Internet Inquiry: Space by Teacher Superstore

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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Ready-Ed Publications was established in 1984 with the purpose of 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 creating practical classroom activity student worksheets. At the time, 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 the role of the teacher was becoming ever more diverse with an 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 increasing range of duties and responsibilities within the school and 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 school community. Since then, the role of the teacher has continued 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 to evolve with an escalating range of tasks and obligations, ensuing a 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 reduction in time available to prepare work for the daily instructional 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 program. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Throughout these past 23 years, Ready-Ed Publications has built a 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 reputation as publishers of Australian made, high quality, innovative, 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 timesaving materials for teachers of students aged 5-12 years. In 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 addition, all materials are based on state or national curriculum 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 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materials that contain relevant and 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 stimulating work to support the requirements of the curriculum. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

About Ready-Ed Publications

Inter net Inquir y: Space

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ISBN 1 86397 731 7 Cover image:

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m . u

Author: Jane Bourke Typesetting and Cover Design: Shay Howard

o c . che e r o t r s super

Published by: Ready-Ed Publications PO Box 276 Greenwood WA 6024 www.readyed.com.au info@readyed.com.au

COPYRIGHT NOTICE Permission is granted for the purchaser to photocopy sufficient copies for noncommercial educational purposes. However, this permission is not transferable and applies only to the purchasing individual or institution.

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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Curriculum Links .................................................... 4 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Teachers’ Notes: Learning About Deep Space ........ 5 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Background Notes ............................................... 28 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Teachers’ Notes: Inquiry Learning Process .............. 6 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Focusing: Moon Facts .......................................... 29 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Information Literacy Chart ..................................... 7 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Expanding: About the Moon ................................ 30 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Teachers’ Notes: How to use this book ................... 8 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Inquiry: Moon Lander .......................................... 31 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Referencing Your Work ......................................... 10 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Teacher Assessment: Written Information .............. 11 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Focusing: The Sun ............................................... 33 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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Inquiry: Activity Checklist ................................................. 14 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Background Notes ............................................... 38 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Focusing:What Do We Know About Deep Space?.. 17 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Focusing: A Star is Born ....................................... 39 Expanding: All About the Hubble ......................... 18 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Background Notes ............................................... 20 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Sky Wonders ....................................................... 42 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Expanding: The Asteroid Belt ............................... 22 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Catch a Falling Star … ........................................ 44 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Inquiry: Solar System Status ................................ 23 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Humans in Space ................................................ 45 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Answers .............................................................. 47 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Background Notes ............................................... 24 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Focusing: The Other Planets ................................ 25 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Expanding: Life on Mars ...................................... 26 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 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Contents

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Assessment

The Sun

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

The Moon

The Solar System

w ww

. te

Life on the Planets

Inquiry Webquests

m . u

The Universe

o c . che e r o t r s super

Curriculum Links The activities contained in this book address the following strands and outcomes:

Victoria – Science – Levels 3 and 4 Science Knowledge and Understanding Describes the relationship between day and night and the rotation of the earth. Explains how the earth and the moon operate as a simple system within the larger solar system.

Recognises and analyses some interactions (including the weather) between systems of Earth and beyond. 4.2 Collects information which illustrates that changes on Earth and the solar system occur on different scales of time and space. D4.4 Uses models to demonstrate the relative positions of parts of the solar system.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Earth and Space Sciences – Levels 3 and 4 CSF Our Place in Space: 3.2 Relates the earth’s rotation on its axis to the day and night cycle. 4.2 Compares characteristics of members of our solar system.

New South Wales – Science and Technology – Levels 2 and 3

PROCESSES: Investigating 3.7 Conducts own investigations and makes judgements based on the results of observing, questioning, planning, predicting, testing, collecting, recording and analysing data, and drawing conclusions. Designing and Making DM S3.8 Develops and resolves a design task by planning, implementing, managing and evaluating design processes. Using Technology UT S3.9 Evaluates, selects and uses a range of equipment, computer-based technology, materials and other resources to meet the requirements and constraints of investigating and designing tasks.

Western Australia – Science – Levels 3 and 4

Understands that the relationship between the earth, our solar system and the universe is dynamic. EB 3 Relates change on Earth to patterns of nearby astronomical bodies. EB 4 Compares components and features of our universe including stars, galaxies, planets, asteroids, comets, meteors, and so on.

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

4.1

Society and Environment: Investigation, Communication and Participation – Levels 3 and 4 ICP 3.1, 4.1 Planning Investigations: Plans an investigation for a topic by identifying possible sources of information. ICP 3.2, 4.2 Conducting Investigations: Gathers information from more than one source and records useful information using a variety of techniques. ICP 3.3, 4.3 Processing and Interpreting Information: Recognises key ideas and patterns, discards irrelevant information and transforms information into structured forms for display. ICP 3.4, 4.4 Evaluating and Applying Findings: Justifies decisions from a personal perspective using related evidence and suggests changes that would improve the investigation.

South Australia – Science – Levels 2 and 3

. te

Science: Earth and Beyond – Levels 2, 3 and 4 2.3 Our Place in Space: Investigates the apparent motion of the sun in relation to the earth and how this affects everyday life. 3.2 The Changing Earth: Relates changes in the physical environment to physical processes. 3.3 Our Place in Space: Illustrates patterns of change observable on Earth caused by the relationship between the sun, Earth and moon. 4.1 Earth, Sky and People: Examines ways scientists investigate Earth, the solar system and the universe. 4.3 Our Place in Space: Locates and describes features of our universe.

o c . che e r o t r s super

Earth and Space 2.2 Explores the apparent motion of the sun in relation to Earth and develops models of their understanding. 3.1 Describes the characteristics that sustain life on Earth and changes to these characteristics and their impact over time. 3.2 Describes various components of the solar system and the effects of these on our everyday lives.

Queensland – Science – Levels 3 and 4 Earth and Beyond 3.2 Discusses regular and irregular events in time and space that occur on Earth and in the sky. 3.3 Collects information which describes ways in which living things use the earth and the sun as resources. D3.4 Explores the relationship between distance and the perceived size of objects.

National Curriculum (NT, Tas, ACT) – Science – Levels 2, 3 and 4

m . u

w ww

OUTCOMES: Information and Communication IC S3.2 Create and evaluate information products and processes, demonstrating consideration of the type of media, form, audience and ethical issues. Earth and Its Surroundings ES 2.6 Identifies features of the solar system and describe interactions that affect conditions on Earth.

SOSE: Investigation, Communication and Participation – Levels 3 and 4 3.16, 4.16 Investigation: Frames questions and identifies sources of information. 3.17, 4.17 Communication: Presents information to explore a key idea. 3.18, 4.18 Participation: Chooses a suitable technique to achieve a group purpose.

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Teachers’ Notes:

Learning About Space

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

With all of this information at their fingertips, students are ready to blast off with the activities and webquests in this book and develop their skills of inquiry in the process.

The content of this learning package focuses on the astronomy and physical aspect of our universe. Many of the activities involve research into areas such as:

Teac he r

Space and astronomy have always been exciting topics to work with in the classroom. With advances in technology, the study of astronomy has become more popular than ever and with events such as Halley’s comet, the close encounter with Mars and the space shuttle tragedies, the topic is current and often in the news.

Astronomy is one of the most exciting sciences. Major advances in technology have allowed scientists to make accurate observations. Telescopes have been set up as orbiting observatories, while space programs such as the Global Surveyor mission to Mars, and the Hubble Space Telescope have provided a wealth of information.

ew i ev Pr

The development of the Internet has brought outer space right into our reach. You can virtually travel to any corner of the universe and get a bird’s eye view of what goes on, all at the click of a mouse. You can see what Earth looks like from space and find out exactly what it’s like to be an astronaut. You can almost touch the red dirt on Mars!

. te

The need to learn about space;

Hubble Space Telescope research;

The components of the universe;

The features of the solar system;

The phases of the moon;

The role and features of our sun;

Life cycles and features of stars;

Comets, asteroids and celestial bodies;

The search for extra-terrestrial life;

Space discovery and human missions;

Humans in space;

Space station features;

Sky wonders;

Discoveries and their implications for humans.

m . u

w ww

Every day there is a new discovery made in space. It may be that a new star in a distant galaxy is found, or it may be that a planet is found to have fossilised remains of early life. All of these discoveries are significant and they allow scientists and researchers to make sense of our planet, our solar system and our universe.

o c . che e r o t r s super

Did the student communicate effectively in 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 written form? 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

Did the student communicate effectively in 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 oral presentations? 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

Did the student demonstrate proficiency in 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 appropriate technologies? 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

Did the student reflect on his/her performance? 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Pages 10-12 contain assessment forms to be used 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 at the teacher’s discretion. The forms have been 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 tailored to particular activities and have been 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 categorised as follows: 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 •Written Information 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 •Inquiry Skills 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 •Student Self-Assessment 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 The students should be encouraged to complete a 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 self-assessment form as they complete each 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 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Teachers can then use these 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 forms to help them assess the students’ 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 understanding of the inquiry learning process. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

Teachers’ Notes

The Inquiry Learning Process Information Literacy

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Each section will include:

Internet Use

Background Notes

Background information to act as an introduction on the topic for students.

