BOUTIQUE HOTEL MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA TAYLOR CATLETT
CONSULTANT: Mandy Tew Sustainability by Design Professor at Virginia Tech
1.
CONTENTS Goals & Objectives
3
Thesis
4
Location
5
Site Analysis
7
Building Analysis
9
Case Studies
11
Adjacency Matrix
19
Plan Prototypes
21
ADA/Code
25
Acoustics
29
Color Study
31
Materials Study
33
Social Learning Theory
35
Interviews
37
Focus Summary
39 2.
GOALS & OBJECTIVES 1. Design a sustainable hotel. - Research and incorporate LEED standards.
- Look at case studies to inform how a sustainable hotel is designed.
2. Observe travelers’ environmental behavior. - Research travelers’ views towards sustainable practices.
- Understand the normal travel patterns of guests.
3. Incorporate energy management systems. - Research different energy management systems such as solar
panels, air and water efficiency systems, and occupancy sensors. - Understand how the systems function.
4. Choose environmentally friendly materials.
- Research what makes a material sustainable.
- Use locally sourced materials.
5. Educate travelers on sustainable traveling.
3.
- Inform guests, through design and communication, how to be a more sustainable traveler.
- Research effective approaches to educate guest based on their actions.
THESIS Negative environmental behavior of hotel guests has been a leading cause of over-consumption of energy within hotels. Implementing sustainable practices and eco-friendly materials within the design of the boutique hotel will cut down the energy consumption of guests.
PROBLEM STATEMENT Placed within Melbourne, Australia, the 20, 988 sq ft. boutique hotel, will focus on sustainable design in direct relation to the behavior of guests. Hotel guests are more likely to waste resources at a hotel than they are at home. This is due to the fact that they know they are not paying for the extra usage of certain resources, as well as being misinformed. During the past decade, energy consumption in hotels has increased from 25% to 30% due to the growth in occupancy (Vadam, 2015). This exponential curve is expected to increase over the next few years with a 10% to 25% rise (Vadam, 2015). The location of the boutique hotel plays a key role for the focus of the design. Melbourne is considered one of the leading global cities for sustainability. The number one goal for the future of Melbourne is to be a city that puts its focus on the environment. One of the main ways to achieve this is to use resources efficiently. This can be implemented within the hotel. Today, protecting the environment is on the forefront of many businesses’ agendas. It is necessary to take these steps in order to aid with climate change. Many hotels have addressed this issue by placing energy management systems or smart sensors within their buildings. These are a few ways to help reduce energy consumption that will be considered for the boutique hotel design.
4.
MELBOURNE ABOUT The boutique hotel is placed within the dynamic city of Melbourne, Australia. It holds an international reputation as being one of the most livable cities in the world, and this is partly due to their focus on ensuring a sustainable city. Melbourne is the capital city of Victoria, with a population of 4, 529, 500 people. English is the official language, but over a hundred languages are spoken, including Mandarin, Italian, Greek, Cantonese, Arabic, and Vietnamese. This is due to the fact that over 37% of Melbourne residents were born overseas, creating a diverse environment.
WEATHER Melbourne is known to have volatile weather. The summers are warm with temperature’s ranging from 57-77 degrees. Occasionally, there will be a few hot days. During Autumn there is cooler weather with temperatures around 50-68 degrees. Morning fog sets over the city during this time, but clears up to sunny skies. Winters are cold and cloudy, and typically heavy rain falls during this time of the year. Temperatures range between 43-57 degrees. Lastly, in the spring, the weather can quickly change from sunny and calm to cold and windy. It is also the wettest month, and has temperatures from 49-67 degrees.
ECONOMY Within the economy, Melbourne represents only 3% of Australia’s land mass but accounts for 24% of its economic activity. It is one of the key contributors to making Australia the 13th largest economy in the world. The economy is also larger than Singapore’s and New Zealand’s.
DEMOGRAPHICS The population in Melbourne is 51% female and 49% male. Most people are not associated with any religion, with 31% of the population saying they do not have a religion, 23% are Catholic, and 7% are Anglican. Generally, in terms of culture, 20% of the population is English, 18% is Australian, and 7% is Irish.
5.
Location
Location
6.
