Taxmann's Marketing Management | Text and Cases

Preface to Third Edition

Dynamic changes happening all around us in India are fascinating to everyone in the world. The whole business world is taking note of this change in the Indian market with rapt attention and trying to learn lessons for success in this emerging market. The digital revolution has augmented and accelerated the rate of change. Innovations in the digital world have impacted business like never before. However, no other discipline in management has been influenced by marketing. that have driven these changes; some of the major changes include the opening up of the Indian economy with a passion for chronicling these dynamic changes in the Indian market and society. The chapters in the country, but there is a commonality in these responses. I have tried to address these concerns in the

Preface to Third Edition

of many Indian students.

This book can be taken as a stress reducer for many Indian professors and students who wish to bring Indian working long years at premium business school like IIMs made me undertake such a voluminous project, The book in the current form has thirty chapters divided into various divisions. In the opening division, the

Packaging and Product Support Services Pricing Applications Rural Marketing High Technology Product Marketing Digital Marketing

the book as part of their course pack. I have kept many Indian cases and teaching notes for instructors outside the book to manage the number of pages in the book. These can be used as supplementary material into making this book. of the book. I take this opportunity to put on record my sincere thanks to all of them.

Preface to Third

academicians of the country as my Directors. This illustrious list includes Dr. A H Kalro, Dr. Krishna Kumar at I am thankful for following great business leaders who have enriched my understanding of the Indian I wish students and faculty members a pleasurable reading, and if there are mistakes and gaps, please let me know through an email at tapanpanda@gmail.com

TAPAN K. PANDA

Chapter-Heads

DIVISION THREE & FOUR &

DIVISION FIVE

MARKETING MIX -

DIVISION SIX MARKETING MIX - PLACE

DIVISION SEVEN MIX -

CHAPTER

PUBLICITY

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

DIVISION EIGHT ISSUES IN MARKETING

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

The

Market

Demographical

The

Economic

Natural

Technological

Key

Stage

DIVISION FOUR

MARKETING MIX - PRODUCT &

Key

New Product

Reasons

Key

DIVISION FIVE

MARKETING MIX - PRICING

Increase

Pricing

DIVISION SIX MIX - PLACE

Key

Importance

Retail

Retail Economics

Analysis of

Retail Response

Theories

Key

DIVISION SEVEN MIX -

Key

Key Terms

Publicity

Key Terms 704 705 706

Projects 706

25 707

History of Sales Management 708 709

Nature and Role of Sales Management 711

Importance of Sales Management 712

Types of Personal Selling 713 716

Sales Management Process 719 722 724

Emerging Trends in Sales Management 725 728

Key Terms 728 729 729

Projects 730 731 732 734 734 742 743 744

Key

DIVISION EIGHT

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN MARKETING

Rural Demographics

Importance

The

Product

High-Tech

Key

Key

Marketing Planning

CHAPTER

Structure of the Chapter

Introduction Planning-Designing the Blueprint of the Future Characteristics and Importance of a Good Marketing Plan

Strategic Corporate Planning by Top Management

Portfolio Analysis and Evaluation of Business Units

Planning for Business Growth

Establishing Plans for Business Units Designing an overall Marketing Plan Marketing Planning and Management Process

The Content of a Marketing Plan Conclusion

Key Terms

Conceptual Questions Application Questions Projects

Web Exercises

End Chapter Cases

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to understand

The Importance of Corporate Planning and Business Unit Level Planning

The Nature and Characteristics of Marketing Planning

Strategic Business Units and Their Evaluation Process

Marketing Planning Appraisal Processes & Generic Strategy Models

The Nature and Content of a Marketing Plan

Introduction

Let me start this chapter with a small poem, which I have often murmured in my marketing classes while teaching marketing planning. This poem explains or at least tries to explain the importance of planning.

