CONTENTS
Table showing sections of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 and corresponding sections of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 I-6
Comparative Study of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA) and Indian Evidence Act, 1872 I-22
Arrangement of sections 1
Text of Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 10
Statement of Objects and Reasons 78
Notes on Clauses 80
248th Report on Bharatiya Sakshya Bill, 2023 - Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs - Observations/ Recommendations - At a glance 109
Speech of Honourable Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Cooperation (Shri Amit Shah) in Lok Sabha on 20-12-2023 113
fo"k;&lwph
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 1872 dh èkkjk,a vkSj Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 dh lacafèkr èkkjkvksa dks n'kkZus okyh rkfydk I&6
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 ¼ch,l,½ ,oa Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 1872 dk rqyukRed vè;;u I&22
èkkjk&Øe 1
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 10 mís';ksa vkSj dkj.kksa dk dFku
[kaMksa ij fVIi.k
Hkkjrh; lk{; foèks;d] 2023 ij 248ok¡ izfrosnu & x`g ekeyksa ij lalnh; LFkk;h lfefr & leqfä;ka/ flQkfj'ksa & ,d utj esa
ekuuh; x`g ea=kh rFkk lgdkfjrk ea=kh ¼Jh vfer 'kkg½ dk fnukad 20&12&2023 dks yksdlHkk esa fn;k x;k Hkk"k.k 113
2 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM,
2023
(BSA) & INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT, 1872
AIMS AND OBJECTS OF BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023 (BSA)
The avowed aims and objects of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Evidence Act), as per its long title, were to consolidate, de ne and amend the law of evidence.
The avowed aims and objects of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA), as per its long title, are to consolidate and to provide for general rules and principles of evidence for fair trial.
The BSA recognizes that enunciating the rules and principles of evidence is not an end in itself. The aim for providing for general rules and principles of evidence is to ensure a fair trial.
It is submitted that the provisions of the BSA should be interpreted in the light of the avowed aim expressed in long title to achieve a fair trial.
Statement of Objects and Reasons to the BSA, 2023 are as under:
“2. .......... The law of evidence (not being substantive or procedural law), falls in the category of ‘adjective law’, that de nes the pleading and methodology by which the substantive or procedural laws are operationalised. The existing law does not address the technological advancement undergone in the country during the last few decades.
** ** **
4. The proposed legislation, namely “Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam”, inter alia, provides as under:—
(i) it provides that ‘evidence’ includes any information given electronically, which would permit appearance of witnesses, accused, experts and victims through electronic means;
2
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 ¼ch,l,½ ,oa
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 1872 ¼lk{; vfèkfu;e½ dk rqyukRed vè;;u
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 ¼ch,l,½ Ds$ y{; vkSj mís';
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 1872 ¼lk{; vfèkfu;e½ Ds$ LohÑr y{; vkSj mís';] blDs$ yacs 'kh"kZd Ds$ vuqlkj] lk{; vfèkfu;e dks lesfdr] ifjHkkf"kr vkSj la'kksfèkr djuk FkkA
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 ¼ch,l,½ Ds$ ?kksf"kr y{; vkSj mís';] blDs$ yacs 'kh"kZd Ds$ vuqlkj] fu"i{k lquokbZ Ds$ fy, lk{; Ds$ lkekU; fu;eksa vkSj fl)karksa dks lesfdr djuk vkSj iznku djuk gSA