SITE SOUTHBANK Located in the city of Melbourne, Southbank is considered to be a cultural hub full of cafes, restaurants, and live entertainment. It is situated on the opposite bank of the Yarra River, making it a short distance from outer surrounding attractions. The Art Centre also sits within this district, bringing in theaters such as the State Theatre, Playhouse, Fairfax Theatre, and Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. Hotel guest will be able to enjoy waterfront views of the Yarra River, as well as trails that weave through the Royal Garden. They will also be walking distance from many attractions, allowing them to effortlessly make a sustainable choice for transportation.
er’s
Flind
tion
Sta
Yarra
Yarra River
River
ping
shop P
Arts Centre
Site
P
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R ity
P
C
Royal Gardens
State Theatre
P
ilda St. K Rd.
National Gallery
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entertainment 7.
Site
parking
transportation
Below are graphs that display weather conditions within Melbourne. The diagram to the right is a wind rose that shows the distribution and speed of wind on the site. One important thing to note is that seasons are opposite of North America, which explains the weather conditions within each month.
N
W
E
S
AVERAGE SUNSHINE HOURS IN A DAY 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
AVERAGE RAINY DAYS 30 days 23 days 15 days 8 days 0 days
Jan
Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMP. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
Jan
Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Site
8.
BUILDING ANALYSIS The hotel is a rectangular form with bay windows that jut out. The column grid is standard, with three noticable columns going down the middle. One option for the main circulation path is to navigate around these columns. There are entrances on both the East and West side of the building. The main facade of the hotel faces North on the site, in order to have the maximum amount of sunlight year round. This will help reduce energy consumption within the hotel since natural daylight will substitute for artificial lighting. It can also be a natural source of heat in the winter months.
9.
Building Analysis
BASE BUILDING
Column Grid Study
Points of Entry
Bay Windows Study
Circulation Path Study
SUN STUDY 12:00 PM 7:40 PM
W
W
S
S
5:06 PM
12:00 PM
4:56 AM
N
N E
E
7:37 AM
Summer Solstice
12:00 PM
S
Winter Solstice
W
12:00 PM
S
6:31 PM
W 6:15 PM
6:23 AM
N E
6:10 AM
N
E
Spring Equinox
Fall Equinox Building Analysis
10.
CASE STUDIES
11.
Case Study
Case Study
12.
H2HOTEL HEALDSBURG, CA LEED GOLD BOUTIQUE HOTEL Placed within Healdsburg, CA, H2Hotel is an environmentally friendly building inspired by the surrounding area. It is a LEED Gold boutique hotel . H2Hotel encompasses a “hippie vibe� with bamboo flooring, Peace Industry rugs, and local art. Each floor integrates green design practices with features such as smart sensors, a living roof, and rooftop solar panels. Each room also places emphasis on nature, with large windows and balconies.
13.
Case Study
GREEN MAP
Solar panels are placed on the roof
A living roof surrounds the corner of the fourth floor
All guest rooms have smart sensors
Use only a third of the water typically used for landscaping due to their irrigation system
FLOOR PLAN This floor plan displays one of the levels within the hotel. Circulation within the building creates a U-shape around the courtyard, allowing the rooms to be placed on the exterior. This keeps the guest in touch with nature, having access to natural light, and the surrounding landscape.
Case Study
14.
HYATT REGENCY HOTEL AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS ADAPTIVE REUSE This building used to be a children’s hospital, but is now a quirky 211 room hotel, that carries inspiration from nature throughout. It has been awarded a BREEAM Excellent certificate for its sustainable design. The building uses 20% less energy than the conventional building, and has a reduction of 20% in CO2 emissions. It is also a 5 star international hotel with a spa, fitness center, and rooftop terrace. Its palette consists of neutral colors with pops of green throughout. Plants are also found within the interior of the hotel, as well as the exterior. This keeps guests in touch with nature.
15.
Case Study
FLOOR PLAN The circulation throughout the floor plan works in a very linear fashion. The guest room floors have a “T� hallway which creates a simple, linear path that helps avoid confusion. The rooms are all placed to the exterior of the building, as well as ice machine rooms, in order to have access to sunlight. The elevator is located towards the center of the building, making it accessible from either side.
The first floor consists of the kitchen and a spa. There are multiple changing rooms for the spa, as well as bathrooms. The parking lot is also located on this floor with separate entrances to each of the spaces. The ground floor has a variety of spaces including the lobby, a restaurant and bar, ballroom, fitness center, and another kitchen. The ground floor is where the guests come together.
FOURTH FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
GROUND FLOOR
Case Study
16.
PROXIMITY HOTEL GREENSBORO, NC LEED PLATINUM HOTEL Proximity is the first LEED Platinum “green hotel� that creates a luxurious feel for its guests. It features, European style dining, the Bluebell garden, and original art scattered throughout the hotel. It is designed in a more formal style, hosting many events including weddings. The location of the hotel allows guests to get in touch with nature. Complimentary bikes can be checked out so that guests can explore over 90 miles of trails. There are also surrounding parks that offer spaces for picnics and areas to walk.