For want of a nail, the shoe was lost

For want of a shoe, the horse was lost

For want of a horse, the rider was lost

For want of a rider, the battle was lost

For lack of a battle, the kingdom was lost

And all for lack of a horseshoe nail

The importance of planning lies in the fact that it is like a navigator operating under varied business circumstances. A marketer has to work in an uncertain and ever-changing environment. Proper plan ning only enables a manager to carve out the future course of action. Peter Drucker has rightly defined business planning “as a continuous process of systematically making present entrepreneurial decisions with the best possible knowledge of their futurity, systematically organizing the effort needed to carry out these decisions against expectations through organized feedback”.

Many firms think they have a marketing plan, whereas they have a business plan. A marketing plan is a broad set of guidelines as to how the firm will accomplish its strategic goals. It’s a blueprint for the future course of action, and it guides all the firm’s marketing actions. A successful marketing organization needs to deliver a good value proposition and develop market-oriented strategic planning to make this value offer unique and adaptable to the changing environment. Marketing planning helps maintain a possible fit between its goals, objectives, targets, skills, and resources with its changing market opportunity. The aim is to shape the product or service offered through a marketing plan to help the organization realize its targets and profit objectives. Today’s marketing managers face extraordinary challenges due to changes in the external competitive environment. So he should be flexible and adaptable enough to respond to the complex growing world of competition and achieve the desired results.

Marketing planning of an organization is planning for that organization’s revenue-earning activities. Mar keting managers have to face changes every day in the marketplace. So a successful marking management process should be continuous, involving a cycle of planning, implementation, and control. There should be a strategic orientation to the marketing management process. A marketing strategy should stem from the organization’s overall corporate and business plan. It consists of a plan identifying what primary goals and objectives will be pursued and how they will be achieved within a specific time frame. It is a commitment to particular courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary to achieve the organization’s desired goals. While strategic decisions are taken at a higher level with a long-term horizon, tactics are short-term; specific actions intended to implement the strategy. Tactics are closely associated with the execution of a plan.

The basic strategy (then Hero Honda) is to provide affordable, fuel-efficient, and reliable vehicles for the Indian middle class. Offering a motorbike at a low pricing point of Rs. 30,000/ is an example of opera tionalizing this strategy through a tactical plan of a stripped-down version of the model at a lower pricing point and making it available in sub-urban cities to suit the pocket of middle-class consumers. A strategic marketing plan lays out the target markets and the value proposition to the market based on the available market opportunity. A tactical marketing plan specifies the marketing tactics, including product features, pricing, merchandising, selection of distribution channels, promotion, and advertising decisions.

Planning - Designing The Blue Print for The Future

We have already commented that planning is a process of designing the blueprint for the future. The future of marketing in an organization should stem from the organization’s future. The primary function of management includes planning, organizing, executing, coordinating, and controlling the future course of action. Planning is the process of envisioning the future, establishing objectives and goals for the firm, and designing organizational and marketing strategies and tactics to be implemented at different points of time in the future to achieve the goals. It involves analyzing perceived opportunities and threats, evaluating alternatives, and selecting the best course of action to achieve organizational goals. Planning goes beyond analysis and helps predict the future and devise means to adjust to an ever-changing environment.

It helps organizations shape their destiny by anticipating changes in the marketplace rather than taking firefighting measures.

Strategic planning is long-term planning by top management. This plan specifies the organization’s pri mary goals and objectives and focuses on the entire organization. As we move down in the management hierarchy, the focus of planning also narrows down. While at the middle level, managers are involved in business planning at Strategic Business Unit (SBU) level; the lower-level managers do operational planning.

Marketing Planning

For example, the top management may plan to make a product a market leader, say in five years, and achieve the highest brand recall in the market; the middle management is responsible for developing a marketing mix strategy by allocating resources and coordinating activities of lower-level marketing man agers; the lower level management will be concerned with daily operations and routines to achieve the desired goals at both SBU and corporate level when the head of marketing plans for a new product and campaign launch, a sales manager spends time supervising and motivating its sales force to achieve the desired territorial goals.