ch,l, ekurk gS fd lk{; Ds$ fu;eksa vkSj fl)karksa dks izfrikfnr djuk vius vki esa dksbZ var ugha gSA lk{; Ds$ lkekU; fu;e vkSj fl)kar iznku djus dk mís'; fu"i{k lquokbZ lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
;g izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd fu"i{k lquokbZ gkfly djus Ds$ fy, ch,l, Ds$ izkoèkkuksa dh O;k[;k yacs 'kh"kZd esa O;ä fd, x, LohÑr mís'; Ds$ vkyksd esa dh tkuh pkfg,A
ch,l,] 2023 Ds$ mís';ksa vkSj dkj.kksa dk fooj.k bl izdkj gS%
ß2- ------------ lk{; dk dkuwu ¼ekSfyd ;k izfØ;kRed dkuwu ugha gksus Ds$ dkj.k½] ^fo'ks"k.k dkuwu* dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS] tks ml nyhy vkSj dk;Ziz.kkyh dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS ftlDs$ }kjk ewy ;k izfØ;kRed dkuwu lapkfyr gksrs gSaA ekStwnk dkuwu fiNys dqN n'kdksa Ds$ nkSjku ns'k esa gqbZ rduhdh izxfr dks lacksfèkr ugha djrk gSA
¹¹ ¹¹ ¹¹
4- izLrkfor dkuwu] vFkkZr~ ßHkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;eÞ] vU; ckrksa Ds$ lkFk&lkFk fuEukuqlkj
iznku djrk gS%–
¼i½ ;g izkoèkku djrk gS fd ^lk{;* esa bysDVªkWfud :i ls nh xbZ dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh 'kkfey gS] tks bysDVªkWfud ekè;e ls xokgksa] vkjksfi;ksa] fo'ks"kKksa vkSj ihfM+rksa dh mifLFkfr dh vuqefr nsxh;
I-23
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BSA, 2023 & IEA, 1872
(ii) it provides for admissibility of an electronic or digital record as evidence having the same legal effect, validity and enforceability as any other document;
(iii) it seeks to expand the scope of secondary evidence to include copies made from original by mechanical processes, copies made from or compared with the original, counterparts of documents as against the parties who did not execute them and oral accounts of the contents of a document given by some person who has himself seen it and giving matching hash value of original record will be admissible as proof of evidence in the form of secondary evidence;
(iv) it seeks to put limits on the facts which are admissible and its certi cation as such in the courts. The proposed Bill introduces more precise and uniform rules of practice of courts in dealing with facts and circumstances of the case by means of evidence.
6. The Bill seeks to achieve the above objectives.”
SECTION 1 OF BSA : SHORT TITLE, APPLICATION AND COMMENCEMENT
Corresponding provision
Section 1 of the BSA corresponds to section 1 of the Evidence Act Territorial extent of the legislation
Section 1 of the Evidence Act provided that it extended to the whole of India. Section 1 of the BSA omits this provision on territorial extent. It also omits the de nition of “India” given in section 3 of the Evidence Act.
The possible reason for such omission is that any stipulation that the BSA extends to the whole of India would call into question the admissibility of evidence digitally generated outside the borders of India.
Applicability to
Courts-martial
Section 1 of the Evidence Act provided that the said Act did not apply to Courts-martial convened under the Army Act, the Naval Discipline Act or the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act or the Air Force Act.
Section 1(2) of the BSA omits the words “convened under the Army Act, the Naval Discipline Act or the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act or the Air Force Act”.
Thus, unlike the Evidence Act, the BSA shall also apply to courts-martial convened under the Army Act, the Naval Discipline Act or the Indian Navy (Discipline) Act or the Air Force Act.
