1. Introduction
The Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman tabled the Economic Survey 2024-25 in Parliament on January 31, 2025. As an annual flagship report of the Government of India, the Economic Survey comprehensively assesses the Indian economy’s performance over the past year and outlines future growth prospects. It is prepared by the Economic Division of the Department of Economic Affairs under the Chief Economic Advisor’s (CEA) guidance.
The Economic Survey 2024-25 examines key macroeconomic trends, fiscal and monetary policies, sectoral growth patterns, and the overall resilience of the Indian economy. Amidst global economic uncertainties, the survey highlights India’s robust economic fundamentals, the role of structural reforms, and policy measures aimed at sustaining growth and financial stability. It provides insights into government initiatives to enhance investment, boost infrastructure, and promote innovation-driven growth.
This year’s survey underscores the challenges and opportunities shaping India’s economic trajectory, analyzing both domestic and global factors influencing economic performance. It also evaluates employment trends, inflationary pressures, trade balances, and digital transformation, offering data-driven insights for policy formulation. The survey serves as a guiding document for policymakers, businesses, and stakeholders, facilitating informed decision-making for the country’s economic future.
The key discussions on Direct Taxation, GST, Customs, Corporate Law, and other laws highlighted in the Economic Survey are outlined below:
2. Direct Tax
(a) Taxation of AI-driven profits – The state has to resort to taxation of profits generated from the replacement of labour with technology to mobilise resources, as suggested by the IMF.
(b) Angel Tax Abolition – The abolition of the angel tax (on investments made by investors in startups) is expected to boost the country’s global innovation and entrepreneurial competitiveness.
(c) Tax Revenue Growth – The Gross Tax Revenue (GTR) of the Union and own tax revenue (OTR) of the states have increased at a comparable pace. However, the overall tax revenue position of state governments appears better due to increased tax devolution by the Union
(d) State-specific Tax Growth – Among state-specific taxes, stamps and registration, sales tax, state excise duties, and other taxes registered positive growth, whereas land revenue declined.
(e) Tax Reforms for IT Sector – The abolition of the 2% equalization levy and reduction in TDS on e-commerce payments are expected to enhance the business environment for IT services and Global Capability Centres (GCCs)
(f) Increase in Tax Collection Efficiency – Tax revenue growth has been supported by a combination of digitalization, enhanced compliance measures, and simplification of tax laws.
(g) Research & Development – India offers grants, loans, tax deductions, and tax holidays to promote R&D activities. When compared globally, India’s tax incentives align with those of China, South Korea, and the USA. Moreover, state governments offer stamp duty waivers, concessions, and soft loans to industries investing in R&D.
3. Goods and Services Tax (GST)
(a) India has carried out a series of structural reforms in the last decade. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was verily described as India’s EU moment. The introduction of GST in July 2017 marked a significant shift in India’s indirect tax structure, aiming to create a unified, streamlined taxation system across the country.
(b) The implementation of GST generated a host of positive externalities through enhancement in ease of doing business, giving impetus to digitalisation, fostering economic integration via the creation of a single market, and adding to the buoyancy of revenue generation and collection.
(c) GST has helped to simplify the taxation structure in real estate transactions by applying a single unified tax system across states. It has encouraged proper invoicing and documentation, thus reducing the scope for tax evasion.
(d) Factors driving India’s e-commerce exports include the GST regime, which provides the benefit of zero-rated supplies, allowing e-commerce exporters to claim GST refunds, thus enhancing their competitiveness in global markets. This also enables the exporter to claim a refund of tax paid on such supplies and a refund of unutilised input tax credit under the Letter of Undertaking.
(e) For 23 States, GST was the main source of revenue amongst own revenue receipts (ORR) with the greatest reliance thereon by Manipur and Nagaland at 78 per cent and 72 per cent, respectively.
(f) States garnering the highest shares in respective Overall Revenue Receipts (ORRs) w.r.t. stamps & registration, sales tax and state excise duties were Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, respectively.