17.
Case Study
SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES 1. Sun’s energy heats hot water with 100 solar panels covering the 4,000 square feet of rooftop
4. Building materials with recycled content and natural lighting with operable windows
2. Speed hoods: sensors that set the power according to the kitchen’s needs, and adjusts to a lower level of operation
5. Otis Gen2 elevator that captures systems energy and feeds it back to the buildings internal grid
3. Geothermal energy for refrigeration equipment
6. Outside air is circulated into guest rooms
FLOOR PLANS The rooms within Proximity are laid out in a traditional manor. The bathrooms are immediately to the right when one walks in, with storage on the left. While the bed is placed against the wall, with a living space next to the window. This setup is familiar to guests, if they have stayed at a hotel before, and allows them to settle in quickly. The ground floor has the lobby as well as suites, offices, and an event space. The circulation is clear, with the front desk immediately upon entrance, and the elevator in one’s line of site.
Case Study
18.
ADJACENCY MATRIX
19. Matrix
Matrix
20.
PLAN PROTOTYPES
21.
Prototypes
30' - 0"
CLOSET
LOBBY
10' - 0"
OFFICE OFFICE
10' - 0"
EXERCISE ROOM
20' - 0"
29' - 1 23/32"
13' - 7"
21' - 6" 13' - 7"
37' - 2"
Prototypes
22.
27' - 4 11/16"
30' - 0"
29' - 1 23/32"
OM
RESTAURANT RESTAURANT
27
31' - 10"
EVENT EVENT ROOM ROOM
16' - 4"
13' - 7"
33' - 7 7/16"
29' - 1 23/32"
13' - 7"
OFFICE
23.
Prototypes
37' - 2"
21' - 6"
QUEEN
RESTAURA ACCESSIBLE 20' - 5"
10' - 0"
DOUBLE
18' - 11 1/2"
10' - 0"
13' - 7" 33' - 7 7/16"
CLOSET
QUEEN QUEEN
ACCESSIBLE SINGLE DOUBLE
21'1/2" - 6" 18' - 11
LOBBY
13'SUITE - 7"
13' - 7"
20' - 5"
18' - 11 1/2"
RESTAURANT
DOUBLE
30' - 0"
29' - 1 23/32"
7"
16' - 4"
QUEEN 13' - 7"
13' - 7"
" 16' - 4"
4"
QUEEN
ACCESSIBLE ACCESSIBLE
21' - 6"
DOUBLE
25' - 6 1/2" 20' - 5"
18' - 11 1/2"
DOUBLE
SUITE
13' - 7"
3' - 7"
13' - 7"
SUITE
Prototypes
24.
ADA/CODE
25.
Code
BUILDING
EGRESS
Square Footage: 20,988 sq ft
Sprinklered: yes
Number of Stories: 4
Egress Width: 36 ft
OCCUPANCY TYPES • Assembly (A-2, A-3)
• Residential (R-1)
• Business (B)
• Storage (S-1, S-2)
OCCUPANT LOAD FACTOR • Storage: 300 gross
• Kitchen: 200 gross
• Mechanical: 300 gross
• Pool: 50 grams
• Assembly: 15 net or 7 net
• Exercise: 150 gross
• Business: 150 gross
• Residential: 200 gross
Code
26.
SMALL ACCESSIBLE PUBLIC RESTROOMS
27.
Code
ACCESSIBLE PRIVATE RESTROOMS
Code
28.