SECTION 2 OF BSA : DEFINITIONS
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1) of the BSA corresponds to section 3 of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
ch,l,] 2023 ,oa Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 dk rqyukRed v/;;u I-23
¼ii½ ;g bysDVªkWfud ;k fMftVy fjdkWMZ dks lk{; Ds$ :i esa Lohdk;Zrk iznku djrk gS] ftldk dkuwuh izHkko] oSèkrk vkSj izorZuh;rk fdlh Hkh vU; nLrkost Ds$ leku gS(
¼iii½ bldk mís'; xkS.k lk{; Ds$ nk;js dk foLrkj djuk gS] ftlesa ;kaf=kd izfØ;kvksa }kjk ewy ls cukbZ xbZ izfr;ka] vly nLrkost ls cukbZ xbZ ;k rqyuk dh xbZ izfr;ka] mu i{kksa Ds$ f[kykQ nLrkostksa Ds$ led{k] ftUgksaus mUgsa fu"ikfnr ugha fd;k gS vkSj lkexzh Ds$ ewy [kkrs 'kkfey gSaA fdlh ,sls O;fä }kjk fn;k x;k nLrkost+ ftlus Lo;a mls ns[kk gks vkSj ewy fjdkWMZ dk feyku gS'k eku nsuk xkS.k lk{; Ds$ :i esa Lohdk;Z gksxk( ¼iv½ ;g mu rF;ksa ij lhek,a yxkus dk iz;kl djrk gS tks Lohdk;Z gSa vkSj vnkyrksa esa blDs$ izek.ku ij Hkh lhek,a yxkrh gSA izLrkfor foèks;d lk{; Ds$ ekè;e ls ekeys Ds$ rF;ksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus esa vnkyrksa Ds$ vH;kl Ds$ vfèkd lVhd vkSj leku fu;e is'k djrk gSA
¹¹ ¹¹ ¹¹
6- foèks;d mijksä mís';ksa dks izkIr djuk pkgrk gSAÞ
ch,l, dh èkkjk 1% laf{kIr uke] ykxw gksuk vkSj izkjaHk
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 1 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 1 Ds$ vuq:i g foèkku dh {ks=kh; lhek
lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 1 esa izkoèkku gS fd bldk foLrkj iwjs Hkkjr esa gksxkA ch,l, dh èkkjk 1 {ks=kh; lhek ij bl izkoèkku dks gVk nsrh gSA ;g lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3 esa nh xbZ ßHkkjrÞ dh ifjHkk"kk dks Hkh gVk nsrk gSA bl rjg dh pwd dk laHkkfor dkj.k ;g gS fd ch,l, }kjk iwjs Hkkjr esa ykxw dh xbZ dksbZ Hkh 'krZ Hkkjr dh lhekvksa Ds$ ckgj fMftVy :i ls mRiUu lk{; dh Lohdk;Zrk ij loky mBk,xhA
dksVZ ek'kZy Ds$ fy, iz;ksT;rk lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 1 esa izkoèkku gS fd mä vfèkfu;e lsuk vfèkfu;e] ukSlsuk vuq'kklu vfèkfu;e ;k Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ¼vuq'kklu½ vfèkfu;e ;k ok;q lsuk vfèkfu;e Ds$ rgr vk;ksftr dksVZ&ek'kZy ij ykxw ugha gksrk gSA
ch,l, dh èkkjk 1¼2½ esa ßlsuk vfèkfu;e] ukSlsuk vuq'kklu vfèkfu;e ;k Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ¼vuq'kklu½ vfèkfu;e ;k ok;q lsuk vfèkfu;e Ds$ rgr cqykbZ xbZÞ 'kCnksa dks gVk fn;k x;k gSA
bl izdkj] lk{; vfèkfu;e Ds$ foijhr] ch,l, lsuk vfèkfu;e] ukSlsuk vuq'kklu vfèkfu;e ;k Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk ¼vuq'kklu½ vfèkfu;e ;k ok;q lsuk vfèkfu;e Ds$ rgr vk;ksftr dksVZ&ek'kZy ij Hkh ykxw gksxkA
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2% ifjHkk"kk,
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3 Ds$ vuq:i g dksbZ cnyko ugha g
I-24
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BSA, 2023 & IEA, 1872
SECTION 2(1)(a) OF BSA : COURT
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(a) of the BSA corresponds to section 3, para 1, of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 2(1)(b) OF BSA : CONCLUSIVE PROOF
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(b) of the BSA corresponds to section 4, para 3, of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 2(1)(c) OF BSA : DISPROVED
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(c) of the BSA corresponds to section 3, para 8, of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 2(1)(d) OF BSA : DOCUMENT
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(d) of the BSA corresponds to section 3, para 5, of the Evidence Act
Electronic & digital records
Section 2(1)(d) of BSA gives a new de nition of the word “document” which is compatible with the modern digital era.
The new de nition speci cally includes electronic and digital records within the scope of the term “document”.
The ve statutory illustrations in old de nition have been retained. The new de nition gives a sixth statutory illustration No. (vi) which clari es that “An electronic record on emails, server logs, documents on computers, laptop or smartphone, messages, websites, locational evidence and voice mail messages stored on digital devices are documents”.
