Taxmann's Computer Applications in Business | UGCF

Preface

With great enthusiasm and pride we place before you the fresh edition of the book “Computer Applications in Business” for Generic Elective Paper. This book has been designed according to the requirements of generic elective paper passed recently by University of Delhi.

This edition includes a dedicated Chapter on “Decision Making with Excel” to enables students to understand various tools available in MS-Excel, which is helpful in taking decisions based on data analysis.

The book aims to acquaint the undergraduate students with the information technology tools. The unique feature of this book is its simple presentation and step wise explanation that ensures that any student even without having a prior computer literacy can also learn computing and its business applications on his own.

We are extremely thankful to Dr. S.K. Sharma, Associate Professor, SGTB Khalsa College for contributing significant portion of Chapter DBMS Using MS Access 2010. His valuable suggestions and critical comments encouraged us to complete this book. We thankfully acknowledge the contributions made by Mr. Surender Kumar, Associate Professor, PGDAV College; Mr. Vikas Madan, Assistant Professor, SRCC and Mrs. Aruna Jain, Associate Professor, Bharti College in finalizing the book.

We also received great contributions and suggestions from Dr. Rajnikant Verma, Associate Professor, Zakir Husain Delhi College; Dr. Vibha Gupta Associate Professor, Laxmi Bai College; Ms. Sonal Thukral, Assistant Professor, DTU; Ms. Anju Verma and Ms. Anuradha Agarwal, SRCC; Dr. Prabhat Mittal, Associate Professor, Satyawati College (Evening); Dr. Rajiv Middha, Associate Professor, SGND Khalsa College; Shweta Sharda and Ms. Rekha, Assistant Professor, IP College; Dr. Geeta Siddharth, Associate Professor, Gargi College; Ms. Anjali Tuli, Assistant Professor, Hansraj College; Dr. Kalpana Devi and Ms. Chetan Kaur, Associate Professor, Mata Sundri College which we thankfully acknowledge.

We extend our heartiest thanks to Professor C.P. Gupta, Department of Financial Studies; Dr. S.K. Garg, Principal, DDU College, Dr. P.C. Jain, Former Principal, SRCC, Dr. R.P. Rustagi, former Acting Principal, SRCC; Dr. Anil Kumar, Associate Professor, SRCC and Mr. Narain, Assistant Professor, FMS for providing their constant encouragement and support throughout.

We are also grateful to our publisher “Taxmann”, for completing the book in time and always positively considering the changes suggested overtime.

Feedback from the readers is solicited and would be thankfully acknowledged.

Ne w Del hi, I ndi a

PROF. HEM CHAND JAIN Nove mber, 2022 he mc ha ndj ai n @ya hoo. c o. i n

DR. HARENDRA NATH TIWARI ti wari har e nder @ya hoo. c o. i n

Syllabus

GENERIC ELECTIVES (GE-5) : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS

Credit distribution, Eligibility and Pre-requisites of the Course

Course title & Code Credits Credit distribution of the course Eligibility criteria Prerequisite of the course Lecture Tutorial Practical/ Practice

Computer Applications in Business BCH: GE1.5

4 1 0 3 Pass in XII NIL

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Thi s pa per ai ms t oi mpart c o mp ut er k no w l e dge t hat will e na bl e t he mt he a bili t y t o ha ndl e a nd a nal ys e dat a f or deci si o n ma ki ng a nd pr es e nt i t t o t he pers o n c o ncer ne d i n t he f or m of pr es e nt ati o ns a nd/ or r e port s i n t he f ast- movi ng b usi ness worl d.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

The Le ar ni ng Out c o mes of t hi s c o urs e ar e as f oll o ws:

1. des cri be t he vari o us c o nce pt s a nd t er m i nol ogi es us e d i n c o mp uti ng, c o mp ut er net wor ks a nd t he i nt er net

2. e xa m i ne doc u me nt cr e ati o n f or r e port ma ki ng a nd c o mmuni c ati o n.

3. i de nti f y a nd ma ke g oo d pr es e nt ati o ns.

4. a nal ys e vari o us c o mp ut ati o ns usi ng vari o us f uncti o ns i n t he ar e a of acc o unti ng a nd fi na nce a nd r e pr es e nt t he b usi ness dat a usi ng s ui t a bl e c hart s. S/ he s ho ul d al s o be a bl e t o ma ni p ul at e a nd a nal ys e t he b usi ness dat a f or a bett er underst a ndi ng of t he b usi ness e nvi r o n me nt a nd deci - si o n- ma ki ng.

5. i de nti f y t he s pr e a ds heet k no w l e dge ac q ui r e d t hr o ug h t hi s pa per i n s ol vi ng r e al -li f e pr o bl e ms t hat hel p i n deci si o n ma ki ng

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION (4 WEEKS)

Computing : Co nce pt of c o mp uti ng, Dat a a nd i nf or mati o n; Co mp uti ng I nt er - f aces: Gr a p hi c al Us er I nt erf ace ( GUI), Co mma nd Li ne I nt erf ace ( CLI), To uc h I nt erf ace, Nat ur al La ng uage I nt erf ace ( NLI); dat a pr ocessi ng; a ppli c ati o ns of c o mp ut ers i n b usi ness.

Computer Networks: Me a ni ng of c o mp ut er net wor k; o bj ecti ves / nee ds f or net wor ki ng; Appli c ati o ns of net wor ki ng; Basi c Net wor k Ter m i nol ogy; Ty pes of Net wor ks; Net wor k Topol ogi es; Di st ri b ut e d Co mp uti ng: Cli e nt Ser ver Co mp ut - i ng, Peer-t o- peer Co mp uti ng; W i r el ess Net wor ki ng; Sec uri ng Net wor ks: fi r e wall.

Basic Internet Terminology: I P Addr ess, Mo de m , Ba nd w i dt h, Ro ut ers, Gat eways, I nt er net Ser vi ce Pr ovi der ( I SP), Worl d W i de We b ( www), Br o ws ers, Se ar c h Engi nes, Pr oxy Ser ver, I nt r a net a nd Ext r a net; Basi c I nt er net Ser vi ces; I nt er net Pr ot oc ol s: T CP/I P , F TP , HTTP( s), Us es of t he I nt er net t o Soci et y; Cy ber Sec uri t y: Cr y pt ogr a p hy, di gi t al si g nat ur e.

UNIT 2: WORD PROCESSING (3 WEEKS)

I nt r o d ucti o n t o wor d Pr ocessi ng, Wor d pr ocessi ng c o nce pt s, Us e of Te mpl at es a nd st yl es, Wor ki ng w i t h wor d doc u me nt s: Edi ti ng t e xt, Fi nd a nd r e pl ace t e xt, For matti ng, s pell c hec k, Aut oc orr ect, Aut o- t e xt; Bull et s a nd n u mberi ng, Ta bs, Par agr a p h For matti ng, I nde nt, Page For matti ng, He a der a nd f oot er, page br e a k, t a bl e of c o nt e nt s, Ta bl es: I ns erti ng, filli ng a nd f or matti ng a t a bl e; I ns erti ng Pi ct ur es a nd Vi de o; Mail Mer ge (i ncl udi ng li nki ng w i t h s pr e a ds heet fil es as dat a s o ur ce); Pri nti ng doc u me nt s; Ci t ati o ns, r ef er e nces a nd Foot not es.

UNIT 3: PREPARING PRESENTATIONS (2 WEEKS)

Basi cs of pr es e nt ati o ns: Sli des, Fo nt s, Dr a w i ng, Edi ti ng; I ns erti ng: Ta bl es, I mages, t e xt s, Sy mbol s, hy perli nki ng, Me di a; Desi g n; Tr a nsi ti o n; Ani mati o n; a nd Sli des ho w , e x porti ng pr es e nt ati o ns as p df ha ndo ut s a nd vi de os.

UNIT 4: SPREADSHEET BASICS (2 WEEKS)

Spr e a ds heet c o nce pt s, Ma nagi ng wor ks heet s; For matti ng, c o ndi ti o nal f or mat - ti ng, Ent eri ng dat a, Edi ti ng, a nd Pri nti ng a nd Pr ot ecti ng wor ks heet s; Ha ndli ng oper at ors i n t he f or mul a, Pr oj ect s i nv ol vi ng mul ti pl e s pr e a ds heet s, Or ga ni zi ng Chart s a nd gr a p hs; Fl as h- fill; Wor ki ng w i t h Mul ti pl e wor ks heet s; c o nt r olli ng wor ks heet vi e ws, na m i ng cell s a nd cell r a nges.

Spr e a ds heet f uncti o ns: Mat he mati c al, St ati sti c al, Fi na nci al, Logi c al, Dat e a nd Ti me, Look up a nd r ef er e nce, Te xt f uncti o ns a nd Err or f uncti o ns.