(g) To make the country’s indirect tax more attractive and competitive, reforms were introduced such as relief from GST on data centre exports, reduction of rate of tax collection at source to be collected by e-commerce operators etc.
(h) On July 12, 2024, the Government announced a uniform 5 per cent integrated goods and services tax on imported aircraft parts and tools, which is applicable regardless of HSN classification.
(i) Going forward, it is expected that high GST rates and amendments to consumer protection laws could deter misleading advertising.
4. Customs
(a) Government initiatives, such as Make in India and Aatmanirbhar Bharat, have enhanced support and focus on MSMEs and e-commerce exports, thereby paving the way for more domestic sellers going global. These initiatives have provided a conducive environment for businesses to thrive and expand their reach.
(b) Recognising the relevance of e-commerce exports, the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023 has laid down provisions for fostering cross-border digital trade and promoting e-commerce and other emerging export channels. These include the Niryat Bandhu scheme, financial assistance to e-commerce exporters under the Market Access Initiative (MAI) scheme, export and packing credit, e-commerce export hubs, Dak Niryat Kendra, and electronic Bank Realisation Certificate (e-BRC).
(c) Presently, exports are facilitated through two primary modes, courier and cargo, with a courier export value limit of USD 12,000 (₹10 lakh), which is less compared to other countries.
(d) The Indian government has introduced various measures to promote environmental sustainability and influence economic behaviour. The levy of high excise duties on fossil fuels and incentives for electric vehicles push for greener alternatives.
(e) India’s seafood exports have risen from ₹46,662.85 crore in FY-20 to ₹60523.89 crore in 2023-24, reflecting a growth of 29.70 per cent.
(f) In the fiscal year FY24, the value of agri-food exports, which includes processed food exports, reached USD 46.44 billion, constituting roughly 11.7 per cent of India’s total exports. Notably, the share of processed food exports within agri-food exports has risen from 14.9 per cent in FY18 to 23.4 per cent in FY24.
(g) Tech exports reached nearly USD 200 billion, reflecting a growth of 3.3 per cent, while the domestic market is expected to expand by 5.9 per cent, crossing USD 54 billion in FY24. The sector maintained its position as a net hirer, adding 60,000 employees to reach a workforce of 5.43 million in FY24.
(h) India’s total exports (merchandise + services) have shown positive momentum in the first nine months of FY25, reaching USD 602.6 billion, witnessing a YoY growth of 6 per cent. This increase demonstrates the resilience of exports, which have been building on a steady upward trend in recent years despite global economic challenges.
(i) Data on merchandise trade shows that India’s merchandise exports grew by 1.6 per cent YoY in April – December 2024. However, non-petroleum exports (on the same comparison basis) were up by 7.1 per cent. Nonpetroleum and non-gems and jewellery exports rose by 9.1 per cent. Merchandise imports rose by 5.2 per cent. This growth was primarily driven by an increase in nonoil, non-gold imports. Gold imports also grew, influenced by higher global prices, early purchases ahead of festive spending, and demand for safe-haven assets.
(j) As per the World Bank, India was the top recipient of remittances in the world, driven by an uptick in job creation in OECD economies.
5. SEBI and Stock Market
(a) Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR) introduced by SEBI for the top 1000 listed companies from starting FY23, would be required for top 500 listed entities from FY 2026 and top 1000 listed entities in FY27.
(b) In 2023, SEBI revamped the green debt securities framework to include transition, blue, yellow bonds, and more. By March 2024, green debt securities amounting to a total of ₹6,128 crore have been issued by various listed companies.
(c) By December 2024, the Indian stock market hit new highs, with investor participation rising from 4.9 crore in FY20 to 13.2 crore, supported by SEBI’s regulatory measures.
(d) Despite challenges, India’s stock market reached new highs, with investor numbers rising from 4.9 crore in FY20 to 13.2 crore by December 2024, driven by active listings and SEBI’s measures for sustainable expansion.