Focusing Activity

Gathering Information

Evaluation

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

This book is designed to facilitate the inquiry learning process, creating a platform for students to learn how to learn. The structure of the book is based on the premise that students will complete the activities in the order in which they are presented, starting with introductory factfinding exercises and leading on to higher order processes and independent research.

Students will use these activities to navigate their way around the website and become familiar with available information sources.

Using Information

w ww

m . u

Expanding Activity

These activities will allow students to clarify and refine their information sources and determine which materials will be relevant to the task, allowing them to explore the content in greater depth. Tasks will be more open-ended than the focusing activities. Students will need to be discerning in their use of information.

Assessment Sheets . te o Creating and Evaluating c . che e r o t r s super

Inquiry Activity

At this stage students will be familiar with information sources for the theme. Students will be encouraged to combine their content understandings with the expansive array of information available on the Web, with the aim of making related investigations and reports following inquiry process. Extra inquiry activities are included at the end of the book with many of the activities containing multiple choices for “webquest” tasks.

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Information Literacy Chart:

Six steps

The activities in this book use an information problem-solving approach. This process incorporates technology skills across the subject areas of science and SOSE / HSIE / Society and Environment.

4 r o e t s Bo r e p ok Organising Defining u S

Teac he r

How can I organise this information?

Clarify the question and look at key words.

Think about what you already know.

ew i ev Pr

What is the task asking? What needs to be done?

Use a graphic organiser (e.g. flow chart, cluster/word web, story map, etc.).

View the suggested website.

Navigate to find the appropriate information.

Consult other resources such as previous websites, library books, World Book CD-ROM.

w ww

. te

Selecting & Analysing

Project, fact file, diagram, story, journal entry, etc.

Use MS PowerPoint or Word.

o c . 6 che e r o t r s supe r Evaluation

Which source of information is appropriate/relevant? o

How do I present this information?

m . u

Reflect on work and conduct self-assessment o

Use the student selfassessment sheet.

Decide what information you will use.

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Teachers’ Notes:

How to Use this Book

r o e t s Bo r In the Library e p ok u S

Learning Centre Approach

Teac he r

Library teachers can allocate sheets to students for independent inquiry. Students can work in pairs or groups for some of the more detailed activities (for example, Solar System Status on Page 23), otherwise such activities should be spread over 2-3 lessons.

ew i ev Pr

Set up a space-themed learning centre in the classroom using posters, library books, space-themed resources, art supplies, space models, space puzzle sheets, writing paper and so on. Include an A3-sized copy of the Information Literacy Chart (see Page 5). Students complete the sheets in order as they appear in the book. Photocopy the checklist of activities (see Page 14) for students to mark off sheets as they are completed. This checklist page can also be used for your teacher records.

In the General Classroom

Students will need to use a computer with Internet access for the inquiry activities. Consequently, these sheets are best used as early-finisher research activities, or for individual students to work independently away from the rest of the class, depending on how many computers are available.

Other Space Resources from Ready-Ed Publications:

w ww

Super Space Resource Book ISBN: 1863975837

. te

Super Space Activity Book (BLM) ISBN: 1863975888

As a Homework Activity

m . u

Include a tray of Student Self-Assessment sheets (see Page 11) for students to complete after each activity.

As the activity sheets usually provide a carefully selected website, teachers should feel comfortable in directing students to complete the inquiry activities as homework tasks. The websites are all accessed safely through Ready-Ed’s website so there is no need for students to conduct searches which may lead them to inappropriate web content. It is wise to check the status of the website for a particular activity before allocating the activity sheet as websites do disappear frequently, even if only temporarily. See Page 9 for information about websites.

o c . che e r o t r s super

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Teachers’ Notes:

How to Use this Book

Useful Websites: r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Updating of Internet References

Teac he r

www.ltag.education.tas.gov.au/ Planning/models/inquirymodel.htm – Inquiry Model

www2.edc.org/FSC/MIH/ – Integrating Inquiry and Technology

www.big6.com/ – Big 6 – Information Problem Solving Approach

www.teachers.ash.org.au/rblonline/ – Resource Based Learning

ew i ev Pr

It is now common knowledge that World Wide Web sites disappear from time to time. While all of the sites selected for this book were accessible at the time of publication, it is anticipated that many sites will move to a new location, modify their layout or disappear from the Internet completely. Ready-Ed Publications endeavours to check all sites on a regular basis and replaces any sites that have moved. In addition, attempts are made to locate missing sites that have relocated to another address. All website references for this book are clearly linked on our website at a specific location. The direct address for this book is:

Inquiry Process – Information Literacy

o www.learningtolearn.sa.edu.au/ © ReadyEdP u l i ctoa t i ons –b Learning Learn o www.umuc.edu/virtualteaching/ • f o r r e v i e w p u r p osesonl y• module1/strategies.html www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry

. te

– Teaching With Technology

www.eduplace.com/kids/hme/k_5/ graphorg/ – Graphic Organisers

www.webquestdirect.com.au/ – Webquest Direct

school.discovery.com/schrockguide/ webquest/webquest.html – Webquest Directory

webquest.sdsu.edu/roadmap/index.htm – How to Design a Webquest

www.refdesk.com/ homework.html#homework – Reference Desk

lunar.arc.nasa.gov/education/activities/ index.htm – Lesson Plans

m . u

w ww

Click on the link to space. By using this index students do not have to laboriously type in any URLs, greatly reducing the margin for error when trying to locate sites that have long and complicated addresses. The website indexes are clearly set out and easy for students to navigate. While we do maintain the links and replace where necessary, details of broken links can also be emailed to us at fixlink@readyed.com.au with clear details of the book title and page number.

o c . che e r o t r s super

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Teacher Assessment

Written Information

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

This assessment proforma is designed to evaluate activities that require creative written accounts and tasks.

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YES NO

Teac he r

Did the student understand the task?

ew i ev Pr

What information strategies/skills did he/she employ to complete the task? ___________________________________________________________

Displaying Information:

Did the student demonstrate confidence in sharing his/her learning experience with the class?

Presentation:

ÂŠWasR e ad yEdPubl i cat i ons the layout eye-catching? Were appropriate materials/resources used to enhance â&#x20AC;˘f o rr evi ew pur posesonl yâ&#x20AC;˘ presentation? (e.g. images/drawings/computer programs) Did the student proof read his/her work?

w ww

Were information sources referenced appropriately?

Research Skills:

. te

m . u

Has the student shown flair and imagination in his/her work?

o c . che e r o t r s super

Did the student grasp the main concept of the task?

Has the student shown evidence of library or multimedia research?

Has the student demonstrated proficiency in using the Internet as a research tool?

Extra comments:

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Teacher Assessment

This assessment proforma is designed to evaluate activities that require inquiry and thinking skills.

r o e t s Bo r Inquiry Skills e p ok u S

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Defining – Did the student clarify the task?

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

YES NO

Locating – Did the student access a range of resources?

Selecting and Analysing – Did the student determine and analyse appropriate sources of information?

Organising and Synthesising – Did the student use graphic organisers?

w ww

Reflections

YES NO

. te

m . u

Creating and Presenting - Did the student present their ©R e dyEd ubl i a t i ons work ina a manner that was P appropriate toc the task? Evaluation –i Didw the student complete the self-assessment •f or r e v e p u r p o s e sonl y• sheet?

Did the student reflect on his/her work and suggest changes?

o c . che e r o t r s super

Did the student show competency in working through the inquiry process to complete the task?

Extra comments:

___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Student Self-Assessment

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Complete this sheet after completing each activity page.

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1. Explain in your own words what the task was asking:

____________________________________________________________

Teac he r

2. What strategies did you use to complete the task?

ew i ev Pr

____________________________________________________________

3. How did you share your learning experience with the class?

____________________________________________________________

4. The aspect you enjoyed most about this activity was: (Give reasons.)

____________________________________________________________

5. The part you liked least about this task was:

o c . che e r o t r s super

I learnt new things during this task.

I enjoy sharing my work with the class. I feel my work could be improved.

This task gave me something to think about. I was unsure of what this task required.

I would like to research this task further. I was satisfied with my end result.

m . u

. te

I enjoyed this task.

Disagree

w ww

Read the statements below and then tick the statement that describes how you feel.

Agree

Strongly Agree

____________________________________________________________

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For the student: Referencing Your Work

Check out:

Even though it is very easy to find these tools, and even easier to copy them into your work, you must remember to check the copyright and follow the standards for fair use.

www .ncsu.edu/midlink/ www.ncsu.edu/midlink/ permission.html - This website from Midlink Magazine has sample letters you can copy and paste into an email to request permission.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

For most school assignments or projects that will only be used within the classroom, you will simply need to list your sources at the end of your work – as a bibliography. Any project that will be viewed outside your classroom (e.g. at an exhibition or show), or any project that is posted on the World Wide Web will need to follow more detailed guidelines for securing permission to use the material and giving credit to the sources used.

landmark-project.com/ permission1.php - This website from Landmark for Schools has a Permission Request Template that will generate the letter for you. You just provide the specifics of the information.