ACOUSTICS Acoustics are an important factor of hotel design. Legibility of speech in both public and private spaces is crucial. Separation of spaces, and reduction of inner noise are two ways that allow for intimate conversations (Charytonowicz, 2018). A lot of factors come into play when providing efficient acoustics including: the volume of the room, dimensions, and architecture that shapes the space (Charytonowicz, 2018). In order to provide proper acoustics throughout a space, reverberation must be studied. Reverberation is the “spread of sound waves reflections across the interior from all room compartments” (Charytonowicz, 2018). This type of sound can be heard by the human ear. The most common occurrence within areas is reflection. This is when sound waves meet a surface, such as the ceiling, floor, or wall, and bounce off of it. A “mirrored reflection” occurs when the surface is hard and even, and creates a long reverberation time (Charytonowicz, 2018). This occurs with surfaces such as glass, polished wood and concrete. A “scattered reflection” is when sound waves meet a surface and scatter in multiple directions (Charytonowicz, 2018). This occurs when the sound is diffused on an acoustical surface. Materiality and form help provide proper acoustics. In larger public spaces, such as the lobby or event room, applying sculptural surfaces to the ceiling and walls can help prevent “fluttering” from occurring (Charytonowicz, 2018). Some other ways to help aid with noise in these areas is to add absorbent acoustic tiles, carpet and curtains (Charytonowicz, 2018). When designing the gym, there is typically a mirror on one of the walls. This can cause unwanted reflections within the area that is naturally loud. In order to prevent this, acoustical tiles should be placed on the ceiling, and rubber flooring should be present (Charytonowicz, 2018). The ceiling can help aid with other areas throughout the hotel that have reflective surfaces. Any area that has both a reflective wall and floor material can be balanced with an acoustical ceiling application (Charytonowicz, 2018). This might include exercise areas, such as the example above, or corridors.
29.
Acoustics
REVERBERATION WITHIN SPACES Dry reverberation spaces
corridors staircases elevators yoga rooms
cafes bars wellness Spa
Short reverberation spaces
Long reverberation spaces
halls restaurants meetings banquet
music venues pools sacral spaces sport halls
Small room volume Absorbent materials
conference gyms ball rooms fitness
Large room volume Reflective, diffusive materials
MIRRORED REFLECTION
SCATTERED REFLECTION Sound energy x1
Sound energy x1
Spread energy
Sound energy x2
Absorbed energy
Absorbed energy
Acoustics 30.
COLOR WITHIN HOSPITALITY Color has both emotional and psychological effects on the human brain. The “psychological influence of color on emotions and behavior is non-conscious, and is both biological and culturally learned” (Siamionava, Slevitch, & Tomas, 2018). The psychological effect of color depends on three major components: hue, lightness, and saturation (Siamionava, 2018). Hue is what people refer to as color, or the wavelength perceived. Lightness refers to how white or how black the color is. While, saturation refers to the intensity of hue and how different it is from gray (Siamionava, 2018). All of these factors come into play when choosing the interior colors of a hotel. Each color evokes a different feeling that varies from person to person. Warm colors are said to lead to increased activities, energy, and can also affect sleep (Siamionava, 2018). Cool colors, on the other hand, create a relaxing environment and have stress reducing properties (Siamionava, 2018). In general blue colors are considered more calming and relaxing, while red colors are associated with higher arousal or energy levels (Siamionava, 2018). A group of researchers set out to test this theory, by observing people’s reactions to blue rooms and red rooms. Within the study, 139 participants each placed a VR headset on. This enabled them to observe rooms with a blue or red hue with, “high levels of brightness and association applied to it” (Siamionava, 2018). Each person observed the room for 3 minutes. The participants were 61% Caucasian, 20% Asian, 7% Latino, 2% African American, 2% Alaskan (Siamionava, 2018). Overall, the participants demonstrated significantly lower arousal levels when exposed to blue hotel rooms versus red. This stayed true regardless of the level of saturation and brightness within both types of rooms (Siamionava, 2018). The majority felt more relaxed within the blue rooms and tended to enjoy the space more. One interesting discovery was those who classified blue as their favorite color experienced a feeling of dominance in the blue room, and those who said red was their favorite color experienced dominance within the red room (Siamionava, 2018). In conclusion, this study helps decipher which colors are more pleasing to hotel guests based on emotional responses. It also helps guide the proper placement of colors depending on the activity. In order to please hotel guests, relaxing colors should be used in the sleeping area. Colors that evoke dominance should be used in the work area, and different hues, brightness and saturation combinations should be applied accordingly (Siamionava, 2018).
31. Color
COLOR IN CULTURE Another aspect to consider when choosing colors within hotels, are their different meanings throughout the world. Melbourne is a hub for visitors all across the globe, making it important to not disrespect any culture during their stay at the hotel. Below is a chart that summarizes a list of colors and their meaning to different cultures around the world.