Wor ki ng w i t h Dat a: Sort a nd fil t er; Co ns oli dat e; Ta bl es; Pi v ot t a bl es; Whati f- a nal ysi s: Goal s ee k, Dat a t a bl es a nd Sce nari o ma nager

UNIT 5: SPREADSHEET PROJECTS (4 WEEKS)

Cr e ati ng b usi ness s pr e a ds heet: Loa n r e pay me nt s c he d uli ng; f or ec asti ng: st oc k pri ces, c ost s & r e ve n ues; Payr oll st at e me nt s; ha ndli ng a nn ui ti es a nd une q ual c as h fl o ws; Fr e q ue nc y di st ri b uti o n a nd i t s st ati sti c al par a met ers a nd br e a ke ve n a nal ysi s.

Note:

1. The Ge ner al Pur pos e Soft war e r ef err e d i n t hi s c o urs e will be noti fi e d by t he Uni versi t y De part me nt s e ver y t hr ee ye ars. I f t he s peci fi c f e at ur es, r ef err e d t o i n t he det ail e d c o urs e a bove, ar e not avail a bl e i n t hat s oftwar e, t o t hat e xt e nt i t will be dee me d t o have bee n mo di fi e d

2. Ther e s hall be a pr acti c al e xa m i nati o n of 50 Mar ks ( 2 ho urs d ur ati o n), a t he or y e xa mof 25 mar ks ( 1 ho ur d ur ati o n) a nd a n I nt er nal Ass ess me nt of 25 mar ks ( Cl ass Test- 10 Mar ks, Wor k Book- 10 Mar ks a nd att e nda nce- 5 mar ks)

3. Ther e s hall be 1 l ect ur e peri o d per cl ass a nd 6 Pr acti c al La b peri o ds per bat c h t o be t a ug ht i n t he Co mp ut er La bor at or y

PRACTICAL EXERCISES

The l e ar ners ar e r e q ui r e d t o do t he pr acti c al e xer ci s es whi c h i ncl ude, b ut ar e not li m i t e d t o, t he f oll o w i ng:

1. Anal yz e a nd c o mpar e t he di ff er e nt mo bil e pay me nt a pps ( at l e ast 5) o n t he basi s of t hei r pr os a nd c o ns a nd pr e par e a r e port o n t he s a me i n wor d doc u me nt usi ng a t a bl e of c o nt e nt s, b ull et s, n u mberi ng, ci t ati o ns, et c. Al s o pr e par e a pr es e nt ati o n f or t he s a me.

2. Usi ng mail mer ge utili t y of wor d pr ocessi ng f or ei t her s e ndi ng l ett ers or f or cr e ati ng a ny ot her doc u me nt li ke s al ar y sli p/ utili t y bill s t o be deli ver e d t o mul ti pl e r eci pi e nt s usi ng dat a f r o m a b usi ness or ga ni z ati o n or of t he peer st ude nt s.

Chapter-heads

PA GE

Preface I-5 Syllabus I-7 Contents I-13

CHAPTER 1 : BASI C C O MP UT E R C ONCEP TS A ND NET WORKI NG 1

CHAPTER 2 : BASI C I NT E RNET T E R MI NOL OGI ES 55

CHAPTER 3 : MI C ROS OF T WORD 2010 85

CHAPTER 4 : BASI CS OF P O WE RP OI NT 140 CHAPTER 5 : MS E XCEL 2010 161 CHAPTER 6 : E XCEL F UNCTI ONS 202 CHAPTER 7 : DECI SI ON MA KI NG W I T H E XCEL 263

CHAPTER 8 : E XCEL P ROJ ECTS 311

CHAPTER 9 : MAI L ME RGE 379

u B. COM (HONS.)/SEM. IV-2017 403

u B. COM (HONS.)/SEM. IV-2018 404 u B. COM (HONS.)/SEM. IV-2019 405

PAGE

Preface I-5 Syllabus I-7 Chapter-heads I-11 1

BASIC COMPUTER CONCEPTS AND NETWORKING

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Meaning of computers 2

1.3 A brief history 3

1.4 Hardware 5

1.5 Functional units of a computer 13

1.6 Characteristics of a computer 16

1.7 Advantages of the computers 17

1.8 Uses of computers 18

1.9 Limitations of computers 20

1.10 Concepts of computing, data and information 20

1.11 Some commonly used computing interfaces 22

1.12 Computer networks 23 1.13 Applications of networking 25 1.14 Basic networking terminology 26 1.15 Types of network 31 1.16 Network topologies 34 1.17 Distributed computing system 42 1.18 Wireless networking 48 1.19 Summary 51 1.20 Review questions 52 2

BASIC INTERNET TERMINOLOGIES

2.1 Introduction 55

2.2 Meaning of internet 56

2.3 A brief history 56

2.4 Basic internet terminologies 57

2.5 How to get connected to internet ? 70

2.6 Basic internet services 72

2.7 Internet protocols 74

2.8 Uses of internet to society 76

2.9 Search engine 77

2.10 Cyber security 78 2.11 Summary 81

2.12 Review questions 82

MICROSOFT WORD 2010

3.1 Introduction 85

3.2 The ribbon 86

3.3 Review questions 136 4

BASICS OF POWERPOINT

4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 How to create a presentation using powerpoint 141

4.3 Design ribbon toolbar 142

4.4 Formatting a presentation – Inserting table, smart art, chart & pictures 144

4.5 Applying themes 144

4.6 Adding a new slide 146

4.7 Applying transitions & animations 146

4.8 Adding sound & video to your presentation 150

4.9 Adding a hyperlink to your presentation 153

4.10 Presenting a slide show 154

4.11 Effective presentation skills 155

4.12 Printing slides 156 4.13 How to upload Powerpoint to youtube 157 4.14 Summary 158 4.15 Review questions 159 5

MS EXCEL 2010

5.1 Introduction 161 5.2 Excel 2010 environment 161 5.3 Saving workbooks 164 5.4 Worksheet basics 165 5.5 Printing 167 5.6 The cell 170 5.7 Modifying columns, rows and cells 172

5.8 Formatting cells 174 5.9 Sorting data 176 5.10 Charts 180 5.11 Creating simple formulas 187 5.12 Complex formulas 189 5.13 Working with basic functions 193 6

EXCEL FUNCTIONS

6.1 Introduction 202 6.2 Statistical functions 202 6.3 Mathematical functions 219 6.4 Financial functions 228

6.5 Logical functions 247 6.6 Others 253 Appendix I 260

DECISION MAKING WITH EXCEL

7.1 What-if analysis 263

7.2 Tools of Forecasting 272

7.3 Data analysis 277

7.4 Pivot table 281

7.5 Capital budgeting 288 7.6 Ratio analysis 294 7.7 Other excel applications 299 8

EXCEL PROJECTS

8.1 Payroll accounting 311

8.2 Loan and lease accounting 336 8.3 Statistical 350 8.4 Unsolved questions 367

9 MAIL MERGE

9.1 Introduction 379

9.2 Steps to use mail merge 380

9.3 Mail merge using database of MS access 2010 391

9.4 Mail merge using database in MS excel 2010 398 9.5 Review questions 400

u B.COM (HONS.)/SEM. IV-2017 403

u B.COM (HONS.)/SEM. IV-2018 404

u B.COM (HONS.)/SEM. IV-2019 405

BASIC COMPUTER CONCEPTS AND NETWORKING

CHAPTER PLAN

I nt r o ducti o n 1.2 Mea ni ng of Co mp ut ers 1.3 A bri ef hi st or y 1.4 I np ut - Out p ut Devi ces 1.5 Functi o nal Co mpo ne nt s of a Co mp ut er 1.6 Char act eri sti cs of t he c o mp ut er 1.7 Adva nt ages of t he Co mp ut er 1.8 Us es of t he Co mp ut er 1.9 Li m i t ati o ns of Co mp ut er 1.10 Co nce pt s of c o mp uti ng, dat a a nd i nf or mati o n

1.1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.11

So me Co mmo nl y us e d Co mp uti ng I nt erf aces 1.12 Co mp ut er Net wor ks 1.13 Appli cati o ns of net wor ki ng 1.14 Basi c Net wor ki ng Ter m i nol ogy 1.15 Ty pes of Net wor ks 1.16 Net wor k Topol ogi es 1.17 Di st ri but e d Co mp uti ng Syst e m 1.18 W i r el ess Net wor ki ng 1.19 Su mmar y 1.20 Revi e w Questi o ns

I n t he age of mac hi nes c o mp ut er i s t he gr e at est i nve nti o n of me n. It has pave d ways f or ma ny ot her i nve nti o ns. The i de a of havi ng a c o mp ut er be ga n w i t h t he pe opl e who wa nt e d e asi er way t o s ol ve t he c al c ul ati o n pr o bl e ms. But, no wt he c o mp ut ers ar e not o nl y us e d f or t he p ur pos e of c o mp ut ati o n r at her t he y have e nt er e d o ur day t o day li f e i n s uc h a ma nner t hat we c a nnot t hi nk of li vi ng w i t ho ut t he m The c o mp ut ers ar e us e d i n a vari et y of ways i n t e ac hi ng a nd r es e ar c h a ndi n t he c o mmuni c ati o n s yst e m . The mo der n c o mp ut er t hat we us e

no w- a- days has pass e d t hr o ug h vari o us st ages of e v ol uti o n bef or e c o m i ng i ni t s pr es e nt f or m The pr es e nt c ha pt er i s ai me d t o di s c uss t he p has es of e v ol uti o n, c har act eri sti cs a nd a dva nt ages of c o mp ut ers t o h u ma n bei ngs. Furt her, t he wor ki ng s yst e m of t he c o mp ut ers a nd n u mber s yst e m ar e al s o di s c uss e d t o k no w t he f uncti o nali t y of t he c o mp ut ers i n t hi s c ha pt er.