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

Once you begin researching information online, you’ll be amazed at what you’ll find that you can use in your project work. There will be fantastic colour images, graphics, charts, tables and all kinds of information at the right-click of a mouse.

Setting out a Bibliography

Once you are ready to compile your bibliography, it is recommended you use one of the following sources to find the most current guideline for citing references. If you have used any library books be sure to include these in your list as well as the websites you have used.

w ww

If you plan to use any graphics you found online to illustrate ideas in your project, you will first need to determine if they are copyrighted or not. Many sites contain pages of free clip art. Other sites give permission for you to use their graphics in school projects. Unless you see a notice giving you permission, take time to email the author of the website explaining exactly which graphic you would like to use and how you plan to use it and ask for their permission. There are excellent sites online to help you with this process:

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www .classr oom.com/community/ www.classr connection/howto/ citeresources.jhtml - Classroom Connect’s Citing Internet Resources Guide.

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Graphics

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www .sowashco.k12.mn.us/ojh/ www.sowashco.k12.mn.us/ojh/ media/bibliography .htm media/bibliography.htm - Writing a Bibliography

www .noodletools.com/login.php www.noodletools.com/login.php - Noodle Tools

This website has a tool that will allow you to create a full bibliography by adding in a few details. You will need to check with your teacher about working with this tool.

Activity Checklist

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Student Names

Teac he r Space Topics

The Universe

The Solar System

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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Looking Through the Hubble 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Sky Wonders: You Choose 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Extra Terrestrial Life 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w ww

The Moon

The Sun

. te

The Stars

Inquiry Webquests

m . u

o c . che e r o t r s super

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Space Website Links

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

ew i ev Pr

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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 www.kidsastronomy.com – Another Astronomy for Kids website! 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 school.discovery.com/schooladventures/spacestation/ – Building the International Space Station 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Click on Teacher Resources 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 matter, light, energy, space and time that 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 exists. It includes our solar system and the 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 galaxy in which it is contained. The solar 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

The Universe

Background Notes

r o e t s Bo r Star Astronomers e p ok u S

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No-one knows for sure exactly how big the universe is. Scientists have been able to see objects that are at least 12 billion light years from Earth.

For thousands of years, people thought that the solar system and the universe were the same thing. They thought that stars were just tiny glowing space bodies. It was not until the time of Nicolas Copernicus’ theories that people understood that the tiny stars were probably as large as our sun but just millions of light years away. The sun is just a typical star.

We owe much of what we know about space, the solar system and the universe to the many great thinkers of our time. Their combined theories have enabled modern scientists to make sense of the world and how it came to be.

Galileo Galilei

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Teac he r

system is only a small part of the universe. There are probably other solar systems just like ours with planets that revolve around a sun. The stars we see in the night sky are distant suns from other galaxies inside the universe.

(1564 -1642) Became convinced that all the planets revolved around the sun and not Earth. In 1609 Galileo built a telescope and was the first to use such an instrument to study the sky.

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Sir Isaac Newton

(1642 -1727) Newton proposed that the universe was held together by gravity and put forward his theory of gravitation. In 1665, he suggested that every pair of bodies in the universe is attracted to each other, which explains why the moon orbits Earth and Earth orbits the sun. For twenty years Newton’s ideas about gravity went unnoticed.

o c . che e r o t r s super

The Big Bang Theory

This popular theory attempts to explain the beginnings of the universe. According to the theory, a huge explosion occurred at least ten billion years ago which sent matter flying in all directions. This theory was first put forward in 1927 by Belgian priest, Georges Lemaître. Then in 1929, American astronomer, Edwin Hubble found evidence to support the idea through his study of the movement of the galaxies. The Hubble Space Telescope is named after this great astronomer. The Big Bang theory also attempts to explain why distant galaxies are travelling away from our solar system.

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No-one is certain how the universe came to be, however, several astronomers and scientists have devoted their whole lives to finding out. New technology, such as improved telescopes and spectroscopes, has led to amazing and significant discoveries about the universe.

Significant findings included: • The moon was not smooth – instead it was rocky and contained craters; • The planets revolved around the sun; • Venus progressed through different phases, much like the moon; • The sun contained sunspots; • That objects fall at the same speed regardless of their weight.

In 1704, Newton discovered that sunlight is a mixture of all colours. This discovery led to Newton inventing a different type of telescope which contained reflecting mirrors instead of lenses.

The Universe

Focusing Activity

What Do We Know About Deep Space? Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 17.

Site 1:

Check out the slideshow at the website to get an idea of just how huge space is.

Site 2:

Now blast off to Site 2 2, click on the links and learn about the things that exist in our universe. Use your super sleuth skills to find answers to the following.

Teac he r

ew i ev Pr

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S from the space words in the box. Space Words Choose your answers 1. The study of planets, stars, galaxies, and intergalactic and interstellar space is known as _____________________________.

•astronomy

2. _________________________ allow us to see objects far away in the night sky. We can use them to study stars and galaxies, as well as many of the more mysterious objects in our universe.

•galaxy

3. Astronomers learned that Earth’s motion is responsible for the _____________________________.

• light

•constellations •gravity

•Milky Way © ReadyEdPubl i cat i o ns •million •f orr evi ew pur poseson l y• •orbits

5. _____________________________ are formed of bright stars which appear close to each other on the sky, but are really far apart in space.

w ww

6. There are nine _____________________________ in the solar system, including Pluto, a dwarf planet.

. te

7. Earth _____________________________ around the sun.

•planets •seasons

m . u

4. By studying eclipses and the motions of the planets, astronomers eventually worked out that _____________________________ controls the way things move in space.

•spiral • star

•supernova

o c . che e r o t r s super

8. The sun is an average-sized _____________________________.

•telescopes

9. The solar system is part of the_______________ ______________ galaxy.

10. The Milky Way is a _____________________________galaxy and is home to billions of other stars.

11. Our sun takes 200 _____________________________ years to travel around the centre of this galaxy. 12. Massive stars end their life in a huge explosion called a _____________________________. 13. A black hole is an object which has such high gravitational pull that not even _____________________________ can escape.

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The Universe

Expanding Activity

All About the Hubble

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm

Go to:

and click on the website for Page 18.

In the 1600s Isaac Newton built the first light-reflecting telescope and through the lens he made some amazing discoveries. The Hubble Space Telescope works on the same principles used in Newton’s original telescope and has provided us with all kinds of knowledge about the universe, including the Milky Way galaxy and the solar system.

r o e t s Boas a Spacecraft r The Hubble e p ok u S

Site 1:

Teac he r

Draw a detailed labelled diagram of the Hubble in the box to complete your report. 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012

Apart from taking amazing images of the universe the telescope needs to operate in space. Make notes for each heading below to show how it does this.

ew i ev Pr

Click on Site 1 and use the information at the links to help you complete the Fact File on this page about the Hubble Space Telescope.

Power Supply __________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

w ww

Control System

. te

m . u

_____________________________________

________________________

_____________________________________

o c . che e r o t Vital Statistics r sOrbit supHubble’s er

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

Height:

_________________

Weight:

_________________

Size of solar arrays:

_________________

Size of primary mirror:

_________________

How high above Earth is the Hubble telescope located? How long does it take to orbit Earth?

The Universe

Inquiry Activity

Looking Through the Hubble

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 19.

Site 1:

Now that you know all about the Hubble Space Telescope, spend some time looking at some of the amazing exhibits on the Site 1 Hubble’s official website (Site 1). Be sure to check out the special gallery sections on the planets, universe, stars and galaxies.

r o e t s Bo r e p o u Planningk Your Report: S

Your Task:

Teac he r

Site 2:

Use Site 2 as a starting point for your rresear esear ch. Y ou esearch. You should also make use of some of the websites listed in the Space W ebsite Website Links on P age 15. Page

ew i ev Pr

Choose a topic to focus on fr om the list below from below.. Use all available resources to create an information page that details the event in a news report or special feature format.

©Topics Re dyEdPubl i cat i ons Possible for a Research: Research the spectacular comet •f orr evi ew pur posePresentation: sonl y•

w ww

What happens during NASA’s servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope?

What is a black hole? ( hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/ black_holes/)

. te

You could present your findings in a number of ways:

News report Wall chart PowerP oint pr esentation owerPoint presentation Comic strip stor y Webpage (e.g. using MS Fr ontpage)

m . u

Shoemaker-Levy’s collision with Jupiter (1994).

o c . che e r o t r s super

How is a star born out of a nebula? Report on the colourful demise of a star.

