fo"k;&lwph
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 1872 dh èkkjk,a vkSj Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 dh lacafèkr èkkjkvksa dks n'kkZus okyh rkfydk I&6
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 ¼ch,l,½ ,oa Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 1872 dk rqyukRed vè;;u I&22
èkkjk&Øe 1
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 10 mís';ksa vkSj dkj.kksa dk dFku 78 [kaMksa ij fVIi.k 80 Hkkjrh; lk{; foèks;d] 2023 ij 248ok¡ izfrosnu & x`g ekeyksa ij lalnh; LFkk;h lfefr & leqfä;ka/ flQkfj'ksa & ,d utj esa
109 ekuuh; x`g ea=kh rFkk lgdkfjrk ea=kh ¼Jh vfer 'kkg½ dk fnukad 20&12&2023 dks yksdlHkk esa fn;k x;k Hkk"k.k
113
SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023 S. 23
Admissions in civil cases when relevant.
21. In civil cases no admission is relevant, if it is made either upon an express condition that evidence of it is not to be given, or under circumstances from which the Court can infer that the parties agreed together that evidence of it should not be given.
Explanation.—Nothing in this section shall be taken to exempt any advocate from giving evidence of any matter of which he may be compelled to give evidence under sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 132.
Corresponding Provision : Section 23 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Confession caused by inducement, threat, coercion or promise, when irrelevant in criminal proceeding.
22. A confession made by an accused person is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding, if the making of the confession appears to the Court to have been caused by any inducement, threat, coercion or promise having reference to the charge against the accused person, proceeding from a person in authority and suf cient, in the opinion of the Court, to give the accused person grounds which would appear to him reasonable for supposing that by making it he would gain any advantage or avoid any evil of a temporal nature in reference to the proceedings against him:
Provided that if the confession is made after the impression caused by any such inducement, threat, coercion or promise has, in the opinion of the Court, been fully removed, it is relevant:
Provided further that if such a confession is otherwise relevant, it does not become irrelevant merely because it was made under a promise of secrecy, or in consequence of a deception practised on the accused person for the purpose of obtaining it, or when he was drunk, or because it was made in answer to questions which he need not have answered, whatever may have been the form of those questions, or because he was not warned that he was not bound to make such confession, and that evidence of it might be given against him.
Corresponding Provision : Section 24, 28 and 29 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Confession to police of cer.
23 (1) No confession made to a police of cer shall be proved as against a person accused of any offence.
Corresponding Provision : Section 25 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (2) No confession made by any person while he is in the custody of a police of cer, unless it is made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate shall be proved against him:
BHARATIYA
/kkjk 23 Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 24
flfoy ekeyks esa LohÑfr;ka dc lqlaxr gksrh gSaA
21- flfoy ekeyksa esa dksbZ Hkh LohÑfr lqlaxr ugha gS] ;fn og ;k rks bl vfHkO;ä 'krZ ij dh xbZ gS fd mldk lk{; ugha fn;k tk,xk] ;k ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa Ds$ vèkhu nh xbZ gS ftuls U;k;ky; ;g vuqeku dj lDs$ fd i{kdkj bl ckr ij ijLij lger gks x, Fks fd mldk lk{; ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
Li"Vhdj.k–bl èkkjk dh dksbZ Hkh ckr] fdlh vfèkoäk dks fdlh ,slh ckr dk lk{; nsus ls NwV nsus okyh ugha ekuh tk,xh ftldk lk{; nsus Ds$ fy, èkkjk 132 dh mièkkjk ¼1½ vkSj mièkkjk ¼2½ Ds$ vèkhu mls foo'k fd;k tk lDs$xkA
Corresponding Provision : Section 23 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
mRizsj.kk] èkedh] izihM+u ;k opu }kjk djkbZ xbZ laLohÑfr] nkf.Md dk;Zokgh esa dc folaxr gksrh gSA 22- vfHk;qä O;fä }kjk dh xbZ laLohÑfr nkf.Md dk;Zokgh esa folaxr gksrh gS] ;fn mlDs$ fd, tkus Ds$ ckjs esa U;k;ky; dks izrhr gksrk gS fd vfHk;qä O;fä Ds$ fo#) vkjksi Ds$ ckjs esa og ,slh mRizsj.kk] èkedh] izihM+u ;k opu }kjk djkbZ xbZ gS tks izkfèkdkjoku O;fä dh vksj ls fn;k x;k gS vkSj tks U;k;ky; dh jk; esa blDs$ fy, i;kZIr gS fd og vfHk;qä O;fä dks ;g vuqeku djus Ds$ fy, mls ;qfä;qä izrhr gksus okys vkèkkj nsrh gS fd mlDs$ djus ls og vius fo#) dk;Zokfg;ksa Ds$ ckjs esa ykSfdd :i dk dksbZ Qk;nk mBk,xk ;k fdlh cqjkbZ dk ifjotZu dj ysxk% ijarq ;fn laLohÑfr ,slh fdlh mRizsj.kk] èkedh] izihM+u ;k opu ls dkfjr izHkko Ds$ iw.kZr% nwj gks tkus Ds$ i'pkr~ dh xbZ gS] rks og lqlaxr gS% ijarq ;g vkSj fd ;fn ,slh laLohÑfr vU;Fkk lqlaxr gS] rks og Ds$oy blfy, folaxr ugha gks tkrh fd og xqIr j[kus Ds$ opu Ds$ vèkhu ;k mls vfHkizkIr djus Ds$ iz;kstu Ds$ fy, vfHk;qä O;fä ls dh xbZ izoapuk Ds$ ifj.kkeLo:i] ;k ml le; tc fd og enksUeÙk Fkk] dh xbZ Fkh ;k blfy, dh og ,sls iz'uksa Ds$] pkgs mudk :i dSlk gh D;ksa u jgk gks] mÙkj esa dh xbZ Fkh ftudk mÙkj nsuk mlDs$ fy, vko';d ugha Fkk] ;k Ds$oy blfy, dh mls ;g psrkouh ugha nh xbZ Fkh fd og ,slh laLohÑfr djus Ds$ fy, vkc) ugha Fkk vkSj fd mlDs$ fo#) mldk lk{; fn;k tk lDs$xkA
Corresponding Provision : Sections 24, 28 and 29 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 iqfyl vfèkdkjh ls dh xbZ laLohÑfrA 23- ¼1½ fdlh iqfyl vfèkdkjh ls dh xbZ dksbZ Hkh laLohÑfr] fdlh vijkèk Ds$ vfHk;qä O;fä Ds$ fo#) lkfcr ugha dh tk,xhA
Corresponding Provision : Section 25 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 ¼2½ dksbZ Hkh laLohÑfr] tks fdlh O;fä us ml le; dh gks tc og iqfyl vfèkdkjh dh vfHkj{kk esa gS] mlDs$ fo#) rc rd lkfcr ugha dh tk,xh] tc rd fd og eftLVsV dh lk{kkr mifLFkfr esa u dh xbZ gks%
BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023
S. 26
Provided that when any fact is deposed to as discovered in consequence of information received from a person accused of any offence, in the custody of a police of cer, so much of such information, whether it amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to the fact discovered, may be proved.