1.2 MEANING OF COMPUTERS

The c o mp ut er i s a ge ner al p ur pos e el ect r o ni c de vi ce pr ogr a mme d t o pr ocess dat a a nd t o c o nvert i t i nt oi nf or mati o n. It i s a pr ogr a mma bl e el ect r o ni c mac hi ne whi c h perf or ms hi g h s pee d mat he mati c al or l ogi c al oper ati o ns. It i s al s o pr ogr a mme d t o st or e, r et ri e ve a nd c orr el at e t he i nf or mati o n. It i s a c o mposi ti o n of har d war e a nd s oft war e t hat c a n e xi st i n a vari et y of si z es a nd c o nfi g ur ati o ns. A c o mp ut er c o nsi st s of ma ny el ect r o ni c c o mpo ne nt s or part s, e ac h o ne havi ng a s peci al r ol e t o perf or m . So me c o mpo ne nt s ar e hi dde n i nsi de t he c o mp ut er, wher e as s o me of t he m ar e vi si bl e f r o m o ut si de.

I nsi de a c o mp ut er t her e i s a motherboard whi c h g et s i t s na me bec a us e i t i s li ke a mot her t o all of t he ot her ci r c ui t boar ds. Thi s i s t he mai n ci r c ui t boar d whi c h c o nnect s all of t he ot her i nt er nal c o mpo ne nt s.

The CP U a nd t he me mor y ar e us uall y pl ace d o n t he mot her - boar d. Ot her s yst e ms may be o n t he mot her boar d or may be c o nnect e d t o i t t hr o ug h s o me s ec o ndar y c o nnecti o n

For e x a mpl e, a s o u n d c ar d c a n be b uil t o nt o t he mot her boar d or c o nnect e d t hr o ug h P CI ( Peri p her al Co mpo ne nt I nt erf ace).

The c o mp ut er, a n el ect r o ni c de vi ce, has t o acce pt dat a a nd pr ocess es t he dat a acc or di ng t o t he pr ogr a m a nd pr o d uces t he o ut p ut. For all t hi s t he c o mp ut er nee ds t wo t y pes of i np ut o ne i n t he f or mof dat a t o be pr ocess e d a nd ot her i n t he f or mof t he s et of i nst r ucti o ns ( al s o c all e d c o mp ut er pr ogr a m ) t o pr ocess or act upo n t he dat a The c o mp ut er i s us e d as a dat a pr ocess or a nd i t i s pr ogr a mme d t o ha ndl e t he dat a whi c h may var y i n si z e a nd st r uct ur e. Sc he mati c all y t hi s pr ocess i s s ho wn i n fi g ur e 1. 2.

FIGURE 1.1 : MOTHERBOARD

Dat a I nst r ucti o ns

Pr ocess Out p ut I np ut

FIGURE 1.2 : DATA PROCESSING

The vari o us i np ut a nd o ut p ut de vi ces us e d d uri ng t he pr ocess ar e di s c uss e d i n t he c o m i ng uni t s.

1.3 A BRIEF HISTORY

Ar o u n d 4t h c e nt ur y B C a si mpl e c o unti ng ai d was i nve nt e d i n Ba byl o ni a ( no w I r a q) na me d Abacus ( Fi g. 1. 3). It was a wo o de n r ac k hol di ng t wo hori z o nt al w i r es w i t h be a ds st r ung o n t he m . Nu mbers wer e r e pr es e nt e d usi ng t he posi ti on of be a ds o n t he r ac k. The si mpl e cal c ul ati ons wer e carri e d o ut by appr opri at el y pl aci ng t he bea ds. I n 1642, a Fr e nc h mat he mati ci a n a nd p hil os op her Bl ai s e Pas c al i nve nt e d a c al c ul ati ng de vi ce na me d “ Addi ng Mac hi ne” ( Fi g. 1. 4). It was a n i mpr oveme nt over Abac us It i s al s o k no wn as “ Nu meri c al Wheel Cal c ul at or” It uti - li z e d a t r ai n of 8 mova bl e di al s t o a dd s u ms of upt o 8 fi g ur es l o ng. As o ne di al t ur ne d c o mpl et e r e v ol u - ti oni t mec ha ni call y t ur ne d t he ne xt di al. It pr ovi de d a f ai r de gr ee of acc ur ac y a nd s pee d.

FIGURE 1.4 : ADDING MACHINE

FIGURE 1.3 : ABACUS

The fi rst a ut o mat e d c o mp ut er was i n v e nt e d b y

Charles Babbage , a pr o - f ess or of mat he mati cs at

Ca mbri dge Uni versi t y, Engl a nd, i n 1822. He r eali z e dt hat ma nyl ong cal c ul ati ons us uall y c o nsi st e d of a s eri es of acti o ns whi c h wer e c o nst a ntl y r e pe at e d a nd he nce c o ul d possi bl y be a ut o mat e d. He pers ua de d t he Bri ti s h g over n me nt t o fi na nce hi s desi g n t o b uil d a mac hi ne t hat wo ul d c al c ul at e t a bl es f or l ogari t h ms . He desi g ne d a n a ut o mati c c al c ul ati ng mac hi ne t hat he c all e d t he ‘ Difference Engine ’ . It was st e a m po wer e d a nd f ull y a ut o mat e d. For hi s c o nt ri b uti o ns i n t he fi el d, Charl es Ba bbage i s al s o k no wn as father of computers. The e v ol uti o n of c o mp ut ers c a n be di vi de d i nt o 5 ge ner ati o ns:

1. Fi rst Ge ner ati o n ( 1940- 1956) : Vac uu m Tubes

2. Sec o nd Ge ner ati o n ( 1957- 1963) : Tr a nsi st ors

3. Thi r d Ge ner ati o n ( 1964- 1971) : I nt e gr at e d Ci r c ui t s ( I Cs )

4. Fo urt h Ge ner ati o n ( 1971- Pr es e nt) : M i cr opr ocess ors

5. Fi ft h Ge ner ati o n ( Pr es e nt a nd Be y o nd) : Arti fi ci al I nt elli ge nce

First Generation (1940-1956): Use of Vacuum Tubes

The c o mp ut ers ma de a nd us e d d uri ng t he ye ars 1940 t o 1956 ar e beli e ve d t o be t he fi rst ge ner ati o n of c o mp ut ers whi c h us e d vac uu m t ubes f or ci r c ui t r y a nd mag neti c dr u ms f or me mor y. The si z e of fi rst ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers was oft e n e nor mo us, t a ki ng up t he e nti r e r oo m . The y wer e ver y e x pe nsi ve t o oper at e a nd i n a ddi ti o n us e d a gr e at de al of el ect ri ci t y, ge ner at e d a l ot of he at, whi c h was oft e n t he c a us e of mal f uncti o ns. The fi rst ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers r eli e d o n mac hi ne l a ng uage, t he l o west pr ogr a mm i ng l a ng uage, pr ogr a mme d i n st ri ngs of ‘ 0’ s a nd ‘ 1’ s It was ver y di ffi c ul t t o t r ace a nd c orr ect t he pr ogr a mm i ng err ors, i f a ny. The e xa mpl es of fi rst ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers ar e UNI VAC a nd E NI AC .

Second Generation (1957-1963): Use of Transistor

The s ec o nd ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers us e d Tr a nsi st ors i n pl ace of vac uu mt ubes. The t r a nsi st or was i nve nt e d i n 1947 b ut i t was us e d i n c o mp ut ers i n o nl y l at e 1950’ s. The t r a nsi st or was s uperi or t o t he vac uu m t ube i n t he s e ns e t hat i t ma de c o mp ut ers s mall er, f ast er, c he a per a nd mor e e ner gy- effi ci e nt It di dn’ t r e q ui r e a c o mpl et e r oo m a ny mor e. Ho we ver, e ve n t ho ug h i t was a n i mpr oveme nt over t he vac uu mt ube t he t r a nsi st or still ge ner at e d a gr e at de al of he at whi c h s o meti me s ubj ect e d t he c o mp ut er t o da mage i t s i nt er nal s e nsi ti ve part s. Sec o nd- ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers us e d ass e mbl y l a ng uage f or pr ogr a mm i ng. So me e arl y versi o ns of C OB OL a nd F ORT RA N wer e al s o us e d by t he s ec o nd ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers.