Why is Saturn the only planet to have rings? Is the largest asteroid, Ceres, actually a planet? Are there seasons on other planets? How far away is the closest galaxy to the Milky Way? (Report on the galaxy in detail.)

Note: Your work – in any format – should include graphics to help explain your findings. These can include Hubble images downloaded from the Web. Always reference your work. Information on referencing can be found on Page 13 of this book.

Make your own

“hand-held” Hubble telescope. Learn how by clicking on Site 2.

Research some Hubble discoveries about other planets. 19

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All of the other objects that 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 make up the solar system, such 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 as the planets, the satellites 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 (moons), asteroids, comets and 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 meteoroids, revolve around the 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 sun. The solar system is only a 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 tiny part of a galaxy known as 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 the Milky Way. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

The Solar System

Background Notes

Where did the solar system come from?

r o e t What are planets made of? s B r e oo p u k S

Teac he r

Satellites

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Some astronomers thought that the sun was formed in 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 the same way as the planets; others believed that the 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 sun and planets were formed from a spinning cloud of 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Mercury, Venus, Mars and Earth are termed terrestrial 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 gas called a nebula nebula. The nebula theory is the one 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 planets. This means they are Earth-like in that they that most astronomers agree on at the present time. It 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 are made up of minerals such as iron and rock. is believed that the nebula condensed and formed the 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 sun and several much smaller bodies (called 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 The four largest planets are referred to as giant 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 planetismals planetismals). Over a period of many millions of 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 years, these planetismals eventually combined to form planets and are made from gases such as hydrogen, 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 helium, ammonia and methane. They are very 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 what are now known as the nine planets. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 different to the terrestrial planets and are sometimes 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 In the 18th century, astronomers were only aware of 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 termed jovian planets which means “resembling the 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 six planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 gaseous planet Jupiter”. All planets are surrounded by 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Saturn. Uranus was discovered in 1781 by British 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 an atmosphere with a number of gases. astronomer, William Herschel. Up until this time, 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Uranus had always been mistaken for a star as no-one 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 had noticed its motion. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 The Uranus discovery led to the discovery of the 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Many planets have their own satellites. The moon is 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 planet Neptune, when scientists studying Uranus 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Earth’s only natural satellite, while Jupiter has at least 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 noticed that its path of orbit was unusual. In 1846, 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 61 satellites which include four large moons. There 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 German astronomer, Johann G. Galle, discovered 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 are seven moons that are larger than the planet Pluto 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Neptune. Earlier astronomers had predicted that such 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 and two that are larger than Mercury. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 a planet existed but it was Galle that actually 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 discovered it. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Pluto was discovered after a long search. It was not 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Each planet orbits the sun following an elliptical (ovaluntil 1930 that astronomers were able to offer proof 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 of its existence. Again, like Neptune, the planet Pluto 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 shaped) path, however, Mercury and Pluto follow a 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 was causing changes in the orbit paths of Neptune more rounded path. Did you know it takes Pluto 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 and Uranus. Not much is known about Pluto other 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 about 248 years to orbit the sun! 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 than it is the smallest planet, the farthest away from 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 the sun and smaller than the moons of other planets 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 including Earth’s moon. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 • Mars is the only planet with a surface that can be 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 The solar system is divided into the INNER solar 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 seen from Earth. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 system and the OUTER solar system. The inner solar 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 • Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. system is home to the sun, Mercury, Earth, Venus and 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 • Venus is the brightest planet. Mars. The outer solar system includes Jupiter, Saturn, 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. The inner planets are 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 • The dwarf planet Pluto is smaller than the Earth’s 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 separated from the outer planets by the asteroid belt. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 moon. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 In 2006, astronomers at the International 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 • Jupiter is named after the king of the gods. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Astronomical Union “demoted” Pluto and reclassified 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 • Earth passes through the plane of Saturn’s rings every 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 it as a “dwarf planet”. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 few years. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 The nine planets of the solar system are completely 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 • Mercury is too close to the sun for it to be studied by 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 unique. They vary greatly in size, diameter, mass, 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 the Hubble Space Telescope. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 distance from the sun and the time they take to orbit 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 • The Mariner spacecraft visited Venus for the first time the sun. Within the solar system, distances are 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 in 1962. measured in astronomical units (AU). The distance 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 between Earth and the sun is equal to one AU. An AU • Scientists are still on the hunt for the tenth planet 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 is approximately 150 million kilometres. (Planet X) in our solar system. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 Planets do not produce their own energy or light, but • The first spacecraft to land on Mars was the Viking 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 they do reflect heat and light from the sun. Jupiter Lander in 1976. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 and Saturn send out radio radiation which is picked up 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 by radio telescopes on Earth. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

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Did You Know?

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The Solar System

Focusing Activity

What Do We Know About The Solar System? Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 21.

The solar system is shaped like a disk and is only a tiny part of a galaxy called the Milky Way. This galaxy consists of hundreds of billions of stars including the sun. Scientists believe that many of these other stars may have planets orbiting them as well.

r o e t s BoPlanet Puzzle r e p ok u S

Your Task:

Teac he r

1. What does the solar system consist of?

Use your web navigation skills to find the answers for the quiz below. You’ll need to hunt around carefully.

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View the website and find answers to the following on your fact finding mission.

CLUES Across

3. The brightest planet. 6. Discovered by accident when William Herschel looked into his telescope. 7. Named after Zeus, the king of the gods. 8. This dwarf planet is smaller than Earth’s moon. 9. The planet closest to the sun.

2. Complete the table below by listing the planets in the correct column.

Inner Solar System

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Outer Solar System

Down 1. 2. 4. 5.

Sometimes known as the Red Planet. The sixth planet from the sun. Named after the God of the Sea. The planet that is not named after a Roman or Greek god. 1

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3. a) Which planets were only discovered in modern times?

________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________

b) Why were they not seen before? ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________

9 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789

The Solar System

Expanding Activity

The Asteroid Belt

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 22

Complete these questions

Asteroid Alert! r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

1. What are asteroids?

___________________________ ___________________________

Teac he r

___________________________

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2. Where is the asteroid belt located in the solar system?

Asteroids that are thought to be on a path of collision are often termed “Near Earth Objects” (NEOs). According to some astronomy websites, an NEO called Apophis is on a trajectory to crash into Earth in 2036! Many news stories over the years have cropped up like this one and debate rages over how accurate the forecasts are.

___________________________ ___________________________

3. List five facts that scientists have learned about the asteroids in the asteroid belt.

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons _________________________ Conduct some Internet research using the •f orr evi ew pu r p os eso nl ywebsite • links _________________________ for this page to find out how some scientists think we

• _________________________ _________________________

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In your report, outline the impact this could have on our planet and include some “options” that might be available to prevent the asteroid from wiping out humankind.

could avoid such a catastrophe. _______________________________________________

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Write a news article to report on a finding that Earth is in the direct path of an asteroid.

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________

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• _________________________ _________________________ • _________________________ _________________________

_______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ Check out the DVDs of the movies movies:

Armageddon and Deep Impact 22

The Solar System

Inquiry Activity

Solar System Status

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Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 22.

As a NASA scientist, you have been asked to prepare a detailed report about OUR solar system for astronomers to use as a comparison guide for studying sister solar systems in the Milky Way galaxy. You will need to include information about the sections listed below. Use all available resources and websites to help you plan your solar system report.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Information to include in your Report:

Teac he r

You may like to work with a partner on this activity. Check with your teacher.

Formation of our solar system • When and how was the solar system formed? • What star nebula was it created from? • How far (in light years) would it take to go from one end of the solar system to the other using today’s technology?

ew i ev Pr

Presenting your report

Create a chart to show a model of the solar system that clearly shows the orbit paths of all planets around the sun. Try to make your model as close to scale as possible by checking out some images on the Web.

Forb example if you draw the sun about © ReadyEdPu l i ca t i on s the size of a basketball, you’ll need to make Jupiter about the size of• a tennis •f orr evi ew pur p o s e s o n l y ball and Earth about the size of a pea.

Structure of our solar system

w ww

• What else does our solar system consist of? (Details of moons, the asteroid belt, meteoroids, comets, etc.) • What shape is our solar system?

The Planets

. te

m . u

• What is at the centre of our solar system?

o c . che e r o t r s super

• How many planets are in our solar system? Provide a brief “planet profile” for each planet which includes some key facts. (Size, distance from the sun, special features, number of satellites, etc.)

• How long does each planet take to orbit the sun? • How long does it take for each planet to rotate on its axis (one day)? E.g. An Earth day is 24 hours long; a Jupiter day is only 10 hours long.

Challenge

You could have a go at creating a 3D version of the solar system or an animated version using some clever drawing software, if available.

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1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 Earth is the only planet in the solar system that 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 is able to sustain life forms of any kind. Other 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 planets may have been home to life forms in 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 the past but to date, all evidence suggests that 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

Life On The Planets

Background Notes

Life on Mars r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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there is no life on any other planet in our solar system.