AUSTRALIAN CULTURE
WESTERN CULTURES
EASTERN AND ASIAN CULTURES
LATIN AMERICAN CULTURES
RED
patriotism, earth, land, anger, love
passion, confidence, love, anger
happiness, prosperity, celebration
war, religion
ORANGE
energy, warmth, excitement
energy, warmth, excitement
courage, love
sun, earth
YELLOW
sun (protector), life, happiness, pride, national color
happiness, sunlight, joy, warmth
sacred, independent, imperial
death, mourning
GREEN
pride, national color, envy, luck
nature, sustainable, envy, luck
health, eternity, fertility OR infidelity
nature OR death
BLUE
patriotism, trust calmness, sadness
calmness, trust, sadness
wealth, self improvement, strength
trust, serenity, Virgin Mary
PURPLE
royalty, mystery, honor
royalty, mystery, honor
wealth, nobility
sorrow, mourning
BLACK
aboriginal color, death
death, mourning, modern, traditional
health, prosperity OR evil
masculinity
WHITE
mourning (indigenous), peace, purity
purity, innocence, death, mourning clarity, peace
purity, peace
Color
32.
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS Using sustainable materials within hotels help improve the environment and the well being of guests. One source that outlines requirements for a sustainable material is LEED v4. This version of LEED has an expanded focus on materials, that looks at the entire life cycle of a product (U.S. Green Building Council, 2018). It should be noted that these requirements are created in order to gain credit for LEED certification. LEED v4 highlights four focuses consumers should consider when choosing sustainable materials: life cycle assessment, habitat, health, and social equity (Malin, 2018). A life cycle assessment discloses where the material is made, how it is made, and where it ends up. It measures how much energy was used in transporting and making the product, and the amount of carbon emissions it produces (Malin, 2018). Habitat, looks into the impact the product has on ecosystems and natural flows. Raw materials and the extraction process are areas of focus in this category (Malin, 2018). Health relates to how humans are affected by a product. In order to be sustainable, a material’s ingredients should not consist of hazardous substances that negatively impact people’s health (Malin, 2018). Materials should be natural and have low emissions. Lastly, social equity emphasizes the conditions under which the product was made. Proper conditions include fair labor, anti-corruption, and worker protections (Malin, 2018). These requirements give a general idea of what constitutes a sustainable material, and will help guide proper material selection within the boutique hotel. Flooring is one of the most important materials within hotels, since it must withstand a large amount of foot traffic. One option for flooring, that is frequently used in hotels, is carpet. Commercial carpet is subject to dirt, spilled drinks, pathogens and cleaning chemicals. In order to extend the life of carpet, manufacturers add treatments such as PFC’s (perfluoroalkyl acids), antimicrobials to keep mold and pathogens out, and flame retardants (Ehrlich, 2011). All of these are harmful to the environment, as well as people.
33.
Materials
Some sustainable carpet solutions are wool and sisal. Another option, is choosing manufacturers, such as Mohawk Carpet, that include HPD’S and EPD’S for their products, and use Nylon 6.6 or Nylon 6 instead of PCF’s. Mohawk also recycles their carpet ensuring an environmentally friendly life cycle (Ehrlich, 2011). Another flooring option is resilient flooring. This type of flooring is often made with vinyl (PVC), which contains hazardous ingredients and produces hazardous byproducts (Ehrlich & Melton 2016). Most vinyl flooring contains phthalate plasticizers, which emit harmful chemicals, harming the indoor air quality, impacting human health. (Ehrlich & Melton 2016). Some sustainable solutions for resilient flooring include linoleum, bio-based plastic, cork, and certain types of rubber (Ehrlich & Melton 2016). If carpet and resilient flooring are not needed, some more sustainable choices for flooring are FSC hardwood, high quality laminate flooring and polished concrete (Ehrlich & Melton 2016). Surface materials used for counter tops, desks, tabletops, and bars are another important material within a hotel. These often have hazardous ingredients such as epoxy resins made from bisphenol - A and emit harmful VOC’s (Ehrlich & Melton, 2016). A few sustainable options include locally sourced stone, recycled paper composite surfaces, glass composites (with high recycled content and no epoxy resins), FSC or reclaimed wood, PVC free laminates, precast concrete, and “large format” ceramic tiles (Ehrlich & Melton, 2016). The last material that is very prominent within the hospitality industry is textiles. Many textiles have surface treatments that often cause environmental harm and can be toxic to people (Ehrlich & Melton, 2016). Textiles that should be avoided are vinyl or vinyl backed products, textiles treated with flame retardants, and fabrics with antimicrobial surface treatments (Ehrlich & Melton, 2016). More sustainable options are natural fabrics, polyester or nylon made with recycled content, Cradle to Cradle fabrics, or Designtex fabrics (Ehrlich & Melton, 2016).
MATERIALS SOURCED IN VICTORIA Melbourne is located within the state of Victoria. Materials used within this area require less energy to be transported and are known to be sustainable within the region. Below is a list of the most frequently used woods and stones that come from Victoria.