Corresponding Provision : Section 26 and 27 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Consideration of proved confession affecting person making it and others jointly under trial for same offence.
24. When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the same offence, and a confession made by one of such persons affecting himself and some other of such persons is proved, the Court may take into consideration such confession as against such other person as well as against the person who makes such confession.
Explanation I.—“Offence”, as used in this section, includes the abetment of, or attempt to commit, the offence.
Explanation II.—A trial of more persons than one held in the absence of the accused who has absconded or who fails to comply with a proclamation issued under section 84 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 shall be deemed to be a joint trial for the purpose of this section.
Illustrations
(a) A and B are jointly tried for the murder of C. It is proved that A said—“B and I murdered C”. The Court may consider the effect of this confession as against B.
(b) A is on his trial for the murder of C. There is evidence to show that C was murdered by A and B, and that B said—“A and I murdered C”. This statement may not be taken into consideration by the Court against A, as B is not being jointly tried.
Corresponding Provision : Section 30 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop.
25. Admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted but they may operate as estoppels under the provisions hereinafter contained.
Corresponding Provision : Section 31 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Statements by persons who cannot be called as witnesses
Cases in which statement of relevant fact by person who is dead or cannot be found, etc., is relevant.
26. Statements, written or verbal, of relevant facts made by a person who is dead, or who cannot be found, or who has become incapable of giving evidence, or whose attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay or expense which under the circumstances of the case appears to the Court unreasonable, are themselves relevant facts in the following cases, namely:—
/kkjk 26 Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 25
ijUrq tc fdlh rF; Ds$ ckjs esa ;g vfHklk{; fn;k tkrk gS fd fdlh vijkèk Ds$ vfHk;qä O;fä ls] tks iqfyl vfèkdkjh dh vfHkj{kk esa gS] izkIr tkudkjh Ds$ ifj.kkeLo:i mldk irk pyk gS] rc ,slh tkudkjh esa ls] mruh pkgs og laLohÑfr dh dksfV esa vkrh gks ;k ugha] ftruh irk pys gq, rF; ls Li"Vr;k lacafèkr gS] lkfcr dh tk lDs$xhA
Corresponding Provision : Sections 26 and 27 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 lkfcr laLohÑfr dks] tks mls djus okys O;fä vkSj ,d gh vijkèk Ds$ fy, la;qä :i ls fopkfjr vU; dks izHkkfor djrh gS fopkj esa ysukA
24- tc ,d ls vfèkd O;fä ,d gh vijkèk Ds$ fy, la;qä :i ls fopkfjr gSa vkSj ,sls O;fä;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d Ds$ }kjk] vius dks vkSj ,sls O;fä;ksa esa ls fdlh vU; dks izHkkfor djus okyh dh xbZ laLohÑfr dks lkfcr fd;k tkrk gS] rc U;k;ky; ,slh laLohÑfr dks ,sls vU; O;fä Ds$ fo#) rFkk ,sls laLohÑfr djus okys O;fä Ds$ fo#) fopkj esa ys lDs$xkA
Li"Vhdj.k 1–bl èkkjk esa iz;qä ßvijkèkÞ 'kCn Ds$ vUrxZr] ml vijkèk dk nq"izsj.k ;k mls djus dk iz;Ru vkrk gSA
Li"Vhdj.k 2–,d ls vfèkd O;fä;ksa dk fopkj.k fdlh ,sls vfHk;qä dh vuqifLFkfr esa fd;k tkrk gS] tks HkxkSM+k gS ;k tks Hkkjrh; ukxfjd lqj{kk lafgrk] 2023 ¼2023 dk 46½ dh èkkjk 84 Ds$ vèkhu tkjh mn~?kks"k.kk dk vuqikyu djus esa vlQy jgrk gS] bl èkkjk Ds$ iz;kstu Ds$ fy, la;qä fopkj.k le>k tk,xkA
n`"Vkar
¼d½ d vkSj [k dks x dh gR;k Ds$ fy, la;qDrr% fopkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lkfcr fd;k tkrk gS fd d us dgk fd ß[k vkSj eSaus x dh gR;k dh gSAÞ [k Ds$ fo#) bl laLohÑfr Ds$ izHkko ij U;k;ky; fopkj dj lDs$xkA
¼[k½ x dh gR;k djus Ds$ fy, d dk fopkj.k gks jgk gSA ;g nf'kZr djus Ds$ fy, lk{; gS fd x dh gR;k d vkSj [k }kjk dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g fd [k us dgk Fkk fd ßd vkSj eSaus x dh gR;k dh gSÞA U;k;ky; bl dFku dks d Ds$ fo#) fopkj esa ugha ys lDs$xk] D;ksafd [k dk la;qDrr% fopkj.k ugha gks jgk gSA
Corresponding Provision : Section 30 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
LohÑfr;ka fu'pk;d lcwr ugh gSa] fdarq focaèk dj lDs$xhA
25- LohÑfr;ka] LohÑr fo"k;ksa dk fu'pk;d lcwr ugha gSa] fdUrq os blesa blDs$ i'pkr~ vUrfoZ"V micUèkksa Ds$ vèkhu focaèk Ds$ :i esa izofrZr gks lDsa$xhA
