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INTERNET © ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons THEMES •f or r evi ew pur posesonl y• o c . che e r o t r s super
© Ready-Ed Publications - 2007 (Revised edition) Published by Ready-Ed Publications P.O. Box 276 Greenwood WA 6024 Email: info@readyed.com.au Website: www.readyed.com.au
COPYRIGHT NOTICE Permission is granted for the purchaser to photocopy sufficient copies for non-commercial educational purposes. However this permission is not transferable and applies only to the purchasing individual or institution.
ISBN 1 86397 437 7
Important information about this book 1. The Publisher’s W ebsite Website Activities in this book refer users to the Internet Themes for 9-12 year olds section of the Ready-Ed Publications’ website. The URL for this is:
www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
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To use the book in conjunction with the Ready-Ed site users should either open the above address and bookmark it, OR they can find the page by going straight to our home page at www.readyed.com.au and clicking on the ‘Click here to access all web sites referred to in Ready-Ed books’ link.
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The page displays cyber links for all books with Internet references. Users need to click on the title or cover of the book for the page they are using. Clicking on these links will take users to the information sources without the addresses having to be laboriously typed in. If websites change, this list is updated to provide the current URL link in the same order they appear on the page in this book. Please note that while all care is taken when choosing appropriate websites, many of these website disappear or modify their layout over time. These changes are beyond our control, however, we endeavour to check the links on a regular basis and replace them when needed. Please write to us at links@readyed.com.au if a site is found to be missing.
© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Material on the Internet is protected by copyright laws in the same way as print material. There are exceptions inf the Copyright Acti which allow Fair Dealing for research and study purposes. • o r r e v e w p u r p o s e s o n l y • The activities contained in this book are designed to utilise the concept of Fair Dealing by
2. Cop yright and the Use of Internet Resources Copyright
For further information refer to the Copyright Council on:
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www.copyright.org.au
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encouraging students to use research skills to read and summarize material for the purpose of gaining knowledge and interpreting and evaluating ideas.
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Cont ents Contents Space Activities The Solar System ............................................................................................................ 6 Life On Mars ...................................................................................................................... 7 The Moon ............................................................................................................................ 8 Comets ................................................................................................................................ 9
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Ancient W orld Activities World
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Famous People
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The Pyr amids ..................................................................................................................... 10 Pyramids Egyptian Mythology ........................................................................................................ 11 The Afterlife ....................................................................................................................... 12 King TTutankhamen utankhamen ........................................................................................................... 13 Temples and TTombs ombs of Egypt ........................................................................................ 14 Ancient W onders of the W orld ..................................................................................... 15 Wonders World The Maya ............................................................................................................................ 16 Sir Edmund Hillary ........................................................................................................... 17 Mother TTer er esa ................................................................................................................... 18 eresa Nelson Mandela ................................................................................................................ 19
Earth Activities
© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Marine Activities
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Rainfor ests ........................................................................................................................ 20 Rainforests Endanger ed Species ........................................................................................................ 21 Endangered Living in Antar ctica ......................................................................................................... 22 Antarctica Volcanoes ............................................................................................................................ 23 Tsunamis ............................................................................................................................. 24 Ear thquakes ...................................................................................................................... 25 Earthquakes
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A Sea Disaster - The Titanic ....................................................................................... 26 A Mystery at Sea ............................................................................................................ 27 Undersea Discov eries ..................................................................................................... 28 Discoveries Whales on the W eb ........................................................................................................... 29 Web Dolphins .............................................................................................................................. 30 Giant Squid ....................................................................................................................... 31 Monsters of the D eep ..................................................................................................... 32 Deep
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Nor thern and Southern Lights .................................................................................... 33 Northern Stonehenge ........................................................................................................................ 34 Easter Island .................................................................................................................... 35 Atlantis .............................................................................................................................. 36 Dinosaur F ossils ............................................................................................................... 37 Fossils
Answers ............................................................................................................................ 38
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Teachers’ Notes This Internet Themes book is designed to make use of the enormous amount of information that is available through the Internet. This book is produced to allow children to answer those questions for themselves. In doing so, they will achieve the following learning outcomes: R Using basic research skills to respond to focus questions. R Using basic research skills to extrapolate information from Internet references.
r o e t s Bo r e p ok u The Structure of Sthis Book
R Using selected World Wide Web addresses to extend understanding on the theme. R Using a variety of online libraries to expand on the information available.
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R Using the links provided at addresses to broaden the scope of their investigations.
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The activities in this book are designed to give Internet beginners structured experiences on a variety of themes. Note that in providing these activity pages there is an assumption that users have an understanding of what the World Wide Web is and a basic ability to navigate their way around the Internet. The intention is to provide focus activities that direct users to specific sites which have been carefully selected. Using the Ready-Ed website in conjunction with the print material avoids the laborious task of having children key in exact URLs which are often lengthy and confusing. It also means that sites can be regularly updated, should they later disappear.
Using the Pages © ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons
Children need to read all instructions on the screen. These will usually say where to click, otherwise they should follow the instructions in this book. Remember that sometimes web page layouts change, however, the content usually remains the same.
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Children can click on anything that has a little hand on it when they move the mouse over it. Many small images can be enlarged this way. Any text that is highlighted and changes the arrow to a pointing hand can be clicked on.
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It is possible that some sites may contain computer jargon at the beginning explaining how best to view the site. Children can ignore this although they should be advised to ask a teacher or parent about anything they are not sure of.
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Teachers’ Notes ‘Net Nasties’
In recent years there has been a great deal of publicity about negative aspects of the Internet, so much so that the uninitiated may well have severe concerns about what young users might encounter when surfing the Net.
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There is no doubt that this concern could be well founded if children are left to their own devices when online. The key to avoiding the ‘net nasties’ is supervision, just as it is to avoid inappropriate experiences for children in selecting movies, television programmes and books. It is most unlikely that violent, racist or erotic sites are reached accidentally and the Kids Internet Explorer materials and addresses have been carefully screened to avoid this happening. However, the Internet is a fluid, dynamic resource that is always in motion and we can’t guarantee that what is appropriate now will still be next year. With this in mind, it is strongly recommended that parents/teachers preview sites if at all possible.
r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Net Nanny - www.netnanny.com/netnanny Cyber Patrol - www.cyberpatrol.com
Reliability of Material
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It is also the case that filter tools have been designed by some companies to help protect children from the undesirable aspects of the Internet. Some of the filter tools which offer online information are:
A recognised problem with material found on the Net is that it is often unsubstantiated with sources unlisted and the writer’s credentials unknown. Children will need to learn to be discerning in their use of the content they encounter. Ideally, they should look for authoritative material where sources are listed. The location of the address may be a useful pointer - an article under the banner of NASA or a national university is likely to be more authoritative than one supplied by an individual with an apparent interest in the theme.