Table 3.1 : Management Level and Focus of Planning

Management Level Planning Focus Key Marketing Question

Top Level of Management

Corporate Plan

What is the organization’s mission? How do we organize the business?

Middle Level of Management Business Unit Plan What is our competitive strategy for growth in that particular business unit? What are our competitive advantage ?

Lower level of Management Operational Plans

How can we best support both the corporate plan and the business unit plan? What are our operational schedules?

In most organizations, strategic planning is an annual process covering the year ahead. Still, organizations like Wipro and HUL have their long-term plans also. A good marketing plan should also be consistent with the overall corporate, business unit, and departmental plans. They should consider previous years’ objectives, minimizing the idea of firefighting during the plan period.

A good marketing plan should also identify planners’ responsibilities and the people responsible for exe cution. So the performance of individuals can be monitored against the planned duties.

Characteristics of a Good Marketing Plan

Agood

marketing plan should communicate with every member about what is desired from each member so that they have some level of goal clarity, understanding of assumptions behind them, and context of each activity and decision. Since, in most organizations, planning is a mutually agreed-upon activity, a good marketing plan should also stimulate individual and group commitment. Different organizations follow different kinds of planning approaches. Organizations, where top management sets both the goals and plans for the lower management, follow a top-down approach. In democratic and participative organizations, there is a bottom-up approach. Each unit creates its own goals and plans approved by top management. The third approach is to have a goals down-plans up approach. In this approach, top management sets the goal, but various business units create their plans to meet these goals.

Importance of Marketing Planning

Marketing

planning is a systemic and disciplined exercise to formulate marketing strategies. Marketing planning can be related to the organization or strategic business units (SBU). Marketing planning is a forward-looking exercise that determines the future strategy of an organization with particular reference

to its product development, market development, channel design, sales promotion, and profitability. We can summarize the importance of marketing planning in the following points:

It helps in avoiding future uncertainties

It helps in management by objectives

It helps in achieving objectives

It helps in coordination and communication among the departments

It helps in control

It helps the customers in getting complete satisfaction.

Strategic Corporate Planning by Top Management

Amarketing

plan comes from both the overall strategic plan and the business unit level plan of the organization. Top management is involved in the corporate planning process. They try to answer the questions like ‘what business we are in and’ how do we organize our business. This kind of comprehensive planning for long-term growth is called corporate planning.

Corporate planning is a term used to denote a formal, comprehensive, and systematic appraisal of the internal environment to achieve organizational objectives. It helps formulate plans, strategies, and pol icies based on allocated resources. It is systematic as it covers the whole planning process logically and sequentially. Corporate planning involves four critical decisions, as shown in the table below.

Table 3.2 : Corporate Planning Process

Steps in the Corporate Planning Process

1. Establishing corporate mission, objectives, and goals.

2. Establishing Strategic Business Units

3. Assigning Resources to Each Strategic Business Unit

4. Planning for Business Growth.

Establishing Corporate Mission, Objectives, and Goals

Top management prepares statements of mission, objectives, and goals, which play the role of a framework within which divisions and business units prepare their plan. They are the guiding force for the organization and express the reasons for being in business and what specific goals the firm is pursuing at a given point in time. Let us discuss defining the corporate mission and setting corporate objectives and plans for the organization in the following few paragraphs.

A well-defined corporate mission guides all other decisions, including a firm’s marketing strategy. A corporate mission statement is a broad statement of corporate purpose as it explains the existence of the corporate entity and what it wants to accomplish. It provides direction to the entire organization.

Peter F. Drucker raised critical philosophical questions about business: what is our business? What will it be? And what should it be? These questions determine the purpose of the mission. Thus, a mission statement addresses the organization’s fundamental reason for existing and specifies the functional role that the organization will adopt in its marketplace. The mission statement should possess the following seven characteristics:

It should not be an impossible statement.

It should be short and limited

It should be motivating

It should be enough to define the functions, the clientele, and the method of operation

It should be clear and stress the company’s policy

It should be distinctive and represent the company’s primary competitive scope

It should indicate how objectives are to be accomplished.

