2
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BHARATIYA NAGARIK SURAKSHA
SANHITA, 2023 (BNSS) &
CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973 (Cr.PC.)
DEFINITIONS [SECTION 2 OF BNSS]
NEW DEFINITIONS [NEW]
Section 2(1) of the BNSS contains de nitions of certain terms used in the legislation. Section 2(1) gives the following new de nitions which were not there in Cr.PC:
Audio video electronic means [Section 2(1)(a)]
Bail [Section 2(1)(b)]
Bail bond [Section 2(1)(d)]
Bond [Section 2(1)(e)]
Electronic communication [Section 2(1)(i)]
“Audio-video electronic means” [Section 2(1)(a) of BNSS]
Section 2(1)(a) of the BNSS de nes “audio-video electronic means”
In BNSS, unless the context otherwise requires, the term “audio-video electronic means” shall include use of any communication device for the purposes of -
Video conferencing
Recording of processes of identi cation
2
Hkkjrh; ukxfjd lqj{kk lafgrk] 2023
¼ch,u,l,l½
vkSj
naM izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973 ¼lhvkjihlh½ dk rqyukRed vè;;u
ifjHkk"kk,¡ ¼ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2½
ubZ ifjHkk"kk,¡ [ubZ]
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½ esa dkuwu esa iz;qä dqN 'krks± dh ifjHkk"kk,a 'kkfey gSaA èkkjk 2¼1½
fuEufyf[kr ubZ ifjHkk"kk,¡ nsrh gS tks lhvkjihlh esa ugha Fkha%
JO;&n`'; bySDVªkWfud [èkkjk 2¼1½¼d½]
tekur [èkkjk 2¼1½¼[k½]
tekuri=k [èkkjk 2¼1½¼?k½]
caèki=k [èkkjk 2¼1½¼³½]
bySDVªWkfud lalwpuk [èkkjk 2¼1½¼>½]
ßJO;&n`'; bySDVªkWfudÞ [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼d½]
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼d½ ßJO;&n`'; bySDVªWkfudÞ dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS
ch,u,l,l esa] tc rd fd lanHkZ esa vU;Fkk vko';d u gks] 'kCnksa ßJO;&n`'; bySDVªWkfudÞ esa fuEufyf[kr mís';ksa Ds$ fy, fdlh Hkh lapkj midj.k dk mi;ksx 'kkfey gksxk–
ohfM;ks dkWUÝsa¯lx
igpku dh izfØ;kvksa dh fjdkW²Mx
I-39
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BNSS, 2023 & Cr.PC., 1973
Search and seizure or evidence
Transmission of electronic communication, and For such other purposes and by such other means as the State Government may, by rules provide
“Bail” [Section 2(1)(b) of BNSS]
Section 2(1)(b) of BNSS de nes ‘bail’ to mean release of a person accused of or suspected of commission of an offence from the custody of law upon certain conditions imposed by an of cer or Court on execution by such person of a bond or a bail bond
“Bail Bond”[Section 2(1)(d) of BNSS]
Section 2(1)(d) of BNSS de nes ‘bail bond’ to mean an undertaking for release with surety
“Bond” [Section 2(1)(e) of BNSS]
Section 2(1)(e) of BNSS de nes ‘bond’ to mean a personal bond or an undertaking for release without surety
“Electronic communication” [Section 2(1)(i) of BNSS]
“Electronic communication” means— the communication of any written, verbal, pictorial information or video content transmitted or transferred whether from one person to another, or from one device to another or from a person to a device or from a device to a person by means of an electronic device including a telephone, mobile phone, or other wireless telecommunication device, or a computer, or audiovideo players or cameras or any other electronic device or electronic form as may be speci ed by noti cation, by the Central Government
CHANGE IN DEFINITIONS
“Investigation” [Section 2(1)(l) of BNSS/Section 2(h) of Cr.PC.]