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Another consideration is the date material was submitted - material may appear useful but may be out of date. Unfortunately, it is sometimes difficult to check just when articles were written or posted although often the date of entry is shown at the top of print outs and at the end of articles. As with the ‘Net Nasties’ then, supervision and guidance from teachers/parents is required, so that students can be helped to see the difference between information sources that are credible and those requiring further corroboration.
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Updating of Internet addresses
As mentioned, the dynamic nature of the Internet means that some sites may change URLs or even disappear altogether. An ongoing role of the publishers will be to monitor these changes regularly and to post them on our site. To keep up to date with changes check our site: www.readyed.com.au
If you have any problems accessing sites please email us at
links@readyed.com.au
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Space Activities
The Solar System Click on page 6, then Site 1.
The solar system is shaped like a disk and is only a tiny part of a galaxy called the Milky Way. The Milky Way consists of hundreds of billions of stars including the sun. Some of these other stars may even have planets orbiting them as well.
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R Visit the Nine Planets at Site 1, read through the information and answer the questions. 1. What does the solar system consist of? ____________________________________________
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Fill in the planets with the correct names: Inner Solar System: Outer Solar System:
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Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons • f o r e vi e w pur posesonl y• Why were they notr seen before? __________________________________________________
Name that Planet!
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3. Which planets were only discovered in modern times?________________________________
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For answers to these you need to click onto each planet in the contents at Site 1 and search around the pages. The images may take a short while to come up but are worth waiting for. Which planet is:
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1. Named after the God of the Sea? _________________________________________________ 2. The sixth planet from the sun? ____________________________________________________ 3. Closest to the sun? _____________________________________________________________ 4. The brightest planet? ____________________________________________________________ 5. Known as the red planet? ________________________________________________________ 6. Not named after a Roman or Greek god? ___________________________________________ 7. Smaller than the moon? _________________________________________________________ 8. Named after Zeus, the King of the Gods?___________________________________________ 9. Discovered by accident when William Herschel looked through his telescope? ______________ Page 6
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Space Activities
Life on Mars Click on page 7, then Site 1.
R Check out the life on Mars at Site 1.. It is known that water once flowed on Mars and scientists have always wondered about the possibility of life existing on the planet. Visit all the sites on this page and explore the links at each site.
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Outline some of the missions to Mars.
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From the information at this site, briefly describe the recent discoveries and findings on Mars.
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Rocks:
Water:
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Describe some of the features of Mars by exploring the links. Use the headings below.
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Do you think there is life on Mars? Give reasons to support your answer.
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
The Moon
Space Activities
Click on page 8, then Site 1. The moon is the only other place in the solar system that has been visited by humans and is the Earth’s nearest neighbour in space. Although it is the brightest object in the night sky, it gives off no light of its own. It travels around the Earth once approximately every 27 1/3 days and a rocket journey from Earth to the moon takes about six days.
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R Explore the Star Child site at Site 1 to read about the moon. Answer these questions. 1. Do we always see the same side of the moon? ______________________________________
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2. What is the “Dark Side� of the moon? ______________________________________________
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3. Who was the first man on the moon? ______________________________________________ 4. Who accompanied him onto the moon’s surface and what words were spoken? __________
The Moon’s Origins
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R Draw a sketch of the moon’s surface.
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7. What is thought to have caused the large craters that appear in the moon’s surface?
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5. What is one of the explanations for the formation of the moon? ________________________
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Travel to Site 2 and find out everything you can about man’s visits to the moon. You may like to explore some of the online references to help you with your research. Don’t forget to keep track of any cool websites by bookmarking them.
Partner W ork - Interview: Work
As a television reporter you get to meet some interesting people but your greatest ever moment was the exclusive interview you did with Neil Armstrong shortly after his return from the moon. On a blank tape record the questions you asked and include Neil Armstrong’s answers.
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Comets
Space Activities
Click on page 9, then Site 1. A comet is an icy body that consists of a solid nucleus in the centre, a cloudy atmosphere called a coma, and one or two tails. Most comets can only be seen with a telescope. Some are visible to the naked eye for a short while, as they pass closest to the sun. This is possible because the dust in their tails reflects sunlight, making them quite bright.
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R Find out about these amazing space bodies and complete the following.
1. When was the earliest known record of a comet sighting? _____________________________
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2. Most comets are thought to originate in a huge cloud called the OORT cloud. Where is this cloud? ________________________________________________________________________
3. Draw and label the parts of a comet showing the nucleus, coma and tail.
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• R Click on Site 2 to complete the following.
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4. Describe the typical orbit of a comet. How does a comet’s orbit differ from other bodies such as the planets?
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5. What happens to comets as they approach the sun? _________________________________
R Using your research skills describe the significant event that occurred between July 16 and 24, 1994, involving the comet Shoemaker - Levy. If you search carefully you should be able to find some excellent pictures of the event!
Check out the amazing comet images at Site 3. Ready-Ed Publications
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
The Pyramids
Ancient W orld Activities World
Click on page 10, then Site 1. R Click on the Pyramids.. How many pyramids were built around the Nile between 2700-1600BC? ____________________
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What reasons are given for the Egyptians building these pyramids? ________________________
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R Name and describe the three different types of pyramids.
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Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons R Read further to learn how pyramids were built. Visit the Great Pyramid of Giza at Site 2. •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•
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There are several mysteries surrounding the building of the pyramids. Describe some of them here. You might need to visit other links to pyramids. Bookmark interesting sites.
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The Sphinx Mystery For years the sphinx was thought to be approximately 5000 years old. However, some scientists are now saying that it is more than 10 000 years old! What reasons can you find for this new way of thinking? You might like to use Sites 3 and 4 as starting points. Page 10
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Name: __________________________
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Ancient W orld Activities World
Egyptian Mythology Click on page 11, then Sites 1 and 2. R Visit Site 1 and answer these questions:
1. What is a myth? ________________________________________________________________
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2. What is the difference between a creation myth and an explanatory myth? _______________
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3. What part does the Nile River play in Egyptian mythology? ____________________________
The Egyptians had as many as 2000 gods and goddesses with some being far more important than others. By using the listed websites and any others you explore, find out who these gods and goddesses were and describe their appearance:
Gods:
Goddesses:
OSIRIS:________________________________
RENENET: _____________________________
Š ReadyEdP ubl i cat i ons _______________________________________ ATUM:_________________________________ •f orr evi ew puTETNUT: r po_______________________________ sesonl y• ______________________________________
HORUS: _______________________________
MAYAT: ________________________________
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RA: ___________________________________
SEKHMET: _____________________________
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Hint: Site 3 will provide more information.