Corresponding Provision : Section 31 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 mu O;fä;ksa Ds$ dFku] ftUgsa lk{kh Ds$ :i esa cqyk;k ugha tk ldrk os n'kk,a ftuesa ml O;fä }kjk lqlaxr rF; dk fd;k x;k dFku lqlaxr gS] tks ej x;k gS ;k fey ugha ldrk] vkfnA
26- lqlaxr rF;ksa Ds$ fyf[kr ;k ekSf[kd dFku] tks ,sls O;fä }kjk fd, x, Fks] tks ej x;k gS ;k fey ugha ldrk gS ;k tks lk{; nsus Ds$ fy, vleFkZ gks x;k gS ;k ftldh mifLFkfr brus foyEc ;k O;; Ds$ fcuk mikIr ugha dh tk ldrh] ftruk ekeys dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa U;k;ky; dks v;qfä;qä izrhr gksrk gS] fuEufyf[kr n'kkvksa esa Lo;eso lqlaxr rF; gS] vFkkZRk~%–
(
BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023
S. 26
a) when the statement is made by a person as to the cause of his death, or as to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death, in cases in which the cause of that person’s death comes into question. Such statements are relevant whether the person who made them was or was not, at the time when they were made, under expectation of death, and whatever may be the nature of the proceeding in which the cause of his death comes into question;
(
b) when the statement was made by such person in the ordinary course of business, and in particular when it consists of any entry or memorandum made by him in books kept in the ordinary course of business, or in the discharge of professional duty; or of an acknowledgement written or signed by him of the receipt of money, goods, securities or property of any kind; or of a document used in commerce written or signed by him; or of the date of a letter or other document usually dated, written or signed by him;
(
c) when the statement is against the pecuniary or proprietary interest of the person making it, or when, if true, it would expose him or would have exposed him to a criminal prosecution or to a suit for damages;
(
d) when the statement gives the opinion of any such person, as to the existence of any public right or custom or matter of public or general interest, of the existence of which, if it existed, he would have been likely to be aware, and when such statement was made before any controversy as to such right, custom or matter had arisen;
(
e) when the statement relates to the existence of any relationship by blood, marriage or adoption between persons as to whose relationship by blood, marriage or adoption the person making the statement had special means of knowledge, and when the statement was made before the question in dispute was raised;
(
f) when the statement relates to the existence of any relationship by blood, marriage or adoption between persons deceased, and is made in any will or deed relating to the affairs of the family to which any such deceased person belonged, or in any family pedigree, or upon any tombstone, family portrait or other thing on which such statements are usually made, and when such statement was made before the question in dispute was raised;
(
g) when the statement is contained in any deed, will or other document which relates to any such transaction as is speci ed in clause (a) of section 11;
(
h) when the statement was made by a number of persons, and expressed feelings or impressions on their part relevant to the matter in question.
/kkjk 26
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 26
¼d½ tc og dFku fdlh O;fä }kjk viuh e`R;q Ds$ dkj.k Ds$ ckjs esa ;k ml laO;ogkj dh fdlh ifjfLFkfr Ds$ ckjs esa fd;k x;k gS ftlDs$ QyLo:i mldh e`R;q gqbZ] rc mu ekeyksa esa] ftuesa ml O;fä dh e`R;q dk dkj.k iz'uxr gSA ,sls dFku lqlaxr gSa pkgs ml O;fä dks] ftlus mUgsa fd;k gS] ml le; tc os fd, x, Fks e`R;q dh izR;k'kadk Fkh ;k ugha vkSj pkgs ml dk;Zokgh dh] ftlesa ml O;fä dh e`R;q dk dkj.k iz'uxr gksrk gS] izÑfr dSlh gh D;ksa u gks(
¼[k½ tc og dFku ,sls O;fä }kjk dkjckj Ds$ lk/kkj.k vuqØe esa fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj fo'ks"kr% tc og] mlDs$ }kjk dkjckj Ds$ lk/kkj.k vuqØe esa ;k o`fÙkd drZO; Ds$ fuoZgu esa j[kh tkus okyh iqLrdksa esa mlDs$ }kjk dh xbZ fdlh izfof"V ;k fd, x, Kkiu Ds$ :i esa gS( ;k mlDs$ }kjk èku] eky] izfrHkwfr;ksa ;k fdlh Hkh fdLe dh lEifÙk dh izkfIr dh fyf[kr ;k gLrk{kfjr vfHkLohÑr gS( ;k okf.kT; esa mi;ksx esa vkus okys mlDs$ }kjk fyf[kr ;k gLrk{kfjr fdlh nLrkost Ds$ :i esa gS( ;k fdlh i=k ;k vU; nLrkost dh rkjh[k Ds$ :i esa gS] tks mlDs$ }kjk izk;% fnukafdr] fyf[kr ;k gLrk{kfjr dh tkrh Fkh( ¼x½ tc og dFku mls djus okys O;fä Ds$ èku lEcUèkh ;k lkEifÙkd fgr Ds$ fo#) gS ;k tc] ;fn og lR; gS] rks mlDs$ dkj.k ml ij nkf.Md vfHk;kstu ;k uqdlkuh dk okn yk;k tk ldrk gS ;k yk;k tk ldrk Fkk(