New Explanation inserted in section 2(1)(l) of BNSS clari es that where any of the provisions of a special Act as regards investigation are inconsistent with the provisions of this Sanhita, the provisions of the special Act shall prevail
ch,u,l,l] 2023 vkSj lhvkjihlh] 1973 dk rqyukRed vè;;u I-39
ryk'kh vkSj tCrh ;k lk{; bysDVªkWfud lalwpuk dk izlkj.k] vkSj ,sls vU; mís';ksa Ds$ fy, vkSj ,sls vU; ekè;eksa ls tks jkT; ljdkj fu;eksa }kjk iznku dj ldrh gS
ßtekurÞ [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼[k½]
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼[k½ ^tekur* dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fdlh vijkèk Ds$ vkjksih ;k lafnXèk O;fä dks dkuwu dh fgjklr ls fdlh vfèkdkjh ;k U;k;ky; }kjk ,sls O;fä }kjk fu"iknu ij yxkbZ xbZ dqN 'krks± ij fjgk djukA ,d ckaM ;k tekur ckaM
ßtekur i=kÞ [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼?k½]
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼?k½ ^tekur ckaM* dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS ftldk vFkZ gS t+ekur
Ds$ lkFk fjgkbZ dk opu nsuk
ßca/ki=kÞ [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼³½]
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼³½ ^caèku* dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS ftldk vFkZ gS ,d O;fäxr ckaM ;k t+ekur Ds$ fcuk fjgkbZ Ds$ fy, ,d miØe
ßbySDVªWkfud lalwpukÞ [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼>½]
ßbysDVªkWfud lalwpukÞ dk vFkZ gS–
fdlh Hkh fyf[kr] ekSf[kd] lfp=k tkudkjh ;k ohfM;ks lkexzh dk lapkj izsf"kr ;k gLrkarfjr pkgs ,d O;fä ls nwljs O;fä esa] ;k ,d fMokbl ls nwljs fMokbl esa ;k ,d O;fä ls ,d fMokbl esa ;k ,d fMokbl ls ,d O;fä esa ,d bysDVªkWfud midj.k Ds$ ekè;e ls ftlesa VsyhQksu] eksckby Qksu] ;k vU; ok;jysl nwjlapkj midj.k] ;k ,d daI;wVj] ;k J`O;&n`'; Iys;j ;k dSejk ;k dksbZ vU; bysDVªkWfud midj.k ;k bysDVªkWfud :i 'kkfey gS] tSlk fd D−$nz ljdkj }kjk vfèklwpuk }kjk fu£n"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA ifjHkk"kkvksa esa ifjorZu
ßvUos"k.kÞ [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼B½@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 2¼t½] ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼1½¼B½ esa Mkyk x;k u;k Li"Vhdj.k Li"V djrk gS fd tgka tkap Ds$ lacaèk esa fdlh fo'ks"k vfèkfu;e Ds$ dksbZ Hkh izkoèkku bl lafgrk Ds$ izkoèkkuksa Ds$ lkFk vlaxr gSa] rks fo'ks"k vfèkfu;e Ds$ izkoèkku ykxw gksaxs
I-40 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BNSS, 2023 & Cr.PC., 1973
Words and phrases used in the legislation but not de ned [Section 2(2) of BNSS/section 2(y) of the Cr.PC.]
Section 2(y) of Cr.PC provided that words and expressions used herein and not de ned shall have the meanings respectively assigned to them in the Indian Penal Code if they are de ned in that Code
Section 2(2) of the BNSS provides that words and expressions used herein and not de ned but de ned in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) and Information Technology Act, 2000 have the meanings respectively assigned to them in that Act and Sanhita.
CRIMINAL COURTS AND OFFICES, CONSTITUTION OF [SECTIONS 6 TO 20 OF BNSS]
METROPOLITAN AREA/METROPOLITAN MAGISTRATE [SECTION 6 OF BNSS/SECTION 6 OF Cr.PC.]
Concepts of ‘Metropolitan Area’ & ‘Metropolitan Magistrate’ are now abolished.
SPECIAL EXECUTIVE MAGISTRATES [SECTION 15 OF BNSS/SECTION 21 OF Cr.PC.]
Police Of cer
Besides Executive Magistrate, State Government can also appoint any police of cer not below the rank of Superintendent of Police or equivalent to be known as Special Executive Magistrate
PUBLIC PROSECUTORS [SECTION 18 OF BNSS/SECTION 24 OF Cr.PC.]
Public prosecutors for National Territory of Delhi Region
New proviso to section 18(1) of BNSS provides that the Central Government shall appoint the Public Prosecutor or Additional Public Prosecutors for the National Capital Territory of Delhi after consultation with the High Court of Delhi
Special Public Prosecutor
Under BNSS, the de nition of “Prosecuting Of cer” includes a Special Public Prosecutor also
ASSISTANT PUBLIC PROSECUTORS [SECTION 19 OF BNSS/SECTION 25 OF Cr.PC.]
Notice to State Government
Section 19 of the BNSS stipulates a new requirement that provides that when no Assistant Public Prosecutor is available District Magistrate may exercise his power of appointment of any other person as Assistant Public Prosecutor after giving notice of 14 days to the State Government
ch,u,l,l] 2023 vkSj lhvkjihlh] 1973 dk rqyukRed vè;;u I-40
dkuwu esa iz;qä 'kCn vkSj okD;ka'k ysfdu ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSa [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼2½@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 2¼e½]
lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 2¼e½ esa izkoèkku gS fd ;gka iz;qä vkSj ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd, x, 'kCnksa vkSj vfHkO;fä;ksa Ds$ Øe'k% ogh vFkZ gksaxs tks mUgsa Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk esa fn, x, gSa] ;fn mUgsa ml lafgrk esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 2¼2½ esa izkoèkku gS fd ;gka bLrseky fd, x, 'kCnksa vkSj vfHkO;fä;ka ifjHkkf"kr ugha gSa ysfdu Hkkjrh; U;k; lafgrk] 2023 ¼ch,u,l½ vkSj lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vfèkfu;e] 2000 esa ifjHkkf"kr gSa] ogh vFkZ gSa tks mUgsa Øe'k% ml vfèkfu;e vkSj lafgrk esa fn, x, gSaA
vkijkfèkd vnkyrsa vkSj dk;kZy; [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 6 ls 20] dk xBu
naM U;k;ky;ksa ds oxZ [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 6@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 6]
^esVªksikWfyVu ,fj;k* vkSj ^esVªks ikWfyl eftLVªsV* dh voèkkj.kk,a vc lekIr dj nh xbZ gSaA
fo'ks"k dk;Zikyd eftLVªsV [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 15@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 21]
iqfyl vfèkdkjh
dk;Zdkjh eftLVªsV Ds$ vykok] jkT; ljdkj fdlh Hkh iqfyl vfèkdkjh dks Hkh fu;qä dj ldrh gS] tks iqfyl vèkh{kd ;k mlDs$ led{k jSad ls uhps dk u gks] ftls fo'ks"k dk;Zdkjh eftLVªsV Ds$ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
yksd vfHk;kstd [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 18@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 24]
fnYyh {ks=k Ds$ jk"Vªh; {ks=k Ds$ fy, yksd vfHk;kstd
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 18¼1½ Ds$ u, izkoèkku esa izkoèkku gS fd D−$nz ljdkj fnYyh mPp U;k;ky; Ds$ ijke'kZ Ds$ ckn jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k fnYyh Ds$ fy, yksd vfHk;kstd ;k vfrfjä yksd vfHk;kstd dh fu;qfä djsxhA
fo'ks"k yksd vfHk;kstd
ch,u,l,l Ds$ rgr] ßvfHk;kstu vfèkdkjhÞ dh ifjHkk"kk esa ,d fo'ks"k yksd vfHk;kstd Hkh 'kkfey gS
lgk;d yksd vfHk;kstd [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 19@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 25] jkT; ljdkj dks uksfVl
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 19 ,d ubZ vko';drk fuèkkZfjr djrh gS tks ;g crkrh gS fd tc dksbZ lgk;d yksd vfHk;kstd miyCèk ugha gS rks ftyk eftLVªsV jkT; ljdkj dks 14 fnuksa dk uksfVl nsus Ds$ ckn fdlh vU; O;fä dks lgk;d yksd vfHk;kstd Ds$ :i esa fu;qä djus dh viuh 'kfä dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA
COMPARATIVE
STUDY OF BNSS, 2023 & Cr.PC., 1973
DIRECTORATE OF PROSECUTION [SECTION 20 OF BNSS/SECTION 25A OF Cr.PC.]
District Directorate of Prosecution
Section 20(1)(b) of BNSS provides that the State Government may establish District Directorate of Prosecution of every district consisting of as many Deputy Directors & Assistant Directors of Prosecution as it thinks t
Eligible criteria of appointment of Director/Deputy Director of Prosecution
Section 25A(2) of Cr.PC. provided that a person shall be eligible to be appointed as a Director of Prosecution or a Deputy Director of Prosecution, if he has been in practice as an advocate for not less than ten years and such appointment shall be made with concurrence of the Chief Justice of the High Court.
Section 20(2)(a) of the BNSS has changed the eligibility criteria for appointment of a Director of Prosecution or a Deputy Director of Prosecution.
Section 20(2) provides that a person shall be eligible to be appointed as a Director of Prosecution or a Deputy Director of Prosecution, if he has been in practice as an advocate for not less than fteen years or is or has been a Sessions Judge
Section 20 omits the requirement of concurrence of the Chief Justice of the High Court for appointment of a Director of Prosecution or a Deputy Director of Prosecution
Assistant Directors of Prosecution
Section 20(2) creates new posts of Assistant Directors of Prosecution.
Section 20(2)(b) provides that person shall be eligible to be appointed as an Assistant Director of Prosecution if he has been in practice as an advocate for not less than seven years or has been a Magistrate of the rst class
Assistant Director shall be subordinate to Deputy Director of Prosecution
Roles and responsibilities of Director/Deputy Director/Assistant Director of Prosecution
Unlike section 25A of Cr.PC, section 20 of BNSS provides clear roles for Director of Prosecution, Deputy Director of Prosecution and Assistant Director of Prosecution and does not leave it entirely to the discretion of State Government to specify their roles and responsibilities. The roles and responsibilities of these of cials are as under:
The powers and functions of the Director of Prosecution shall be to monitor cases in which offences are punishable for ten years or more, or with life imprisonment, or with death, to expedite the proceedings and to give opinion on ling of appeals.
The powers and functions of the Deputy Director of Prosecution shall be to examine and scrutinise police report and monitor the cases in which offences are punishable for seven years or more, but less than ten years, for ensuring their expeditious disposal.