Under the new de nition, to qualify as “document” or “documentary evidence”, it is not necessary that matter be expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, gures or marks only.
Any matter which is “otherwise recorded” upon any substance “by any other means” will also qualify as “document” or “documentary evidence”.
It appears that video recording on mobile phone would qualify as “documentary evidence” as it is “otherwise recorded” upon any substance “by any other means”.
ch,l,] 2023 ,oa Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 dk rqyukRed v/;;u I-24
èkkjk 2¼1½¼d½ % U;k;ky;
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼d½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3] iSjk 1 Ds$ vuq:i g dksbZ cnyko ugha g
èkkjk 2¼1½¼[k½ % fu'pk;d lcwr
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼[k½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 4] iSjk 3 Ds$ vuq:i g
dksbZ cnyko ugha g
èkkjk 2¼1½¼x½ % uklkfcr
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼x½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3] iSjk 8 Ds$ vuq:i g
dksbZ cnyko ugha g
èkkjk 2¼1½¼?k½ % nLrkost
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼?k½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3] iSjk 5 Ds$ vuq:i g
bysDVªkWfud vkSj fMftVy fjdkWM
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼?k½ ßnLrkost+Þ 'kCn dh ,d ubZ ifjHkk"kk nsrh gS tks vkèkqfud fMftVy ;qx Ds$ vuqdwy gSA ubZ ifjHkk"kk esa fo'ks"k :i ls ßnLrkost+Þ 'kCn Ds$ nk;js esa bysDVªkWfud vkSj fMftVy fjdkWMZ 'kkfey gSaA
iqjkuh ifjHkk"kk esa ikap oSèkkfud n`"Vkarksa dks cjdjkj j[kk x;k gSA ubZ ifjHkk"kk ,d NBk oSèkkfud fp=k.k la[;k ¼vi½ nsrh gS tks Li"V djrh gS fd ßbZesy] loZj ykWx] daI;wVj] ySiVkWi ;k LekVZQksu ij nLrkost] lans'k] osclkbV] LFkkuh; lk{; vkSj fMftVy midj.kksa ij laxzghr okW;l esy lans'kksa ij ,d bysDVªkWfud fjdkWMZ nLrkost gSaÞA
ubZ ifjHkk"kk Ds$ rgr] ßnLrkost+Þ ;k ßnLrkost+h lk{;Þ Ds$ :i esa vgZrk izkIr djus Ds$ fy,] ;g vko';d ugha gS fd fdlh inkFkZ ij Ds$oy v{kjksa] vadksa ;k fpàksa Ds$ ekè;e ls gh ckr O;ä ;k of.kZr dh tk,A dksbZ Hkh ekeyk tks fdlh Hkh inkFkZ ij ßfdlh vU; ekè;e lsÞ ßvU;Fkk ntZÞ fd;k x;k gS] og Hkh ßnLrkostÞ ;k ßnLrkosth lk{;Þ Ds$ :i esa ;ksX; gksxkA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd eksckby Qksu ij ohfM;ks fjdkWfMaZx ßnLrkosth lk{;Þ Ds$ :i esa ;ksX; gksxh D;ksafd ;g fdlh Hkh inkFkZ ij ßfdlh vU; ekè;e lsÞ ßvU;Fkk fjdkWMZÞ dh tkrh gSA
I-25
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BSA, 2023 & IEA, 1872
SECTION 2(1)(e) OF BSA : EVIDENCE
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(e) of the BSA corresponds to section 3, para 6, of the Evidence Act
Electronic/Digital records
Under the new de nition of “evidence” in section 2(1)(e) of the BSA, ‘statements including statements given electronically’ are to be treated as evidence as well as oral evidence. This is a logical corollary to section 530 of Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) providing for examination of complainant and witnesses in electronic mode by use of electronic communication or by audio-video electronic means.
Under Evidence Act, only electronic records were treated as documentary evidence and there was no express mention of digital records in de nition of ‘evidence’ under Evidence Act.
Section 2(1)(e) of BSA speci cally includes electronic or digital records as documentary evidence.