Description
Victorian Ash
- hardwood - straight grain - course texture - moderate durability
Tasmanian Oak - eucalyptus hardwood - warm - dense - resilient
Color
Interior Usage
pale pink to yellowish brown
paneling, flooring, joinery, furniture
straw, reddish brown, pink
paneling, flooring, veneer, furniture
Spotted Gum
- premium native hardwood - durable - strong
light brown to dark framing, flooring, red veneer
Pine, Radiata
- softwood - low density - knots present
light brown to yellow
framing, plywood, veneer, beams
Bluestone
- basaltic - very durable - dense
grayish blue or black
flooring, (mainly used for exterior facades)
Sandstone
- made of quartz and feldspar - relatively soft - porous
can be tan, brown, yellow, gray, pink, and black
flooring
Marble
- low hardness - porous - softer than granite
can be white, gray, pink, yellow or black
counter-tops, floor tiles
Slate
- durable - versatile
varies blue or orange
floor tiles, back-splash
Granite
- medium to course grained - durable - porous
gray, red, green
counter-tops
Materials
34.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY BEHAVIOR
“Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: through observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” -ALBERT BANDURA
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
PERSONAL FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
ATTENTION • Various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid • Includes: distinctiveness, affective valence, prevalence, complexity, functional value
RETENTION • Remembering what you paid attention to • Includes: symbolic coding, mental images, cognitive organization, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal
REPRODUCTION • Reproducing the image • Includes: physical capabilities, self- observation of reproduction
MOTIVATION • Having a good reason to imitate • Includes: motives such as past (traditional behaviorism), promised (imagined incentives), vicarious (seeing and recalling the reinforced model)
Theorists emphasize that since different children experience different social learning experiences, they will likely form individual rules that link a behavior to its consequences
Thus, theorists expect individual differences in social behavior are related to the child-rearing climate, social class, and other variables predictive of behavior-consequence rule learning
35.
Theory
MODELED EVENTS ATTENTIONAL PROCESSES
RETENTION PROCESSES
Modeling Stimuli -Distinctiveness -Affective Valence -Complexity -Prevalence -Functional Value
MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSES
-Symbolic Coding
-Physical Capabilities
-External Reinforcement
-Cognitive Organization
-Availability of Component Responses
-Vicarious
-Symbolic Rehearsal
Observer Characteristics -Sensory Capacities -Arousal Level -Perceptual Set -Past Reinforcement
MOTOR REPRODUCTION PROCESSES
-Motor Rehearsal
-Self-Observation of Reproductions
-Reinforcement -Self-Reinforcement
-Accuracy Feedback
MATCHING PERFORMANCES
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING When children observe others -- especially those similar to themselves -- being rewarded or punished in certain situations, they come to the conclusion they may experience the same negative or positive treatment on such actions
SITUATIONAL SPECIFICITY IN BEHAVIOR SITUATION 1: A child may be punished for aggression at home but be able to get away with it on the playground SITUATION 2: Another child may be punished for being aggressive towards peers, but may learn to react with aggression to frustrations encountered at home; parents who maintain an indulgent attitude toward aggression may allow this.
HOW IT RELATES TO HOTEL DESIGN The Social Learning Theory correlates to how people act based on observation within a social environment. This can relate to hotel design, as well as sustainability. For example, if one guest observes a person recycling an item, they will then act accordingly in the same manner if they have trash that can be recycled. Another example is if the hotel has a buffet - style breakfast, someone could observe that everyone is in line waiting with a tray. The person will then know, through observation, that they need to grab a tray and go down the line to get food. Theory
36.
INTERVIEWS Both interviews were conducted in order to learn about hotels within Blacksburg, and how they function. We learned that the Virginia Tech Inn had standard room types, as well as standard room layouts. The most important aspect of a hotel to Tom Cupo was if people were able to get work done within their room. This meant having a proper desk area, wifi, and silence for the guests. Noise complaints included elevators, ice machines, and doors. The Hyatt Hotel had slightly different room types and layouts. They had a room called a “Corner King� in which the bed faced the window. Most of their rooms had living areas with a large couch, instead of just a table and chair. The bathrooms also had sliding doors, which Ken Rogers said was inefficient and loud. Another noise complaint included slamming doors, which could be solved with soft close door systems.
37.
Interviews
TOM CUPO
KEN ROGERS
Manager at the Virginia Tech Inn
Manager at the Hyatt Hotel
Room Types
Room Types
- King - Double - Suite
- Corner King - Double - Suite
Room Layout
Room Layout
- bathroom on right - dresser and TV on left - bed opposite the TV wall - 2 sinks within each room
- living space vs. couch and table - bathroom separated into 2 parts - corner king faces window - sliding bathroom doors
Efficiency
Efficiency
Important: can you get work done?