ch,u,l,l] 2023 vkSj lhvkjihlh] 1973 dk rqyukRed vè;;u I-41
vfHk;kstu funs'kky; [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 20@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 25d] ftyk vfHk;kstu funs'kky;
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 20¼1½¼[k½ esa izkoèkku gS fd jkT; ljdkj izR;sd ftys esa ftyk vfHk;kstu funs'kky; dh LFkkiuk dj ldrh gS] ftlesa mrus mi funs'kd vkSj lgk;d funs'kd vfHk;kstu 'kkfey gksaxs] ftruk og mfpr le>sA
funs'kd@mi funs'kd vfHk;kstu dh fu;qfä Ds$ ;ksX; ekunaM
lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 25d¼2½ c'krsZ fd dksbZ O;fä vfHk;kstu funs'kd ;k mi funs'kd vfHk;kstu Ds$ :i esa fu;qä gksus Ds$ fy, ik=k gksxk] ;fn og de ls de nl o"kks± rd odhy Ds$ :i esa vH;kl dj jgk gks vkSj ,slh fu;qfä mPp U;k;ky; dh eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh lgefr ls dh tk,xhA
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 20¼2½¼d½ us vfHk;kstu funs'kd ;k vfHk;kstu mi funs'kd dh fu;qfä Ds$ fy, ik=krk ekunaM dks cny fn;k gSA èkkjk 20¼2½ esa izkoèkku gS fd dksbZ O;fä vfHk;kstu funs'kd ;k mi funs'kd vfHk;kstu Ds$ :i esa fu;qä gksus Ds$ fy, ik=k gksxk] ;fn og de ls de ianzg o"kks± rd odhy Ds$ :i esa vH;kl dj jgk gks ;k l=k U;k;kèkh'k gks ;k jgk gksA èkkjk 20 vfHk;kstu funs'kd ;k vfHk;kstu mi funs'kd dh fu;qfä Ds$ fy, mPp U;k;ky; Ds$ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh lgefr dh vko';drk dks NksM+ nsrh gSA
vfHk;kstu Ds$ lgk;d funs'kd
èkkjk 20¼2½ vfHk;kstu Ds$ lgk;d funs'kdksa Ds$ u, in l`ftr djrh gSA èkkjk 20¼2½¼[k½ esa izkoèkku gS fd og O;fä vfHk;kstu Ds$ lgk;d funs'kd Ds$ :i esa fu;qä gksus Ds$ fy, ik=k gksxk ;fn og odhy Ds$ :i esa de ls de lkr lky rd izSfDVl dj pqdk gks ;k izFke Js.kh dk eftLVªsV jgk gksA
lgk;d funs'kd vfHk;kstu mi funs'kd Ds$ vèkhuLFk gksxkA funs'kd@mi funs'kd@lgk;d vfHk;kstu funs'kd dh Hkwfedk,¡ vkSj ftEesnkfj;k¡ lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 25d Ds$ foijhr] ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 20 vfHk;kstu funs'kd] vfHk;kstu mi funs'kd vkSj vfHk;kstu lgk;d funs'kd Ds$ fy, Li"V Hkwfedk,a iznku djrh gS vkSj mudh Hkwfedkvksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa dks fu£n"V djus Ds$ fy, bls iwjh rjg ls jkT; ljdkj Ds$ foosdkfèkdkj ij ugha NksM+rh gSA bu vfèkdkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk,¡ vkSj ftEesnkfj;k¡ bl izdkj gSa% vfHk;kstu funs'kd dh 'kfä;k¡ vkSj dk;Z mu ekeyksa dh fuxjkuh djuk gksxk ftuesa vijkèk nl lky ;k mlls vfèkd dh lt+k] ;k vkthou dkjkokl] ;k ekSr dh lt+k gks] dk;Zokgh esa rsth ykuk vkSj vihy nk;j djus ij jk; nsuk gksxkA vfHk;kstu mi funs'kd dh 'kfä;ka vkSj dk;Z iqfyl fjiksVZ dh tkap djuk vkSj ij[kuk vkSj mu ekeyksa dh fuxjkuh djuk gksxk ftuesa vijkèk lkr lky ;k mlls vfèkd] ysfdu nl lky ls de dh lt+k dk izkoèkku gS] rkfd muDs$ 'kh?kz fuiVku dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lDs$A
I-42
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BNSS, 2023 & Cr.PC., 1973
The functions of the Assistant Director of Prosecution shall be to monitor cases in which offences are punishable for less than seven years.
The Director, Deputy Director or Assistant Director of Prosecution shall have the power to deal with and be responsible for all proceedings under this Sanhita.
The other powers and functions of the Director of Prosecution, the Deputy Directors of Prosecution and Assistant Director of Prosecution and the areas for which each of the Deputy Directors of Prosecution or Assistant Director of Prosecution have been appointed shall be such as the State Government may, by noti cation, specify.
COURTS, POWERS OF [SECTIONS 21 TO 29 OF BNSS]
SENTENCES WHICH HIGH COURTS AND SESSIONS JUDGES MAY PASS [SECTION 22 OF BNSS/SECTION 28 OF Cr.PC.]
Assistant Sessions Judge
Power of Assistant Sessions Judge to pass sentences in section 28(3) of Cr.PC has been omitted by section 22 of the BNSS
SENTENCES WHICH MAGISTRATES MAY PASS [SECTION 23 OF BNSS/ SECTION 29 OF Cr.PC.]
Monetary limits on nes
The monetary limits on nes which can be imposed by Judicial Magistrates of First class and Judicial Magistrates of second class have been enhanced by the BNSS as under:
Class of Criminal Court
The Court of a Judicial Magistrate of the rst class
The Court of a Judicial Magistrate of the second class
Monetary limit under section 29 of Cr.PC on ne that Court can impose
Fine not exceeding ` 10,000
Fine not exceeding ` 5,000
Metropolitan Area/Metropolitan Magistrate
Revised enhanced monetary limits under section 23 of BNSS on the ne that Court can impose
Fine not exceeding ` 50,000
Fine not exceeding ` 10,000
Concepts as to ‘Metropolitan Area’ & ‘Metropolitan Magistrate’ are abolished Community Service
Under section 23 of BNSS Court can impose ne or community service or both.