SECTION 2(1)(f) OF BSA : FACT
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(f) of the BSA corresponds to section 3, para 2, of the Evidence Act
Illustration
Illustration (e) in section 3 (2nd para) of Evidence Act which states that “(e) That a man has a certain reputation, is a fact.” is omitted in new de nition of “fact” in section 2(1)(f)
SECTION 2(1)(g) OF BSA : FACTS IN ISSUE
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(g) of the BSA corresponds to section 3, para 4, of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 2(1)(h) OF BSA : MAY PRESUME
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(h) of the BSA corresponds to section 4, para 1, of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
ch,l,] 2023 ,oa Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 dk rqyukRed v/;;u I-25
èkkjk 2¼1½¼³½ % lk{; vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼³½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3] iSjk 6 Ds$ vuq:i g bysDVªkWfud@fMftVy fjdkWM
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼³½ esa ßlk{;Þ dh ubZ ifjHkk"kk Ds$ rgr] ^bysDVªkWfud :i ls fn, x, c;kuksa lfgr* c;kuksa dks lk{; Ds$ lkFk&lkFk ekSf[kd lk{; Ds$ :i esa Hkh ekuk tk,xkA ;g Hkkjrh; ukxfjd lqj{kk lafgrk] 2023 ¼ch,u,l,l½ dh èkkjk 530 dk rkfdZd ifj.kke gS] ftlesa bysDVªkWfud lapkj Ds$ mi;ksx ;k vkWfM;ks&ohfM;ks bysDVªkWfud ekè;eksa ls bysDVªkWfud eksM esa f'kdk;rdrkZ vkSj xokgksa dh tkap dk izkoèkku gSA lk{; vfèkfu;e Ds$ rgr] Ds$oy bysDVªkWfud fjdkWMZ dks nLrkosth lk{; Ds$ :i esa ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj lk{; vfèkfu;e Ds$ rgr ^lk{;* dh ifjHkk"kk esa fMftVy fjdkWMZ dk dksbZ Li"V mYys[k ugha FkkA
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼³½ esa fo'ks"k :i ls nLrkosth lk{; Ds$ :i esa bysDVªkWfud ;k fMftVy fjdkWMZ 'kkfey gSaA
èkkjk 2¼1½¼p½ % rF;
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼p½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3] iSjk 2 Ds$ vuq:i g fp=k.k
lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3 ¼nwljk iSjk½ esa fp=k.k ¼³½ tks crkrk gS fd ß¼³½ ;g ,d rF; gS fd ,d O;fä dh ,d fuf'pr izfr"Bk gksrh gSAÞ èkkjk 2¼1½¼p½ esa ßrF;Þ dh ubZ ifjHkk"kk esa bls gVk fn;k x;k g
èkkjk 2¼1½¼N½% fookn~;d rF;
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼N½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3] iSjk 4 Ds$ vuq:i g dksbZ cnyko ugha g
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼t½% mièkkj.kk dj lDs$xk
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼t½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 4] iSjk 1 Ds$ vuq:i g dksbZ cnyko ugha g
I-26
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BSA, 2023 & IEA, 1872
SECTION 2(1)(i) OF BSA : NOT PROVED
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(i) of the BSA corresponds to section 3, para 9, of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 2(1)(j) OF BSA : PROVED
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(j) of the BSA corresponds to section 3, para 7, of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 2(1)(k) OF BSA : RELEVANT
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(k) of the BSA corresponds to section 3, para 3, of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 2(1)(l) OF BSA : SHALL PRESUME
Corresponding provision
Section 2(1)(l) of the BSA corresponds to section 4, para 2, of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 2(2) OF BSA : WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
Corresponding provision
No corresponding provision in Evidence Act
This is a new provision
Words not de ned
Sub-section (2) of section 2 of BSA provides that words and expressions used herein and not de ned but de ned in the Information Technology Act, 2000, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 shall have the same meanings as assigned to them in the said Act and Sanhita.