- glass sliding door did not provide privacy and let light into room
Noise Complaints
Noise Complaints
- elevators - Ice machines - doors closing
- slamming doors
Corridors
Corridors
- suggested more than one elevator
- “T� design
Interviews
38.
RESEARCH SUMMARY
ECOLOGY state’s that, “nature’s form is a direct
response to capturing the flow of energies and materials that reside within that bioregion” (Williams, 2007 p. 1). Ultimately, this means that any change within the environment directly affects the surrounding systems. Ecology reinforces the idea that everything is related, making it a model for sustainable design. Sustainable design moves the “design goal from object to community and then designs connections, illustrating the available energy in the natural place” (Williams, 2007 p. 1). There are three principles for designing sustainably. The first one is, connectivity, in which design reinforces the relationship between the site, project, community and ecology (Williams, 2007 p. 18). The second principle is creating “indigenous” design solutions where one designs with what has been resident and sustainable within the site for centuries (Williams, 2007 p. 19). The last principle is designing for a “long life, and loose fit,” where one designs for future generations while reflecting on the past (Williams, 2007 p.19). These principles help start the foundation for projects of all kinds, seeking to achieve eco-friendly design solutions.
THE SITE of a building plays a key role for
sustainable projects. The orientation of the building, when focusing on interior design, determines where and how much light enters the space. The functional design layout of the interior to solar and exterior elements can have a “positive impact on user’s performance” (Williams, 2007 p. 105). Sunlight can help reduce energy consumption considerably, acting as natural light, as well as natural heat (Williams, 2007 p.105). One important factor to consider when doing this is the regional climate of the site, and if it is appropriate to orient the building in the direction of optimal sunlight (Williams, 2007 p. 105).
39.
Focus
Specifically, for hospitality design, the location of the site in relationship to surrounding attractions and transportation is critical for sustainability. Hotels located near commuter rail stations and other forms of public transportation are considered “viable locations” (Penner, Richard H., 2013 p. 12). Hotels located near fashionable shops, art galleries, museums, and parks are considered to be higher in value (Penner, Richard H., 2013 p. 12). This allows tourists to walk to many activities or take public transit, eliminating additional car usage within the city they are visiting.
HOTELS currently represent, “5 billion square feet of built environment, 5 million guest rooms, and over $4 billion USD per year in energy consumption in the U.S. alone” (Cracknell, 2015). In order to remain economically successful many hotels are finding it important to implement “principles of environmental responsibility and to institute green initiatives” (Penner, Richard H., 2013 p.67). Hotels are integrating systems such as geothermal heating and cooling, rooftop solar panels, and occupancy sensors (Penner, Richard H., 2013 p.67).
The struggle with “greening” the hotel industry is meeting guest expectations while also being environmentally friendly (Cracknell, 2015). Surveys have shown that 70% of travelers prefer to stay at a hotel that has environmental aspects, yet only 7% would pay more to stay at an eco-friendly hotel (Cracknell, 2015). Understanding the environmental behavior of hotel guest can inform businesses on how to integrate sustainable practices.
ONE STUDY, carried out by Teresa Marie
Cracknell, was done on a group of standard hotel businesses. The study asked a series of questions on which sustainable options they would include within their building. Four options stood out in the study that were specifically avoided due to guest comfort.
RESEARCH SUMMARY CONT.
These included, low flow shower heads and toilets, recycled gray water and on site wastewater treatment, natural ventilation, and light colored asphalt (Cracknell, 2015). The only two things that almost all hotels agreed upon integrating was controlled lighting and thermal comfort (Cracknell, 2015). When the guests were asked about these options the results were in line with the hotels’ answers, except for the low flow shower heads and toilets, in which guest claimed they have not been able to tell if they are, “using less water in the shower and energy efficient flushing” (Cracknell, 2015).
THE LAST STUDY, performed by Fatma Pakdil,
observed the combined analysis of customer and manager point of views toward sustainable practices within hotels. According to the study, the environmental responsibilities of hotels mainly focuses on “pollution prevention, sustainability of ecological environment, waste management, recycling, renewable energy use, and energy efficiency” (Pakdil, 2017). Some sustainable practices among workers and guests included recycling, energy saving light bulbs, reusing linens, and organic food (Pakdil, 2017).