“Community service” shall mean the work which the Court may order a convict to perform as a form of punishment that bene ts the community, for which he shall not be entitled to any remuneration.
ch,u,l,l] 2023 vkSj lhvkjihlh] 1973 dk rqyukRed vè;;u I-42
vfHk;kstu Ds$ lgk;d funs'kd dk dk;Z mu ekeyksa dh fuxjkuh djuk gksxk ftuesa vijkèk lkr lky ls de dh lt+k dk izkoèkku gSA
funs'kd] mi funs'kd ;k lgk;d funs'kd vfHk;kstu Ds$ ikl bl lafgrk Ds$ rgr lHkh dk;Zokfg;ksa ls fuiVus vkSj muDs$ fy, ftEesnkj gksus dh 'kfä gksxhA vfHk;kstu funs'kd] vfHk;kstu Ds$ mi funs'kd vkSj vfHk;kstu Ds$ lgk;d funs'kd dh vU; 'kfä;k¡ vkSj dk;Z vkSj os {ks=k ftuDs$ fy, vfHk;kstu Ds$ izR;sd mi funs'kd ;k vfHk;kstu Ds$ lgk;d funs'kd dks fu;qä fd;k x;k gS] os ,sls gksaxs tSls jkT; ljdkj] vfèklwpuk }kjk] mfYyf[kr dj ldrs gSaA
U;k;ky; dh 'kfä;ka [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 21 ls 29]
naMkns'k] tks mPp U;k;ky; vkSj ls'ku U;k;kèkh'k ns lD−$xs [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 22@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 28]
lgk;d l=k U;k;kèkh'k
lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 28¼3½ esa lt+k lqukus dh lgk;d l=k U;k;kèkh'k dh 'kfä dks ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 22 }kjk gVk fn;k x;k gSA
naMkns'k] tks eftLVªsV ns lD−$xs [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 23@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 29]
ekSfnzd lhek,a
izFke Js.kh Ds$ U;kf;d eftLVªsV vkSj f}rh; Js.kh Ds$ U;kf;d eftLVªsV }kjk yxk, tk ldus okys tqekZus dh ekSfnzd lhek dks ch,u,l,l }kjk fuEukuqlkj c<+k;k x;k gS%
vkijkfèkd U;k;ky; dh Js.kh tqekZus ij lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 29 Ds$ rgr ekSfnzd lhek tks U;k;ky; yxk ldrk gS
izFke Js.kh Ds$ U;kf;d eftLVªsV dk U;k;ky;
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 23 Ds$ rgr U;k;ky; }kjk yxk, tkus okys tqekZus ij c<+h gqbZ ekSfnzd lhek dks la'kksfèkr fd;k x;k
tqekZuk ` 10]000 ls vfèkd ugha tqekZuk ` 50]000 ls vfèkd ugha f}rh; Js.kh Ds$ U;kf;d eftLVªsV dk U;k;ky; tqekZuk ` 5]000 ls vfèkd ugha tqekZuk ` 10]000 ls vfèkd ugha
esVªksikWfyVu ,fj;k@esVªksikWfyVu eftLVªsV
^esVªksikWfyVu ,fj;k* vkSj ^esVªksikWfyVu eftLVªsV^ dh voèkkj.kk,a lekIr dj nh xbZ gSaA
lkeqnkf;d lsok
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 23 Ds$ rgr U;k;ky; tqekZuk ;k dkWe ;wfuVh l£ol ;k nksuksa yxk ldrk gSA
ßlkeqnkf;d lsokÞ dk vFkZ og dk;Z gksxk ftls U;k;ky; fdlh nks"kh dks lt+k Ds$ :i esa djus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gS ftlls leqnk; dks ykHk gksrk gS] ftlDs$ fy, og fdlh ikfjJfed dk gdnkj ugha gksxkA
I-43
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BNSS, 2023 & Cr.PC., 1973
SENTENCE IN CASES OF CONVICTION OF SEVERAL OFFENSES AT ONE TRIAL [SECTION 25 OF BNSS/SECTION 31 OF Cr.PC.]
Concurrent imprisonment
Section 25 of the BNSS omits the ‘by default rule’ that punishments shall run consecutively in the order directed by the Court. Section 25 requires the Court to consider the gravity of offences and clearly order such punishments to run consecutively or concurrently.
Maximum punishment
Maximum punishment is increased from 14 years to 20 years
POLICE, POWERS OF SUPERIOR OFFICERS OF POLICE AND AID TO THE MAGISTRATES AND POLICE [SECTIONS 30 TO 34 OF BNSS]
DUTY OF OFFICERS EMPLOYED IN CONNECTION WITH AFFAIRS OF A VILLAGE TO MAKE A CERTAIN REPORT [SECTION 34 OF BNSS/ SECTION 40 OF Cr.PC.]