SECTION 3 OF BSA : EVIDENCE MAY BE GIVEN OF FACTS IN ISSUE AND RELEVANT FACTS
Corresponding provision
Section 3 of the BSA corresponds to section 5 of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
ch,l,] 2023 ,oa Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 dk rqyukRed v/;;u I-26
èkkjk 2¼1½¼>½ % lkfcr ugha gqvk
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼>½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3] iSjk 9] Ds$ vuq:i g
dksbZ cnyko ugha g
èkkjk 2¼1½¼×k½ % lkfcr
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼×k½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3] iSjk 7 Ds$ vuq:i g
dksbZ cnyko ugha g
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼V½ % lqlaxr
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼V½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 3] iSjk 3 Ds$ vuq:i g
dksbZ cnyko ugha g
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼B½ % mièkkj.kk djsxk
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼B½ lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 4] iSjk 2 Ds$ vuq:i g
dksbZ cnyko ugha g
èkkjk 2¼2½ % 'kCn vkSj Hkko
vuq:i izkoèkku
lk{; vfèkfu;e esa dksbZ rnuq:ih izkoèkku ugha g
;g ,d u;k izkoèkku g
'kCn ifjHkkf"kr ugh
ch,l, dh èkkjk 2 dh mièkkjk ¼2½ esa izkoèkku gS fd ;gka bLrseky fd, x, vkSj ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd, x, ysfdu lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vfèkfu;e] 2000] Hkkjrh; ukxfjd lqj{kk lafgrk] 2023 vkSj Hkkjrh; U;k; lafgrk] 2023 esa ifjHkkf"kr 'kCnksa vkSj vfHkO;fä;ksa dk ogh vFkZ gksxk] tSlk fd mä vfèkfu;e vkSj lafgrk esa mUgsa lkSaik x;k gSA
ch,l, dh èkkjk 3% fookn~;d rF;ksa vkSj lqlaxr rF;ksa dk lk{; fn;k tk lDs$xk
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 3 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 5 Ds$ vuq:i g
dksbZ cnyko ugha g
I-27
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BSA, 2023 & IEA, 1872
SECTION 4 OF BSA : RELEVANCY OF FACTS FORMING PART OF SAME TRANSACTION
Corresponding provision
Section 4 of the BSA corresponds to section 6 of the Evidence Act Facts not in issue
Section 6 of Evidence Act provided that facts which, though not in issue, but which are so connected with a fact in issue as to form part of the same transaction, are relevant.
In addition, section 4 of the BSA also provides that facts though not in issue are so connected with a relevant fact as to form part of the same transaction, are relevant.
SECTION 5 OF BSA : FACTS WHICH ARE OCCASION, CAUSE OR EFFECT OF FACTS IN ISSUE OR RELEVANT FACTS
Corresponding provision
Section 5 of the BSA corresponds to section 7 of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 6 OF BSA : MOTIVE, PREPARATION AND PREVIOUS OR SUBSEQUENT CONDUCT
Corresponding provision
Section 6 of the BSA corresponds to section 8 of the Evidence Act
The rst para in section 8 of Evidence Act is now sub-section (1) of section 6 in the BSA
The second para in section 8 of Evidence Act is now sub-section (2) of section 6 in the BSA
Illustrations
In Statutory Illustration (d) to section 8 of Evidence Act, reference to “vakils” is replaced with “advocates”
In Statutory Illustration (e) to section 8 of Evidence Act, typographical error of “proved” corrected by making it “provided”
In Statutory Illustration (f) to section 8 of Evidence Act, word “man” is replaced with “person” to make it gender neutral
In Statutory Illustration (j), word “ravished” has been replaced with the word “raped”
SECTION 7 OF BSA : FACTS NECESSARY TO EXPLAIN OR INTRODUCE FACT IN ISSUE OR RELEVANT FACTS
Corresponding provision
Section 7 of the BSA corresponds to section 9 of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
ch,l,] 2023 ,oa Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 dk rqyukRed v/;;u I-27