Third Generation (1964-1971): Use of Integrated Circuits

I n 1958, t he de vel op me nt of t he i nt e gr at e d ci r c ui t ( I C) t ook pl ace b ut i t c o ul d be us e di n c o mp ut ers o nl y aft er m i d of 1960s whi c h br o ug ht si g ni fi c a nt c ha nge i n c o mp uti ng. I Cs us e d sili c o n c hi ps, c all e d s e m i c o nd uct ors, whi c h dr asti c all y i ncr e as e d t he s pee d a nd effi ci e nc y of c o mp ut ers. As a r es ul t, t he c o mp ut ers bec a me s mall er i n si z e as mor e c o mpo ne nt s wer e s q ueez e d o nt o t he c hi p.

Anot her si g ni fi c a nt de vel op me nt i n t hi r d- ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers i ncl ude d t he us e of a n oper ati ng s yst e m whi c h all o we d mac hi nes t o r un ma ny di ff er e nt pr ogr a ms at o nce w i t h a ce nt r al pr ogr a m whi c h mo ni t or e d a nd c o- or di nat e d t he c o mp ut er ’ s me mor y.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present): Use of Microprocessors

The f o urt h ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers c a n be c har act eri z e d by t he us e of m i cr opr ocess ors, a si ngl e sili c o n c hi p o n whi c h t ho us a nds of i nt e gr at e d ci r c ui t s wer e b uil t The us e of M i cr opr ocess ors c o nsi der a bl y r e d uce d t he si z e No w c o mp ut ers fi t i n t he pal m of t he ha nd. The pers o nal c o mp ut ers a nd l a pt ops all ma de us e of m i cr opr ocess ors

For t he fi rst ti me i n 1981, I B Mi nt r o d uce d c o mp ut ers f or t he ho me us ers, a nd i n 1984 Appl e i nt r o d uce d t he Maci nt os h The f o urt h ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers bec a me ver y po werf ul, no w t he y c o ul d be li nke d t oget her t o f or m a net wor k. The l a pt ops, ho me P C ’ s, pal mt ops, mo bil e p ho nes all c a n be att ri b ut e d t o f o urt h ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers t hat we us e t o day.

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence

Thi s c at e g ori z ati o n of c o mp ut er ge ner ati o ns i s bas e d upo n t he us e of arti fi ci al i nt elli ge nce. It i s still i n t he de vel op me nt p has e. Ho we ver, s o me r o bot s have bee n de vel ope d whi c h ar e hel pi ng i n me di c al s ci e nce a nd r es e ar c h. So me of t he c o mp ut er a ppli c ati o ns li ke v oi ce r ec og ni ti o n, t e xt t o s peec h a nd s peec h t o t e xt c a n be att ri b ut e d t o fi ft h ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers. The movi es li ke Ter m i nat or s eri es ( 1, 2 a nd 3) a nd Ro bot ar e bas e d o n t he c o nce pt of fi ft h ge ner ati o n c o mp ut ers.

1.4 HARDWARE

1.4.1 Input Devices

An i np ut de vi ce i s a peri p her al de vi ce whi c h acce pt s dat a or c o mma nds a nd s e nds i t t o t he CP U . Ther e ar e di ff er e nt t y pes of dat a t o be s e nt t o CP U . De pe ndi ng upo n t he dat a t y pe t he i np ut de vi ces ar e us e d. For e xa mpl e barc o de r e a der i s us e d t o t he r e a d bar- c o des.

The i np ut de vi ces ar e us e d t o c o nvert t he dat a o bt ai ne d i nt o t he l a ng uage whi c h c o mp ut er underst a nds i. e. c o mp ut er ’ s o wni nt er nal c o de bef or e s e ndi ng i t t o t he CP U .

So me of t he I np ut de vi ces ar e e x pl ai ne d as f oll o ws:

Keyboard i s t he most c o mmo nl y us e d i np ut de vi c e t hat c o nvert s al p ha bet s, n u mbers, a nd ot her s peci al c har act ers i nt o el e ct ri c al p ul s es whi c h c a n be

underst oo d by t he c o mp ut ers. The most pop ul ar ke y boar d us e d t o day i s t he 101- ke ys Q WE RT Y ke y boar d, c all e d as t he st a ndar d ke y boar d The t y pes of ke ys o n a ke y boar d ar e:

– Nu meri c / Di gi t ke ys e g 1, 2, 3, 4

– Al p ha beti c ke ys / Lett er ke ys e. g. A , B , C , D a nd s o o n. Ther e ar e 26 l ett ers of Engli s h al p ha bet

– Functi o n ke ys e. g. F1, F2, F3, F4 a nd s o o n.

– Punct uati o n ke ys e. g. :, ; , (),’

– Speci al c har act er ke ys e g < , > , ?, × , |, \, @ , #, ^ et c Most of t hes e ke ys ar e pri nt e d whe n us e d al o ng w i t h t he Shi ft ke y.

– No n- pri nt a bl e c o nt r ol ke ys e g Ent er / Ret ur n ke y, Space ke y, Ca ps Loc k, Shi ft ke y, arr o w ke ys, Ta b ke y ( moves c urs or t o t he ne xt t a b st op), Del et e ke y.

Mouse

i s a s mall ha nd hel d de vi ce whi c h i s us e d t o i ndi c at e a posi ti o n or move me nt o n a c o mp ut er ’ s di s pl ay s cr ee n by r olli ng i t over a mo us e pa d. Mo us e e nt ers dat ai n t wo di ff er e nt ways. Fi rstl y, as t he mo us e i s move d, a ball under ne at h i t or a l as er be a mli g ht r e v ol ves a nd t hi s move me nt i s det ect e d by s e ns ors whi c h s e nd t he dat a t o t he CP U . Sec o ndl y, a mo us e ge ner all y has a l eft cli c k b utt o n a nd a ri g ht cli c k b utt o n.

A mo us e i s of 3 t y pes: Mec ha ni c al mo us e, Opti c al mo us e a nd Opt o mec ha ni c al mo us e. Al s o t he y c a n be cl assi fi e d i n t er ms of c o nnecti vi t y t o t he c o mp ut er li ke w i r e d a nd w i r el ess mo us e.

Track Ball : At r ac k ball has a ball o n t op t hat c a n r ot at e f r eel y. I nst e a d of movi ng t he de vi ce li ke a mo us e, o ne c a n si mpl y r oll t he ball w i t h t he fi ngers t o move t he poi nt er.

Touchpad:

A t o uc hpa d ( or t r ac kpa d) i s a poi nti ng de vi ce t hat c a n t r a nsl at e t he moti o n a nd posi ti o n of a us er ’ s fi ngers t o a r el - ati ve posi ti o n o n s cr ee n To uc hpa ds ar e a c o mmo n f e at ur e of l a pt op, not e book c o mp ut ers.

Joystick: Aj oysti c k c o nsi st s of a s mall l e ver whi c h i s move d by t he us er t o c o nt r ol move me nt o n a s cr ee n I n t hi s c as e al s o s e ns ors det ect t he move me nt of t he l e ver a nd s e nd t he c orr es po ndi ng dat a t o t he CP U .

Thes e ar e ge ner all y us e d f or pl ayi ng vi de o ga mes.

Light Pen: It i s a poi nti ng de vi ce t hat utili z es a li g ht- s e nsi ti ve det ect or t o s el ect o bj ect s o n a di s pl ay s cr ee n It i s si mil ar t o a mo us e, e xce pt t hat w i t h a li g ht pe n y o u c a n move t he poi nt er a nd s el ect o b - j ect s o n t he di s pl ay s cr ee n by di r ectl y poi nti ng t o t he o bj ect s w i t h t he pe n.

Touch Screen: I t i s s peci all y desi g ne d vi de o di s pl ay s cr ee n t hat has t he c a pa bili t y t o r ecei ve i np ut f r o mt he t o uc h of a fi nger.

Digitizing Tablet: Di gi t i z i n g Ta bl e t / D i gi ti z ers r ef ers t o a n el ect r oni c pl asti c boar d on whi c h s peci f yi ng a l ocati on c orr es ponds t ol ocati on on t he c o mp ut er s cr ee n . Thes e ar e us e d by ar c hi t ect s a nd e ngi neers i n Co mp ut er Ai de d Desi g ni ng ( CA D) f or desi g ni ng p ur pos es.

