Internet Quest Series: Ancient Egypt by Teacher Superstore

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Ready-Ed

Acknowledgements i. Clip art images have been obtained from Microsoft Design Gallery Live and are used under the terms of the End User License Agreement for Microsoft Word 2000. Please refer to www.microsoft.com/permission.

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Publications

Title: Internet Quests Series Ancient Egypt

The purchasing educational institution and its staff have the right to make copies of the whole or part of this book, beyond their rights under the Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act), provided that: 1.

The number of copies does not exceed the number reasonably required by the educational institution to satisfy its teaching purposes;

Copies are made only by reprographic means (photocopying), not by electronic/digital means, and not stored or transmitted;

Copies are not sold or lent;

Every copy made clearly shows the footnote, ‘Ready-Ed Publications’.

educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 19, 157 Liverpool Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 E-mail: info@copyright.com.au

The Act allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this book, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that that

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Except as otherwise permitted by this blackline master licence or under the Act (for example, any fair dealing for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, communicated or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. All inquiries should be made to the publisher at the address below.

o c . che e r o t r s super Published by: Ready-Ed Publications PO Box 276 Greenwood WA 6024 www.readyed.com.au info@readyed.com.au

ISBN: 978 1 86397 799 9 2

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Any copying of this book by an educational institution or its staff outside of this blackline master licence may fall within the educational statutory licence under the Act.

Reproduction and Communication by others

Contents

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About This Book Notes for Teachers and Parents

4 5-6

Ancient Egypt

The Pyramids

The Great Sphinx

The Mystery of the Great Sphinx

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Address Book Online Libraries and References

Egyptian Art and Artefacts – 1

Egyptian Art and Artefacts – 2

Hieroglyphics

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The Afterlife and Mummification

. te 20 o c Famous Egyptians – Tutankhamen 21 . c e hChallenge r Archaeological er o t s 22 super Famous Egyptians – Cleopatra Famous Egyptians – Khufu

Answers

23-24

About This Book Copyright and the use of Internet resources Material on the Internet is protected by copyright laws in the same way as print material. There are exceptions in the copyright act which allow fair dealing for research and study purposes. The activities contained in this book are designed to utilize the concept of fair dealing by encouraging students to use research skills to read and summarize material for the purpose of gaining knowledge and interpreting and evaluating ideas.

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For further information refer to the copyright council on: 4www.copyright.org.au

Referencing online sources There may be occasions when students are required to cite sources of information when transferring their research findings to the report stage. As the concept of using online sources develops, formal guidelines for referencing are evolving.

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Some information relating to this can be found at: 4www.kidcyber.com.au/researchanythn.htm or 4www.webcitation.org/

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Notes For Teachers and Parents The Internet Quests Series is designed to make use of the enormous amount of information that is available through the Internet.

In recent years there has been a great deal of publicity about negative aspects of the Internet, so much so that the uninitiated may well have severe concerns about what young users might encounter when surfing the Net.

This book is produced to allow children to answer those questions for themselves. In doing so, they will understand the following concepts linked to the curriculum:

There is no doubt that this concern could be well-founded if children are left to their own devices when online. The key to avoiding the ‘net nasties’ is supervision, just as it is to avoid inappropriate experiences for children in selecting movies, television programmes and books. It is most unlikely that violent, racist or erotic sites are reached accidentally and the Internet Quests materials and addresses have been carefully screened to avoid this happening. However, the Internet is a fluid, dynamic resource that is always in motion and we can’t guarantee that what is appropriate now will still be next year. With this in mind, it is strongly recommended that parents/teachers preview sites if at all possible.

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‘Net Nasties’

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The term “information superhighway” is a buzz phrase that is constantly talked about in educational and other circles. As a generation that is comfortable with the idea of computers and associated concepts, the 10 to 12 year old children in our care deserve the opportunity of zooming down that superhighway. But just where is the on-ramp and how do children negotiate their way through the traffic jam that makes up the Internet?

• Use recognised research skills to extrapolate information from Internet references.

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• Use selected World Wide Web addresses to extend understanding on a theme.