You are an Egyptian god or goddess. Explain exactly what it is that you do and why you are a god. Write a myth that describes where your name came from and who worships you. Your myth can be either a creation or explanatory story and can be based on a real god or goddess or you can make up your own name. Decorate your page with pictures of Egyptian artefacts and artwork and don’t forget to include a picture of yourself.
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
The Afterlife
Ancient W orld Activities World
Click on page 12, then Sites 1 and 2. R Go to Site 1 and click on The Afterlife.. 1. Write definitions for these:
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KA - ___________________________________________________________________ BA - ___________________________________________________________________ AKH - _________________________________________________________________________
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2. Why did the Ancient Egyptians think that mummification was so important? ______________
Challenge:
If you dare, read about the steps in preparing the mummy for the afterlife. Be warned, it’s pretty gruesome!
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3. Describe what happens to the AKH once a mummy is placed in the tomb.
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R Go to Site 2 and read about embalming and burial tombs. Here you can find out exactly what happened to the body after death. Summarise the information that you find.
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Mak our oown wn Mummy! Makee yyour
This is an art activity that involves quite a lot of steps but will produce a miniature mummy. Click on Site 3 and carefully follow the instructions.
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Ancient W orld Activities World
King Tutankhamen Click on page 13, then Sites 1 and 2.
R Click on Tutankhamen. Read about this boy Pharaoh. Tutankhamen served as King of Egypt from about 1347 BC until his death in 1339 BC. His time as king was unimportant but what is he known for today?
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Who found the tomb of King Tut? _______________________________When? _______________
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Describe some of the things that were found.
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Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Briefly explain what your have learned aboutp King Tut’s short life. •f or ev i ew u r p os esonl y•
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Find the names of two museums that contain artefacts from King Tut’s tomb.
The Curse of King Tutankhamen’s Tomb.
Visit related sites to find out more. Your task is to prepare a newspaper article that describes the great discovery of the tomb in 1922. Your article must tell of the mysterious deaths that surrounded the discovery as well as offering some explanations. Some of the sites and links for this page offer explanations for the curse. You can also conduct your own search using any of the search engines. R Check out the amazing Site 3 from National Geographic! Ready-Ed Publications
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Ancient W orld Activities World
Temples and Tombs of Egypt Click on page 14, then Site 1.
There are two ancient Egyptian temples that are carved in a mountainside beside the Nile River in Southern Egypt. They were built by the pharaoh Ramses II around 1200 BC. R Go to the site for a tour of the Great Temple. At the front you will find four gigantic statues of the great pharoah himself. Click on the underlined text for an enlarged picture.
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1. Who was Ramses II? ____________________________________________________________
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2. What triad was the temple officially dedicated to? ____________________________________
3. Who do the smaller figures near the statue of Ramses represent? ______________________
Searching for Lost Tombs
R Take a tour of the websites and describe what you discover! Keep a detailed log as you explore the lost cities and tombs. Start it below.
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Ready-Ed Publications
Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Ancient W orld Activities World
Ancient Wonders of the World Click on page 15, then Site 1. The seven wonders of the ancient world were built between 3000 B.C. and 476 A.D. The list of wonders started in Greece about 200 B.C. and was intended as a list of places to visit. These objects were all man-made and only one of these wonders still remains today.
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R Wander around the ancient wonders at Site 1.
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Name and describe the only ancient wonder on this list that remains standing today:
Name the six other ancient wonders and where they were located. Include a description of each ancient monument and the approximate date when each was constructed. 1.
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______________________________________________________________________________ R List six other wonders of the ancient world that remain standing today, yet were not included in the early list. 1.
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4. ____________________________________
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6. ____________________________________
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
The Maya
Ancient W orld Activities World
Click on page 16, then Sites 1 and 2. The Maya were an ancient American Indian people who developed a civilisation in Central America and South Mexico. They used an advanced form of writing and made great discoveries in astronomy and mathematics. Visit the websites for an interesting insight into the Mayan culture and history.
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R Explore the websites and find answers to the following:
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1. When did the Mayan civilisation begin? ____________________________________________
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2. What did the Mayan people produce during the Classic period from 250 - 900 A.D? ______
3. What happened to Mayan cities around 900 A.D.? ___________________________________
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• The Maya and Their Achievements
4. Where are the Mayan people of today? _____________________________________________
R Dig around the websites for more information on these Mayan achievements:
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1. Architecture - __________________________________________________________________
2. Writing forms - _________________________________________________________________
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3. Calendar - _____________________________________________________________________
4. Art and Craft - __________________________________________________________________
Extra!
Mysteries of the Maya Using all of the websites for this page and any other links you come across, research and write an article for Time-Life magazine about some of the theories as to why the Mayan civilisation ended.
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Famous P eople People
Sir Edmund Hillary Click on page 17, then Site 1.
Sir Edmund Hillary, a New Zealand mountain climber, is most famous for being one of the first two men to conquer Mount Everest and return. Visit Site 1 for information about this great explorer. 1. Who did he make his historic climb with? ___________________________________________
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2. What was the date of their arrival at the summit of Everest? ___________________________
R Read the interview with Sir Edmund Hillary at Site 2 and 3 and complete the following:
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3. Apart from climbing Everest what other firsts did Sir Edmund Hillary achieve?
What comparisons does Hillary make between when he first climbed Everest and climbing today?
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Describe Hillary’s feelings about the “increased commercialisation� of Mount Everest.
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Virtual Climb! R Take a trip to Site 4 and read about the stages involved in a climb to Everest’s summit. Write a log outlining your journey to the top. Include all stages of the climb based on what you have read at the website. You may like to download some pictures to illustrate your work. Ready-Ed Publications
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Mother Teresa
Famous P eople People
Click on page 18, then Sites 1 and 2. Mother Teresa was born in 1910 in Skopje, Yugoslavia. She dedicated her life to helping the poor and founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India. There are many articles about Mother Teresa (sometimes spelt as Theresa) as well as details of the work of the Missionaries of Charity.
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R Read through the biography of Mother Teresa at Site 1.