Proclaimed offender
Section 40(2)(ii) of Cr.PC de ned ‘proclaimed offender’ with reference to speci c provisions of IPC
Section 34 of the BNSS de nes ‘proclaimed offender’ to include any person proclaimed as an offender by any Court or authority in any territory in India to which this Sanhita does not extend, in respect of any act which if committed in the territories to which this Sanhita extends, would be an offence punishable under any of the offence punishable with imprisonment for ten years or more or with imprisonment for life or with death under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
ARREST OF PERSONS [SECTIONS 35 TO 62 OF BNSS]
WHEN MAY POLICE ARREST WITHOUT A WARRANT [SECTION 35 OF BNSS/SECTIONS 41 AND 41A OF Cr.PC.]
In rm/Old age person
Section 35(7) of BNSS is a new provision [NEW]
New sub-section (7) of section 35 provides that no arrest shall be made without the prior permission of an of cer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police in cases where the offence is punishable for less than three years, and the person is in rm or above sixty years of age.
ch,u,l,l] 2023 vkSj lhvkjihlh] 1973 dk rqyukRed vè;;u I-43
,d gh fopkj.k esa dbZ vijkèkksa Ds$ fy, nks"kfl) gksus Ds$ ekeyksa esa naMkns'k [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 25@ lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 31]
leorhZ dkjkokl
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 25 ^fMQ+kWYV fu;e* dks gVk nsrh gS fd lt+k,a U;k;ky; }kjk funsZf'kr
Øe esa yxkrkj pysaxhA èkkjk 25 Ds$ rgr U;k;ky; ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og vijkèkksa dh xaHkhjrk ij fopkj djs vkSj ,sls naMksa dks yxkrkj ;k leorhZ :i ls pykus dk Li"V vkns'k nsA vfèkdre lt+k
vfèkdre lt+k 14 lky ls c<+kdj 20 lky dj nh xbZ gSA
iqfyl] iqfyl Ds$ ofj"B vfèkdkfj;ksa dh 'kfä;k¡ vkSj eftLVªsV vkSj iqfyl dks lgk;rk [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 30 ls 34]
xzke Ds$ ekeyksa Ds$ lacaèk esa fu;ksftr vfèkdkfj;ksa dk dfri; fjiksVZ djus dk drZO; [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 34@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 40]
?kksf"kr vijkèkh lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 40¼2½¼ii½ esa vkbZihlh Ds$ fof'k"V izkoèkkuksa Ds$ lanHkZ esa ^?kksf"kr vijkèkh* dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 34 ^?kksf"kr vijkèkh* dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gS rkfd Hkkjr Ds$ fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; ;k izkfèkdj.k }kjk vijkèkh Ds$ :i esa ?kksf"kr fdlh Hkh O;fä dks 'kkfey fd;k tk lDs$] ftl ij ;g lafgrk ykxw ugha gksrh gS] fdlh Hkh ,sls dk;Z Ds$ lacaèk esa tks ;fn mu {ks=kksa esa fd;k tkrk gS tgka ;g lafgrk ykxw gS] rks fdlh Hkh vijkèk Ds$ rgr naMuh; vijkèk gksxk] ftlesa Hkkjrh; U;k; lafgrk] 2023 Ds$ rgr nl lky ;k mlls vfèkd dh dSn ;k vkthou dkjkokl ;k e`R;q dh lt+k gks ldrh gSA
O;fä;ksa dh fxj¶rkjh [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 35 ls 62]
iqfyl okjaV Ds$ fcuk dc fxj¶rkj dj lDs$xh [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 35@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 41 vkSj 41d] v'kä@o`) O;fä
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 35¼7½ ,d u;k izkoèkku gSA [u;k]
èkkjk 35 dh ubZ mi&èkkjk ¼7½ esa izkoèkku gS fd ,sls ekeyksa esa iqfyl mikèkh{kd Ds$ in ls uhps
Ds$ vfèkdkjh dh iwoZ vuqefr Ds$ fcuk dksbZ fxj¶rkjh ugha dh tk,xh] tgka vijkèk rhu lky ls de dh lt+k dk izkoèkku gS] vkSj v'kä gS ;k lkB o"kZ ls vfèkd vk;q dk gSA
I-44
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BNSS, 2023 & Cr.PC., 1973
PROCEDURE OF ARREST AND DUTIES OF OFFICER MAKING ARREST
[SECTION 36 OF BNSS/SECTION 41B OF Cr.PC.]
Information of arrest
Section 41B of the Cr.PC required the information of arrest to be given to ‘relative or friend’ named by person arrested
Section 36 of the BNSS requires the information of arrest be given to ‘relative or a friend or any other person’ named by person arrested
DESIGNATED POLICE OFFICER [SECTION 37 OF BNSS/SECTION 41C OF Cr.PC]
Information display
Section 41C of the Cr.PC provided that the State Government shall cause to be displayed on the notice board kept outside the control rooms at every district, the names and addresses of the persons arrested and the name and designation of the police of cers who made the arrests.
The control room at the Police Headquarters at the State level shall collect from time to time, details about the persons arrested, nature of the offence with which they are charged and maintain a database for the information of the general public.
Section 37 of the BNSS provides that the State Government shall designate a police of cer in every district and in every police station, not below the rank of Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police who shall be responsible for maintaining the information about the names and addresses of the persons arrested, nature of the offence with which charged, which shall be prominently displayed in any manner including in digital mode in every police station and at the district headquarters.