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• Use a variety of net search engines to expand on the information available.

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Some Internet Warnings 1

Filter tools have been designed by some companies to help protect children from the undesirable aspects of the Internet. Some of the filter tools which offer online information are:

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• Use the links provided at addresses to broaden the scope of their investigations.

Net Nanny - 4www.netnanny.com

Cyber Patrol - 4www.cyberpatrol.com/

Notes For Teachers and Parents Some Internet Warnings 2

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Reliability of Material

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A recognised problem with material found on the Net is that often it is unsubstantiated with sources unlisted and the writer’s credentials unknown. Children will need to learn to be discerning in their use of the content that they encounter. Ideally they should look for authoritative material where sources are listed. The location of the address may be a useful pointer - an article under the banner of NASA or Australian National University is likely to be more authoritative than one supplied by an individual with an apparent interest in the theme. Another consideration is the date that the material was submitted material may appear useful but may be out of date. Unfortunately it is sometimes difficult to check just when articles were written or posted although often the date of entry is shown at the top of print outs and at the end of articles.

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• As with the ‘Net Nasties’ then, supervision and guidance from teachers/ parents is required so that students can be helped to see the difference between information sources that are credible and those requiring further corroboration.

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Updating of Internet addresses

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As mentioned, the dynamic nature of the Internet means that some sites may change URLs or even disappear altogether. An ongoing role of the publishers will be to monitor these changes regularly and to post them on our Internet Quests site.

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We request that users keep us posted on which websites become unavailable by emailing details to us on:

4info@readyed.com.au

Address Book

Record some interesting Internet addresses that you find.

Topic: Web Site

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e.g. Egyptian Art Gallery

4www.artgallery.wa.gov.au/

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Address

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Online Libraries and References

To assist you with your research, there are some excellent online libraries that are very easy to use. Australian National Library

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4www.nla.gov.au/ Internet Public Library

4www.ipl.org/

National Library of New Zealand

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Australian and New Zealand Web Enquiry Research System

4www.anzwers.com.au B.J. Pinchbeck’s Homework Helper

4http://school.discoveryeducation.com/ homeworkhelp/homework_help_home.html International Space Station

Examples:

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4www.natlib.govt.nz/ Check out the section for schools.

Some words and names are spelt differently on the World Wide Web depending where you look. Ramses: Ramsses Pharaoh: Pharao

Nefertiti: Neferteri

Akhenaton: Akhenaten

Khephre: Khafre, Khaphre, Chephren

Tutankhamen: Tutankaten, Tutankhamun, Tutankhamon

4www.clevelandart.org/archive/pharaoh/index.html 4www2.sptimes.com/Egypt/Egypt.6.html

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This site contains many interesting links to other Ancient Egypt sites. Remember to write them in your Address Book as you find them.

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Cairo Egyptian Museum

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Splendours of Ancient Egypt

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4http://homepage.powerup.com.au/~ancient/museum.htm Vocabulary List

4www.seaworld.org/fun-zone/fun-guides/egypt/ vocabulary.htm The Cleveland Museum of Art

4www.clemusart.com/archive/pharaoh/index.html To help you with your research skills visit: Internet Research Help

4http://gowyld.net/tutorials.html Remember to read the instructions carefully and you should be able to find anything you want.

Ancient Egypt Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/ egyptsite/Egyptsite.html

This site is a great starting point for future research and provides an introduction into the many fascinating features of ancient Egypt.

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Explore the website. Click on First Egyptians and then answer the questions. 1. When did people first begin to settle along the Nile?____________________________

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2. Give three reasons why people chose the land along the Nile to settle.

__________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 3. Early Egyptians were involved in many types of jobs. List three of the most common occupations.

• ________________________________________________________________________

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons • ________________________________________________________________________ f o rone r e i e wcivilisations, pur p os eiss n l y• 4. Apart• from being ofv the earliest what else theo Nile famous for? • ________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

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Click on Hieroglyphics and Mathematics at this website.

Hieroglyphics were the early Egyptian’s way of writing. There are many sites on the WWW that show examples of hieroglyphics which we will find later.