1. What name was she born with? ______________________________
3. What religious order did she join at this time?
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2. In what year she decide to become a nun? ____________________
4. Where did the name ‘Teresa’ come from? ___________________________________________
Timeline of Significant Events. R Use the information at Sites 1 and 2 to complete the timeline. The first entry has been done for you.
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1929 - Mother Teresa moved to Darjeeling, India, to teach at St Mary’s. She made her first vows. 1937-
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1992 1997 -
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Awards 1962 1971 1979 Page 18
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Famous P eople People
Nelson Mandela Click on page 19, then Sites 1 and 2. Nelson Mandela became the first black President of South Africa when he was elected to power in 1994. He has served as president of the African National Congress (ANC) since 1991. He has devoted his life to fighting apartheid.
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1. What was Mandela’s first occupation? _________________________
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2. For what reasons was he sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964?
R Complete the following:
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3. How many years did Mandela spend in prison? _____________________________________
He was released from prison in __________ after President _____________________________ removed restrictions on political groups. In 1993 he was awarded the N ____________________ for working towards removing ________________________ .
Life Inside Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons
Use your research skills to find information about Mandela’s time in prison. Bookmark any links that you come across so that you can refer back to them. Using a separate piece of paper, make a journal entry for Mandela based on the information you find which describes a typical week in Robben Island Prison. You might like to start your search at Site 3.
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R Begin your draft notes here:
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Here you will find excerpts from Nelson Mandela’s book The Long Road to Freedom. Click on any of the underlined text for the rest of the story.
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Name: __________________________
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Ear th Activities Earth
Rainforests Click on page 20, then Site 1. A tropical rainforest consists of tall trees in a region of year round warmth with high rainfall. Almost all rainforests are found near the equator with the largest being the Amazon rainforest.
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1. What three layers does a rainforest consist of? a. b.
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2. Where are tropical rainforests located on the globe? _________________________________
3. Name three countries that contain large rainforests. _________________________
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4. Describes the changes in tribal numbers in Brazil compared to 1900. ___________________
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5. What effect do rainforests have on the Earth’s climate? _______________________________
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R Click on Site 2 to learn about the actions that can be taken to help reduce rainforest destruction. Identify seven ways that we can help: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Page 20
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Endangered Species
Ear th Activities Earth
Click on page 21, then Site 1. Explore the list of endangered species at Site 1. Choose an endangered species and fill in details for the fact file below. In the spaces, make up some headings that apply to your animal. Name: ___________________________________________________________________________
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Range: __________________________________________________________________________ Habitat:__________________________________________________________________________
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Reasons for “endangered� status:
Description: _____________________________________________________________________
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Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• - ____________________________________________________________ - ____________________________________________________________
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- ____________________________________________________________
Cyber Tiger Challenge Visit Site 2 where you can play zookeeper. Your task is to prepare the new Siberian Tiger’s home. However, you must satisfy all requirements before you are allowed to keep the tiger in your zoo. Follow the instructions carefully and build a safe environment for your tiger, which includes deciding what your tiger will eat and what he will play with. Ready-Ed Publications
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Living in Antarctica
Ear th Activities Earth
Click on page 22, then Site 1. Field Trip to Antarctica Visit Site 1 for an insight into life in Antarctica. As a world famous scientist, you have been chosen to take part in the next expedition to Scott Base and are required to keep a log book of daily events. Include notes on these aspects:
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Living conditions at Scott Base: ______________________________________________________
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Sleeping: _________________________________________________________________________
Eating: ___________________________________________________________________________
Waste disposal:____________________________________________________________________
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Clothing: __________________________________________________________________________
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The first night: _____________________________________________________________________
A typical working day: ______________________________________________________________
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Relaxation: ________________________________________________________________________
Transport around the base and to McMurdo Station: _____________________________________
Use any other Antarctic links you may come across to provide you with more information. Site 3, known as Gateway to Antarctica, is well worth exploring and will help you with your field trip. Page 22
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Name: __________________________
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Volcanoes
Ear th Activities Earth
Click on page 23, then Site 1. Most volcanoes are mountains shaped like cones with an opening at the top through which lava, hot gases and rock fragments flow during an eruption. The openings form when melted rock from deep within the Earth blasts through to the surface. Volcanic eruptions have wiped out entire towns and killed thousands of people causing some of the worst disasters in history. However, people are fascinated by the sights of volcanic eruptions and there are many web sites dedicated to these amazing landforms.
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R Visit Volcano World at Site 1 and explore the different pages.
1. 2. 3.
Mount Pinatubo
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Name three currently active volcanoes and give their location:
R Site 2 is an excellent website although it may take some time to load. The pictures are well worth the wait!
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Describe the events that occurred in June 1991: ________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• What effect did the eruption have on the Earth’s climate?_________________________________
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For how many centuries had Pinatubo been inactive? ____________________________________ R Click on Chronological Account and read through this description of the actual eruption. Retell the events in your own words.
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Extra!
Check out Site 3 for amazing details of the Mount St Helens eruption in America. Describe the event and the aftermath using the information at the site.
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Tsunamis
Ear th Activities Earth
Click on page 24, then Site 1. A tsunami is a destructive wave that sweeps in from the ocean like a huge tide. They are caused by undersea earthquakes, hurricanes, cyclones or other large storms at sea. Undersea earthquakes cause seismic sea waves and often scientists are able to predict when they will arrive on shore.
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R Explore the many exciting pages at Site 1 and find answers to the following. 1. Name the ocean liable to experience tsunamis. _____________________________________
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2. How high do great tsunamis reach? _______________________________________________ 3. What was the height of the 1737 tsunami which hit Cape Lapatka in Russia? _____________
4. What occurred at Lituya Bay in July 1958? __________________________________________
5. Approximately how far does a tsunami move? _______________________________________
6. Describe the boat story from the Lituya Bay tsunami. _________________________________
7.
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons What was setf up help warn tsunamis? • otor r e vcountries i ewabout pu r po_____________________________ sesonl y•
R Click to Site 2 and scroll down to the Aleutian Islands 1946.
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8. Describe the events that took place on April 1.
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9. State the damage to these areas:
a. Scotch Cap Lighthouse, Alaska________________________________________________
b. Hilo - island of Hawaii ________________________________________________________
10. Click on Chile 1960. What happened to Hilo this time? ______________________________
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Earthquakes
Ear th Activities Earth
Click on page 25, then Site 1. Earthquakes are among the most powerful events on earth and their results can be terrifying. A severe earthquake may release energy 10 000 times greater than the first atomic bomb. Earthquakes can trigger landslides as well as a series of giant waves known as tsunamis when quakes occur beneath the ocean.