Let us look at some of the mission statements of Indian and foreign firms. DuPont’s mission statement reads as “Better things for better living through chemistry.” Oil and Natural Gas Company (ONGC) has a mission statement that reads, “To stimulate, continue and accelerate efforts to develop and maximize the energy sector’s contribution to the country’s economy.” Organizations develop mission statements to share with their multiple stakeholders, including customers. It provides a shared sense of purpose to all the stakeholders and builds commitment toward the organization’s goals. A mission statement should define the scope of the industry within which the firm will operate; the range of products and applications that a firm wishes to supply; the degree of core competencies, including technological competency that a company will master and leverage; the type of product –market the firm will serve; the number of chan nel levels from raw material procurement to final goods distribution in which a company will participate and the range of regions or countries in which the company will operate. Companies tend to keep their mission statement constant over some time and do not revise very often.

Setting Corporate Objectives is the next step in the corporate planning process is setting up of corporate objectives. Corporate objectives help in identifying and achieving the desired future positions or destinations.

Every company has a potential set of objectives. It has to exercise choice from among these objectives. A possible list of goals could be as follows:

A higher market share

High growth opportunities

Increased ability to compete in global markets

Product innovation

Recognition as a leader in technology

Better customer services

Good reputation with customers

Low cost compared with competitors

High-quality goods and services

Brand image and loyalty

Wider profit margin

An example of long-term objectives will be that of Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL), which is guided by the corporate objective of its parent company Unilever.

Table 3.3 : Corporate Objective of Unilever Operations in India

Corporate Objectives of Unilever Operations in India

Unilever's objective is to add Vitality to life. We meet everyday needs for nutrition, hygiene, and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life.

Our deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world give us a strong relationship with consumers and are the foundation for our future growth. We will bring our wealth of knowledge and international expertise to the service of local consumers - a truly multi-local multinational.

Our long-term success requires a total commitment to exceptional standards of performance and productivity, to working together effectively, and to a willingness to embrace new ideas and learn continuously.

To succeed also requires, we believe, the highest standards of corporate behaviour towards everyone we work with, the communities we touch, and the environment on which we have an impact.

This is our road to sustainable, profitable growth, creating long-term value for our shareholders, our people, and our business partners.

Finally, corporate objectives help in narrowing down the procedure for setting goals. Essentially, the plans are quantitative assignments relating to a particular period in a business unit. A business unit may be a strategic business unit, a product category, a salesperson, a territory, a branch office, a region, or a distributor. Goals are used to plan, control, and evaluate a company’s business activities. They provide a source of motivation, a basis for incentive compensation, standards of performance evaluation of the marketing personnel, and uncover the strengths and weaknesses in the marketing structure of the firm. Goals set forth should have the power to motivate people to achieve them. Very ambitious goals without considering the market situation are found to be demotivating. Goals should be measurable; otherwise, the success of a business and marketing plan cannot be measured. They should be flexible to match the changing marketing environment. Goals should be acceptable to the majority of people in the organi zation. They should suit the company’s image and market position. Goals should be spelled out so that anyone in the value creation and marketing plan implementation process should be able to understand, and the targets should also be achievable failing, which people will not commit to its execution. Business and marketing goals are explained in terms of sales volume or revenue goals, financial goals, activities goals, or any of the above.

Establishing Strategic Business Units

Once the organization’s mission, objective, and goals are set, they will provide a framework for determining what kind of organizational structure and business models are a ‘best fit’ for its marketing efforts. The organization structure for a single product will be simple. It can be designed by management function or geographic territory (please refer to chapter on marketing organization). Still, in the case of multi-product organizations, the structure can be very complex. So companies prefer establishing strategic business units (SBUs). A strategic business unit (SBU) is a distinct business unit of the business organization in the form of a subsidiary company, department, division, or product line with a specific product-market focus and independent authority and responsibility of the manager to make business decisions. A strategic business unit operates as a company within a company organized around a business model and cluster of

offerings that share some commonality in a similar production process, similar target markets, or similar investment requirements.