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a. Approximately how many symbols did hieroglyphics contain? _ _____________________

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The early Egyptians didn’t have numbers like we have today. Instead their numbers only went up to seven digits.

b. Show how Egyptians would have expressed these fractions:

3/5 = ________________

2/3=________________

5/6 =________________

c. Read about the Egyptian Calendar. How was it different to the calendar that we have today?

_ ________________________________________________________________________

The Pyramids Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/ egyptsite/Egyptsite.html

Click onto The Pyramids and answer the questions below.

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1. How many pyramids were built around the Nile

between 2700-1600 BC? _________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. Name and describe the three different types of pyramids.

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2. What reasons are given for the Egyptians building these pyramids?

•______________________________________________________________________________ •______________________________________________________________________________ •______________________________________________________________________________

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons • f o rother r elinks vi e wp ur po se sino nAddress l y• You might need to visit to pyramids. Don’t forget to write them your Book. Describe some of the mysteries surrounding the building of the pyramids.

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________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

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Wonders of the Ancient World Use Google to complete this activity on the back of this sheet. The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Using your research skills make a chart that shows all of the seven wonders of the ancient world. For each “wonder” include the location, history and a description. You should find some interesting pictures to add to your chart. 10

The Great Sphinx Go to: www.guardians.net/egypt/sphinx/

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Use the website to complete the questions.

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A sphinx is an imaginary creature of ancient myths. The ancient Greeks first used the term “sphinx” to describe the huge stone statues that they saw during their visits to Egypt. The Egyptians often made statues of sphinxes to honour a king or queen, modelling the face of such a sphinx after the honoured person. The largest, oldest and most famous sphinx statue lies in the desert near Giza in Egypt. It is known as the Great Sphinx and was supposedly built about 4,500 years ago.

1. The Great Sphinx has the body of a________________ and the head of a _ _________________ 2. What does the Great Sphinx symbolise?______________________________________________

3. What has happened to the Great Sphinx over the years? ________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________

4. Who used its nose for target practice?_ ______________________________________________

•______________________________________________________________________________

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Paint like an Egyptian

The sphinx was originally painted with bright colours.

Visit http://homepage.powerup.com. au/~ancient/sphinx.htm to find a large picture of the Great sphinx and print it out. Then use your imagination to decorate and colour the print out of the Sphinx using the Egyptian colours that are found in a lot of their artwork.

The Mystery of the Great Sphinx Go to: www.readyed.com.au/urls/egyptsite/ Egyptsite.html

Apparently when the Great Pyramid of Giza was built, there was quite a lot of stone left over, so the people built a huge sculpture of a half lion, half human being out of this left over rock. This sculpture is known as the Great Sphinx.

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Use the website to answer the questions. Click on the Sphinx link.

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1. According to this site that you are at now, whose face is the Great Sphinx based on? _______________________________________________________________________________

2. Who built the Great Sphinx? _____________________________________________________ 3. Why is its construction a mystery?

_______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why was it originally built?_ _____________________________________________________

5. What did the Great Sphinx originally look like?_ _____________________________________

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A Question of Age For years the Sphinx was thought to be approximately 5,000 years old. However, scientists are now saying that it is more than 10,000 years old! Use Google to find the reasons for this change.

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_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

Timeline Go to: www.clevelandart.org/archive/pharaoh/ index.html Click on Timeline for a chronology of the major periods of ancient Egypt. Scroll down the pages to go through the dynasties. Click on the underlined kings for a picture.

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What do you think BC is an abbreviation for?___________________________________________

Qahedjet

Djedefra

Sesostris III

Tutankhamen

Ramesses II

Osorkon I

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In what dynasty did each of these kings rule?

The Timeline starts with the Predynastic Period which occurred between 5000-2950 BC. Complete the table with the names of each period. List the dynasties for each period.

O_______________________ K________________________

2647 - 2573 BC

F_____________ I__________________ P_______________

2123 - 2040 BC

M________________________ K______________________

2040 - 1648 BC

S________________ I_______________ P_______________

1648 - 1540 BC

N________________________ K______________________

1540 - 1069 BC

T_______________ I________________ P_______________

1069 - 715 BC

L_________________________ P______________________

715 - 332 BC

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2950 - 2647 BC

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Early Dynastic Period

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Add five periods to the Timeline below. The first one has been done for you.