¼?k½ tc ml dFku esa ,sls fdlh O;fä dh jk; fdlh ,sls yksd vfèkdkj ;k :f<+ ;k yksd ;k lkèkkj.k fgr Ds$ fo"k;ksa Ds$ vfLrRo Ds$ ckjs esa gS] ftlDs$ vfLrRo ls] ;fn og vfLrRo esa gksrk rks] mlls ml O;fä dk voxr gksuk lEHkkO; gksrk vkSj tc ,slk dFku ,sls fdlh vfèkdkj] :f<+ ;k ckr Ds$ ckjs esa fdlh fookn Ds$ mRiUu gksus ls igys fd;k x;k Fkk(
¼³½ tc og dFku fdUgha ,sls O;fä;ksa Ds$ chp jä] fookg ;k nÙkdxzg.k ij vkèkkfjr fdlh
ukrsnkjh Ds$ vfLrRo Ds$ lEcUèk esa gS] ftu O;fä;ksa dh jä] fookg ;k nÙkdxzg.k ij vkèkkfjr ukrsnkjh Ds$ ckjs esa ml O;fä Ds$ ikl] ftlus og dFku fd;k gS] Kku Ds$ fo'ks"k lkèku Fks vkSj tc og dFku fooknxzLr iz'u Ds$ mBk, tkus ls iwoZ fd;k x;k Fkk( ¼p½ tc og dFku e`r O;fä;ksa Ds$ chp jä] fookg ;k nÙkdxzg.k ij vkèkkfjr fdlh ukrsnkjh Ds$ vfLrRo Ds$ lEcUèk esa gS vkSj ml dqVqEc dh ckrksa ls] ftldk ,slk e`r O;fä lacafèkr Fkk] lacafèkr fdlh olh;r ;k foys[k esa ;k fdlh dqVqEc oa'kkoyh esa ;k fdlh lekfèk&iRFkj] dqVqEc & fp=k ;k vU; phtksa ij ftu ij ,sls dFku izk;% fd, tkrs gSa] fd;k x;k gS] rFkk tc ,slk dFku fooknxzLr iz'u Ds$ mBk, tkus ls iwoZ fd;k x;k Fkk(
¼N½ tc og dFku fdlh ,sls foys[k] olh;r ;k vU; nLrkost esa vUrfoZ"V gS] tks fdlh ,sls laO;ogkj ls lEcfUèkr gS tSlk èkkjk 11 Ds$ [k.M ¼d½ esa fofufnZ"V gS( ¼t½ tc og dFku dbZ O;fä;ksa }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj iz'uxr ckr ls lqlaxr mudh Hkkoukvksa ;k èkkj.kkvksa dks vfHkO;ä djrk gSA
BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023
Illustrations
(
a) The question is, whether A was murdered by B; or A dies of injuries received in a transaction in the course of which she was raped. The question is whether she was raped by B; or the question is, whether A was killed by B under such circumstances that a suit would lie against B by A’s widow. Statements made by A as to the cause of his or her death, referring respectively to the murder, the rape and the actionable wrong under consideration, are relevant facts.
(
b) The question is as to the date of A’s birth. An entry in the diary of a deceased surgeon regularly kept in the course of business, stating that, on a given day he attended A’s mother and delivered her of a son, is a relevant fact.
(
c) The question is, whether A was in Nagpur on a given day. A statement in the diary of a deceased solicitor, regularly kept in the course of business, that on a given day the solicitor attended A at a place mentioned, in Nagpur, for the purpose of conferring with him upon speci ed business, is a relevant fact.
(
d) The question is, whether a ship sailed from Mumbai harbour on a given day. A letter written by a deceased member of a merchant’s rm by which she was chartered to their correspondents in Chennai, to whom the cargo was consigned, stating that the ship sailed on a given day from Mumbai port, is a relevant fact.
(
e) The question is, whether rent was paid to A for certain land. A letter from A’s deceased agent to A, saying that he had received the rent on A’s account and held it at A’s orders is a relevant fact.
(
f) The question is, whether A and B were legally married. The statement of a deceased clergyman that he married them under such circumstances that the celebration would be a crime is relevant.
(
(
g) The question is, whether A, a person who cannot be found, wrote a letter on a certain day. The fact that a letter written by him is dated on that day is relevant.
h) The question is, what was the cause of the wreck of a ship. A protest made by the captain, whose attendance cannot be procured, is a relevant fact.
(i) The question is, whether a given road is a public way. A statement by A, a deceased headman of the village, that the road was public, is a relevant fact.
(
j) The question is, what was the price of grain on a certain day in a particular market. A statement of the price, made by a deceased business person in the ordinary course of his business, is a relevant fact.
(k) The question is, whether A, who is dead, was the father of B. A statement by A that B was his son, is a relevant fact.
(
l) The question is, what was the date of the birth of A. A letter from A’s deceased father to a friend, announcing the birth of A on a given day, is a relevant fact.
(m) The question is, whether, and when, A and B were married. An entry in a memorandum book by C, the deceased father of B, of his daughter’s marriage with A on a given date, is a relevant fact.