An SBU has control over its business model and marketing strategy. A strategic business unit has the following characteristics:

(

a) Separate responsibility for strategic planning and profit performance, and profit influencing factors.

(b) Separate set of competitors.

(c) Single business or a collection of related companies, which offer scope for independent strategic planning from the remaining organization. Therefore, the understanding of SBU is a convenient starting point for planning since the company’s strategic business units have been identified. In practice, big companies in India (Reliance’ Industries Ltd.) work based on strategic planning at SBU. The level has to be agreed to by corporate management.

Assigning Resources to Each Strategic Business Unit

The purpose of dividing the whole business into different independent strategic business units is to allocate the total firm resources among various SBUs. These plan allocations are done based on the performance of the SBU in the past, its current market position, and future potential in generating revenue for the firm. Marketing managers use various analytical tools for allocating resources among different strategic business units. We will discuss three popular instruments in the following paragraphs:

The Boston Consulting Group’s Growth-Share Matrix (BCG Model)

This is the most popular growth-share matrix model. It involves strategic business units (SBU) positioned in a matrix based on the market growth rate. Their market share relative to that of the most significant competitor or competitive position is measured on a logarithmic scale against the firm’s most significant competitor percentage. Market growth rate provides an indicator of the relative attractiveness of the market served by each business in the company’s portfolio. Close market share is calculated as a strategic business unit (SBU) divided by the market share of the largest competitors in the same market. Strategic business units can be positioned as a circle in the matrix. The size of the process represents the proposition of the company’s sales generated by that particular business unit. The market growth rate plotted on the vertical axis indicates the market’s annual growth rate in which the business operates. It ranges from 0 to 20 per cent; it can be separated into ‘high’ and ‘low’ areas. Relative market share is plotted on a horizontal axis. It ranges from 0.1 to 10. For example, a relative market share of 0.15 means that the company’s sales volume is only 15 per cent of the leader’s sales volume.

STARS Modest + Or Cash flow

QUESTION MARKS (Problem children) Large negative cash flow

CASH COWS Large Positive Cash flow DOGS Modest+ or - cash flow 10 1 0.1

Relative Market Share

Fig. 3.1 : The Boston Consulting Group’s Growth-Share Matrix

Further, a relative share ‘5’ means that the company’s S.B.U. is the leader and has five times the sales of the next strongest competitor in that market. The following table explains the characteristics of each of the strategic business units and strategic decision alternatives.

Table 3.4 : The Boston Consulting Group’s Strategic Business Unit Classification and Suggested Strategies

S.B.U

Classification

1. Dogs (Low share, low growth)

S.B.U. Characteristics Strategy Strategy Characteristics

Generate low profits or losses

Consume more management time

2. Question Marks (Low share, high growth)

3. Stars (High share, high growth)

Requires a lot of cash for fast growth

Continue investing in the SBU or withdrawing from the market

Generate large amount of cash

Competitors attack on SBU

4. Cash Cows Generate considerable sums of cash

Enjoy economies of scale and higher profit margins

Divest Sell or liquidate the business because resources can be better used elsewhere.

Build/ Harvest Increase the SBU’s market share/ increase the SBU’s short-term cash flow and eliminate R & D expenditure

Build Increase the SBU’s market share

Hold/ Harvest Preserve the SBU’s market share/increase the SBU’s shortterm cash flow and involve eliminating R & D expenditure

Let us take an example to understand the B.C.G. growth-share matrix of M/s Max Ltd. regarding their SBUs.

Table 3.5 : Sales and Market Growth Rate of Various SBU s of M/s Max Ltd.