2950 BC – 2647 BC Early Dynastic Period

Egyptian Religion and Mythology Go to: www.egyptianmyths.net/ Answer the questions below.

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1. What is a myth?__________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

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2. Briefly describe two Egyptian myths:_________________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. Draw and name three symbols of Egyptian mythology.

Nun: Atum:

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Go to: www.readyed.com.au/urls/egyptsite/gods.html The Egyptians had as many as 2,000 gods and goddesses with some being far more important than others. By using this site and any others that you come across, find out who these gods and goddesses were. Where possible describe their appearances.

o c . che e r o t r s sup er Tetnut: Goddesses

Renenet:

Horus:

Mayat:

Ra:

Nut:

The Afterlife and Mummification Go to:

www.readyed.com.au/urls/egyptsite/ Egyptsite.html Click on Afterlife.

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Use the website to answer the questions. 1. Write definitions for these:

KA_ ____________________________________________________________________________

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BA_ ____________________________________________________________________________ AKH____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why did Egyptians think that mummification was so important? _ ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________

Challenge: If you dare, read about the steps in preparing a mummy for the afterlife. It’s pretty gruesome so skip it if you want.

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Go to: www2.sptimes.com/Egypt/EgyptCredit.4.html • f o rr ev i e wtombs pu r p esofo nl y • Read about embalming and burial and clicko ons Religion Ancient Egypt. Here you can find out exactly what happened to the bodies after death.

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3. What was the significance of a burial tomb for the Egyptians?

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4. Describe what the Egyptians believed happened to the AKH once a mummy was placed in a tomb. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________

Make Your Own Mummy This is an art activity that involves quite a lot of steps but the end result is a miniature mummy. Download instructions from the Royal Ontario Museum website. Go to: www.rom.on.ca/programs/activities/egypt/activities/index.php Click on Make Your Own Mummy. 15

Egyptian Art and Artefacts – 1 There are many online Egyptian art museums that seem to be rather popular. The exhibitions do change over time, yet you can be assured of finding interesting Egyptian exhibitions somewhere on the Net by using a search engine like Yahoo or Google. See the online reference page of this book for a list of galleries and museums.

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The Cleveland Museum of Art has an exhibition containing Egyptian art treasures from the Louvre in Paris. Click on Objects from the Louvre and complete the following:

Click on Seated Statue of Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) 1. From the picture what features show us that he was a king?

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Go to: www.clevelandart.org/archive/pharaoh/index.html

_________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons 2. What dynasty was Queen Sebekneferu the last ruler of? •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• _________________________________________________________________________ Click on Torso of Queen Sebekneferu. She was one of only five women to rule as a king.

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Go to: www2.sptimes.com/Egypt/Artifacts/Default.html Draw and label three artefacts displayed at this Splendors of Ancient Egypt site.

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Egyptian Art and Artefacts – 2 You are the curator at the museum of Ancient Civilisations in Utopia. You have been asked to create an advertisement for the Gallery Magazine about your latest Egyptian Art Exhibition. You can include anything in your exhibition from other museums and galleries and the magazine editor wants you to make your advertisement very colourful and informative. Use a large piece of card to make your advertisement. If you have a creative writer program or graphics program on your computer you might like to use that instead!

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Make your advertisement as eye-catching as possible!

Use the list of Museums and Galleries to help you.

Make a draft of your advertisement here:

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Include: • major artworks • pictures • background notes of the artwork detailing where the artwork came from and from which dynasty • how long the exhibition will run for.

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Hieroglyphics Go to: www.clevelandart.org/archive/pharaoh/glyphs.html Visit the Cleveland Museum of Art website. This url will open on Hieroglyphics. Read about the Rosetta Stone on this page. The Rosetta Stone was found buried in the mud near Alexandria in Egypt. It was carved with three different scripts which were a mystery until it was translated by Frenchman Jean-Francois Champollion in 1822.