ch,l, dh èkkjk 4% ,d gh laO;ogkj Ds$ Hkkx gksus okys rF;ksa dh lqlaxfr
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 4 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 6 Ds$ vuq:i g rF; eqí esa ugha gS
lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 6 esa ;g izkoèkku fd;k x;k gS fd os rF;] tks gkykafd fooknxzLr ugha gSa] ysfdu tks fooknxzLr rF; ls bl izdkj tqM+s gq, gSa fd mlh ysu&nsu dk fgLlk curs gSa] izklafxd gSaA
blDs$ vykok] ch,l, dh èkkjk 4 esa ;g Hkh izkoèkku gS fd rF; gkykafd fookn esa ugha gSa] os izklafxd rF; ls bl rjg tqM+s gq, gSa fd os mlh ysunsu dk fgLlk cu tkrs gSa] fQj Hkh os izklafxd gSaA
ch,l, dh èkkjk 5% os rF;] tks fookn~;d rF;ksa ;k lqlaxr rF;ksa Ds$ izlax] gsrqd ;k ifj.kke gS
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 5 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 7 Ds$ vuq:i gS dksbZ cnyko ugha gS
ch,l, dh èkkjk 6% gsrq rS;kjh vkSj iwoZ dk ;k i'pkr~ dk vkpj.k
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 6 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 8 Ds$ vuq:i gS
lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 8 dk igyk iSjk vc ch,l, esa èkkjk 6 dh mièkkjk ¼1½ gS
lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 8 dk nwljk iSjk vc ch,l, esa èkkjk 6 dh mièkkjk ¼2½ gS js[kkadu
lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 8 Ds$ oSèkkfud fp=k.k ¼?k½ esa] ßodhyÞ Ds$ lanHkZ dks ßvfèkoäkvksaÞ ls cny fn;k x;k gSA
lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 8 Ds$ oSèkkfud fp=k.k ¼³½ esa] ßlkfcrÞ dh eqnz.k lacaèkh =kqfV dks ßiznkuÞ djDs$ Bhd fd;k x;kA
lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 8 Ds$ oSèkkfud fp=k.k ¼p½ esa] fyax rVLFk cukus Ds$ fy, ßiq#"kÞ 'kCn dks ßO;fäÞ ls cny fn;k x;k gSA
oSèkkfud fp=k.k ¼×k½ esa] 'kCn ßcckZnÞ dks ßcykRdkjÞ 'kCn ls cny fn;k x;k gSA
ch,l, dh èkkjk 7% fookn~;d rF; ;k lqlaxr rF;ksa Ds$ Li"Vhdj.k ;k iqj%LFkkiu Ds$ fy, vko';d rF;
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 7 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 9 Ds$ vuq:i gS dksbZ cnyko ugha gS
I-28
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BSA, 2023 & IEA, 1872
SECTION 8 OF BSA : THINGS SAID OR DONE BY CONSPIRATOR IN REFERENCE TO COMMON DESIGN
Corresponding provision
Section 8 of the BSA corresponds to section 10 of the Evidence Act There are no changes
SECTION 9 OF BSA : WHEN FACTS NOT OTHERWISE RELEVANT BECOME RELEVANT
Corresponding provision
Section 9 of the BSA corresponds to section 11 of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 10 OF BSA : FACTS TENDING TO ENABLE COURT TO DETERMINE AMOUNT ARE RELEVANT IN SUITS FOR DAMAGES
Corresponding provision
Section 10 of the BSA corresponds to section 12 of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 11 OF BSA : FACTS RELEVANT WHEN RIGHT OR CUSTOM IS IN QUESTION
Corresponding provision
Section 11 of the BSA corresponds to section 13 of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 12 OF BSA : FACTS SHOWING EXISTENCE OF STATE OF MIND, OR OF BODY OR BODILY FEELING
Corresponding provision
Section 12 of the BSA corresponds to section 14 of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
SECTION 13 OF BSA : FACTS BEARING ON QUESTION WHETHER ACT WAS ACCIDENTAL OR INTENTIONAL
Corresponding provision
Section 13 of the BSA corresponds to section 15 of the Evidence Act There are no changes
SECTION 14 OF BSA : EXISTENCE OF COURSE OF BUSINESS WHEN RELEVANT
Corresponding provision
Section 14 of the BSA corresponds to section 16 of the Evidence Act
There are no changes
ch,l,] 2023 ,oa Hkkjrh; lk{; vf/kfu;e] 1872 dk rqyukRed v/;;u I-28
ch,l, dh èkkjk 8% lkekU; ifjdYiuk Ds$ ckjs esa "kM~;a=kdkjh }kjk dgh xbZ ;k dh xbZ ckrs
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 8 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 10 Ds$ vuq:i gS dksbZ cnyko ugha gS