S.B.U. Sales (in crores) Sales of the top 3 (in crores) Market Growth Rate

P 1.0 1.4, 1.4, 1.0 15%

Q 3.2 3.2, 3.2, 2.0 17%

R 3.6 3.6, 2.4, 2.0 7%

S 6.4 6.4, 1.6, 1.4 5%

T 1.0 5.0, 3.6, 3.4 5%

Solution:

SBU P’s relative market share: 1 = = 0.71 14 Market growth =15%

SBU Q’s relative market share: 1.6 2 3.2 == Market growth =17%

SBU R’s relative market share: 1.5 2.4 3.6 == Market growth =7%

SBU S’s relative market share: 4. 1.6 6.4 == Market growth =5%

SBU T’s relative market share: 0.2 5.0 1.0 == Market growth =5%

Table 3.6 : Mapping of Various SBU s on BCG Matrix

STARS

Relative Market Share Q S R P T

QUESTION MARKS

CASH COWS DOGS

Table 3.7 : Interpretation of Results and Suggested Business Decisions

P Question Mark

The management should try to increase the SBU’s market share in order to strengthen its position, and efforts to be made for increasing cash flows as far as possible.

Q Star The management must lay emphasis on long-term returns.

R Cash cow

S Cash cow

The management should ensure to continue to generate the maximum amounts of cash and preserve the market share.

The management should ensure to continue to generate the maximum amounts of cash and preserve the market share.

T Dog The management should try to sell or liquidate the business

B.C.G.’s growth-share matrix has some limitations. Strategic Business Units have life cycles, and they change their positions on the matrix over time. Merely identifying the position of an SBU does not lead to the selection of a particular strategy. Firms do not aim for the same growth rate or relative market share. Each business unit has different potential and needs its strategy. One of the problems with applying a growthshare matrix is that the organization risks leaving cash cows dry with its cash being transferred to other SBUs. This inter SBU flow of funds to support each other runs the risk of over-investing in dogs assuming that dogs will take a turn and become cash cows by capturing additional market share from competitors. Possessing too many question marks with few investments is also a risk for the company. They may turn to become dogs when the industry growth rate slows down.

General Electric Multi-Factor Portfolio Matrix

We can overcome some of the problems of Boston Consulting Group (B.C.G.) General Electric Corporation uses the matrix in the Multi-Factor Portfolio Matrix. This matrix involves SBUs positioned on a matrix based on market attractiveness and business strength. These two factors make excellent marketing sense for

M A R K E T G R O W T H R A T E

rating an S.B.U. Market attractiveness and business strength depend on several factors. The procedure involves assigning each element a weight depending on its perceived importance, assessing how each SBU compares each aspect on a 1 to 7 rating scale and computing a weighted composite rating. The size of each circle represents the size of the relevant market rather than the size of the company’s business. A strong company operating in an unattractive market or a weak company operating in a strong demand will never give better results to the firm. So for business success, both the factors must be strong for the strategic business unit.

Business Strength Medium

High Medium Market Attractiveness

Let us take an example of M/s B.T. Limited and consider the following factors for market attractiveness strengths for one S.B.U. called ‘K’: Market Attractiveness Rating

(B) Business Strength Rating Value

Business Strength

Strong Medium Weak Strong 4.66

Market Awareness Medium K 2.33 Low 2.33

S.B.U. K’s Position in G.E. Model

SBU ‘K’ is in medium market attractiveness and medium business strength cell. Therefore, management should use a selectivity strategy for SBU ‘K’

G.E. Model and Strategies High Market Attractiveness Medium Low

Strong Medium Weak Business Strength

The Arthur D. Little Model

This model is based on competitive position and stage of industry maturity. The competitive position is recognized in five main categories: (a) Dominant, (b) Strong, (c) Favourable, (d) Tenable, and (e) Weak. The second dimension of the model – the stage of industry maturity ranges from embryonic to aging. The combination of competitive position and industry maturity provides the basis for determining the SBU’s strategic conditions and, subsequently, identifying and evaluating the strategic options open to the company. The A.D.L. model is as follows:

The Arthur D. Little Strategic Condition Matrix

Embryonic Growth

Dominant Grow fast Build barriers Act offensively.