/kkjk 26
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 27
¼d½ iz'u ;g gS fd D;k d dh gR;k [k }kjk dh xbZ Fkh; ;k d dh e`R;q fdlh laO;ogkj esa gqbZ {kfr;ksa ls gh tkrh gS] ftlDs$ vuqØe esa mlls cykRlax fd;k x;k Fkk iz'u ;g gS fd D;k mlls [k }kjk cykRlax fd;k x;k Fkk] ;k iz'u ;g gS fd D;k d] [k }kjk ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekjk x;k Fkk fd d dh foèkok }kjk [k Ds$ fo#) okn yk;k tk ldrk gSA viuh e`R;q Ds$ dkj.k Ds$ ckjs esa d }kjk fd, x, os dFku] tks mlus Øe'k% fopkjkèkhu gR;k] cykRlax vkSj okn;ksX; nks"k dks funsZf'kr djrs gq, fd, gS] lqlaxr rF; gSaA
¼[k½ iz'u d Ds$ tUe dh rkjh[k Ds$ ckjs esa gSA ,d e`r 'kY; fpfdRld dh vius dkjckj Ds$ lk/kkj.k vuqØe esa fu;fer :i ls j[kh tkus okyh Mk;jh esa bl dFku dh izfof"V] fd veqd fnu mlus d dh ekrk dh ifjp;kZ dh vkSj mls iq=k dk izlo djk;k] lqlaxr rF; gSA
¼x½ iz'u ;g gS fd D;k d veqd fnu ukxiqj esa FkkA dkjckj Ds$ lk/kkj.k vuqØe esa fu;fer :i ls j[kh xbZ ,d e`r lkfyflVj dh Mk;jh esa ;g dFku] fd veqd fnu og lkfyflVj ukxiqj esa ,d of.kZr LFkku ij fofufnZ"V dkjckj Ds$ ckjs esa fopkj&foe'kZ djus Ds$ iz;kstu ds fy, d Ds$ ikl jgk] lqlaxr rF; gSA
¼?k½ iz'u ;g gS fd D;k dksbZ iksr eqEcbZ cUnjxkg ls veqd fnu jokuk gqvkA fdlh okf.kfT;d QeZ Ds$] ftlDs$ }kjk og iksr HkkM+s ij fy;k x;k Fkk] e`r lnL; }kjk psUubZ fLFkr vius lEifdZ;ksa dks] ftUgsa og LFkksjk ijsf"kr fd;k x;k Fkk] ;g dFku djus okyk i=k fd iksr eqEcbZ iÙku ls veqd fnu py fn;k] lqlaxr rF; gSA
¼³½ iz'u ;g fd D;k d dks veqd Hkwfe dk fdjk;k fn;k x;k FkkA d Ds$ e`r vfHkdrkZ dk d Ds$ uke i=k ftlesa ;g dFku gS fd mlus d Ds$ fufeÙk fdjk;k izkIr fd;k gS vkSj og mls d Ds$ vkns'k Ds$ vèkhu j[ks gq, gS] lqlaxr rF; gSA
¼p½ iz'u ;g gS fd D;k d vkSj [k dk fookg oSèk :i ls gqvk FkkA ,d e`r iknjh dk ;g dFku fd mlus mudk fookg ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa djk;k Fkk] ftuesa mldk djk;k tkuk vijkèk gksrk] lqlaxr gSA
¼N½ iz'u ;g gS fd D;k ,d O;fä d us] tks fey ugha ldrk veqd fnu ,d i=k fy[kk FkkA ;g rF; fd mlDs$ }kjk fyf[kr ,d i=k ij ml fnu dh rkjh[k fnukafdr gS] lqlaxr gSA
¼t½ iz'u ;g gS fd fdlh iksr Ds$ èoal dk dkj.k D;k gSA dIrku }kjk] ftldh mifLFkfr mikIr ugha dh tk ldrh] fd;k x;k ,slk izfrokn] lqlaxr rF; gSA
¼>½ iz'u ;g gS fd D;k veqd lM+d yksd&ekxZ gSA xzke Ds$ e`r izèkku d }kjk fd;k x;k dFku fd og lM+d yksd&ekxZ gS] lqlaxr rF; gSA
¼×k½ iz'u ;g gS fd fof'k"V cktkj esa veqd fnu vukt dh D;k dher FkhA ,d e`r O;olk;h }kjk vius dkjckj Ds$ lk/kkj.k vuqØe esa fd;k x;k dher dk dFku lqlaxr rF; gSA
¼V½ iz'u ;g gS fd D;k d] tks ej pqdk gS] [k dk firk FkkA d }kjk fd;k x;k ;g dFku fd [k mldk iq=k gS] lqlaxr rF; gSA
¼B½ iz'u ;g gS fd d Ds$ tUe dh rkjh[k D;k gSA d Ds$ e`r firk }kjk fdlh fe=k dks fy[kk gqvk i=k] ftlesa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd d dk tUe veqd fnu gqvk] lqlaxr rF; gSA
¼M½ iz'u ;g gS fd D;k vkSj dc d vkSj [k dk fookg gqvk FkkA [k Ds$ e`r firk x }kjk fdlh ;knnk'r iqfLrdk esa viuh iq=kh dk d Ds$ lkFk veqd rkjh[k dks fookg gksus dh izfof"V lqlaxr rF; gSA
BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023
S. 29
(n) A sues B for a libel expressed in a painted caricature exposed in a shop window. The question is as to the similarity of the caricature and its libellous character. The remarks of a crowd of spectators on these points may be proved.
Corresponding Provision : Section 32 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein stated.
27. Evidence given by a witness in a judicial proceeding, or before any person authorised by law to take it, is relevant for the purpose of proving, in a subsequent judicial proceeding, or in a later stage of the same judicial proceeding, the truth of the facts which it states, when the witness is dead or cannot be found, or is incapable of giving evidence, or is kept out of the way by the adverse party, or if his presence cannot be obtained without an amount of delay or expense which, under the circumstances of the case, the Court considers unreasonable: Provided that the proceeding was between the same parties or their representatives in interest; that the adverse party in the rst proceeding had the right and opportunity to cross-examine and the questions in issue were substantially the same in the rst as in the second proceeding.
Explanation.—A criminal trial or inquiry shall be deemed to be a proceeding between the prosecutor and the accused within the meaning of this section.
Corresponding Provision : Section 33 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Statements made under special circumstances Entries in books of account when relevant.
28. Entries in the books of account, including those maintained in an electronic form, regularly kept in the course of business are relevant whenever they refer to a matter into which the Court has to inquire, but such statements shall not alone be suf cient evidence to charge any person with liability.
Illustration
A sues B for one thousand rupees, and shows entries in his account books showing B to be indebted to him to this amount. The entries are relevant, but are not suf cient, without other evidence, to prove the debt.