ch,l, dh èkkjk 9% os rF; tks vU;Fkk lqlaxr ugha gS dc lqlaxr gS
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 9 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 11 Ds$ vuq:i gS dksbZ cnyko ugha gS
ch,l, dh èkkjk 10% jde voèkkfjr djus Ds$ fy, U;k;ky; dks leFkZ djus dh izo`fÙk j[kus okys rF; uqdlkuh Ds$ fy, oknksa esa lqlaxr gS
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 10 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 12 Ds$ vuq:i gS dksbZ cnyko ugha gS
ch,l, dh èkkjk 11% tc vfèkdkj ;k :f<+ iz'uxr gS] rc lqlaxr rF;
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 11 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 13 Ds$ vuq:i gS dksbZ cnyko ugha gS
ch,l, dh èkkjk 12% eu ;k 'kjhj dh n'kk ;k 'kkjhfjd laonsuk dk vfLrRo nf'kZr djus okys rF;
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 12 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 14 Ds$ vuq:i gS dksbZ cnyko ugha gS
ch,l, dh èkkjk 13% dk; vkdfLed ;k lk'k; Fkk bl iz'u ij izdk'k Mkyus okys rF;
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 13 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 15 Ds$ vuq:i gS dksbZ cnyko ugha gS
ch,l, dh èkkjk 14% dkjckj Ds$ vuqØe dk vfLrRo dc lqlaxr g
vuq:i izkoèkku
ch,l, dh èkkjk 14 lk{; vfèkfu;e dh èkkjk 16 Ds$ vuq:i gS dksbZ cnyko ugha gS
BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM 2023 | DIGLOT EDITION
AUTHOR : TAXMANN'S EDITORIAL BOARD
PUBLISHER : TAXMANN
DATE OF PUBLICATION : JUNE 2024
EDITION : 2024 EDITION
ISBN NO : 9789357783590
NO. OF PAGES : 344
BINDING TYPE : PAPERBACK
DESCRIPTION
This comprehensive legal resource focuses on the bare text of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) 2023, offering a detailed comparison with the Indian Evidence Act of 1872. By providing side-by-side text in both Hindi and English, this book effectively breaks down language barriers, making the nuances of the law accessible to all.
The inclusion of tables, indexes, and comparative studies further enhances the reader's ability to understand and relate the new legislation to the historical Indian Evidence Act.
With its comprehensive approach and bilingual presentation, this book stands as a definitive legal resource in contemporary Indian jurisprudence. It is an invaluable tool for the judiciary, legal professionals, enforcement agencies, government bodies, students, and the general public.
The Present Publication is the 2024 Edition, [Act No. 47 of 2023 – Dated 25-12-2023, enforced w.e.f. 01-07-2024 | S.O. 849(E) – Dated 23-02-2024], edited and authored by Taxmann's Editorial Board. The coverage of this book includes:
• [Bilingual Format] Presented in both Hindi and English, ensuring accessibility and comprehension for a wider audience
• [Section-wise Tables] Detailed tables juxtapose sections from the Indian Evidence Act 1872 with their counterparts in the BSA 2023, highlighting old versus new laws
• [Comprehensive Index] A meticulously crafted subject index for the BSA 2023 aids quick reference and ease of navigation
• [Comparative Analysis] In-depth comparative studies between the BSA 2023 and the Indian Evidence Act 1872 provide valuable insights into the legislative changes
• [Authoritative Content] Authored and edited by Taxmann's Editorial Board, this publication includes:
o Text of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023
o Statement of Objects and Reasons
o Notes on Clauses
o Observations and recommendations from the 248th Committee Report on the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023
o Speech by the Honourable Minister of Home Affairs and Minister of Cooperation (Shri Amit Shah) dated 20-12-2023
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