Bar Code Readers: Bar Code Reader (BCR) i s a p hot o el ect ri c s c a nner t hat t r a nsl at es t he bar c o des i nt o di gi t al c o de. Bar Codes ar e s peci al i de nti fi cati on c odes pri nt e d as a s et of verti cal st ri ppe d mar ks of di ff er e nt w i dt h us uall y s ee n o n ma n uf act ur e d r et ail pr o d uct s The bar c o de i de nti fi es t he pr o d uct t o t he s uper mar ket’ s c o mp ut er, whi c h has a des cri pti o ns a nd t he l at est pri ce of t he pr o d uct.

Optical Character Recognition (OCR): It i s t he el ect r o ni c t r a nsl ati o n of pri nt e d i mages or n u mer al s, l ett ers or s y mbol s whi c h may be ha nd wri tt e n or t y pe d i nt o di gi t al c o de. It i nvol ves t r a nsl ati ng t he t ext f r o mpaper i nt o a f or mt hat t he c o mp ut er c a n ma ni p ul at e a nd f ee d i t di r ectl y i nt o c o mp ut er fil e. It i s w i del y us e d t o c o nvert books a nd doc u me nt s i nt o el ect r o ni c fil es.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR): It r ef ers t o a de vi ce t hat r e a ds pe ncil mar ks a nd c o nvert s t he mi nt o a f or m t hat c a n be pr ocess e d by a c o mp ut er.

Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR): MI C R i s a c har act er r ec og ni ti o n t ec hnol ogy us e d pri maril y by t he ba nki ng i nd ust r y t o f acili t at e t he pr ocessi ng of c he q ues. It c o nsi st s of s peci al i nk c all e d mag neti c i nk t hat i s us e d t o wri t e c har act ers o n t he c hec k a nd de posi t f or ms t o be pr ocess e d by a n MI C R .

Microphone: M i cr op ho ne i s a v oi ce r ec og ni ti o n de vi ce t hat c o nvert s a udi o si g nal s t o el ect ri c al waves a nd t hes e c a n be c o nvert e d by el ect r o ni c ci r c ui t r y i n t he c o mp ut er t o di gi t al f r o m . The us er c a n si mpl y i nst r uct t he c o mp ut er a bo ut t he t as k t o be perf or me d w i t h t he hel p of a m i cr op ho ne. It c a n be us e d t o r ec or d s o und or t o c o mmuni c at e w i t h a not her c o mp ut er us er vi a t he I nt er net Ma ny c o mp ut ers c o me w i t h b uil t-i n m i cr op ho nes.

Digital Camera: Di gi t al c a mer as all o wt o t a ke di gi t al p hot ogr a p hs The i mages ar e st or e d o n a me mor y c hi p or di s k t hat c a n be t r a nsf err e d t o t he c o mp ut er.

Web Camera: A we bc a m or we b c a mer a i s a c a mer a t hat ge ner at es i mages t hat c a n be access e d o n t he I nt er net. Ma ny pe opl e us e we bc a ms f or c hatti ng, vi de o c o nf er e nci ng et c We bc a mall o ws us er t o t a ke i mages f r o mt he c o mp ut er a nd c o mmuni c at e vi s uall y w i t h ot her us ers o n t he I nt er net.

Scanner/Image Scanner: It i s a de vi ce t hat c o nvert s p hot os, dr a w i ngs, gr a p hi cs a nd t e xt i nt o di gi t al f or m as i np ut t o t he c o mp ut er. It hel ps i n pr es er vi ng pa per doc u me nt s i n el ect r o ni c f or ms o t hat i t does not det eri or at e w i t h age a nd c a n be di s pl aye d or pri nt e d whe ne ver r e q ui r e d. It st or es t he doc u me nt as i mage. Thes e st or e d i mages c a n be al t er e d a nd ma ni p ul at e d i n i nt er esti ng ways i f t he c o mp ut er has i mage- pr ocessi ng s oft war e. Ther e ar e 2 t y pes of i mage s c a nners:

(a) Hand-held scanners: Thes e s c a nners ar e hel d i n ha nd t o s c a n a n i mage or doc u me nt by movi ng i t over t he o bj ect Thes e ar e port a bl e

(b) Flat-bed scanners: Thes e s c a nners have a fl at gl ass s urf ace wher e t he doc u me nt i s pl ace d j ust li ke i n a Xer ox c opi er The li d of t he s c a nner i s cl os e d bef or e gi vi ng t he c o mma nd f or s c a nni ng.

Fl at- be d

Ha nd- hel d

Fl at- be d s c a nners ar e t he c o mmo nl y us e d s c a nners i n e ver y day li f e.

1.4.2 Output devices

Out p ut de vi ces ar e us e d t o c o nvert t he mac hi ne c o des r ecei ve d f r o mt he CP U i nt o a f or m whi c h c a n be underst oo d by t he us ers i e h u ma ns The o ut p ut ge ner at e d by o ut p ut de vi ces may be of 2 t y pes:

1 Soft c opy o ut p ut

2. Har d c opy o ut p ut A f e w of t he o ut p ut de vi ces ar e di s c uss e d bel o w :

Monitor: A mo ni t or i s a di s pl ay de vi ce whi c h s ho ws t he dat a r ecei ve d f r o m c o mp ut er i n r e a da bl e a nd underst a nda bl e f or mt o t he us ers i. e. h u ma n, o nt o a vi de o s cr ee n. Mo ni t ors var y gr e atl y i n si z e a nd i n r es ol uti o n ( cl ari t y of gr a p hi cs). Ther e ar e 3 c o mmo n t y pes of mo ni t or:

VGA ( Vi de o Gr a p hi cs Arr ay): 640 × 400 pi xel s

S VGA ( Super Vi de o Gr a p hi cs Arr ay): 800 × 600 pi xel s.

E V GA or X V GA ( Ext e n de d Vi de o Gr a p hi cs Arr ay): 1024 × 768 pi xel s.

The fi rst c o mp ut er mo ni t ors us e d c at ho de r ay t ubes ( C RT). Mo der n mo ni t ors us e li q ui d cr yst al di s pl ay ( TF T- L C D) or Li g ht E m i tti ng Di o de ( L E D) di s pl ay The mai n a dva nt ages of L C Ds over C RT di s pl ays ar e t hat L C Ds c o ns u me l ess po wer, t a ke up muc h l ess s pace, ar e c o nsi der a bl y li g ht er, a nd r e d uces e ye st r ai n. Thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD ) i s a vari a nt of li q ui d cr yst al di s pl ay i mpr oves i mage q uali t y. The q uali t y of mo ni t or de pe nds upo n:

(i) Resolution : It r ef ers t o t he n u mber of pi xel s i n a uni t s q ar e a It s ho ws t he s har pness a nd cl ari t y of i mage. Mor e t he r es ol uti on, hi g her t he q uali t y of mo ni t ors

(ii) Refresh rate : It r ef ers t o t he n u mber of ti mes t he mo ni t or i s r ef r es he d i n a uni t s ec o nd It i s me as ur e d i n hert z

(iii) Dot pitch : It r ef ers t o t he di st a nce bet wee n 2 pi xel s. At ti mes mo ni t ors al s o act as i np ut de vi ces e. g. us e of t o uc h s cr ee n mo ni t ors.

PRINTERS

Pri nt ers ar e us e d t o pri nt t he o ut p ut dat a o n a pa per. Suc h o ut p ut i s r ef err e d t o as pri nt o ut or har d c opy.

Types of Printers

Impact Printers

I mpact pri nt ers r ef er t o t hos e pri nt ers wher e t e xt or i mage i s pri nt e d by st ri ki ng ha mmers or pi ns agai nst a ri bbo n Thes e pri nt ers have mec ha ni s m si mil ar t o a t y pe wri t er. Thes e pri nt ers ar e no w dr yi ng o ut a nd ar e bei ng r e pl ace d by t he no n-i mpact pri nt ers. Thes e ar e of t wo t y pes.

Character Printer

Onl y o ne c har act er at a ti me i s pri nt e d It has r el ati vel y sl o wer s pee d E g Dot Mat ri x Pri nt er.

Line Printer

Thes e pri nt ers ar e capa bl e of pri nti ng a n e nti r e li ne at one ti me. A f ast li ne pri nter ca n pri nt as ma ny as 3, 000 li nes per m i nut e. The di s a dva nt ages of t hes e ar e t hat t hey ca nnot pri nt gr aphi cs, t he pri nt q uali t y i s l o w , a nd t hey ar e ver y noi s y.

Non-Impact Printers

No n- I mpact pri nt ers ar e us e d al most e ver y wher e no w . Thes e ar e f ast er a nd q ui et er t ha ni mpact pri nt ers. Thes e pri nt ers pr ovi de bett er q uali t y of o ut p ut. T wo t y pes of no n-i mpact pri nt ers oft e n us e d ar e l as er pri nt ers a nd i nk-j et pri nt ers.