(e) IPO activity and investor enthusiasm remained robust, with India’s share in global IPOs rising to 30% in 2024 from 17% in 2023.
(f) Total resource mobilisation from primary markets reached ₹11.1 lakh crore, while rights issue fundraising surged to ₹16,881 crore from April to December 2024, up from ₹6,538 crore in the same period last year.
(g) The domestic corporate debt market grew significantly in 2024, raising ₹7.3 lakh crore from April to December, with private placements accounting for 99.1% of total funds.
(h) Secondary markets experienced significant volatility in FY25, driven by events global conflicts, and the U.S. presidential election, with Nifty 50 gaining 4.6% from April to December 2024.
(i) On 23 May 2024, BSE’s market capitalisation surpassed USD 5 trillion for the first time, and by December 2024, it had increased by 14.2% to ₹445.2 lakh crore, with a market cap to GDP ratio of 136%.
(j) Mutual funds’ assets under management (AuM) reached ₹66.9 lakh crore by December 2024, a 25.3% growth from March 2024, reflecting strong market performance and increased retail investment.
(k) Retail participation in mutual funds surged, with unique investors doubling from 2.9 crore in FY21 to 5.6 crore by December 2024, and folios rising from 17.8 crore in FY24 to 22.5 crore.
(l) The mutual fund segment now has over 10 crore Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) accounts, with cumulative inflows of ₹10.9 lakh crore, and monthly SIP flows have more than doubled from ₹0.10 lakh crore in FY22 to ₹0.23 lakh crore in FY25.
(m) Sustained SIP inflows have led mutual fund ownership in Indian listed companies to reach a new high of 9.5% in Q3 2024, up from 8.7% in FY24.
6. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMES)
(a) Revamp of e Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) undertaken to facilitate credit to MSMEs.
(b) 9,000 crore allocated to the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for MSE to facilitate an additional ₹2 lakh crore credit for MSMEs at reduced interest rates.
(c) Credit limit for guarantee coverage increased from ₹2 crore to ₹5 crore. Annual guarantee fees across all segments reduced by 50%.
(d) Pursuant to revamp of the Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE) In FY23, 11.65 lakh guarantees amounting to ₹1 lakh crore were given to MSMEs.
(e) The Self-Reliant India (SRI) Fund was launched to provide equity funding to MSMEs with scaling potential. The fund has a total corpus of ₹50,000 crore, with ₹10,000 crore from the government and ₹40,000 crore from private equity/venture capital funds.
(f) The Unified Lending Interface (ULI), can potentially be a game changer in MSME financing.
(g) Nearly 80 % of textile industry’s capacity is spread across Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) clusters in the country.
(h) Government initiatives like Make in India and Aatmanirbhar Bharat have significantly boosted the MSME sector, providing enhanced support for their growth and expansion. These programs, along with provisions in the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023, encourage MSMEs to explore e-commerce exports and cross-border digital trade.
(i) The government of Telangana has announced a new MSME policy which, inter-alia, envisages an increase in e-commerce penetration in MSMEs by encouraging the participation of sellers on the ONDC portal and GeM portal.
(j) The Bharat Mart in Dubai provides Indian MSMEs affordable access to the Gulf Cooperation Council, African, and CIS markets, enhancing exports to these regions.
(k) ‘Trade Connect e-Platform’ has been launched which is a single window initiative enabling exporters to add newer markets. The e-platform aims to transform the international trade landscape for Indian exporters, especially MSMEs.
(l) As of the end of November 2024, credit to MSMEs registered a YoY growth of 13 % whereas it stood at 6.1 per cent for large enterprises.
(m) Deregulation is a policy agenda for small businesses as compliance costs in terms of time and financial resources are non-trivial for MSMEs
(n) 43 % of the new applicants of Electronics PLI scheme are in the MSME sector which shows the confidence among MSMEs to become part of the value chain of manufacturing of components of ACs and LED Lights.
(o) As of November 26, 2024, MSMEs have reported employing 23.24 crore individuals.