Teac he r

Life on Ear th Earth

As we know, Earth has an abundance of wildlife and intelligent life forms. Animals and plants live almost everywhere on our planet – from the polar ice caps to the harsh deserts, from the deep seas to the tropical rainforests and snowy mountain ranges.

ew i ev Pr

Earth, like the other planets, travels through space around the sun. It is only a tiny part of the universe and it is highly likely that other planets similar to Earth exist outside our solar system.

While Mars is not our closest neighbour – Venus often comes closer – it is the planet deemed most likely to be able to sustain life of some description. There is even talk that Mars would one day be able to sustain human life. Much time and money has been spent on studying Mars. Several spacecraft have been sent there to gather information and carry out ongoing research. The big question of course is: “Did life ever exist on Mars?”

Extensive studies and proposals are in progress to decide on the best way for a human exploration mission to occur. Some scientists believe such a mission could take place around 2018. Several factors have to be considered, especially since the time involved with such a mission could reach over 900 days. Most of the time would be spent travelling and astronauts would be spending nearly all this time in zerogravity, which can have some serious effects on the human body.

Scientists believe that Earth is the perfect distance away from the sun to sustain life. All life on Earth relies on the sun’s warmth, light and energy for survival. If Earth was any closer to the sun, it would be too hot for most living things. If it were any further away it would be too cold.

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Approximately 71% of Earth’s surface is covered in water. Like the sun, water is a necessity for life.

Earth Fact File

Age of Earth:

. te

5th largest planet

Diameter:

13 000 km

Distance from the sun: •150 million km

•4th planet from the sun

(day): 14º C

Up to 40 km

(around sun): 149 600 000 km

Temperature: Around 0° Celsius. Sky: Red with pink/blue clouds. Seasons: Mars has seasons like Earth. It also has polar caps which shrink and grow depending on the season. Orbit: Mars takes almost twice as long as Earth to complete an orbit around the sun. Satellites: Mars has two moons: Phobos and Deimos. Mass: About 80% of Earth’s mass. Atmosphere: Thinner than Earth’s atmosphere. Contains mainly carbon dioxide with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases.

o c . che e r o t r s super

4.3 billion years

Comparable size:

Thickness of crust:

Mars Fact File:

m . u

Duration of orbit:

Approximately 365 days.

Interesting fact:

Earth is the only planet not named after a Greek or Roman God.

LIfe On The Planets

Focusing Activity

The Other Planets Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 25.

The Planets

Click on the link The Planets at the website above.

In each circle below write two interesting facts you have learned about each planet. Make sure that one of your facts explains why life does not exist on the planet.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Mercury

Mars

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

Venus

m . u

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. te

Jupiter

Pluto

o c . che e r o t Neptune r s super Uranus

LIfe On The Planets

Expanding Activity

Life on Mars

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 26.

Search!

r o e t s Bo r Is there life e p ok on Mars? u S

Click on All About Mars at the website. What evidence have scientists and researchers found that could indicate that life existed on Mars?

Teac he r

Describe four ways that Mars is similar to Earth

_________________________________

Find out what you can by using the search function at the website above.

ew i ev Pr

Studies show that Mars is the most similar planet to Earth in the solar system. Many scientists believe that this is a good enough reason for life to exist on Mars.

Make an ideas chart to display the information you find.

_________________________________ _________________________________

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_________________________________ _________________________________

. te

_________________________________ 3.

m . u

Life on Mars

o c . che e r o t r s super

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

Check out Site 2 for more information about Life on Mars.

LIfe On The Planets

Inquiry Activity

Human Flight to Mars

Your Task:

Design a voyage to Mars right down to the spacecraft that will be used to get there. You will need to find out what the conditions are on Mars and how it will be possible for humans to exist for a week long stay.

Teac he r

Make some notes about the sorts of information sources you will need to access to complete the project.

Blast Off!

Compile a list of everything you are going to need to find answers for before you can start designing your voyage.

For example, you will need to know:

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• How can humans walk around on Mars – what kind of space suit will they will need? • How long will the voyage take using today’s technology? • Who else will go on this trip, e.g. astronauts, scientists, children, animals? • What preparations will need to be made for the humans to survive such a journey? (E.g. oxygen tanks, astronaut suits, dietary needs.)

. te

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm Site 1:

Imagine Mars contains a showcase of student projects from all over the world. The Imagine Mars Pr oject encourages students to work together with scientists, engineers, artists, and civic leaders to design and share a futuristic Mars community for 100 people.

m . u

ew i ev Pr

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u 1 S 3 Information Sources

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o c . che e r o t r s super Site 2:

NASA webpage about human visits to Mars.

Presentation: Your work can be presented as a PowerPoint slide show, as a series of images with typed descriptions on a chart, or as a website (using a program such as FrontPage). You may even like to upload your project to the Imagine Mars Gallery at Site 1 1.

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neighbour in the universe. 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 It orbits Earth once ever y 28 days and 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 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The Moon

Background Notes

Man on the Moon r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S The Surface of the Moon

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Italian astronomer, Galileo, was the first scientist to view the moon through a telescope. He thought that the moon’s surface was covered with “seas” and gave them the name maria. More recent discoveries have told us that these seas are in fact lowland areas of rock and soil. The lighter parts of the moon are mountainous regions. Many of these regions are as tall as the ranges of the Himalayan mountains.

In July, 1969, the moon became the first celestial body to be visited by humans. The United States of America’s NASA sent three astronauts to the moon onboard the spacecraft Apollo 11. A total of five manned lunar landings occurred as part of NASA’s Apollo Program which lasted for three and a half years. A total of 12 men set foot on the moon during this program, however, no one has touched down on the moon since 1972.

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in the night sky sky,, it gives off no light of its own. In fact the sky is always black on the moon – even during the day! There is no life form of any kind on the moon and little evidence of any previous life form.

The Apollo Program was not the first to explore the moon. In 1959, the Russians had been sending their Luna orbiters to fly by the moon. The Luna Program was responsible for landing the first spacecraft (unmanned) on the moon on September 13, 1959.

Due to the lunar landings, scientists have been able to collect actual samples of the rocks and soil from the moon’s surface. The samples contain dark grey soil with bits of rock and glass. Studies have shown that no life form is able to live in this soil and there is no evidence of fossilised animal or plant material.

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The moon is well-known for its craters. There are billions of them, with diameters ranging from 30 centimetres to 1000 kilometres. Some of the larger craters have hilly floors and rocky peaks in the centre. The craters are formed from the impact of flying space objects such as meteoroids, which are solid objects travelling through space. Because the moon has no atmosphere, there is no layer of gases to protect it from these objects and they simply crash right on the surface. Even small meteoroids leave a crater. As there is hardly any erosion on the moon’s surface, some of these craters have remained intact for millions of years!

. te o c Lacking in Atmosphere? . che e r o t r s sup r e Moon Sites Well, yes! There is no air, no wind, no clouds, no rain and no water on any surface of the moon. Communication on the moon has to occur via radio as there is no air to carry the sound waves.

Gravity on the Moon

The force of gravity is six times weaker on the moon than it is on Earth. If you weighed 30 kilos on Earth, you would weigh five on the moon! The moon’s mass is about 81 times less than Earth’s mass. Interestingly, scientists have discovered that the force of gravity varies on different parts of the moon’s surface.

Moon rocks are made of a variety of minerals including iron, aluminium, calcium, magnesium and oxygen. A number of gases such as helium and hydrogen form pockets in the rock. The rock samples collected so far prove that at one stage the moon was very hot and may have even experienced a volcanic process.

The Moon

Focusing Activity

Moon Facts Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 29.

Luna Learner

r o e t s B r Luna Eclipse e o p ok u S

Fill in the 1 missing words to complete the moon fact file.

Teac he r

• The moon has no a_____________________.

• Temperatures on the moon range from ________ Celsius (night) to _______ Celsius (day). •

Site 2

Click on Site 2 to read about this exciting event.

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• The moon travels around Earth at approximately _______ kilometres per hour.

1. When does a lunar eclipse occur?

_____________________________________ _____________________________________ 2. How is this different to a solar eclipse?

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• The fine-grained soil which covers the lunar surface is called __________________.

Remember, the best way to view a lunar eclipse is on a website or on television. Don’t look directly at the moon or sun during an eclipse. 4. What things can make the moon appear to change colour?

_____________________________________ _____________________________________

The Moon

Expanding Activity

About the Moon

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 30.

Check out the moon at the website and launch the links for more detail.

Phases of the Moon

1r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

1. Write an explanation for why there are “phases” of the moon.

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2. Draw a labelled diagram in the box below to illustrate your explanation.

The Surface of the Moon

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1. Describe a popular theory that explains how the moon was formed.

_______________________________________________________________

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2. List some substances that have been found on the moon.