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Quick Quake Facts
Visit the links at Site 1 to help you answer the following. Give the location and date of three of the most destructive earthquakes to date:
2. 3.
List three statistics about earthquakes. 1. 2.
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1.
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons R Click on Site 2. This site contains ar range ofi information onu earthquakes which provides • f o r e v e w p r p o s e s onl y• interesting reading. Click on the various headings and spend some time 3.
reading these pages.
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R Find definitions for these earthquake terms:
Epicentre: _________________________________________________________________________
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Liquefaction: ______________________________________________________________________
Spreading zones: __________________________________________________________________
Surface waves: ____________________________________________________________________
Richter scale: ______________________________________________________________________
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Marine Activities
A Sea Disaster - The Titanic Click on page 26, then Site 1.
The great “unsinkable� ocean liner, the R.M.S. Titanic, sank on her voyage to New York on April 14, 1912. Originally, it was thought that an iceberg had cut a huge gash in the hull but it was later found that the steel hull had become brittle in the cold North Atlantic ocean, which caused it to fracture when the ship hit the iceberg.
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Site 1 is dedicated to the R.M.S. Titanic and contains some very interesting pieces of information. Explore the different web pages and then click on the sign for a brief history of the Titanic.
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1. What story “predicted� the fate of the Titanic?
2. What features of the Titanic made people think she was “unsinkable�? __________________
3. Who was the captain on her maiden voyage? _______________________________________
4.
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons When was the wreck of the Titanic discovered and who made the discovery? ____________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•
R Click on the link to the Titanic’s maiden voyage.
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5. Describe what occurred as she was leaving the dock: ________________________________
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R Scroll down to “That Fateful Night� and click on the box to answer these questions. 6. How many iceberg warnings were sent to the Titanic? ________________________________ 7. What was strange about the lifeboat rescues and other boats involved? _________________
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
A Mystery at Sea
Marine Activities
Click on page 27, then Site 1. People are fascinated by the mysteries of the sea as it is the largely unexplored frontier of our planet. Strange things have occurred in the oceans over the years and many incidents are still unexplained. One of the most interesting stories is that of the American ship, the Mary Celeste, which was found abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean.
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R Read about this ship at Site 1:
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1. When was the mystery ship found? ________________________________________________
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2. Which ship sighted the Mary Celeste? ______________________________________________
3. Where had the Mary Celeste left from? _____________________________________________ 4. What type of cargo was she carrying? _____________________________________________ 5. What was found on the Mary Celeste by the sailors from the English ship? _______________
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Who was on the Mary Celeste when it left the harbour? _______________________________
7.
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6. List some of the objects that were missing from the Mary Celeste. ______________________
List the reasons that are given for why the Mary Celeste may have been abandoned. Explain what you think really happened and give your reasons. You might like to do more research on the ship using the links at Site 2.
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For another sea mystery read the interesting story of the Zuytdorp at Site 3. Ready-Ed Publications
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Marine Activities
Undersea Discoveries Click on page 28, then Site 1. Did you know that volcanoes exist under the sea as well as on land? There are many new discoveries from recent underwater expeditions that have been described in various web sites.
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R Visit Site 1 and scroll down to Recent Discoveries: Unknown Animals for a fascinating view of the underwater world.
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1. Briefly describe the two types of animals that have been discovered in recent times.
2. Scroll down to the Pygmy Beaked Whale and click on the picture for a larger view.
How long are these beaked whales known to grow?__________________________________
What year were they first discovered by scientists? ___________________________________
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• R Now click on New Volcano Field.
What is so strange about these whales? ____________________________________________
3. Where was a volcano field discovered in 1993? ______________________________________
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4. How were the volcanoes discovered? ______________________________________________ 5. How high up from the ocean floor do they rise? _____________________________________
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R Go back and click on How deep can they go?
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6. Why is it that human divers cannot go deeper than several hundred metres? _____________
7. Below, list the living things and other sea objects that can go between the levels shown: 1000 - 2000 metres- _____________________________________________________________ 3000 - 4000 metres - ____________________________________________________________ 6000 - 7000 metres - ____________________________________________________________ 8000 - 8000 metres - ____________________________________________________________ 10 000 -11 000 metres - _________________________________________________________ Page 28
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Whales on the Web
Marine Activities
Click on page 29, then Sites 1 and 2. The Internet contains hundreds of websites devoted to marine mammals, including some interesting pages on dolphins and whales. The Whale Information Network at Site 1 is one of the best places to start. You will need to refer back to this site to help you with your research.
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1. Why are whales classified as mammals? _________________________________________
2. Name the two types of whales and give an example of each type: ______________________
3. How does the gray whale breathe? ________________________________________________
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons R Discover the whales at e Site 3.i Research the u whales listed below. Describe some of• their features • f o r r v e w p r p o s e s o n l y and list some interesting facts about each mammal. Choose two other whales to research.
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Killer whale: _______________________________________________________________________
Humpback whale: __________________________________________________________________
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Sperm whale: _____________________________________________________________________
Beluga whale: _____________________________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________________
Check out some marine mammals of Australia at Site 4. Ready-Ed Publications
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Dolphins
Marine Activities
Click on page 30, then Site 1. Dolphins are one of the most popular marine mammals and many scientists believe that they rank among the most intelligent animals. There are many websites devoted to dolphins as well as a large number of organisations you can join to help save the dolphins.
Dolphin Facts
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R Explore the different sections of Site 1 to find answers to these:
1. How many types of dolphin are there? _____________________________________________
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2. Where are dolphins located? _____________________________________________________
3. What is the average life-span of a dolphin? _________________________________________ 4. How fast can a dolphin swim? ____________________________________________________ 5. How do dolphins sleep? _________________________________________________________
6.
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Which is the most common dolphin? ______________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•
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7. Explain what is meant by “echolocation�. ___________________________________________
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R At Site 2 from Sea World you can learn all about the bottlenose dolphin. Create an information page on this dolphin for visitors to Sea World to read. You might like to do your own research using the Vivisimo.com search engine. Check out some dolphin images at Sites 3 and 4. Page 30
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Giant Squid
Marine Activities
Click on page 31, then Site 1. The giant squid features in many sea monster movies. However, it is rarely seen in real life, even though it lives in all the major oceans of the world. Follow the links and explore the fascinating exhibition at Site 1 which is devoted to the mysterious giant squid.