Corresponding Provision : Section 34 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty.
29. An entry in any public or other of cial book, register or record or an electronic record, stating a fact in issue or relevant fact, and made by a public servant in the discharge of his of cial duty, or by any other person in performance of a duty specially enjoined by the law of the country in which such book, register or record or an electronic record, is kept, is itself a relevant fact.
Corresponding Provision : Section 35 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
/kkjk 29
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 28
¼<½ nqdku dh f[kM+dh esa vfHknf'kZr jafxr O;axfp=k esa vfHkO;ä vieku&ys[k Ds$ fy, [k ij d okn ykrk gSA iz'u O;axfp=k dh le:irk vkSj mlDs$ vieku&ys[kh; izÑfr Ds$ ckjs esa gSA bu ckrksa ij n'kZdksa dh HkhM+ dh fVIif.k;ka lkfcr dh tk lDsa$xhA
Corresponding Provision : Section 32 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 fdlh lk{; esa dfFkr rF;ksa dh lR;rk dks i'pkrorhZ dk;Zokgh esa lkfcr djus Ds$ fy, ml lk{; dh lqlaxfrA
27- og lk{;] tks fdlh lk{kh us fdlh U;kf;d dk;Zokgh esa] ;k fofèk }kjk mls ysus Ds$ fy, izkfèkÑr fdlh O;fä Ds$ le{k fn;k gS] mu rF;ksa dh lR;rk dks] tks ml lk{; esa dfFkr gSa] fdlh i'pkrorhZ U;kf;d dk;Zokgh esa ;k mlh U;kf;d dk;Zokgh Ds$ vkxkeh izØe esa lkfcr djus Ds$ iz;kstu Ds$ fy, rc lqlaxr gS] tc fd og lk{kh ej x;k gS ;k fey ugha ldrk gS ;k og lk{; nsus Ds$ fy, vleFkZ gS ;k izfri{kh }kjk mls igqap Ds$ ckgj dj fn;k x;k gS ;k ;fn mldh mifLFkfr brus foyEc ;k O;; Ds$ fcuk] vfHkizkIr ugha dh tk ldrh] ftruk fd ekeys dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa U;k;ky; v;qfä;qä le>rk gS% ijUrq og rc tc fd og dk;Zokgh mUgha i{kdkjksa ;k muDs$ fgr izfrfufèk;ksa Ds$ chp esa Fkh] izFke dk;Zokgh esa izfri{kh dks izfrijh{kk dk vfèkdkj vkSj volj Fkk] rFkk fookn~; iz'u izFke dk;Zokgh esa lkjr% ogh Fks tks f}rh; dk;Zokgh esa gSaA
Li"Vhdj.k–nkf.Md fopkj.k ;k tkap] bl èkkjk Ds$ vFkZ Ds$ vUrxZr vfHk;kstd vkSj vfHk;qä Ds$ chp dh dk;Zokgh le>h tk,xhA
Corresponding Provision : Section 33 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fd, x, dFku ys[kk&iqLrdksa dh izfof"V;ka dc lqlaxr gSaA
28- dkjckj Ds$ vuqØe esa fu;fer :i ls j[kh xbZ ys[kk&iqLrdksa dh izfof"V;ka] ftuDs$ vUrxZr os Hkh gSa tks bySDVkWfud iz:i esa j[kh xbZ gSa] tc dHkh os ,sls fo"k; dk funsZ'k djrh gSa ftlesa U;k;ky; dks tkap djuh gS] lqlaxr gSa] fdUrq vDs$ys ,sls dFku gh fdlh O;fä dks nkf;Ro ls Hkkfjr djus Ds$ fy, i;kZIr lk{; ugha gksaxsA n`"Vkar
[k ij d ,d gtkj #i, Ds$ fy, okn ykrk gS vkSj viuh ys[kk cfg;ksa dh os izof"V;ka nf'kZr djrk gS] ftuesa [k dks bl jde Ds$ fy, mldk _.kh nf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA ;s izfof"V;ka lqlaxr gSa fdUrq _.k lkfcr djus Ds$ fy, vU; lk{; Ds$ fcuk i;kZIr ugha gSaA
Corresponding Provision : Section 34 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 drZO;&ikyu esa dh xbZ yksd vfHkys[k ;k bySDV kWfud vfHkys[k dh izfof"V dh lqlaxfrA 29- fdlh yksd ;k vU; jktdh; iqLrd] jftLVj ;k vfHkys[k ;k bySDVkWfud vfHkys[k esa dh xbZ izfof"V] tks fdlh fookn~;d ;k lqlaxr rF; dk dFku djrh gS vkSj fdlh yksd lsod }kjk vius inh; drZO; Ds$ fuoZgu esa ;k ml ns'k dh] ftlesa ,slh iqLrd] jftLVj ;k vfHkys[k ;k bySDVkWfud vfHkys[k j[kk tkrk gS] fofèk }kjk] fo'ks"k :i ls O;kfn"V drZO; Ds$ ikyu esa fdlh vU; O;fä }kjk dh xbZ gS] Lo;a lqlaxr rF; gSA
Corresponding Provision : Section 35 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans.
30. Statements of facts in issue or relevant facts, made in published maps or charts generally offered for public sale, or in maps or plans made under the authority of the Central Government or any State Government, as to matters usually represented or stated in such maps, charts or plans, are themselves relevant facts.
Corresponding Provision : Section 36 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or noti cations.
31. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the existence of any fact of a public nature, any statement of it, made in a recital contained in any Central Act or State Act or in a Central Government or State Government noti cation appearing in the respective Of cial Gazette or in any printed paper or in electronic or digital form purporting to be such Gazette, is a relevant fact.
Corresponding Provision : Section 37 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital form.