Strong Grow fast Differentiate

Mature Ageing

Defend position Act offensively. Defend position Increase the importance of cost Act offensively. Defend position Focus Consider withdrawal.

Grow fast Aim for cost leadership

Lower cost Differentiate Attack small firms. Lower costs Differentiate Focus. Harvest

Favourable Grow fast Differentiate Focus Differentiate Defend. Focus Differentiate Hit smaller firms. Harvest

Tenable Grow with the industry Focus.

Weak Search for a niche Attempt to catch other Markets.

Hold on orwithdraw Niche Aim for growth. Niche. Hold on or withdraw Withdraw

Niche or withdraw Withdraw Withdraw

Stage of Industry Maturity

Source: Adapted from ADL

Portfolio models have limitations, but they augment managerial thinking and allow marketing managers to think strategically. It will enable them to analyse the economies of their operation and the strategic strengths of their business units. They understand that every business unit operates in a different com petitive environment, and market growth rates vary across product markets. It helps them analyse their business plans and refine them to be more sensitive to the evolving market conditions. Portfolio models help identify weaker business units and unattractive markets and help marketing managers make decisions relevant to each product-market situation in filling up business information gaps and strengthening their investments in tomorrow’s breadwinners for the company. The application of portfolio models assumes that companies are ready to invest in the growth-oriented business, which may neglect their current business. Models also fail to show the synergy between different companies. Such static evaluation may lead to averaging all the strategic business units around the center of the chart. However, portfolio models are a good application of strategic tools to decide on the allocation of scarce resources of the firm based on the market growth rate and relevant competitive position of the firm.

Planning for Business Growth

A portfolio model helps identify business opportunities within the existing business units and relocate investments for overall profits. But firms need to develop or acquire new businesses to achieve the desired results. Suppose an evaluation of the performance of the existing portfolio does not fulfil the corporate goal. In that case, firms may decide to go for acquisitions and new business development. Companies pursue different kinds of growth strategies at other points in time. There are three strategic options available for achieving further business growth. A firm can identify new opportunities within the existing business through intensive growth opportunities. It can also acquire new companies similar to its current operations through integrative growth opportunities. Finally, a firm can find attractive opportunities from

an unrelated area and add them to the existing business through diversification and growth opportunities. Ansoff has developed a product-market expansion grid to identify intensive growth strategies for firms. The figure below explains the concept of product-market expansion.

Existing Products

New Products

Existing Markets

Market

Penetration Strategy

Product Development Strategy

Market Expansion Strategy

Diversification Strategy New Markets

Fig. 3.2 : Product - Market Expansion Grid

Companies can go for Intensive Growth

The company operates in a particular product market and targets specific marketing goals. It would like to penetrate further into the same need to arrive at the economy of scale of operation. Deeper penetration is possible both in geographic and demographical terms. If it covers a few states in a national market, it would like to cover more conditions by increasing the scope for geographic coverage. Similarly, suppose it is targeting a particular demographic segment. In that case, it can penetrate deeper into different de mographic segments in the same geographic market. So the objective is to gain market share in the same product market. As new product developments involve further investments, the marketing manager would like to look for more unique markets through a market development strategy. His additional expenses are in the form of marketing expenditure for these new markets. When the existing product does not provide the required push, the company wants to bring the new, innovative product into the current market. This is called product development strategy. It also has another alternative to take a completely new product to an entirely new market. This is called a diversification strategy.