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R Click on the different pages to find answers to the questions below:
1. Which marine mammals have been found with pieces of giant squid in their
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stomachs? _____________________________________________________________________
2. How many species of giant squid are thought to exist? _______________________________ Name two of them. ______________________________________________________________
3. What is the scientific name for the giant squid? ______________________________________ 4. What is the length of the largest giant squid? ________________________________________ 5. How much does the giant squid weigh? ____________________________________________
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Describe specimen found on w Plum Island Massachusetts. •thef o rr e vi e puatr poses_______________________ onl y•
7.
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6. At what depths in the ocean is the giant squid found? ________________________________
8. What does a squid eat? __________________________________________________________
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How is a squid like a snail?
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9. What is an invertebrate? _________________________________________________________
10. What major group of invertebrates do squids and snails belong to? ____________________ 11. Describe some of the features of this animal group. __________________________________
Check out Site 2 for more squid information! Ready-Ed Publications
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Marine Activities
Monsters of the Deep Click on page 32, then Site 1. R Visit the Lost Worlds exhibition at Site 1 and scroll down to Sea Serpents and other Ocean Monsters.
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List some of the mysterious creatures of the sea. Click on the underlined text for more information.
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•
R Check out Site 2. Describe some of the sea creatures featured on this page.
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Describe the giant sea turtle that was apparently found in 1883. ___________________________
Creature Feature Read about some mysterious sea creature sightings at Site 3. Choose the most interesting one and write an article about the event. If it has a picture, you could download it and add it to your story. If not, use your imagination and draw the sea monster! Page 32
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Mystery Activities
Northern and Southern Lights Click on page 33, then Sites 1, 2 and 3. These brightly coloured lights are the most visible effect of the sun’s activity on the earth’s atmosphere.
What causes the Lightsho w? Lightshow?
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1. Surf all the sites to find an explanation for the southern and northern lights. Write an explanation of the cause.
2. Northern lights are visible in ______________________________________________________
and are also known as Aurora _________________________ .
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons and are known as Aurora __________________________ . •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•
3. Southern lights are visible in ______________________________________________________
Observations
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R For some amazing photo images fly to Sites 4 and 5.
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Stonehenge
Mystery Activities
Click on page 34, then Sites 1 and 2. Stonehenge is one of the most famous ancient monuments, consisting of a group of huge, rough-cut stones set in circles. It is believed that Stonehenge was built between 1800 -1700 B.C., yet the mystery surrounding its purpose still exists today.
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1. Where is Stonehenge? ___________________________________________________________ 2. Name four groups of people that may have built Stonehenge.
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3. What is the meaning of the word “megalithic�? ______________________________________
4. When is the “summer solstice� and what happens at Stonehenge on this day? ___________
5. Describe and draw the Stonehenge ring of stones:___________________________________
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Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•
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Read about the mysteries that surround Stonehenge and make up a Stonehenge information sheet. Include on your sheet the different theories about who built the monument and why. R Using the information at the websites, plus any other links you come across, find possible explanations for these mysteries: 3 Why was Stonehenge built and then dismantled and rebuilt? 3 How did the makers move the gigantic rocks in those times? 3 What might Stonehenge have been used for? Page 34
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Easter Island
Mystery Activities
Click on page 35, then Sites 1 and 2. This interesting island lies in the South Pacific ocean and is famous for its huge statues that were carved hundreds of years ago. Some of these statues rise as high as 12 metres and it is a mystery as to how early islanders were able to create them.
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R Visit these websites and find some answers to these: 1. What are the giant stone statues known as?
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2. Where are they situated on the island? _____________________________________________ 3. What did the early settlers call Easter Island? _______________________________________ 4. What name is associated with the island today? _____________________________________ 5. What was the population when the island was at its peak? ____________________________ 6. What caused the decline of the Easter Island people? ________________________________
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Virtual Tour
•f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•
Take a tour of the island using either Sites 1 or 2 and visit the different regions. Describe the statues found at each of these places on Easter Island:
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Ahu Akivi - ________________________________________________________________________
Ahu Naunau - _____________________________________________________________________
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Ahu Tahai - ________________________________________________________________________
Rano Raraku - _____________________________________________________________________
Think!
Explore the two websites and read the strange story of the Moai and how they brought about the end of the early civilisation on Easter Island. What message do you think the story is trying to tell us? Retell the story of Easter Island in your own words and download some pictures of the Moai to illustrate your version. Present your work on another sheet of paper.
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Atlantis
Mystery Activities
Click on page 36, then Site 1. According to Plato, a Greek philosopher, the lost civilisation of Atlantis was thought to exist thousands of years ago before sinking into the Atlantic Ocean. Over time, the stories of Atlantis have changed and many people wonder if it did indeed exist.
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R Dive into Site 1 for an introduction to Atlantis. Be sure to click on all the links. Find answers to these: 1. About how many years ago was Atlantis thought to have existed? ______________________
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2. Who was the legendary God of the sea? ___________________________________________ 3. What kinds of materials were supposedly found on Atlantis? __________________________
R Visit Site 2 and explore the various links. Outline some of the current theories about what might have happened to Atlantis. In your answer include whether you agree or disagree with each theory.
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Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•
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Journe orld Journeyy to the Lost W World
You have been chosen to be part of an archaeological team that is searching for the lost city of Atlantis. You will have all the latest technology to help your search and will travel in a state of the art submarine that journeys to the ocean floor. Write an account of your voyage and describe what you find. Include the location of your discoveries and details of the artefacts that you come across.