Character Printer: It pri nt s o nl y o ne c har act er at a ti me. It has r el ati vel y sl o wer s pee d. E . g. Dot mat ri x pri nt er

Pri nt er

I mpact

Char act er Pri nt erDot Mat ri x

Dot Matrix Printer

No n- I mpact

Li ne Pri nt er Char act er Pri nt er- I nk- J et

Page Pri nt er Las er

Dot mat ri x pri nt er i s ver y pop ul ar pri nt er. It pri nt s t he t e xt a nd gr a p hi cs w i t h t he hel p of a n arr ay of met al pi ns whi c h i s k no wn as pri nt he a d Thi s pri nt he a d st ri kes a n i nke d ri bbo n t o pri nt dot s o n t he pa per whi c h f or ms t he c har act er o n t he pa per as a r es ul t o ne c har act er i s pri nt e d at a ti me i n t hi s ki nd of pri nter. The q uali t y of pri nt de pe nds o n t he n u mber of pi ns us e d i n t he pri nt he a d, whi c h may var y f r o m9 t o 24. Dot- mat ri x pri nt ers pri nt a bo ut 50- 500 c har act ers per s ec o nd ( c ps).

Laser Printer

Thi s t y pe of pri nt er us es l as er be a mt o pr o d uce t e xt or i mage o n dr u m . Whe n t he l as er li g ht hi t s t he dr u m , t he n li g ht mo di fi es t he el ect ri c al c har ge o n t he dr u m . A r es er v oi r of t o ner t he n r oll s t he dr u m , whi c h i s pi c ke d up by t he c har ge d porti o ns of t he dr u m . Aft er t hat, t he c o mbi nati o n of he at a nd pr ess ur e t r a nsf ers t he t o ner t o t he pa per.

Copy mac hi nes, al s o wor ki n t he s a me way Las er pri nt ers ar e s o meti mes c all e d page pri nt ers. It s s pee d r a nges f r o m a bo ut 4 t o 20 pages of t e xt per m i n ut e ( pp m). A t y pi c al r at e of 6 pp mi s e q ui val e nt t o a bo ut 40 c har act ers per s ec o nd ( c ps). It has i n- b uil t RA M c hi ps t o st or e doc u me nt s o ut p ut f r o mt he c o mp ut er. A l ot of RA Mi s us e d whil e wor ki ng i n des kt op p ubli s hi ng a nd pri nti ng c o m - pli c at e d doc u me nt s w i t h c ol o ur a nd ma ny gr a p hi cs. It al s o has RO M c hi ps t o st or e f o nt s a nd i t s o wn s mall de di c at e d pr ocess or.

Ink-Jet Printer

I nk- J et pri nt er i s ver y pop ul ar as i t i s i ne x pe nsi ve a nd al s o off ers t he f acili t y of c ol o ur pri nti ng. It has nozzl es havi ng ver y fi ne hol es, whi c h pri nt s t he c har act ers by s pr ayi ng patt er ns of i nk o n t he pa per. The i nk c o mes o ut of t he nozzl e i n f or m of va po urs. It f or ms t he desi r e d l ett er or s ha pe at t he desi r e d pl ace aft er passi ng t hr o ug h a r efl ecti ng pl at e. I nk-j et pri nt er i s sl o wer i n s pee d whi c h pri nt s ar o und 4 pages of t e xt per m i n ut e ( pp m). It pri nt s i n a s o me what l o wer r es ol uti o n ( 300- 720 dpi ) t ha nl as er pri nt ers. So me ne w , e x pe nsi ve i nk-j et pri nt ers pri nt up 1200 or 1400 dpi. A vari ati o n o n i nk-j et t ec hnol ogy i s t he b ubbl e-j et pri nt er It us es m i ni at ur e he ati ng el e me nt s t o f or ce s peci all y f or mul at e d i nks t hr o ug h pri nt he a ds w i t h 128 ti ny nozzl es. Thi s t ec hnol ogy i s c o mmo nl y us e d i n port a bl e pri nt ers

Plotters

It i s a s peci al o ut p ut de vi ce t hat i s desi g ne d t o pr o d uce s har p q uali t y a nd l ar ge si z e d gr a p hi cs, dr a w i ngs, ma ps i n di ff er e nt c ol o ur s c he mes. The y ar e ge ner all y us e d f or desi g ni ng a ppli c ati o ns wher e hi g h q uali t y gr a p hi c o ut p ut o n l ar ge s heet of pa per i s r e q ui r e d. Thes e de vi ces have bec o me l ess pop ul ar over t he ye ars, b ut still pr o d uce hi g h- q uali t y dr a w i ngs Ther e ar e 2 t y pes of pl ott ers:

( a ) Dr u m pl ott ers

(b ) Fl at be d pl ott ers

Sound Systems/Speakers

Thes e ar e t he o ut p ut de vi ces whi c h o ut p ut s o und or a udi oi n t he f or mof s peec h a nd musi c Thes e o ut p ut de vi ces have i mport a nt i mpli c ati o ns f or t hei r us e by vi s uall y i mpai r e d pe opl e bec a us e t o oper at e c o mp ut ers t he y r el y he avil y o n s o und s yst e ms.

Peri p her al de vi ces: All de vi ces c o nnect e d t o t he port s of c o mp ut er ar e c all e d Peri p her al de vi ces. The y c a n be i np ut de vi ces, o ut p ut de vi ces a nd st or age de vi ces

Storage Devices

Thes e de vi ces ar e us e d t o st or e dat a or pr ogr a ms. Thes e de vi ces ar e no n- v ol a - til e. Thes e c a n be ei t her i nt er nall y b uil t i nt o t he c o mp ut er or c a n be e xt er nall y att ac he d t o t he c o mp ut er vi a US B port. A Har d di s k dri ve i s c o mmo nl y us e d st or age de vi ce a nd c a n be ei t her e xt er nal or i nt er nal. Ot hers i ncl ude pe n dri ve, fl oppy di s k, me mor y c ar d r e a der et c.

Vol atil e me mor yi s t he o ne i n whi c h t he c o nt e nt s ( dat a or pr ogr a ms) st or e d o n t he st or age me di u m get s er as e d off o nce t he po wer s uppl y t o t he c o mp ut er i s s w i t c he d off No n- v ol atil e me mor y i s j ust t he opposi t e

1.5 FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF A COMPUTER

A c o mp ut er s yst e m has f o ur basi c f uncti o nal uni t s whi c h ar e li st e d as under :

( 1) I np ut Uni t

( 2) Out p ut Uni t

( 3) Me mor y Uni t

( 4) Co nt r ol Uni t

( 5) Ari t h meti c Logi c Uni t

The l ast t wo uni t s i e Co nt r ol Uni t, Me mor y Uni t a nd Ari t h meti c a nd Logi c uni t t oget her w i t h i nt er nal pr ocess or c o nsti t ut e Central Processing Unit (CPU) , t he br ai n of a c o mp ut er. J ust Li ke a h u ma n br ai n, i t c o nt r ol s t he fl o w of i nf or mati o n a nd t ell s ot her c o mpo ne nt s what t o do. The s pee d of t he c o mp ut er de pe nds upo n what t y pe of CP Ui s us e d. A CP U ge ner at es l ot s of he at; a nd t her ef or e, t her e i s us uall y a s mall f a n ne ar by t o c ool i t do wn. The f uncti o nal r el ati o n a mo ng t he vari o us c o mpo ne nt s of a c o mp ut er c a n be s ho wn s c he mati c all y as f oll o ws:

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

I np ut uni t

Co nt r ol uni t

Out p ut uni t

Me mor y uni t

Ari t h meti c & Logi c uni t ( Pri mar y Me mor y : RA M , RO M )

Sec ondar y Me mor y: Har d di s k, C D ’ s, DVD ’ s, Pe ndri ves, et c.

FIGURE 1.5 : SCHEMATICALLY DIAGRAM OF CPU

The Process

W i t h t he us e of i np ut de vi ces dat a or i nst r ucti o ns ar e e nt er e d i nt o a c o mp ut er. The i np ut de vi ces li ke ke y boar d, mo us e, et c. ar e c o mmo nl y us e d t o i np ut dat a a nd i nst r ucti o ns. W i t h t he hel p of a ke y boar d al p ha n u meri c c har act ers a nd s y mbol s ar e fi rst c o nvert e d i nt o mac hi ne l a ng uage a nd t he n s e nt t o CP U . The mo us e i s us e d t o pi c k or s el ect a c o mma nd f r o mt he mo ni t or s cr ee n.