_______________________________________________________________

3. Who was the first man to step onto the surface of the moon?

_______________________________________________________________

4. What effect does the gravitational pull of the moon have on Earth?

_______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

The Moon

Inquiry Activity

Moon Lander

Your Task:

Find out what you can about previous visits by humans to the moon. (These space missions occurred between 1969 and 1972.) Write a daily journal from the point of view of an astronaut on a seven day moon mission using today’s technology. Your journal should include an account for each day. Only two of the days are spent on the moon. The rest of the days are spent in orbit on the spacecraft.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u To get you started S 3 Information Sources

Teac he r

Make some notes about the sorts of information sources you will need to access to complete the project.

Site 1

Blast Off!

Compile a list of everything you are going to need to find answers for, before you can start creating your journal. For example, you will need to provide information about:

w ww

• How long it takes to fly to the moon; • The type of spacecraft used in the mission; • How astronauts will survive the moon’s surface and conditions; • Sleeping and living arrangements on board the spacecraft; • Eating, exercise and general comfort; • Activities that are planned for the moon landing, research, and so on.

. te

Apollo Moon Landings 1969-1972

Prospector mission in 1999 Site 3

m . u

Go to:

ew i ev Pr

Lunar Prospector – Exploring the Moon

o c . che e r o t r s super

Presentation Ideas: Your work could be presented as a PowerPoint slide show or as a series of downloaded images with typed descriptions on a chart. It could also be presented in handwritten journal form or as a series of pictures with taperecorded journal accounts.

Site 4

Living in Space – An excellent website with information about how astronauts survive in the spacecraft

•PowerPoint slide show •chart •hand written journal •tape recorded journal

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billion stars in our galaxy. In the solar system 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

The Sun

Background Notes

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

the sun means everything but in the galaxy, it is just like any other star.

Solar Eclipse

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About three quarters of the sun’s mass comes from the gas hydrogen. The other quarter is made up of helium gas. At least 70 other chemical elements that are found on Earth have also been discovered on the sun.

Inter estingly eceives only one two Interestingly estingly,, Earth rreceives two-billionth of the sun ’s light and ener gy sun’s energy gy.. The rest of it is lost in space!

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

The sun is about 109 times the size of Earth and provides heat and energy for all of the planets in the solar system. Without the sun, no life forms would be able to exist on Earth.

An eclipse occurs when the shadow of one object in space falls on another object, or when one object moves in front of another to block its light. Earth and the moon always cast shadows into space and the moon orbits Earth about once every month. However, because the moon’s orbit is tilted about five degrees to Earth’s orbit around the sun, the moon’s shadow generally misses Earth and so an eclipse does not eventuate. A solar or lunar eclipse can only occur if Earth, sun and moon are in a straight line. An eclipse is only visible to a small part of the world as the moon’s shadow is quite small when it falls onto Earth.

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Sun Fact File

. te

• Earth orbits the sun following an elliptical path and therefore at times Earth travels closer to the sun. • Light from the sun takes eight minutes to reach Earth. • It would take approximately five months for a spacecraft to fly to the sun at a speed of 40 200 kilometres per hour. However, the spacecraft would burn up very soon into the journey due to the heat. • Sunlight contains all the colours of the rainbow. • Astronomers estimate that the sun has a temperature of about 15 million ºC at the core. • Astronomers refer to the sun as a yellow dwarf star. • Scientists believe that the sun is about 4.6 billion years old and is expected to keep shining for at least another five billion years.

m . u

When we look up in the sky, the sun looks about the same size as the moon. However, the sun is a massive celestial body with a diameter 400 times the size of our humble moon! This is because the moon is a mere 384 000 kilometres away while the sun is almost 400 times as far away. However, even though the sun is at least ten times the size of Jupiter, it is considered a fairly average-sized star in the galaxy.

Depending on the positions in orbit, the duration of an eclipse may be between a few seconds and up to seven minutes.

o c . che e r o t r s super

Dark spots can be seen on the sun’s surface, measuring around 32 000 kilometres in diameter. These sunspots occur in cooler regions on the sun’s surface. When the temperature decreases, the gas doesn’t shine as brightly. However, at the surface sunspots are still VERY hot – about 4000º Celsius! The sunspot cycle is thought to last about 11 years.

Sizzle over to this website to learn more: www .exploratorium.edu/Sunspots/ www.exploratorium.edu/Sunspots/

The Sun

Focusing Activity

The Sun Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 33.

Our Star the Sun

Teac he r

Use your super sleuth skills to complete the missing words below.

ew i ev Pr

r o e t s Solar Facts Bo r e p ok and Figures u S

The sun is a huge, glowing ball of 1centre of our solar gases at the system. It is the closest star to Earth, yet is only one of billions of stars in the universe. Earth and the other planets all orbit the sun. Read all about the sun at the website above.

Remember your sunglasses – it’s bright out there! •The sun is around ______________ years old.

Label the sun diagram

•The sun is ______________ kilometres from Earth.

•It has a mass _____________ times greater © ReadyEd P ubl i cat i ons than Earth. •Itu has a temperature ofo _________________ •f orr evi ew p r p o s e s nl y• at the core.

•The sun rotates at its equator once every ____ Earth days.

m . u

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•The sun is _______ light years away from the nearest star.

_____________________________

•The surface temperature is approximately __________.

_____________________________

•The suns brightness is ______________ megawatts.

_____________________________

•Temperature at the sunspots is __________ .

o c . che e r o t r s super

_____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________

EXTRA!

The sun is so big that you could fit more than 1 million Earths inside of it!

The sun measures more than a million kilometres across.

The Sun

Expanding Activity

Myths and Cultures

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 34.

Read about how the sun is viewed in different cultures by clicking on the links.

Your Task

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Choose two cultures.

Sun Myth from

(Country/Culture)

Title:

Teac he r

ew i ev Pr

Title:

Read the myths at the site and rewrite them in your own words below. Draw a picture to illustrate each myth.

_________________________________________

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_________________________________________

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_________________________________________

_________________________________________ _________________________________________

o c . che e r o t r s super

_________________________________________

m . u

_________________________________________

The Sun

Teachers’ Notes

Inquiry Activity

Sun Scientists Webquest

This webquest is designed as a small group research project, however, much of the activity allows for individual research in which students will follow the inquiry process.

Overview

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Group Roles: Individual Research Each student will become one of four “sun scientists” as detailed below:

Sun Gazer

The Sun Gazer’s job is to report on the physical details and facts that scientists have learned about the sun.

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

The students work in groups of four to find solutions and explanations about the sun’s activities. Each child has a different role within the group and will be gathering and analysing different information to the other members of the group. As a group they will eventually combine their information to create a presentation about the sun.

Individually, each student will prepare project material in the form of a report by gathering information from the listed websites on the task cards. This can be done as a homework activity. Students can make initial notes by hand or using the computer. Their end result should make use of colour images and diagrams to illustrate their findings. Students should also be careful to reference their work (see the referencing information on Page 10).

adyEdPubl i cat i ons Earth Helper© Re

Presentation •f orr evi ew puGroup r pos esonl y•

Energiser

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The Energiser’s job is to find out all about the sun’s energy, and examine how events that occur on the sun can affect Earth.

Safety Officer

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The Safety Officer’s job is to report on the ways that the sun can affect people and events on Earth. They should also research to find out how we can protect ourselves from the sun.

As a group students will need to decide how best to present their material. They may choose to use MS PowerPoint, MS Publisher, HyperStudio or even MS Word. Alternatively, they may wish to present their collaboration as a wall chart on a large square piece of card, where individual sections are produced using a desktop publishing package. Alternatively, students can present their research as a news “broadcast” for the class. Brainstorm some other presentation ideas with the students.

m . u

The Earth Helper’s job is to research all of the ways that the sun sustains life on Earth.

o c Time Allocation. che e r o r st super

Issue each child a copy of the appropriate “scientist” task card from Pages 36-37. These task cards clearly explain the sorts of questions they should answer in their report. Students do not have to answer each question separately – instead the questions should be used as focus points for their research. Ideally, the answers to the questions (and more!) should be covered in the final presentation. Discuss the methods for research and if necessary, reinforce the steps of inquiry learning (see Page 7).

This group project needs sufficient planning and research time. Students can complete their individual research independently during spare class time and also as homework. Group collaboration sessions can be included once the initial individual reports have been completed.

Evaluation Students to complete a student self-assessment sheet on Page 13.

The Sun

Inquiry Activity

Sun Scientists Webquest

Task Card 1

Sun Gazer Go to:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the Webquest sites for Sun Gazer

Teac he r

Focus questions that should be answered somewhere in your research include: o Size? Mass? Temperature? (Create a Fact File) o What is the structure of the sun? (Layers) o What are sunspots? o What galaxy is the sun in? o How old is the sun? How did the sun come to be formed? o How does the sun compare to other stars in the universe? o What will happen to the sun in the future?

ew i ev Pr

The Sun Gazer’s job is to find out as many of the physical details about the sun as possible. You will use the websites listed for this task card as well as your own brain power to find solutions to the focus questions.

w ww

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the Webquest sites for Earth Helper

. te

m . u

Earth Helper

Focus questions that should be answered somewhere in your research include:

o c . che e r o t r s super

The Earth Helper’s job is to find out exactly how the sun sustains life on Earth. You will use the websites listed for this task card as well as your own brain power to find solutions to the focus questions.

