Valuation of Intangible Assets Anurag Singal CA, MBA –IIM Ahmedabad , IBBI Registered Valuer – S&FA
For confidential use of the recipient only
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Definition of Intangible Assets Definition as per Ind AS 38 on Intangible Assets and ICAI Valuation Standard 302 – Intangible Assets An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance. Definition as per IVS 210 - Intangible Assets An intangible asset is a non-monetary asset that manifests itself by its economic properties. It does not have physical substance but grants rights and economic benefits to its owner. Definition as per IGBVT The International Glossary of Business Valuation Terms (IGBVT) defines intangible assets as “non- physical assets such as franchises, trademarks, patents, copyrights, goodwill, equities, mineral rights, securities and contracts (as distinguished from physical assets) that grant rights and privileges, and have value for the owner.”
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Critical Attributes of Intangible Assets
Identifiability
• Can be separated and sold, transferred, licensed, rented or exchanged, or • Arises from contractual or legal rights
Control
• Obtain future economic benefits • Restrict access of others to those benefits
Future Economic Benefits
• Revenue from sale of products, services or processes • Cost savings • Other benefits from the use of an asset
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Recognition of Intangible Assets An intangible asset can be purchased or developed internally
Separate Acquisition The cost of a separately acquired intangible asset would comprise:
(a) its purchase price; and (b)any directly attributable cost of preparing the asset for its intended use.
Acquisition as part of Business Combination If an intangible asset is acquired in a business combination, the cost of that intangible asset is its fair value at the acquisition date.
An intangible asset should be recognised if, and only if: (a)it is probable that the expected future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the entity; and (b) the cost of the asset can be measured reliably. 4
Classification of Intangible Assets Marketing related Intangible Assets
Trademarks | Trade Names | Trade Design | Trade Dress | Internet Domain Names
Technology related Intangible Assets
Patent | Trade Secret | Database | Formulae | Designs | Software | Processes | Recipes
Artistic related Intangible Assets
Books | Films | Plays | Music
Customer related Intangible Assets
Customer contracts and related customer relationships| Non-contractual customer relationships | Production / Order Backlog| Customer lists
Contract related Intangible Assets
Licensing and royalty agreements | service or supply contracts | lease agreements | permits | broadcast rights | servicing contracts | non-competition agreements | natural resource rights
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Accounting and Financial Reporting General consulting and support
Taxation / Transfer Pricing / Gift Planning Purposes for valuing intangibles Transaction (M&A or individual sale / purchase)
Litigation / Dispute / Divorce Financing (as collateral)
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Valuation Approaches for Valuing Intangible Assets Income Approach Excess Earnings Method
Relief from Royalty Method
Market Approach Guideline Transactions Method
Cost Approach
Replacement Cost Method
With-and-Without Method Comparable Reproduction Companies’ Multiple Cost Method Method (CCM) Greenfield Method Distributor Method
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Important Considerations – Economic Life of Intangible Assets Economic Life of Intangible Assets Finite life – legal, functional, economic or technological factors
Indefinite Life
Company ABC has introduced a pharmaceutical formula protected by a patent with legal life of 5 years till 2026. Company XYZ introduces a drug with a more enhanced formula in 2024. What is the economic life of the technology of Company ABC? Company PQR uses the formula of Company ABC in 2028 to manufacture generic drugs. What is the economic life of the technology of Company ABC in this case? Conclusion: To determine the economic life of an intangible, we need to assess the legal, functional, economic or technological factors affecting it. 18
Important Considerations – Discount Rate Weighted Average Cost of Capital Weighted Average Return on Assets (WARA)
Cost of Equity Discount Rate Benchmarks
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) if recent transaction including subject intangible
Cost of Debt with similar maturities to the life of the intangible Risk-free rate with similar maturities to the life of the intangible
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Important Considerations – Discount Rate
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Important Considerations – Tax Amortisation Benefit (TAB) Intangible assets can get tax shield on their amortisation, which effectively increase the value of the intangible asset depending on nature of intangible assets and purpose of valuation Tax deductibility of amortisation of intangible assets is dependent upon corporate income tax legislations of individual countries.
Patents Technology Customer Relationships
Tax rate to be considered same as that of the business
Trademark Period of amortisation to be considered as per law or to the extent of having the WDV of the intangible nil Discount rate to determine present value could be of the business or the subject intangible asset
Know-how
Goodwill 11
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