The ce nt r al pr ocessi ng uni t c o mpri s es a pr ocess or whi c hi nt er pr et s t he pr ogr a m i nst r ucti o ns a nd ma nages t he fl o w of dat a. The dat a i s fi rst s e nt t o c o nt r ol uni t whi c h de pe ndi ng upo n t he nee d s e nds i t t o ari t h meti c a nd l ogi c uni t or t o me mor y uni t I f nee d be t he ari t h meti c a nd l ogi c al uni t pr ocess es t he dat a a nd c o nvert s i t i nt o i nf or mati o n. The pr ogr a mi nst r ucti o ns ar e pr ocess e d o ne at a ti me al o ng w i t h t he necess ar y dat a The r es ul t s o bt ai ne d f r o mt he pr ocess ar e t he n s e nt t o me mor y uni t a nd t he ne xt i nst r ucti o n i s pr ocess e d. Thi s pr ocess i s r e pe at e d until t he e nti r e pr ogr a mi s e xec ut e d.

The r es ul t s s o o bt ai ne d ar e t he n s e nt t o o ut p ut uni t s s o t hat t he us ers ( h u ma n bei ng) c a n underst a nd a nd us e t he i nf or mati o n s o ge ner at e d

All t he uni t s be i t i np ut uni t, c o nt r ol uni t, ari t h meti c a nd l ogi c uni t, me mor y uni t or o ut p ut uni t, wor k i n c oor di nati o n s o t hat t he dat a pr ocessi ng r e mai n s moot h a nd c o mp uti ng r e mai ns us er f ri e ndl y.

The i ndi vi d ual r ol e of t hes e uni t s i s e x pl ai ne d bel o w:

Input Unit

The i np ut uni t us es t he a ppr opri at e met ho d t o e nt er dat a or pr ogr a mi nst r uc - ti o ns t o t he c o mp ut er s yst e m . It c o nvert s t he dat a i nt o a s ui t a bl e f or m t hat c a n be underst oo d by t he c o mp ut er.

Di ff er e nt t y pes of dat a nee d di ff er e nt i np ut met ho ds ( de vi ces). For e xa mpl e f or e nt eri ng bar c o de dat a a bar c o de r e a der i s r e q ui r e d.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

The ari t h meti c-l ogi c uni t ( AL U) perf or ms ari t h meti c a nd l ogi c al oper ati o ns o n t he dat a Thi s s ecti o n of t he mac hi ne c a n be r el ati vel y s mall c o nsi sti ng of ci rc ui t s a nd r e gi st ers whi c h perf or mari t h meti c ( + ,, × , /) a ndl ogi c al ( > , < , <= , >= , et c. ) oper ati o ns. The Ari t h meti c-l ogi c uni t whi c h c a n perf or m mat he mati c al or l ogi c al oper ati o ns f or ms t he bac k bo ne of t he c o mp ut ers. Aft er c o mpl eti ng t he r e q ui r e d pr ocess i t r et ur ns t he o ut p ut t o c o nt r ol uni t.

Control Unit

The c o nt r ol uni t c o nt r ol s a nd c oor di nat es t he over all f uncti o ni ng of t he c o mp ut er s yst e m . It i s t he ma nager of t he c o mpo ne nt s of t he c o mp ut er. It s e nds c o mma nd si g nal s a nd c o nt r ol s t he s e q ue nce of i nst r ucti o ns t o be e xec ut e d. It i s r es po nsi bl e not o nl y f or ma nagi ng t he s e q ue nce of t he i nst r ucti o ns t o be perf or me d b ut al s o t he r et ri e val of i nst r ucti o ns i n t he pr oper s e q ue nce.

The f uncti o n of t he c o nt r ol ci r c ui t r y i n a ge ner al p ur pos e c o mp ut er i s t o i nt erpr et t he i nst r ucti o ns a nd t he n s e q ue nce t he necess ar y si g nal s t o t hos e s ecti o ns of t he c o mp ut er whi c h will perf or mt he i nst r ucti o ns.

Memory Unit: The me mor y uni t st or es all t he i np ut dat a a nd t he r es ul t s. Me mor y Uni t of a c o mp ut er c a n be di vi de d i nt o t wo: pri mar y me mor y a nd s ec o ndar y me mor y. The pri mar y me mor y of a c o mp ut er or mai n me mor y i s c all e d

Random Access Memory (RAM), a nd Read Only Memory (ROM).

RA Mi s a s e m i - c o nd uct or c hi p. It i s a v ol atil e me mor y, as l o ng as po wer i s o n t he i nf or mati o n st or e d i n i t r e mai ns Once t he po wer i s l ost, t he i nf or mati o n st or e d i n t he RA M al s o get s er as e d. RO M c o nt ai ns i nst r ucti o ns f or t he m i cr oc o mp ut ers. It f urt her may be di vi de d i nt o t wo: Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) , o ne ti me pr ogr a mma bl e no n- v ol atil e me mor y c hi ps t hat ar e ma n uf act ur e d bl a nk a nd de pe ndi ng upo n t he t ec hnol ogy c a n be pr ogr a mme d at waf er, fi nal t est or i n s yst e m , a nd Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) , a t y pe of me mor y c hi p t hat r et ai ns i t s dat a whe n t he po wer s uppl y i s s w i t c he d off. The pr ogr a mmes st or e d o n EP RO M c a n be er as e d by e x posi ng i t t o ver y st r o ng ul t r avi ol et li g ht s o ur ce.

The c o nt e nt s of RO Mar e det er m i ne d at t he ti me of ma n uf act uri ng of t he c hi ps. RO Mi s not a v ol atil e me mor y. The i nf or mati o n st or e d does n ’ t get er as e d e ve n i f t he po wer i s l ost. The most i mport a nt RO M c hi p i s t he Basic Input/Output

System or BIOS . The BI OS i s a c oll ecti o n of s mall c o mp ut er pr ogr a ms b uil t i nt o a RO M c hi p.

The s ec o ndar y me mor y i s i n t he f or m of a har d di s k whi c h i s a no n- v ol atil e me mor y ge ner all y me as ur e d i n Gi ga byt es ( GB), t he ot her s ec o ndar y me mor y de vi ces ar e pe n dri ves, C D ’ s, DVD ’ s, et c. Thes e ar e us e d t o st or e dat a per mane ntl y. Thes e ar e al s o c all e d bac k up me mor y a nd ar e us e d t o kee p t he dat a f or a ver y l o ng peri o d of ti me.

Output unit: The o ut p ut uni t c o nvert s t he i nf or mati o n ge ner at e d by c o mp ut ers i n mac hi ne l a ng uage t o t he f or mi n whi c h t he us er c a n underst a nd. A vari et y of o ut p ut de vi ces ar e us e d f or di ff er e nt p ur pos es li ke mo ni t ors t o di s pl ay t he i nf or mati o n, pri nt ers t o pri nt t he o ut p ut, s pe a kers t o pr ovi de a udi o o ut p ut, et c.

Role of Registers and Cache

Register , a s peci al p ur pos e me mor y i s i nst r u me nt al i n movi ng dat a t o a nd f r o m t he mai n me mor y whil e t he dat a pr ocessi ng i s e xec ut e d. To e xec ut e a n i nst r ucti o n t he CP U us es t hes e r e gi st ers f or hol di ng dat a f or pr ocessi ng. Re gi st ers, t ho ug h a part of CP U , do not f or m part of mai n me mor y. Onl y a pi ece of dat a c a n be hel d by t he r e gi st ers at a ti me. Whil e t he i nst r ucti o ns ar e under e xec uti o n t he r el e va nt dat a ar e r ecei ve d by t he r e gi st ers, hel d by t he r e gi st ers t e mpor aril y a nd t he n t he dat a i s pass e d o n by t he r e gi st ers as per t he i nst r ucti o ns f r o mt he c o nt r ol uni t For e xec uti ng t he ne xt i nst r ucti o n t he

s a me pr ocess i s r e pe at e d. The r e gi st ers have ver y li m i t e d a nd s peci fi e d st or age c a paci t y I n M i cr o Co mp ut ers t hat we us e nor mall y 14 r e gi st ers ar e pr es e nt

i s a s mall a nd f ast er Me mor y t hat i s b uil t i nt o a c o mp ut er ’ s

CP U or l oc at e d ne xt t o i t The CP U us es c ac hes f or c opyi ng t he dat a f r o mt he most f r e q ue ntl y us e d l oc ati o ns of mai n Me mor y. It r e d uces t he aver age ti me t o access Me mor y Whe ne ver s o me dat a i s access e d f r o m a ny l oc ati o n, t he c ac he Me mor y st or es t he l oc ati o n a nd t he ne xt ti me y o u wa nt t o access t he s a me dat a t he CP U fi rst s e ar c hes i t i n t he c ac he Me mor y a nd t he n i t moves t o t he mai n Me mor y. I f t he dat a nee de d i s f o und i n c ac he me mor y i t i s k no wn as cache hit , i f not, i t i s c all e d

Cache Memory

Cache Miss .