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Name: __________________________
First go to www.readyed.com.au/urls/kids/
Mystery Activities
Dinosaur Fossils Click on page 37, then Site 1. Scientists study dinosaur fossils in order to learn more about these fascinating creatures. By analysing each fossil they are able to identify different species of dinosaur as well as determine when each species existed on earth. Dig around Site 1 and click on the different headings to uncover answers to these:
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1. What is a fossil? ____________________________________________________
_____________________________________
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2. List four types of dinosaur fossils:
_____________________________________
3. Where does the word fossil come from? ____________________________________________
4. What are sedimentary rock layers? ________________________________________________
Š ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons First Fossil Discoveries Use your research skills toe find information at Site 1p about the firsts dinosaur fossil discoveries. • f o r r v i e w p u r o s e o n l y • Give details of the discoveries below:
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Megalosaurus: ____________________________________________________________________
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Iguanodon: _______________________________________________________________________
Hadrosaurus foulkii: ________________________________________________________________
Take an interesting tour of some dinosaur fossils at Site 2. Ready-Ed Publications
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Answers
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Page 6 The Solar System 1. The sun, 9 planets, 62 satellites of the planets and a large number of small bodies which are either asteroids, chunks of iron and stone called meteoroids, or dust and frozen gases which are known as comets. 2. Inner Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars; Outer Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. 3. Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Because telescopes had not been invented. Name that Planet: 1. Neptune; 2. Saturn; 3. Mercury; 4. Venus; 5. Mars; 6. Earth; 7. Pluto; 8. Jupiter; 9. Uranus. Page 7 Life on Mars Answers will vary. Page 8 The Moon 1. Yes; 2. It is the side we never see; 3. Neil Armstrong; 4. Buzz Aldrin. “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”. 5. That the Earth collided with another space object which caused a big chunk of rocky material to be thrown into space; 6. Ice, rocky soil; 7. Space objects have been thought to have hit the moon’s surface at high speed. Page 9 Comets 1. 1059 BC - It was made by an astrologer of the Chinese Court; 2. The Oort cloud is believed to surround our solar system and reach over halfway to the nearest stars. Comets have highly elliptical orbits that bring them very close to the sun and then swing them very deeply into space, often beyond the orbit of Pluto. As comets approach the sun they develop enormous tails of bright particles that extend for millions of kilometres from the head. When away from the sun, this material is frozen solid within the nucleus. Page 10 The Pyramids About 80; The Egyptians believed that their rulers were mortal gods and that when they died, they would join the immortal fods, so their bodies needes to be preserved. 1. Step pyramid - made of large clear steps; 2. Bent pyramid - straight pyramid until near the top where it bends at a sharp angle; 3, Straight-sided pyramid - the one we usually see pictures of that has four sides that meet at a point at the top. Page 11 Egyptian Mythology 1. Myths are stories about gods and goddesses that attempt to explain why certain things happen; 2. A creation myth tries to explain the origin of the world and creation of human beings. Explanatory myths try to explain natural processes or events and deal with illness and death; 3. Creatures that lived in the Nile or along its banks became linked with many gods and goddesses; 4. Check the website for information on the gods and goddesses. Page 12 The Afterlife 1. KA - person’s spirit; BA - person’s soul; AKH - supernatural ability. 2. Egyptians thought that if the body was preserved, the KA and the BA would be preserved and that they could be an immortal god; 3. The AKH takes a trip up the “Hall of Judgement” where it is judged against 42 different crimes. Every time the person committed a crime in his life the heart would get heavier. Page 13 King Tutankhamen The discovery of his tomb in 1922 by two Englishmen has provided us with a wealth of information on Ancient Egypt. The find revealed buried treasure that is now housed in many museums around the world; Howard Carter; 1922. Answers will vary. Page 14 Temples and Tombs of Egypt 1. Ramses II was one of the longest reigning pharaohs. He reigned for 67 years and lived to be over 80; 2. TriadAmon-Ra, Ptah and Ra-Harakte; 3. His wives, sons and daughters. Page 15 Ancient Wonders of the World Great Pyramid at Giza. Other wonders: Great Wall of China, Taj Mahal, Temple of Angkor, The Colosseum in Rome, Leaning Tower of Pisa, Stonehenge, The Parthenon. 1. The Hanging Gardens at Babylon - Built on the East Bank of the Euphrates near Iraq around 604 - 562 B.C; 2. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus - Built at Olympia on the West Coast of Greece near Athens around 450 B.C; 3. The Statue of Zeus - Built 50 km south of Izmir in Turkey around 550 B.C; 4. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Built in the city of Bodrum on the Aegean Sea, South West of Turkey in 350 B.C.; 5. The Colossus of Rhodes - Built on the Greek island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean Sea around 282 B.C; 6. The Lighthouse of Alexandria - Built on the Island of Pharos off the city of Alexandria in Egypt around 323 - 30 B.C.
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Page 16 The Maya 1. Around 2000 BC; 2. They built temples, carved fantastic artwork from stone and jade, made amazing discoveries in maths and astronomy and created a complex writing system. They developed a trade route that was 1500 miles long; 3.The Mayan people stopped building pyramids and temples, recording dates and living in city states; 4. They live in Belize and speak Mayan dialects while still practising ancient crafts and medicine. Page 17 Sir Edmund Hillary 1. Sherpa Tenzing Norgay; 2. May 29, 1953; 3. He led the trans-Antarctic expedition in 1957 and in 1958 he participated in the first mechanised expedition to the South Pole. Answers will vary. Page 18 Mother Teresa 1. Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu; 2. 1928; 3. Sisters of Loreto in Dublin; 4. Mother Teresa took the name in 1931 to honour St Teresa of Avila, a 16th century Spanish nun. Timeline: Check website; Awards: 1962 - received the Padmashree from the Indian government; 1971 - received Pope John XXIII Peace Prize; 1979 - received Nobel Peace Prize. Page 19 Nelson Mandela 1. Lawyer; 2. He was involved with the African National Congress who were against the Apartheid government; 3. 27 years. Missing words: 1990; F. W. deKlerk, Nobel Peace Prize, apartheid. Page 20 Rainforests 1. a. The canopy consists of the treetops (160-220 feet tall) which make up the rainforest’s green ceiling; b. The understory is the young trees, ferns and shrubs that are under the canopy; c. The forest floor is the bottom layer of the rainforest. Except for rotting vegetation which nourishes the thin tropical soil, the forest floor is almost bare; 2. Tropical rainforests are located around the equator where temperatures stay near 80 degrees year round; 3. The largest rainforests are in Brazil (South America), Zaire (Africa) and Indonesia (South East Asia). Other tropical rainforest regions are in Hawaii and the islands of the Pacific & Caribbean; 4. In 1900, Brazil had one million Indians. Today, there are less than 200 000. Eighty-seven tribes have been killed off in Brazil since 1900 - that’s almost one tribe per year; 5. Rainforests help control the world’s climate. When it rains, the heat makes the rainwater evaporate back into the air - this means it’s recycled. Rainwater in the Amazon can be recycled five to seven times. 50% of rain in some rainforests comes from evaporation. Clouds cover the rainforests around the equator and reflect the sun which keeps the rainforest from getting too hot. Time for Action: Answers will vary. Page 21 Endangered Species Answers will vary. Page 22 Living In Antarctica Answers will vary. Page 23 Volcanoes 1-3. Answers will vary. Mount Pinatubo: More than 5 billion cubic metres of ash and debris were ejected from the volcano producing eruption columns 18 kilometres wide and reaching up to 30 kilometres high; 847 people were killed and more than one million people were displaced; The eruption caused the world’s temperature to fall by an average of one degree celsius; Four centuries. Page 22 Tsunamis 1. Pacific Ocean; 2. Approximately 30 metres; 3. 64 metres; 4. A huge rock and ice fall sent water surging up to a high water mark of 500m (1640 feet); 5. Tsunamis slow down as they approach the shore moving at about 70 km an hour; 6. During the huge tsunami in Lituya Bay, a boat with two people in it was carried from the bay, over tree tops and over the land out into the ocean; 7. Pacific Tsunami Warning System which is a group of seismic monitoring stations and a network of tide gauges are used for tsunami detection. Aleutian Islands - Check website. Page 23 Earthquakes Answers will vary. Fault: a fracture in the earth’s surface that follows a release of energy in the earth’s crust; Epicentre: the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of the quake; Liquefaction: occurs when loosely packed water-logged sediments lose their strength in response to strong shaking; Spreading zones: where molten rock rises pushing two plates apart, normally found in oceans; Surface waves: strong vibrations produced by quakes that travel along the earth’s surface; Richter scale: a measure of the intensity or magnitude of an earthquake, named after Dr Charles F. Richter. Page 24 A Sea Disaster - The Titanic 1. Morgan Robertson wrote a book in 1898 called “The Wreck of the Titan” in which many lives were lost due to too few lifeboats; 2. The Titanic was the biggest ship of her day and contained a double hull and 16 watertight compartments; 3. Captain Edward J. Smith; 4. The Titanic wreck was discovered in August 1985 by Dr Robert Ballard, founder of the JASON Project, using a robotic mini submarine known as Jason.