(p) By January 2023, the Udyam Assist Platform (UAP) formalized 2.39 crore informal micro enterprises, enabling them to access priority sector lending benefits.
(q) Since the launch of the MSME SAMADHAAN portal, 2,20,704 applications have been filed by MSEs. Of these, 20,652 were mutually settled, 53,493 are yet to be viewed, 60,714 were rejected, 45,952 cases were disposed of, and 39,893 are under consideration.
(r) Women entrepreneurs own only 22% of MSMEs, with their share decreasing as enterprise size increases—dropping to 12% in small enterprises and 7% in medium enterprises. The ownership of MSMEs remains predominantly male-held.
7. Foreign Exchange and Management Act (FEMA)
(a) India’s foreign exchange reserves rose from USD 616.7 billion (January 2024) to USD 704.9 billion (September 2024) before moderating to USD 634.6 billion (January 2025).
(b) In December 2024, the RBI’s MPC raised the FCNR(B) deposit rate ceiling, linked the forex retail platform with Bharat Connect for MSMEs, and increased collateral-free agricultural loans from ₹1.6 lakh to ₹2 lakh.
(c) FPIs in FY25 saw mixed trends, with outflows due to global uncertainty but positive flows from strong fundamentals. Gross FDI revived, while net FDI declined due to higher repatriation and disinvestment.
(d) As of December 2024, India’s forex reserves stood at USD 640.3 billion, covering 90% of its USD 711.8 billion external debt, ensuring a strong buffer against vulnerabilities.
(e) India’s e-commerce exports offer growth but face regulatory challenges, with unclear seller and platform roles. Exports occur via courier and cargo, with a courier limit of USD 12,000 (₹10 lakh), lower than other countries.
(f) Cost optimization is vital for small shipments. Duty-free reimport of e-commerce returns requires proving identity, a cumbersome process. Simplification could boost efficiency.
(g) The Capital and Financial Account funds the Current Account Deficit and forex reserves. From Q1 FY23 to Q2 FY25, India saw surpluses, driven by strong FDI, FPI, and external loans.
(h) India’s forex reserves stood at USD 640.3 billion in December 2024, covering 90% of external debt. Ranked 4th globally, reserves grew by USD 27.1 billion in 2024 due to strong capital inflows.
(i) In FY23, the tourism sector contributed 5% to GDP, creating 7.6 crore jobs and generating USD 28 billion in foreign exchange earnings.
(j) FPI flows were volatile in H2 2024 due to global geopolitical and monetary developments. Net inflows slowed to USD 10.6 billion (April–December 2024) from USD 31.7 billion, with increased activity in debt due to India’s G-secs inclusion in the JP Morgan EM Bond Index.
(k) From 2020-24, individuals invested ₹4.4 lakh crore in NSE cash market, with record inflows of ₹1.5 lakh crore in 2024. Mutual fund participation offset FPI outflows, and individual ownership matched FPIs at 17.6% (Sept 2024).
(l) Retail participation rose as the Nifty 50’s 5-year rolling beta with S&P 500 declined, showing reduced sensitivity to U.S. markets. In October 2024, the index fell only 6.2% despite USD 11 billion FPI outflows, compared to a 23% decline in March 2020.
(m) FPIs became net buyers from June to September 2024 but reversed in October and November, leading to USD 14 billion outflows. Optimism returned by late November, with net inflows of USD 3.1 billion in December.
(n) The inclusion of Indian Government Bonds in global bond indices boosted debt inflows, with FPI flows totalling ₹1.1 lakh crore (Oct 2023–Jun 2024) and ₹62,431 crore (Jul–Nov 2024). FPI’s FAR securities investment surpassed USD 20 billion within nine months of inclusion.
8. Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC)
(a) Till September 2024, 1068 resolution plans approved under the Code have resulted in creditors realising ₹3.6 lakh crore, 161% against liquidation value and 86.1% of the fair value (based on 964 cases where fair value has been estimated).
