand tattoo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jaipuri_tribal_hand_tattoo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Meena Kadri File:A marriageable girl.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_marriageable_girl.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: George Brown Image:Mark of a deserter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mark_of_a_deserter.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Gaius Cornelius File:Auschwitz survivor displays tattoo detail.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Auschwitz_survivor_displays_tattoo_detail.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Air Force photo by Rudy Purificato File:Diana na 2de beh.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Diana_na_2de_beh.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader was Irma Hulscher at nl.wikipedia File:Traditional Samoan Tattoo - back.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Traditional_Samoan_Tattoo_-_back.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: CloudSurfer File:Tattoo Temple Joey Pang bobo websq.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tattoo_Temple_Joey_Pang_bobo_websq.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: TattooTemple Image:Modern primitive.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Modern_primitive.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: User:Nicor File:BH Croats, Tattoo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BH_Croats,_Tattoo.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Mostarac File:Henna girl.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henna_girl.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Danel solabarrieta Image:TattooInProgress.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TattooInProgress.jpg License: Copyrighted free use Contributors: User Moqui on en.wikipedia Image:Tattoo machine 2 coil.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tattoo_machine_2_coil.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Beao, Evrik, Jmabel, Mendaliv, Menethh, William Rafti of the William Rafti Institute File:Tattoo Maschine Nadel.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tattoo_Maschine_Nadel.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Manfred Kohrs File:Philo Nordlund Ink.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Philo_Nordlund_Ink.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Philo Nordlund from Seattle, United States File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het aanbrengen van een tatoeage door een Dajak West-Borneo. TMnr 60031303.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_aanbrengen_van_een_tatoeage_door_een_Dajak_West-Borneo._TMnr_60031303.jpg License: unknown Contributors: BanyanTree, Docu File:Marc-Pinto-tattoo.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marc-Pinto-tattoo.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Tattoo patrol Image:Tattoo Salves.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tattoo_Salves.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Endlessdan and his problem Image:Tattoo artist with latex gloves.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tattoo_artist_with_latex_gloves.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Giovanni Gallucci from Plano, Texas ('burb of Dallas), USA Image:Lower leg Tattoo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lower_leg_Tattoo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Evrik, FlickrLickr, FlickreviewR, MBisanz, Minerva97, Para File:TukukinoLindauer.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TukukinoLindauer.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Jappalang, Kahuroa, Teinesavaii, Wmpearl File:Kusakabe Kimbei - 153. Japanese Tattoo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kusakabe_Kimbei_-_153._Japanese_Tattoo.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Kusakabe Kimbei File:Japan-Yakuza-Sanja Matsuri-01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Japan-Yakuza-Sanja_Matsuri-01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: by apes_abroad File:Latin King .jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Latin_King_.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Zavier51 File:Datoga Women Tatoo-5.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Datoga_Women_Tatoo-5.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Kathy Gerber (kathleen.gerber) Image:Tattooing in progress.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tattooing_in_progress.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Michael Deschenes File:Edhardy.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edhardy.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Adm1976 File:Singaporetattooconventionin2009.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Singaporetattooconventionin2009.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Ha-wee File:NicksGun.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NicksGun.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: THOR Image:Dermographe.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dermographe.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Rodrigue Pellaud Image:Pat196747.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Pat196747.png License: Public Domain Contributors: US Gov. Original uploader was Reddi at en.wikipedia File:Black-light.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Black-light.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Dukem80, 1 anonymous edits File:Manutattoo11.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Manutattoo11.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: Manu Farrarons Image:Edhardy.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edhardy.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Adm1976 File:ZombieDan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ZombieDan.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Kissitgoodbye Image:MK 1974 3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MK_1974_3.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Manfred Kohrs File:Joey Pang Tattoo Temple.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Joey_Pang_Tattoo_Temple.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Fanny File:Kim Saigh 3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kim_Saigh_3.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Thivierr File:Henk Schiffmacher.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henk_Schiffmacher.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Roel Wijnants File:Samy 1979 small.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Samy_1979_small.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Manfred Kohrs File:Paul timman.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Paul_timman.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bocasdeltorro File:Lyletuttletattooartist.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lyletuttletattooartist.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Squish E File:Kat Von D 4.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kat_Von_D_4.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Thivierr File:Zulueta Leo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Zulueta_Leo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Locationindependent File:Lower Back Tattoos.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lower_Back_Tattoos.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: peter klashorst from amsterdam/bangkok/mombasa, the world File:Fullbodytattoo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fullbodytattoo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Ha-wee File:Lucky Diamond Rich face.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lucky_Diamond_Rich_face.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: TOONMAN_blchin File:Lucky diamond rich.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lucky_diamond_rich.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: hypersapiens

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License

License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

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