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Page 26 cont. 5. On the Titanic’s Maiden Voyage the Titanic almost had a collision with another ship, the New York, when departing the dock; 6. Seven iceberg warnings were sent to the Titanic; 8. Most of the lifeboats left only half full. Women and children were taken first yet many men could have fitted on to these boats and more lives could have been saved. Page 27 A Mystery at Sea 1. December 4, 1872; 2. The English brig Dei Gratia; 3. New York Harbour; 4. Alcohol; 5. A logbook on the mate’s desk showing a chart of the ship’s progress, food, water and the cargo of alcohol; 6. A longboat, sextant, captain’s chronometer and navigation books; 7. Captain Benjamin Briggs, his wife and daughter and seven crew. Theories: Answers will vary. Page 28 Undersea Discoveries 1. A new species of beaked whale and a microscopic animal; 2. Adults reach lengths of just over 3.7 metres; 1991; They have never been seen alive; 3. A dense concentration of active volcanoes was discovered in the mid-eastern Pacific; 4. The volcano field was found with the help of satellite measurements of changes in ocean height; 5. 18002100m from the sea floor (about 17,000 feet deep at that location); 7. 0-1000m - Jim diving suit (600m); Johnson Sea Link (914m); Military submarine (900m); Bathysphere (914m); 6. Because it’s cold and dark, and the weight of water overhead exerts intense pressure; 7. 1000-2000m - Giant squid (1500m); sperm whale (1150 m); JASON VII submarine; 3000-4000m - Titanic wreck (3810m); 6000-7000m - Shinkai, 3 passenger submersible (6527m); 80009000m - Deepest recorded fish (8370m); 10000m - Bathyscaphe Trieste (10 912m). Page 29 Whales on the Web 1. They have air-breathing lungs, warm blood and they give birth to live young which nurse on their mother’s milk; 2. Toothed whales - killer whale, orca; baleen whales - grey whale; 3. They breathe through a nose at the top of their head. They do this without lifting their heads out of the water. Instead they swim to the surface, exhale to clear their blowhole and then take a breath; Whale Research: Answers will vary. Page 30 Dolphins 1. 32; 2. In all oceans and seas of the planet; 3. 25 years; 4. Up to 40 km an hour; 5. They sleep using only one half of their brain at a time. If they went completely into a deep sleep they would drown. They float at the surface with one eye open at a time; 6. Bottlenose dolphin; 7. Echolocation: As the produced wave of sounds bounce off distant or close objects, dolphins receive in echo an acoustic “image” that is sent to the brain in the form of nerve impulses for interpretation and action. Dolphins can determine size, direction, speed, distance and some of the internal structure of any objects under water through echolocation. Page 31 Giant Squid 1. Sperm whales; 2. At least ten species of large squid— 2m (7 ft) or longer— patrol the world’s oceans; 3. Architeuthis dux; 4. Up to 18 metres; 5. Up to 900kg; 6. Between 200 - 700 metres deep; 7. The squid was 2.7 metres long and weighed 200kg. It was a female with maroon coloured skin. It had long feeding tentacles which were lost when the squid washed ashore; 8. Mainly fish and other squid; 9. An animal without a backbone; 10. Molluscs; 11. Soft, fleshy bodies, a tonguelike organ called a radula, a hard, external shell. Page 32 Monsters of the Deep Answers will vary. Page 33 Northern and Southern Lights 1. Answers will vary; 2. Northern Europe and North America, Borealis; 3. Australia, Australis. Observations: Answers will vary. Page 34 Stonehenge 1. On the Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, South West England; 2. Druids, Greeks, Phoenicians, Atlanteans; 3. Made from ancient stone; 4. June 21 every year. People arrive at Stonehenge from all over the world to watch the sunrise. The sun is suspended directly above the Heel Stone; 5. They are a set of concentric rings and horseshoe shapes. Many of the larger stones weigh over 25 tonnes and were quarried from a location approximately 30km away. Page 35 Easter Island 1. Moai; 2. Around the coastline; 3. Te Pito O Te Henua - Navel of the World; 4. Rapa Nui; 5. Approximately 10 000; 6. The forests were cleared to move the statues and resources became scarce. The islanders resorted to cannibalism to survive. Virtual Tour: Answers will vary. Page 36 Atlantis 1. Over 11 000 years ago; 2. Poseidon; 3. Crops, herbs, fruits, nuts and all sorts of animals; Theories: Answers will vary. Page 37 Dinosaur Fossils 1. The remains of ancient animal and plant life found preserved in rocks; 2. Footprints, bones, teeth, claws, skin, eggs, shells, toothmarks, nests, tracks; 3. Latin word fossilus meaning “dug up”. 4. Rocks formed at the earth’s surface. They are made up of pre-existing rocks, hard parts of plant and animal remains and dissolved materials. Discoveries: Answers will vary.
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