32. When the Court has to form an opinion as to a law of any country, any statement of such law contained in a book purporting to be printed or published including in electronic or digital form under the authority of the Government of such country and to contain any such law, and any report of a ruling of the Courts of such country contained in a book including in electronic or digital form purporting to be a report of such rulings, is relevant.
Corresponding Provision : Section 38 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
How much of a statement is to be proved
What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers.
33. When any statement of which evidence is given forms part of a longer statement, or of a conversation or part of an isolated document, or is contained in a document which forms part of a book, or is contained in part of electronic record or of a connected series of letters or papers, evidence shall be given of so much and no more of the statement, conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers as the Court considers necessary in that particular case to the full understanding of the nature and effect of the statement, and of the circumstances under which it was made.
Corresponding Provision : Section 39 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023
/kkjk 33
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 29
ekufp=kksa] pkVksaZ vkSj js[kkadksa Ds$ dFkuksa dh lqlaxfrA
30- fookn~;d rF;ksa ;k lqlaxr rF;ksa Ds$ os dFku] tks izdkf'kr ekufp=kksa ;k pkVksaZ esa] tks yksd foØ; Ds$ fy, lkèkkj.kr% izLFkkfir fd, tkrs gSa ;k Ds$Unzh; ljdkj ;k fdlh jkT; ljdkj Ds$ izkfèkdkj Ds$ vèkhu cuk, x, ekufp=kksa ;k js[kkadksa esa fd, x, gSa] mu fo"k;ksa Ds$ ckjs esa tks ,sls ekufp=kksa] pkVksaZ ;k js[kkadksa esa izk;% fu:fir ;k dfFkr gksrs gSa] Lo;a lqlaxr rF; gSaA
Corresponding Provision : Section 36 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 dfri; vfèkfu;eksa ;k vfèklwpukvksa esa vUrfoZ"V yksd izÑfr Ds$ rF; Ds$ ckjs esa dFku dh lqlaxfrA 31- tc U;k;ky; dks fdlh yksd izÑfr Ds$ fdlh rF; Ds$ vfLrRo Ds$ ckjs esa jk; cukuh gS rc fdlh Ds$Unzh; vfèkfu;e ;k jkT; vfèkfu;e esa ;k lacafèkr jkti=k esa of.kZr Dsa$nzh; ljdkj ;k jkT; ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ vfèklwpuk esa rkRif;Zr gksus okys fdlh eqfnzr i=k ;k bySDVkWfud ;k fMftVy iz:i esa vUrfoZ"V o`rkar esa fd;k x;k] mldk dksbZ dFku lqlaxr rF; gSA
Corresponding Provision : Section 37 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 fofèk dh iqLrdksa esa vUrfoZ"V fdlh fofèk Ds$ dFkuksa dh lqlaxfr] ftlDs$ varxZr bySDV kWfud ;k fMftVy iz:i Hkh gSaA
32- tc U;k;ky; dks fdlh ns'k dh fofèk Ds$ ckjs esa jk; cukuh gS] rc ,slh fofèk dk dksbZ Hkh dFku] tks ,slh fdlh iqLrd esa vUrfoZ"V gS tks ,sls ns'k dh ljdkj Ds$ izkfèkdkj Ds$ vèkhu eqfnzr ;k izdkf'kr gS] ftlDs$ varxZr bySDVkWfud ;k fMftVy iz:i Hkh gS vkSj ,slh fdlh fofèk dks vUrfoZ"V djus okyh rkRif;Zr gS] rFkk ,sls ns'k Ds$ U;k;ky;ksa Ds$ fdlh fofu.kZ; dh dksbZ fjiksVZ] tks ,slh fofu.kZ;ks dh fjiksVZ ls rkRif;Zr gksus okyh fdlh iqLrd] ftlDs$ varxZr bySDVkWfud ;k fMftVy iz:i Hkh gS] esa vUrfoZ"V gS] lqlaxr gSA
Corresponding Provision : Section 38 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 fdlh dFku esa ls fdruk lkfcr fd;k tk,
tc dFku fdlh ckrphr] nLrkost] bySDV kWfud vfHkys[k] iqLrd ;k i=kks ;k dkxt&i=kksa dh vkoyh dk Hkkx gS] rc D;k lk{; fn;k tk,A
33- tc dksbZ dFku] ftldk lk{; fn;k tkrk gS] fdlh o`gÙkj dFku dk ;k fdlh ckrphr dk Hkkx gS ;k fdlh ,dy nLrkost dk Hkkx gS ;k fdlh ,slh nLrkost esa vUrfoZ"V gS tks fdlh iqLrd dk ;k i=kksa ;k dkxt&i=kksa dh lalä vkoyh dk Hkkx gS ;k bySDVkWfud vfHkys[k Ds$ Hkkx esa varfoZ"V gS rc ml dFku] ckrphr] nLrkost] bySDVkWfud vfHkys[k] iqLrd ;k i=kksa ;k dkxt&i=kksa dh vkoyh Ds$ mrus dk gh] u fd mrus ls vfèkd dk lk{; fn;k tk,xk] ftruk U;k;ky; ml dFku dh izÑfr vkSj izHkko dks rFkk mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks] ftuDs$ vèkhu og fd;k x;k Fkk] iw.kZr% le>us Ds$ fy, ml fof'k"V ekeys esa vko';d fopkj djrk gSA
Corresponding Provision : Section 39 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
BHARATIYA SAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023
Judgments of Courts when relevant Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial.
34. The existence of any judgment, order or decree which by law prevents any Court from taking cognizance of a suit or holding a trial, is a relevant fact when the question is whether such Court ought to take cognizance of such suit or to hold such trial.
Corresponding Provision : Section 40 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdiction.
35. (1) A nal judgment, order or decree of a competent Court or Tribunal, in the exercise of probate, matrimonial, admiralty or insolvency jurisdiction, which confers upon or takes away from any person any legal character, or which declares any person to be entitled to any such character, or to be entitled to any speci c thing, not as against any speci ed person but absolutely, is relevant when the existence of any such legal character, or the title of any such person to any such thing, is relevant.