How does the sun affect animal and plant behaviour?

What is photosynthesis?

Why do we have seasons? How does the sun help us measure time?

What role does the sun have in the water cycle? How are tides affected?

What would Earth be like with no sun?

What sort of activities does the sun allow us to enjoy?

The Sun

Inquiry Activity

Sun Scientists Webquest

Task Card 1

Energiser

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm The Energiser’s job is to find out about the sun’s energy and how things that happen on the sun can affect Earth. You will use the websites listed for this task card as well as your own brain power to find solutions to the focus questions.

Focus questions that should be answered somewhere in your research include: o

How do we get light and heat on Earth?

What causes the sun to shine?

What is the sun made of?

How is energy produced in the sun?

What are solar flares and prominences?

What effect does the sun’s activity have on Earth?

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

and click on the Webquest sites for Energiser

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm

w ww

and click on the Webquest sites for Safety Officer

The Safety Officer’s job is to report on the ways that the sun can affect people and events on Earth. They should also research to find out how we can protect ourselves from the sun.

. te

m . u

Go to:

Focus questions that should be answered somewhere in your research include: o What are some illnesses the sun can cause? o What is the most common heat disease and how do you get it? o What makes the weather? What types of weather does the sun cause? o How does the sun affect farmers? o What are some other jobs the sun affects and how does the sun affect their job? o What happens to a person who is in the sun too long? o What can happen to your eyes in the sun? What can happen to your eyes when you look directly at the sun? o What is ultraviolet radiation? What do UV rays cause? o What can you do to protect yourself from being harmed by the sun?

o c . che e r o t r s super

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123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 away. Using today’s technology, 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 it would take about a million 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 There are over ten billion trillion stars in the 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 years to fly there! 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 universe and some of them are so huge that 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 they would take up the whole distance between 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456 Earth and the sun. These massive stars look like 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890

The Stars

Did You Know?

Background Notes

Constellations r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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tiny pin-pricks in the sky because they are so far away. Even though the stars are there all the time we can’t see them during the day because of the light from the sun.

Teac he r

Types and Stages of Stars

•

Stars start their life in a nebula when huge clouds of dust and gas collapse under gravitational force. These young stars are called protostars.

•

The sun is a main sequence star star. These types of stars make up 90% of the stars that can be seen from Earth. The other stars are known as massive or giant stars. Massive stars go on to become supergiant stars and then a supernova.

•

Red giant stars are very large. They are stars approaching the end of their life span. They are between 10 and 100 times bigger than the sun. In 5 billion years our sun will become a red giant.

It is believed that the Zodiac was first used by ancient Egyptians and Babylonians around the time of 1000 AD. They were able to recognise that certain constellations were more clear at certain times of the year, which is how they developed the concept of seasons. When it would rain heavily the sun was in a certain constellation. This constellation was named Aquarius after the Latin word for “water bearer”.

White dwarf stars are relatively small stars. The smallest white dwarfs have a diameter about the same length as the distance across Asia. After billions of years as a white dwarf, a star will have used up all its energy and lost all its heat. Such a star is then called a black dwarf.

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Astronomers have divided the night sky into 88 constellations. The constellations are groups of stars. Not all of the constellations are visible at the same time and some parts of Earth never get to see some of the constellations. The famous Southern Cross constellation is only visible to viewers in the Southern Hemisphere. Some constellations can only be seen during certain seasons based on Earth’s position in its orbit.

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Like the sun, stars are made up of helium and hydrogen gases. Only the brightest stars in the universe can be seen from Earth. Scientists estimate that about 6000 stars are visible from Earth without a telescope. Large telescopes are able to view more than 600 000 stars.

Some people believe that the sun, moon, planets and stars have a significant influence on life and events that occur on Earth. Studying the patterns of celestial bodies is known as astrology and some believe these patterns hold the key to their future. The Zodiac is a band of stars that surround Earth that has been divided into 12 parts (star signs). Each star sign is thought to represent certain characteristics that influence a person’s character depending on what time of the year they were born.

o c . che e r o t r s super

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Neutron stars have a diameter of about 20 kilometres. They are considered tiny.

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Giant and supergiant stars have burnt all the hydrogen in their core. The star, Betelguese, is a red supergiant.

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At the end of a massive star’s life, it explodes and becomes very bright at its centre. This massive explosion is known as a supernova supernova.

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A black hole occurs when a collapsed star has gravitation so strong that no light can escape.

Most of the constellations were discovered and named by early Greek and Roman civilisations. They were usually named after animals and mythological characters. Later discoveries occurred between 1400 and 1700 when explorers travelled to the Southern Hemisphere and saw new constellations for the first time.

The Stars

Focusing Activity

A Star is Born Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 39.

Star Child:

Explore the Star Child website above and complete the story below about a star’s birth by ticking the correct word in bold.

r o e t s Bo r e How a star is formed … p ok u S cold

warm) gas.

2. Stars are formed in a special type of cloud known as a ( galaxy nebula comet), and it is in this cloud of gas and dust that stars are born.

3. Stars are formed when ( oxygen gas heats up in the nebula.

hydrogen

nitrogen)

4. A special process called ( nuclear fusion gravity supernova) occurs and causes the gas to glow, creating a protostar.

5. This process occurs when the temperature of the gases heats up to ( 15 000 000 °C 5000 °C 500 000 °C). 6.

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Teac he r

1. A star is a brilliantly glowing sphere of ( hot

( matter

air

water) is available in the nebula.

8. The new star will glow for ( hundreds

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thousands

9. All stars develop in the same way until they get to the ( yellow dwarf supernova red giant) stage.

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7. When the protostar’s growth stabilises, the star is then known as a ( black hole main sequence star red dwarf).

millions) of years.

o c . che e r o t r s super

10.After that stage, many different types of stars can develop. 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Star Challenge

Find out exactly what type of star our sun is.

The Stars

Expanding Activity

All Star Line Up

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 40.

Your Task: Choose two stars to study from the website

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

Create a star file for each by filling out information for the stars using the following headings. Download and print an image of the star and if possible compare it to an image of the sun to show the relative size. You should also conduct further research en.wikipedia.org of your own about the star using Wikipedia ( en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org) or another online esting F acts section. encyclopedia to complete the Inter Interesting Facts

Star 2:

Star 1:

Meaning:

_________________________________

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_________________________________

Sizeu compared to the sun: © ReadyEdP bl i c a t i ons _________________________________ _________________________________ •f orr evi ew pu r posesonl y• Distance from Earth: Distance from Earth: Size compared to the sun:

Type of star:

_________________________________ Type of star:

m . u

_________________________________

When is Star 1 best viewed in the night sky?

When is Star 2 best viewed in the night sky?

_________________________________

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_________________________________

. Interesting Facts: t e

o c . che e r o t r s super

(E.g. names of any constellations this star may form part of.)

__________________________________ __________________________________

Interesting Facts:

__________________________________ __________________________________

The Stars

Inquiry Activity

Book of Stars

Your Task:

Navigate your way around the star-studded websites for this activity. You’ll find all sorts of fascinating information about these celestial bodies. Create a book of “star research” that answers a question. You can choose from the questions below or you 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 may like to pose your own question. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012

r o e t s Bo r e o Questions p might include: Initial Research u k S

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12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 .r eadyed.com.au/urls/inquir y/space.htm www www.r 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 and click on the websites for Page 41. 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012 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What stars exist in the Milky Way galaxy?

What is the life cycle of a medium star?

What processes (stages) will happen to our sun? What is a black hole?

Brainstorm to find all of the different types of stars and the stages they go through.

ew i ev Pr

Teac he r

Check the student background notes about stars on Page 38. Think about what you already know about stars.

Do other galaxies have the same types of stars?

Study all available information sources including websites as well as CD-ROMs and books in your library.

is the most interesting?

like to check some encyclopaedias in your library or online.

w ww 2

Points to consider

. te

• You will need to answer your chosen question in great detail.

To get you started

m . u

o c . che e r o t r s super

• Use diagrams and illustrations where possible.

• Reference all your research using Page 10 as a guide. • Remember: No matter what your question, your “book” should contain organised information about the stages of stars. • Complete a student self-assessment sheet (on Page 13) once you have finished your project.

Presentation:

Your work can be presented as a hard copy A4 book with colourful illustrations. If available you could use a drawing program such as Kid Pix Pix™ www .kidpix.com) to ( www www.kidpix.com) create your own star images. You may like to create aints images using Windows P Paints aints. Try to minimise the use of photocopied or downloaded images. Your work could also go into a class BIG BOOK of stars.

Inquiry Webquests

Sky Wonders

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 41.

Check out the sky wonders at the website and from the topic list below, choose an area that fascinates you.