The Cac he Me mor y i ncr e as es t he c o mp uti ng s pee d as t he CP U does n ’ t have t o us e t he Mot her boar d s yst e m b us f or t he dat a t r a nsf er. Whe n t he dat a i s pass e d t hr o ug h s yst e m b us t hat ma kes t he s yst e m sl o w t o i t s Mot her boar d c a pa bili ti es.

I f t he Cac he i s b uil t i nt o t he CP U i t s el f i t i s r ef err e d as l e vel 1 ( L 1) c ac he a nd i f i t i s l oc at e d o n a s e par at e c hi p ne xt t o t he CP U i t i s k no wn as l e vel 2 ( L 2). I n s o me CP U ’ s bot h L 1 a nd L2 c ac he i s b uil t i n o n a s e par at e c ac he c hi p t hat i s desi g nat e d as Le vel 3 ( L 3) c ac he.

For example : Whe n y o u access a we b page f or t he fi rst ti me y o ur c o mp ut er st or es a c opy of t he li nk of t he ht m l page The ne xt ti me y o u e nt er t he s a me URL y o ur c o mp ut er fi rst l ooks i n t he c ac he Me mor y a nd i f t he r e q uest e d page i s avail a bl e t her e i t r et ur ns ot her w i s e i t moves o n t o s e ar c h t he we b f or t he r e q uest e d we b page.

1.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER

The c o mp ut ers have t he f oll o w i ng c har act eri sti cs:

(a) Speed: Co mp ut ers wor k at a n i ncr e di bl e s pee d The s pee d w i t h whi c h i t perf or ms t he i nst r ucti o ns a nd c al c ul ati o ns i s be y o nd h u ma n c a pa bil - i ti es. As c o mpar e d t o h u ma n bei ng i t c a n perf or m t he oper ati o ns i n a m i n ut e what a h u ma n bei ng c a nnot perf or m d uri ng hi s e nti r e li f e ti me. The c o mp ut er pr es e nt i n t he mo der n worl d has t he s pee d of na no a nd pi c o s ec o nd.

(b) Accuracy: Co mp ut ers ar e ver y acc ur at e. It may r et ur n err ors o nl y i f t her e i s s o me pr ogr a m i ng err ors or t he i np ut i s err o ne o us whi c h may al most al ways be att ri b ut e d t o h u ma n. It i s gi ve n a s peci al t er m GI GO ( Gar bage I n Gar bage- Out) whi c h me a ns we get f a ul t y r es ul t s d ue t o i nacc ur at e i nst r ucti o ns or f a ul t y dat a.

(c) Diligence: As c o mpar e d t o h u ma n bei ngs t he c o mp ut ers ar e hi g hl y c o n - si st e nt. The y do not s uff er f r o mt he h u ma n t r ai t s of bor e do m , ti r e dness a ndl ac k of c once nt r ati on . Co mp ut ers perf or mvol u m i no us a nd r e peti ti ve j o bs w i t ho ut t a ki ng a ny r ef r es h me nt.

(d) Versatility: All mo der n c o mp ut ers c a n perf or m di ff er e nt ki nds of t as ks si mul t a ne o usl y. Co mp ut ers ar e vers atil e mac hi nes. The y ar e c a pa bl e of perf or m i ng ma ny t as k be i t r ail way/ai r r es er vati o n, ba nki ng oper ati o ns, we at her f or ec asti ng a nd ma ny mor e It c a n s w i t c h f r o m o ne t as k t o a not her i nst a ntl y whil e perf or m i ng t he pr e vi o us o ne i n bac kgr o und.

(e) Automatic: The c o mp ut ers ar e a ut o mati c. Once a t as k i s assi g ne d t o i t, i t may e xec ut e t he pr ocess w i t ho ut a ny i nt er ve nti o n of t he us er.

(f) Memory: Unli ke h u ma n bei ngs c o mp ut ers do not s uff er f r o mt he pr o b - l e ms of f or getti ng t he ol d i nf or mati o n. Vol u mes of i nf or mati o n c a n be st or e d i n c o mp ut ers The i nf or mati o n st or e d o n c o mp ut ers c a n ne ver be f or g ott e n a nd c a n be e asil y r et ri e ve d i n no ti me.

1.7 ADVANTAGES OF THE COMPUTERS

Ther e ar e ma ny a dva nt ages of usi ng t he c o mp ut ers i n o ur li f e. So me of t he m ar e li st e d bel o w :

(i ) W i t h t he hel p of c o mp ut er a ppli c ati o ns a nd pr ogr a ms ma ny ti me c o ns u m i ng acti vi ti es li ke s pelli ng c hec k, di cti o nar y, ha ndli ng vast n u meri c al dat a, et c. c a n be do ne i n no ti me.

(ii ) W i t h t he hel p of i nt er net pe opl e c a n i nt er act a nd c o mmuni c at e i n r e al ti me acr oss t he worl d.

(iii ) W i t h t he hel p of i nt er net t he i nf or mati o n e xc ha nge has bec o me ver y e as y a nd at al most no c ost. Ho we ver, i n s o me c as es t he us er nee d t o pay f or t he i nf or mati o n.

(iv ) A n u mber of c opi es of a ny doc u me nt s c a n be cr e at e d i n s ec o nds whi c h c o ul d t a ke a n u mber of ho urs of t he h u ma n bei ng t o do s o.

( v ) Pe opl e c a n do t hei r offi ce wor k f r o m a ny wher e, as i n c as e of vi rt ual offi ce, a nd c a n s par e mor e ti me w i t h t hei r f a mili es. It s aves t hei r ti me t o c o mmut e t o t he offi ce a nd r e d uces c ost of s etti ng up offi ce.

(vi ) Co mp ut ers assi st t he pe opl e w i t h di s a bili t y t o perf or mt hei r s o me of t he acti vi ti es e. g. t o vi s uall y c hall e nge d pe opl e i n t he st udi es usi ng s cr ee n r e a di ng s oft war e et c. It i s r e all y a boo n f or vi s uall y c hall e nge d pe opl e.

(vii ) By usi ng c o mp ut ers n u mer o us dat a c a n be st or e d i n s mall si z e st or age de vi ce f or a ver y l o ng ti me peri o d w i t ho ut t he f e ar of f or getti ng i t. (viii ) W i t h t he us e of c o mp ut er s oft war e pl agi ari s m c a n be c hec ke d a nd c o nt r oll e d.

It i s ne xt t o i mpossi bl e t o li st do wn all t he a dva nt ages of c o mp ut ers a nd t her ef or e t he di s c ussi o n i s li m i t e d t o t hes e ar e as o nl y. Ther e ar e vari o us ot her a dva nt ages of t he c o mp ut ers al s o

Computer Applications in Business

UGCF

AUTHOR : HEM CHAND JAIN, H.N. TIWARI

PUBLISHER : TAXMANN

DATE OF PUBLICATION : NOVEMBER 2022

EDITION : 2022

ISBN NO : 9789356224186 NO. OF PAGES : 424

BINDING TYPE : PAPERBACK

Description

This is a comprehensive & authentic textbook written to impart computer skills and knowledge to commerce students & enhance their understanding of information technology tools in handling business operations. The book focuses on the application while providing basic information about computers for first-time readers.

This book aims to fulfil the requirement of students of the following:

u B.Com. | Generic Electives (GE-5) | Undergraduate Curriculum Framework

u Non-Collegiate Women’s Education Board (NCWEB)

u School of Open Learning (SOL) of the University of Delhi

u Central Universities throughout India

The Present Publication is the Latest Edition, authored by Dr. Hem Chand Jain & Dr. H.N. Tiwari, with the following noteworthy features:

u [ Simple, Systematic & Comprehensive Explanation ] The subject matter is presented in a simple, systematic method along with a comprehensive explanation of the concept and theories underlying Computer Applications in Business. The focus of this book is on the application part.

u [ Diagrams and Illustrations for Easy Understanding ] are provided to enhance the comprehension of various concepts and systems of computers

u [ Business Examples ] Comprehensive coverage of business examples to illustrate the concepts

u [ MS Excel in Business ] Separate chapter to demonstrate how excel is helpful in decision making

u [ Summary and Review Questions ] are given at the end of each chapter to evaluate and understand the concept

u [ Previous Exam Question Papers ] are included in this book:

n B.Com. (Hons.) | Sem IV-2017

n B.Com. (Hons.) | Sem IV-2018

n B.Com. (Hons.) | Sem IV-2019

u [ Student-Oriented Book ] This book has been developed keeping in mind the following factors:

n Interaction of the author/teacher with their students in the classroom

n Shaped by the author/teacher’s experience of teaching the subject matter at different levels

n Reactions and responses of students have also been incorporated at different places in the book