(2) Such judgment, order or decree is conclusive proof that—
(i) any legal character, which it confers accrued at the time when such judgment, order or decree came into operation;
(ii) any legal character, to which it declares any such person to be entitled, accrued to that person at the time when such judgment, order or decree declares it to have accrued to that person;
(iii) any legal character which it takes away from any such person ceased at the time from which such judgment, order or decree declared that it had ceased or should cease; and
(iv) anything to which it declares any person to be so entitled was the property of that person at the time from which such judgment, order or decree declares that it had been or should be his property.
Corresponding Provision : Section 41 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section 35.
36. Judgments, orders or decrees other than those mentioned in section 35 are relevant if they relate to matters of a public nature relevant to the enquiry; but such judgments, orders or decrees are not conclusive proof of that which they state.
Illustration
A sues B for trespass on his land. B alleges the existence of a public right of way over the land, which A denies. The existence of a decree in favour of the defendant, in a suit by A against C for a trespass on the same land, in which C alleged the existence of the same right of way, is relevant, but it is not conclusive proof that the right of way exists.
Corresponding Provision : Section 42 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
/kkjk 36
Hkkjrh; lk{; vfèkfu;e] 2023 30 U;k;ky;ksa Ds$ fu.kZ; dc lqlaxr gS
f}rh; okn ;k fopkj.k Ds$ otZu Ds$ fy, iwoZ fu.kZ; lqlaxr gSaA
34- fdlh ,sls fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMØh dk vfLrRo] tks fdlh U;k;ky; dks fdlh okn Ds$ laKku ls ;k dksbZ fopkj.k djus ls fofèk }kjk fuokfjr djrk gS] lqlaxr rF; gS tc iz'u ;g gks fd D;k ,sls
U;k;ky; dks ,sls okn dk laKku ;k ,slk fopkj.k djuk pkfg,A
Corresponding Provision : Section 40 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 laizek.k vkfn fo"k;d vfèkdkfjrk Ds$ dfri; fu.kZ;ksa dh lqlaxfrA
35- ¼1½ fdlh l{ke U;k;ky; ;k vf/kdj.k Ds$ laizek.k&fo"k;d] fookg&fo"k;d] ukofèkdj.k&fo"k;d ;k fnokyk&fo"k;d vfèkdkfjrk Ds$ iz;ksx esa fn;k gqvk vfUre fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMØh] tks fdlh O;fä dks] dksbZ fofèkd gSfl;r iznku djrh gSa ;k mlls ys ysrh gS ;k tks iw.kZ :i ls u fd fdlh fofufnZ"V O;fä Ds$ fo#) fdlh O;fä dks ,slh fdlh gSfl;r dk gdnkj ;k fdlh fofufnZ"V pht dk gdnkj ?kksf"kr djrh gS] rc lqlaxr gSa tc fdlh ,slh fofèkd gSfl;r] ;k fdlh ,slh pht ij fdlh ,sls O;fä
Ds$ gd dk vfLrRo lqlaxr gSA
¼2½ ,slk fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMØh bl ckr dk fu'pk;d lcwr gS fd–
¼i½ dksbZ fofèkd gSfl;r] tks og iznÙk djrh gS] ml le; izksnHkwr gqbZ tc ,slk fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMØh izorZu esa vkbZ(
¼ii½ dksbZ fofèkd gSfl;r] ftlDs$ fy, og fdlh O;fä dks gdnkj ?kksf"kr djrh gS] ml O;fä dks ml le; izksnHkwr gqbZ tc ,sls fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMØh }kjk ?kksf"kr gS fd ml le; ;g ml O;fä dks izksnHkwr gqbZ(
¼iii½ dksbZ fofèkd gSfl;r] ftls og fdlh ,sls O;fä ls ys ysrh gS ml le; [kRe gqbZ ftl le; ,sls fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMØh }kjk ?kksf"kr gS fd ml le; ls og gSfl;r [kRe gks xbZ Fkh ;k [kRe gks tkuh pkfg, Fkh( vkSj
¼iv½ dksbZ pht ftlDs$ fy, og fdlh O;fä dks ,slk gdnkj ?kksf"kr djrh gS ml O;fä dh ml le; lEifÙk Fkh tks ml le; ,sls fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMØh }kjk ?kksf"kr gS fd ml le; ls og pht mldh lEifÙk Fkh ;k gksuh pkfg, FkhA
Corresponding Provision : Section 41 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
èkkjk 35 esa of.kZr ls fHkUu fu.kZ;ksa] vkns'kksa ;k fMfØ;ksa dh lqlaxfr vkSj mldk izHkkoA
36- os fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMfØ;ka] tks èkkjk 35 esa of.kZr ls fHkUu gSa] ;fn os tkap esa lqlaxr yksd izÑfr dh ckrksa ls lEcfUèkr gSa] rks os lqlaxr gSa] fdUrq ,sls fu.kZ;] vkns'k ;k fMfØ;ka mu ckrksa dk fu'pk;d lcwr ugha gSa ftudk os dFku djrh gSaA
d viuh Hkwfe ij vfrpkj Ds$ fy, [k ij okn ykrk gSA [k ml Hkwfe ij ekxZ Ds$ yksd vfèkdkj dk vfLrRo vfHkdfFkr djrk gS ftldk d badkj djrk gSA d }kjk x Ds$ fo#) mlh Hkwfe ij vfrpkj Ds$ fy, fdlh okn esa] ftlesa x us mlh ekxZ Ds$ vfèkdkj dk vfLrRo vfHkdfFkr fd;k Fkk] izfroknh Ds$ i{k esa fMØh dk vfLrRo lqlaxr gS] fdUrq og bl ckr dk fu'pk;d lcwr ugha gS fd og ekxZ dk vfèkdkj vfLrRo esa gSA
Corresponding Provision : Section 42 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872