ARREST ON REFUSAL TO GIVE NAME AND RESIDENCE [SECTION 39 OF BNSS/SECTION 42 OF Cr.PC]
Bond/Bail Bond
Under section 42 of Cr.PC person arrested can be released on his executing a bond, with or without sureties.
Under section 39 of BNSS person arrested can be released on a bond or bail bond.
ARREST BY PRIVATE PERSON AND PROCEDURE ON SUCH ARREST [SECTION 40 OF BNSS/SECTION 43 OF Cr.PC.]
Time limit of handing over arrestee (subjected to private arrest) to police
Section 43(1) of Cr.PC did not set any time-limit for handing over to the Police of the person subjected to private arrest. It only provided that handing over arrestee to the Police should be without unnecessary delay
ch,u,l,l] 2023 vkSj lhvkjihlh] 1973 dk rqyukRed vè;;u I-44
fxj¶rkjh dh izfØ;k vkSj fxj¶rkjh djus okys vfèkdkjh Ds$ drZO; [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 36@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 41[k]
fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk
lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 41[k Ds$ vuqlkj fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk fxj¶rkj O;fä }kjk ukfer ^fj'rsnkj ;k nksLr* dks nh tkuh vko';d gSA
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 36 Ds$ vuqlkj fxj¶rkjh dh lwpuk fxj¶rkj O;fä }kjk ukfer ^fj'rsnkj ;k nksLr ;k fdlh vU; O;fä* dks nh tkuh pkfg,A
inkfHkfgr iqfyl vfèkdkjh [ch,u,l dh èkkjk 37@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 41x]
lwpuk izn'kZu
lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 41x esa izkoèkku gS fd jkT; ljdkj gj ftys esa fu;a=k.k d{k Ds$ ckgj j[ks x, uksfVl cksMZ ij fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fä;ksa Ds$ uke vkSj irs vkSj fxj¶rkj djus okys iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa Ds$ uke vkSj inuke izn£'kr djk,xhA
jkT; Lrj ij iqfyl eq[;ky; dk fu;a=k.k d{k le;≤ ij fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fä;ksa] mu ij yxk, x, vijkèk dh izÑfr Ds$ ckjs esa fooj.k ,d=k djsxk vkSj vke turk dh tkudkjh Ds$ fy, ,d MsVkcsl cuk, j[ksxkA ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 37 esa izkoèkku gS fd jkT; ljdkj izR;sd ftys esa vkSj izR;sd iqfyl LVs'ku esa ,d iqfyl vfèkdkjh ukfer djsxh] tks lgk;d iqfyl mi&fujh{kd Ds$ jSad ls uhps dk ugha gksxk] tks fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fä;ksa Ds$ uke vkSj irs] vijkèk dh izÑfr Ds$ ckjs esa tkudkjh cuk, j[kus Ds$ fy, ftEesnkj gksxkA ftls izR;sd iqfyl LVs'ku vkSj ftyk eq[;ky; esa fMftVy eksM lfgr fdlh Hkh rjhDs$ ls izeq[krk ls izn£'kr fd;k tk,xkA
uke vkSj fuokl crkus ls budkj djus ij fxj¶rkjh [ch,u,l dh èkkjk 39@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 42]
caèki=k@tekuri=k
lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 42 Ds$ rgr fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fä dks tekurnkj Ds$ lkFk ;k mlDs$ fcuk] caèki=k Hkjus ij fjgk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 39 Ds$ rgr fxj¶rkj O;fä dks caèki=k ;k tekuri=k ij fjgk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izkbosV O;fä }kjk fxj¶rkjh vkSj ,slh fxj¶rkjh ij izfØ;k [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 40@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 43]
fxj¶rkj O;fä ¼futh fxj¶rkjh Ds$ vèkhu½ dks iqfyl dks lkSaius dh le; lhek
lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 43¼1½ esa futh fxj¶rkjh Ds$ vèkhu O;fä dks iqfyl dks lkSaius Ds$ fy, dksbZ le;&lhek fuèkkZfjr ugha dh xbZ gSA blesa Ds$oy bruk izkoèkku Fkk fd fxj¶rkj O;fä dks iqfyl dks lkSaius esa vuko';d nsjh ugha gksuh pkfg,A
I-45
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BNSS, 2023 & Cr.PC., 1973
Section 40 of BNSS makes changes to private arrest provisions by setting a deadline of 6 hours from such arrest within which the private person effecting private arrest shall hand over the person subjected to private arrest to the Police.
Section 40 however does not say what the private person is to do if he is unable to hand over the person subjected to private arrest to the Police within the 6 hours deadline due to some unavoidable reasons.
Re-arrest by police
Section 43(2) of Cr.PC provided that if there is reason to believe that such person comes under the provisions relating to Police arrest, a police of cer shall re-arrest him. The Police taking custody of person subjected to private arrest was termed as “re-arrest” under Cr.PC provisions.
Section 40(2) of BNSS has substituted the words “shall re-arrest him” with the words ‘shall take him to custody’. In other words, section 40 provides that Police taking custody of privately arrested person is not “re-arrest” but only ‘taking him in custody’.
ARREST HOW MADE [SECTION 43 OF BNSS/SECTION 46 OF Cr.PC.]