Webquest

r o e t s B r Inquiry 1: o Meteor showers e p ok u ChooseS a topic

Teac he r

•Meteor showers •Lunar eclipses •Solar eclipses •Red shift •Perihelion and aphelion

Focus Questions: What is a meteor? What causes meteor showers? Interactive Challenge: Go to the Meteor Strike website and play the game. Explain your findings in detail. Draw or print out pictures to illustrate.

ew i ev Pr

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Inquiry 2 and 3: Lunar and Solar Eclipses

Focus Questions: What occurs during a solar/lunar eclipse? When is the next solar/lunar eclipse visible in your area? What is the “path of totality”?

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w ww

•explanations

•detailed diagrams

. te

•references

Inquiry 4: Red shift

Focus Questions: What is red shift? How does red shift tell us how far away an object is? How can an ambulance or police siren explain this effect?

o c . che e r o t r s sup er Inquiry 5: Perihelion aphelion

•anything extra you care to add!

Make a flip book of images to show what can be seen during an eclipse. View some online examples at the site for this topic.

m . u

Find answers to specific questions 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 and present your findings in report 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 format with: 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901 123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901

Complete the inquiry tasks for your chosen topic:

Interactive Challenge: What did you learn from viewing the animation about the Doppler Effect (red shift).

and

Focus Questions: What is perihelion and aphelion? How can you create a 3D model to show the meanings? Interactive Challenge: Experiment with the options for orbit shapes at the interactive website. Draw and describe your findings.

Inquiry Webquests

Extra Terrestrial Life

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 43.

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Webquest

your inquiry:

In your research have a look at the website for the movie Contact which was released in 1997. Comment on how realistic this movie was.

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Webquest Challenge: r o e t s B r e oo Focus p u k questions to be S answered in

What do you think the chances are of finding a signal in another galaxy? Conduct some research to back up your opinions. Use the websites listed for this page as a starting point for your research.

What conditions would be in our universe. Report •f o r ev i e w puintelligence r p o s e sonl y• needed to r sustain life? (e.g. on the research being done by:

Is there any evidence of life

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on Earth that can survive without sunlight or the process of photosynthesis?

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Presentation

You can present your work as a PowerPoint presentation or as a project. If possible ask your teacher about working in pairs.

o c . che e r o What evidence have Assessment t r s super scientists found so far to

What has Mars got going

for it in terms of finding life forms?

SETI: Check out the websites for this section.

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warmth, water)

suggest that life may have once existed on Mars?

Be sure to complete a student selfassessment sheet (on Page 13) at the end of your project.

Inquiry Webquests

Catch a Falling Star

Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm and click on the website for Page 44.

Webquest

aren’t actually stars?

Find out more about “falling” stars, comets, meteors and meteorites by blasting off to the websites. Use your findings to help you create an information package about these amazing lights in the sky.

Be as creative as possible with the presentation of your comet package. Use illustrations and drawings to brighten up your work and try to include some photos of comet sightings.

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Presentation r o e t s Bo r e p ok Did you know u that falling S stars

Make some notes about how you will present your work:

__________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________

Your package should attempt to answer the following questions:

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Webquest Challenge:

__________________________________ __________________________________

What is a comet made up of?

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Where do comets come from?

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How is a comet’s orbit different to Earth’s orbit?

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What is the difference between a comet and a meteor?

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What is the difference between a meteor and a meteorite?

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__________________________________ __________________________________

What exactly is a falling star?

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What can you find out about Halley’s Comet, McNaught’s Comet and Comet Hale-Bopp?

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Inquiry Webquests

Humans in Space

www.readyed.com.au/urls/inquiry/space.htm

Go to:

and click on the website for Page 45.

Find out about what happens when humans travel in space. Think about the preparations needed for humans to be able to survive in space and then design your own space station.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Space Station Design

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You will need to include sections about how humans:

•breathe •eat and drink •sleep

•stay safe

•work

•bathe

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Webquest

• Find out what you can about existing space stations and then see how you can improve the design.

• Draw a detailed and labelled diagram that shows exactly how your space station should be used. • Outline some space research that could be carried out at the space station.

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Focus questions to be answered in your inquiry: 1. What is microgravity?

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2. How does the human body react to microgravity?

__________________________________ __________________________________

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__________________________________ __________________________________

Presentation:

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3. What is demineralisation? 4. What is a space station?

You could present your findings in a number of ways:

As a news report As a wall chart As a PowerPoint presentation As a website (e.g. using MS Frontpage).

Evaluation: Complete a student self-assessment sheet on Page 13.

Answers

What Do We Know About Deep Space? Focusing Activity, Page 17 1. astronomy; 2. telescopes; 3. seasons; 4. gravity; 5. constellations; 6. planets; 7. orbits; 8. star; 9. Milky Way 11. spiral; 12. million; 13. supernova; 14. light.

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The Solar System: Focusing Activity, Page 21

Life on Mars: Expanding Activity, Page 26 1-4.

Answers will vary but may include that Mars has a similar temperature to Earth, and also has an atmosphere. There is a rocky surface and evidence of polar ice caps. The ice is mostly frozen gas, but there is possibly water too and evidence of a water cycle similar to Earth’s.

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1. The solar system consists of the sun; the eight official planets, at least three “dwarf planets”, more than 130 satellites of the planets, a large number of small bodies (the comets and asteroids), and the interplanetary medium. (There are probably also many more planetary satellites that have not yet been discovered.) 2. The inner solar system contains the sun, and the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The outer solar system planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. (Pluto is often classified as a dwarf planet.) 3. Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. These planets were not discovered until after the invention of the telescope. 4. Puzzle Solution:

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• Scientists don’t know much about the smaller asteroids. • It’s thought that there are as many as a million 1 km sized asteroids. • The largest and most well-known asteroid is named Ceres and measures 914 km across.

The Moon: Focusing Activity, Page 29

LUNA LEARNER: o The moon travels around Earth at approximately 3680 kilometres per hour. o The moon has no atmosphere. o Temperatures on the moon range from -184° Celsius (night) to 214 ° Celsius (day). o The dark areas of the moon are young plains called marias. o The light areas are the highlands, which are mountains that were uplifted as a result of lunar impacts. o The fine-grained soil which covers the lunar surface is called regolith.

4 6

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LUNAR ECLIPSE: 1. Occurs when the moon passes through Earth’s shadow. 2. A solar eclipse occurs when Earth passes through the moon’s shadow. 3. A lunar eclipse can only occur during the full moon phase. At the start of the eclipse, the moon looks like a normal bright full moon and then it appears to become a little bit darker, however, this is hardly noticeable. As time goes by, the moon becomes darker and darker until it dramatically changes colour to a dark purple or orange and finally gets completely dark and almost disappears. After a few minutes, the whole process reverses and the moon gets lighter and lighter until it finally goes back to being a normal full moon. 4. Lunar eclipses make the moon appear to change colour. Major volcanic eruptions give off lava and dust and create amazing sunsets for some months after, causing the moon to appear as different shades.

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The Asteroid Belt: Expanding Activity, Page 22

1. Asteroids are chunks of rock and metal that orbit around the sun. Scientists think that they are loose material that never formed into planets. 2. Located between Mars and Jupiter. 3. • More than 7000 asteroids have been discovered. • Asteroids orbit the sun. • There are 26 known asteroids larger than 200 km across. • About 99% of the asteroids are larger than 100 km across. Scientists have catalogued about half of the asteroids in the 10 km to 100 km size range. 46

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Answers

A Star is Born: Focusing Activity, Page 39

PHASES OF THE MOON Check website diagram and explanation: http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/ question3.html THE SURFACE OF THE MOON 1. Scientists theorise that the moon was the result of a collision between Earth and an object the size of Mars. One theory states that the debris from the impact was hurtled into space where, due to gravity, it combined. This resulted in the formation of the moon. 2. Ice, rocks, dust, water. 3. Neil Armstrong, July 20, 1969. 4. The gravitational pull of the moon affects Earth’s ocean tides.

Correct word in bold: 1. hot / cold / warm; 2. galaxy / nebula / comet; 3. oxygen / hydrogen / nitrogen; 4. nuclear fusion / gravity / supernova; 5. 15 000 000 °C / 5000 °C / 500 000 °C; 6. matter / air / water; 7. black hole/ main sequence star / red dwarf; 8. hundreds / thousands / millions; 9. yellow dwarf / supernova / red giant; 10. mass / colour / heat.

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The Sun: Focusing Activity, Page 33

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About the Moon: Expanding Activity, Page 30

Our sun is a medium size star known as a yellow dwarf. It is a star in the Milky Way galaxy and the temperature in its core is estimated to be over 15 000 000 °C.

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chromosphere sunspots prominences core radiative zone convective zone

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SOLAR FACTS AND FIGURES 4.5billion; 149.6 billion; 330 000;14 million °C; 25; 4.3; 5 500 °C; 390 billion billion; 4 000 °C.

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