ANOTHER STUDY, using boutique hotels was
done in San Miguel de Allende, where customers were asked to rate their satisfaction level from 1-7 on sustainable hotel practices. These practices included energy saving light bulbs, occupancy sensors, key cards for room power, water saving devices, recycling policy, towels/linen reuse, and an effort to purchase environmental supplies (Berezan, 2013). Majority of people in the study were Hispanic, some were American, and a few were unidentified. The study found that energy saving light bulbs, having a local supplier, and environmental supplies had positive feedback, while recycled had the worst (Berezan, 2013). The information was perceived differently mainly between Hispanics and Americans in the categories of light bulbs, occupancy sensors, and towel policy. The majority of Hispanics did not mind reusing towels, and did not find it necessary to have energy saving light bulbs and an occupancy sensor, while Americans felt the opposite on these options (Berezan, 2013). This goes to show there are differences between international opinions based on sustainability practices.
The most important thing to the customers was that the hotel does not cause harm to the environment, while the least important thing was producing vegetables and fruits at the hotel surroundings (Pakdil, 2017). On the other hand, managers ranked fresh food and juices high on their list of importance (Pakdil, 2017). The study revealed the most essential practices to both managers and customers were, “compliance of hotel surrounding nature, effective use of energy, presence of automatic electricity control, effective use of water, and lavatories containing automatic water saving systems” (Pakdil, 2017). Overall, customers and manager’s views did not stray too far away from each other. Sustainable design within hotels can be achieved through implementing the principles of sustainable design, proper site choice, and considering the guests’ views on environmental behavior.
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REFERENCES GENERAL Arphipova, Alina. (2017, March 15). Design for Diversity of Cultures: Perception of Colors. Retrieved from https://design4users.com/design-for-diversity-of-cultures-perception-of-colors/ Berezan, Orie. 2013. International Journal of Hospitality Management. Sustainable Hotel Practices and Nationality: The Impact on Guest Satisfaction and Guest Intention to Return, Volume 34, pp. 227-233. Bisignano, Daniel. (2018, May 22). Why Melbourne-Strong Economy. Retrieved from http://www.invest.vic.gov.au/why-melbourne/strong-economy Charytonowicz, Jerzy. 2018. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Advances in Human Factors, Sustainable Urban Planning and Infrastructure. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. Cracknell, Teresa Marie, & Bassum, Abu-Hijleh. 2015. Frontiers of Architectural Research. Measuring LEED-NC Applicability in Design for Hospitality, Volume 4, pp. 308-317. Ehrlich, Brent & Melton, Paula. (2016, June 6). Building Green. The Great Eight: High-Impact Material Choices for Green Building. Retrieved from https://www-buildinggreen-com.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu/ feature/great-eight-high-impact-material-choices-green-building Leon Alvarez, Ivan. 2018. Journal of Tourism Research. An approach of environmental design in LEED hotels by comparing visual and verbal experiences, Volume 8, pp. 79-94. Malin, Nadav. (2018). Building Green. Material’s Transparency and LEED. Retrieved from https://www-buildinggreen-com.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu/webcast/materials-transparency-leed-0 Pakdil, Fatma & Kurtulmuşoğlu, Feride Bahar. 2017. European Journal of Tourism Research. Using quality function deployment for environmentally sustainable hotels: a combined analysis of customer and manager point of view, pp. 252-256. Penner, Richard H., Adams Lawrence, & Robson, Stephani. 2013. Hotel Design, planning, and development. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. Siamionava, Katsiaryna, Slevitch, Lisa, & Tomas, Stacy R. 2018. International Journal of Hospitality Management. Effects of spatial colors on guests’ perceptions of a hotel room, pp. 85-94. State Government of Victoria. (2015, March 20). Victoria’s Earth Resources. Retrieved from http://earthresources.vic.gov.au/earth-resources/victorias-earth-resources/sand-stone-and-clay/ dimension-stone U.S. Green Building Council. (2018). LEED v4. Retrieved from https://new.usgbc.org/leed-v4 Vadam, Celine. (2015, April 22). How to Reduce Energy Consumption Within Hotels. Retrieved from http://hotelnewsnow.com/Articles/25821/How-to-reduce-energy-consumption-in-hotels Williams, Daniel Edward. 2007. Sustainable Design: Ecology, Architecture, Planning. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons (2018, July 2). Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ (2017). Melbourne’s Lifestyle. Retrieved from https://liveinmelbourne.vic.gov.au/
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Follow the sun. Observe the wind. Watch the flow of water. Use simple materials. Touch the earth lightly. - Glenn Murcutt