(b) The haircut for creditors relative to the fair value of assets was around 14%, while relative to their admitted claims, it was around 69%.
(c) Further, until September 2024, 79 corporate debtors (CDs) were closed by sale as a going concern under liquidation. These 79 CDs had claims amounting to Rs 1.4 lakh crore, as against the liquidation value of Rs 4678.2 crore. The liquidators in these cases realised Rs 3674.1 crore.
(d) Resolutions under the Code have spanned across all sectors, from large steel manufacturing companies and real estate projects to small FMCG companies. Out of the 12 large accounts referred by the RBI for resolution under the Code, 10 have been successfully resolved.
(e) Till March, 2024, 28,818 applications for initiation of CIRPs of CDs having underlying default of Rs 10.2 lakh crore were withdrawn before their admission.
(f) IBC lowered the credit spreads for bonds issued by non-financial firms from FY17 to FY20 compared to the bonds issued by the finance firms in FY15 and FY16.
(g) The consolidated Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) rose from 13.4% as of March 2023 to an all-time high of 14.2% by March 31, 2024. The number of RRBs with a CRAR of less than 9% decreased from 9 as of March 2023 to 4 as of March 2024.
(h) Current evidence shows that the 1068 CIRPs, which have yielded resolution plans (as of the end of September 2024), took an average of 582 days (after excluding the time excluded by the AA) for conclusion, and the 2,630 CIRPs, which ended up in orders for liquidation, took on average 499 days for conclusion.
(i) As of the end of July 2024, the NCLT has, quite notably, reported as adjudicated 34,690 cases under the IBC against 35,501 cases numbered, i.e., close to 98% adjudication and disposed of 29,705 cases.
(j) The Government has taken comprehensive measures to strengthen the NCLT. As of September 2024, 30 courts and 16 benches were functioning headed by the President, and 31 each of judicial and technical members.
9. Banking and Insurance
(a) Total outstanding bank credit to services sector stands at 48.5 lakh crore as of November 2024. The YoY growth in the credit to the services sector was recorded at 13%.
(b) As of September 2024, 51.9% of the fresh addition to the stock of NPAs in the retail loan portfolio emanated from the slippages in the unsecured loan book.
(c) In the current financial year, up to 27 December 2024, the growth rate in non-food credit has been 7.5% compared to a growth of 11% over the same period last year.
(d) In December 2024, MPC, the RBI announced an increase in the interest rate ceiling on Foreign Currency Non-Resident [FCNR(B)] deposits with maturities of 1 to 3 years and 3 to 5 years.
(e) A significant measure to improve credit access for small and marginal farmers includes increasing the limit for collateral-free agricultural loans from Rs 1.6 lakh to Rs 2 lakh.
(f) As of 31 March 2024, there were 43 RRBs (sponsored by 12 SCBs) with 22,069 branches, with operations extending to 31.3 crore deposit accounts and 3 crore loan accounts in 26 states and 3 UTs.
(g) The Government approved Rs 10,890 crore in recapitalisation assistance to Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) during FY22 and FY23.
(h) The consolidated net profit of RRBs increased from Rs 4,974 crore in FY23 to Rs 7,571 crore in FY24.
(i) The consolidated Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio (CRAR) rose from 13.4% as of March 2023 to an all-time high of 14.2% by March 31, 2024. The number of RRBs with a CRAR of less than 9% decreased from 9 as of March 2023 to 4 as of March 2024.
(j) The number of profit-making RRBs grew from 37 in FY23 to 40 in FY24, while the number of loss-making RRBs fell from 6 to 3 during the same period.
(k) Asset quality of RRBs measured by GNPA as a percentage of gross advances improved from 7.3% in FY23 to 6.1% in FY24, which is the lowest level in the past 10 years. During the same period, net NPAs declined from 3.2% to 2.4%.
(l) Credit expansion contributed to an increase in the consolidated credit-todeposit ratio, which rose from 67.5% as of March 2023 to 71.2% as of March 2024, the highest in 33 years.