Company can go for Integrative Growth

Companies can also grow by integrating their business operations. When a company combines its supply function with the core business, this is called backward integration. Instead of relying on a supplier, the company may decide to self-produce. Similarly, it can go for forwarding integration by taking over some of its retailers and wholesalers. They can also take over some of their competitors and complementary organizations and grow in business. This is called horizontal integration. We have recently seen a series of mergers, takeovers, and integration in the Indian market. Let us take an example of the petroleum sector. They are exploring companies like ONGC, refineries like Kochi refineries, and marketing and distribution

companies like HPCL, BPCL, and Indian Oil. The complete value chain consists of exploring companies, refineries, and marketing and distribution companies. If ONGC wants to grow faster, it can go for forward integration by taking over refineries and marketing distribution companies. Suppose a company like Indian Oil has to go for expansion. In that case, it can do backward integration and take over refineries and oil exploring companies. Reliance Petrochemicals has gone for horizontal integration by taking over management of a company like IPCL, which is similar to Reliance Industries.

Companies can go for Diversified Growth

Diversified growth is another way to grow in business if they find that the current company does not give the desired return and boost through an integrative growth strategy. A diversification growth strategy is followed when firms discover better opportunities for growth beyond their current business. Suppose there is a good business opportunity with similar operations to the existing business. In that case, com panies find this diversification more feasible. There are three kinds of diversifications possible. They are concentric, horizontal, and conglomerate diversifications. When a company can find a business with a marketing or technological synergy with the current business line, even though the new product may be directed towards new segments, this kind of diversification is called concentric diversification. A company may search for new products that might interest the existing customers but may require a new technology to produce; this kind of diversification is called horizontal diversification. However, the company may invest in a new production process. Still, it can use the existing marketing network to deliver the new product to existing customers. When a company seeks an entirely new business for a wholly new market, this kind of diversification is called conglomerate diversification.

Companies can downsize their business

We have learned from portfolio analysis that companies have to make various decisions like investing, divesting, pruning, and harvesting for their business units. We have explained all the possible strategies for investment decisions in the form of intensive, integrative, and diversification-related growth strategies. But business needs to downsize the company to increase efficiency and profitability for the firm. Downsizing helps increase production and marketing efficiency, reduce costs, and efficient utilization of workforce and production process. The business unit does not have future potential and needless resource allocation. It should slow the phase-out of similar businesses for long-term growth and success.

Strategic Planning at Business Unit Level

After the corporate plan is made, companies go for business unit-level planning. The business unit plan comes out of the corporate plan. There are eight steps involved in the business unit level strategic planning. They are depicted in the following diagram.

Deciding on the Business Mission

Each strategic business unit operates in different market conditions. So the business mission should stem from the firm’s overall corporate mission and objective. It essentially should express why it is in the com pany’s business portfolio and what function the corporate expects it to play. When a company expects the business unit to give more market share in that particular industry segment, it should set the mission statement for the business.

Conducting SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) Analysis

The firm needs to perform strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat analyses for the business unit. While strengths and weakness analysis is an analysis of the firm’s internal strengths, opportunity and threat analysis is the analysis of the external environment to identify the potential risks and return op portunities in the business.

Fig. 3.3 : Business Unit Level Strategic Planning Process

Marketing Management Text and Cases

Description

This book is an attempt to capture and illustrate the trends and shifts in the marketing environment in India, which are driven by the following factors:

Opening up of the Indian economy in the 90s

Entry of multinational companies across industries

Indian information technology space, leading the global change in the digital revolution

The Present Publication is the 3rd Edition, authored by Dr. Tapan K Panda, with the following noteworthy features:

[Simple, Systematic & Comprehensive Explanation] The subject matter is presented in a simple,  systematic method along with a comprehensive explanation of the concept and theories underlying marketing. The book tries to explain the subject matter through realistic and practical examples.

[Student-Oriented Book] This book has been developed keeping in mind the following factors:

Interaction of the author/teacher with thousands of students from different students of business schools across the globe

Shaped by the author/teacher's experience of teaching the subject matter to varying levels for more than three decades

Reactions and responses of students have also been incorporated at different places in the book

[Vivid Examples of Marketing Practice in India] The author blends marketing concepts with Indian examples so that the students can find immediate relevance to the Indian marketing environment

[Practical Application & On-field Projects] including internet-based project exercises and case studies to supplement conceptual inputs

[Unique Conceptual & Application Questions] on Indian Marketing

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