Hand cuf ng
The provisions of section 46 of Cr.PC did not provide for manner of making arrest. It does not provide any guidelines on when arrestee may be handcuffed. Section 43(3) of BNSS lls this gap.
Section 43(3) of BNSS provides that the police of cer may, keeping in view the nature and gravity of the offence, use handcuff while effecting the arrest of a person who is a habitual, repeat offender who escaped from custody, who has committed offence of organised crime, offence of terrorist act, drug related crime, or offence of illegal possession of arms and ammunition, murder, rape, acid attack, counterfeiting of coins and currency notes, human traf cking, sexual offences against children, or offences against the State.
OBLIGATION OF PERSON MAKING ARREST TO INFORM ABOUT ARREST, ETC., TO RELATIVE OR FRIEND [SECTION 48 OF BNSS/SECTION 50A OF Cr.PC.]
Information as to arrest
Section 48 of BNSS stipulates a new requirement that information of arrest and place where the arrestee is held shall be given to the designated police of cer in the district.
ch,u,l,l] 2023 vkSj lhvkjihlh] 1973 dk rqyukRed vè;;u I-45
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 40 ,slh fxj¶rkjh ls 6 ?kaVs dh le; lhek fuèkkZfjr djDs$ futh fxj¶rkjh izkoèkkuksa esa cnyko djrh gS] ftlDs$ Hkhrj futh fxj¶rkjh djus okyk futh O;fä futh fxj¶rkjh
Ds$ vèkhu O;fä dks iqfyl dks lkSai nsxkA
èkkjk 40 gkykafd ;g ugha crkrh gS fd futh O;fä dks D;k djuk pkfg, ;fn og dqN vifjgk;Z dkj.kksa ls 6 ?kaVs dh le; lhek Ds$ Hkhrj futh fxj¶rkjh Ds$ vèkhu O;fä dks iqfyl dks lkSaius esa vleFkZ gSA
iqfyl }kjk iqu% fxj¶+rkjh
lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 43¼2½ esa izkoèkku gS fd ;fn ;g ekuus dk dkj.k gS fd ,slk O;fä iqfyl fxj¶rkjh ls lacafèkr izkoèkkuksa Ds$ rgr vkrk gS] rks ,d iqfyl vfèkdkjh mls fQj ls fxj¶rkj djsxkA lhvkjihlh izkoèkkuksa Ds$ rgr futh fxj¶rkjh Ds$ vèkhu O;fä dh iqfyl }kjk fgjklr dks ßiqu% fxj¶rkjhÞ dgk tkrk FkkA
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 40¼2½ esa ßmls fQj ls fxj¶rkj d:axkÞ 'kCnksa dks ^mls fgjklr esa ys tkÅaxk* 'kCnksa ls izfrLFkkfir dj fn;k x;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] èkkjk 40 esa izkoèkku gS fd iqfyl }kjk futh rkSj ij fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fä dks fgjklr esa ysuk ßiqu% fxj¶rkjhÞ ugha gS] cfYd
Ds$oy ^mls fgjklr esa ysuk* gSA
fxj¶rkjh dSls dh tk,xh [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 43@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 46]
gkFk esa gFkdM+h yxkuk
lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 46 Ds$ izkoèkkuksa esa fxj¶rkjh Ds$ rjhDs$ dk izkoèkku ugha gSA ;g bl ckjs esa dksbZ fn'kkfunsZ'k ugha nsrk fd fxj¶rkj O;fä dks dc gFkdM+h yxkbZ tk ldrh gSA ch,u,l,l
dh èkkjk 43¼3½ bl deh dks iwjk djrh gSA ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 43¼3½ esa izkoèkku gS fd iqfyl vfèkdkjh] vijkèk dh izÑfr vkSj xaHkhjrk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,] fdlh ,sls O;fä dh fxj¶rkjh djrs le; gFkdM+h dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gS tks vknru gS] ckj&ckj vijkèk djus okyk gS tks fgjklr ls Hkkx x;k gS] ftlus laxfBr vijkèk dk vijkèk fd;k gS] vkradoknh ÑR; dk vijkèk fd;k gS] u'khyh nokvksa ls lacafèkr vijkèk fd;k gS] ;k gfFk;kj vkSj xksyk&ck:n voSèk :i ls j[kus dk vijkèk] gR;k] cykRlax] ,flM geyk] flôksa vkSj eqnzk uksVksa dh tkylkth] ekuo rLdjh] cPpksa Ds$ f[kykQ ;kSu vijkèk] ;k jkT; Ds$ f[kykQ vijkèk fd;k gSA
fxj¶rkjh djus okys O;fä dh fxj¶rkjh] vkfn Ds$ ckjs esa ukrsnkj ;k fe=k dks tkudkjh nsus dh ckè;rk [ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 48@lhvkjihlh dh èkkjk 50d]
eq>s fxj¶rkj djus dh tkudkjh gS
ch,u,l,l dh èkkjk 48 ,d ubZ vko';drk fuèkkZfjr djrh gS fd fxj¶rkjh dh tkudkjh vkSj fxj¶rkj fd, x, O;fä dh txg dh tkudkjh ftys esa ukfer iqfyl vfèkdkjh dks nh tk,xhA