(m) The National Bank for Financing and Infrastructure Development (NaBFID) has sanctioned Rs 1.3 lakh crore loans as of 30 September 2024. The road and energy sector, including renewable energy, account for over threefourths of loans sanctioned.
(n) Between FY14 and FY24, the share of consumer credit in total bank credit increased from 18.3% to 32.4%. Secondly, there has been a rise in non-bankbased financing in recent years.
(o) The Swiss Re Institute has projected India’s insurance sector to grow at a rate of 11.1 per cent and is expected to become the fastest-growing market among the G20 nations over the next five years (2024-2028).
10.
(p) The insurance sector demonstrated a positive growth rate of 2.8 %. India’s insurance market continued its upward growth in FY24.
(q) Total insurance premium grew by 7.7%, reaching ₹11.2 lakh crore.
(r) Insurance penetration declined slightly from 4% (FY23) to 3.7% (FY24).
(s) Life insurance penetration dropped from 3% to 2.8%.
(t) Non-life insurance penetration remained stable at 1%
(u) Insurance density in India rose from USD 92 (FY23) to USD 95 (FY24). Nonlife insurance density increased from USD 22 to USD 25. Life insurance density remained steady at USD 70.
(v) Gross direct premium of non-life insurers grew 7.7% YoY, reaching ₹2.9 lakh crore (FY24) from ₹2.6 lakh crore (FY23). Growth was primarily driven by the health and motor segments.
(w) Life insurance industry premium income increased 6.1% YoY, reaching ₹8.3 lakh crore (FY24) from ₹7.8 lakh crore (FY23). Renewal premiums accounted for 54.4% of the total. New business premiums contributed 45.6%.
(x) Life insurers paid ₹5.8 lakh crore in benefits (FY24), including ₹42,284 crore in death claims.
(y) Net incurred claims of non-life insurers stood at ₹1.72 lakh crore (FY24).
International Financial Services Centre (IFSC)
(a) 60 entities registered as FinTechs or TechFins in GIFT-IFSC as of September 2024.
(b) IFSCA organized 13 hackathons to foster innovation.
(c) 152 applications were received from 14 jurisdictions under the FinTech Entity framework.
(d) Highlights GIFT-IFSC’s growing FinTech ecosystem and IFSCA’s commitment to innovation.
(e) As of September 2024, the total asset size of IFSC Banking Units (IBUs) exceeded USD 70 billion.
(f) The cumulative value of transactions by IBUs crossed USD 975 billion.
(g) IBUs’ credit exposure surpassed USD 51 billion, covering countries like the US, UK, Singapore, UAE, and India.
(h) The cumulative derivatives trades by IBUs exceeded USD 982 billion.
(i) The cumulative non-deliverable forwards (NDF) bookings reached almost USD 500 billion.
(j) GIFT IFSC is expanding rapidly with 720+ entities, benefiting from unrestricted currency convertibility as a non-resident zone under FEMA regulations.
11. Pension Sector
As per IMF study, the Public pension spending is projected to increase by:
(a) 1% of GDP in Advanced Economies (AEs) by 2050.
(b) 2.5% of GDP in Emerging Market Economies (EMEs) by 2050.
(c) India’s overall pension index in the Mercer CFA Institute Global Pension Index 2024 declined from 45.9 (2023) to 44 (2024).
(d) India’s pension sector has grown significantly with NPS and APY.
(e) Total subscribers reached 783.4 lakh (Sept 2024), a 16% YoY growth from 675.2 lakh (Sept 2023).
(f) APY subscribers (including NPS Lite) increased from 538.2 lakh (Mar 2023) to 629.1 lakh (Sept 2024).
(g) APY subscribers make up 80.3% of the total pension subscriber base.
(h) Gender diversity in the APY subscriber base has improved significantly. The share of female subscribers increased from 37.9% (FY16) to 52% (FY24).
(i) Pension assets in India, including EPFO, account for 17% of GDP.
(j) The NPS contributed to an additional 4.5% of GDP.
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