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Use the information to answer the following questions.

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1. What are hieroglyphs?__________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________________ 2. For how many years were hieroglyphics used?_ _____________________________________ 3. Name the three distinct scripts that the Egyptians used to record their language.

_______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Where is the Rosetta Stone now?_ ________________________________________________

Translation of the Inscription from the Apis Bull

© Re dyEdPubl i cat i ons i. a ____________________________________________________ ii. ____________________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• iii. ____________________________________________________ iv. ____________________________________________________ v. ____________________________________________________ vi. ____________________________________________________

Write Your Name in Hieroglyphics

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At the end of the section of hieroglyphics, you can click for a translation of the inscription from the Apis Bull. Print this out. Then click back to answer the questions at the site to test your comprehension! Write your answers here:

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Go to: www.seaworld.org/fun-zone/fun-guides/egypt/index.htm

Click on Hieroglyphics. This site contains our alphabetic symbols which can be revealed by placing the magnifying glass over each glyph. Using the alphabetic symbols, write your name below in hieroglyphics.

Use the same guide to write a message for a friend. Ask them to decode it.

Famous Egyptians – Cleopatra Go to:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII

Cleopatra was a queen of ancient Egypt and one of the most fascinating women in history. She was the last ruler in the Ptolemaic Dynasty in the Greco-Roman period. Go to the website above to read about Cleopatra.

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1. When did Cleopatra reign as Queen and Pharaoh?_ ____________________________________ 2. Who did she marry first?_ _________________________________________________________

3. Draw and label each side of the coin below.

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*Scroll down the page until you come to the coin of Antony and Cleopatra.

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4. How did Cleopatra die?_ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Cleopatra had a very eventful life and many movies and books have been made and written about her. Using the website above as a start, research some of the other famous people in Cleopatra’s life and explain how Cleopatra knew them.

Julius Caesar

Caesarion

Marc Antony

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Ptolemy XIII

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Octavian

Famous Egyptians – Khufu Go to: http://guardians.net/egypt/khufu.htm Click on Guardian’s Egypt. Khufu was the 4th Dynasty Pharoah (2613 -2498 BC). Read about Khufu and what he was famous for then complete the tasks below.

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Questions 1. By what other names was Khufu known?___________________________________________

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2. For how long did Khufu reign as Pharaoh?__________________________________________ 3. What wonder of the world is Khufu remembered for?_________________________________

Family Tree of Khufu

Construct a family tree showing Khufu, his parents and his children.

Look for these names: King Sheferu, Hetepheres, Djedefre, Menkaura and Khephre.

The spellings for certain names varies so it might be worth checking different spellings. For example, Khephre can also be found as Khafre. By clicking to related sites you should be able to find further information on Khufu’s son Kephre, who built the Great Sphinx.

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Find a picture of Khufu by visiting the galleries and museums that you have come across so far. 20

Famous Egyptians – Tutankhamen www.readyed.com.au/urls/

Go to: egyptsite/tut.html

Read about Tutankhamen, the boy Pharaoh. Tutankhamen served as King of Egypt from about 1347 BC until his death in 1339 BC.

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1. Tutankhamen’s time as king was unimportant but what is he known for today?

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_________________________________________________________________________ 2. Who found the tomb?_ ___________________________________________________ Go to: www.virtual-egypt.com/ newhtml/special/kingtut/

Locate where some of the treasure is now. There is an excellent picture of King Tut’s mask on this site.

Go to: http://homepage.powerup.com. au/~ancient/tut1.htm

Draw a diagram of King Tut’s tomb here:

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Draw this mask in the box and colour it using the correct colours.

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The Curse of King Tutankhamen’s Tomb

On the back of this sheet, prepare a newspaper article that describes the discovery of the tomb by Howard and George Carter in 1922. Your article must tell of the mysterious deaths that surrounded the discovery as well as offering some explanations. This website offers some explanations on the curse: http://homepage.powerup.com.au/~ancient/curse.htm 21

Archaeological Challenge Go to: http://library.thinkquest.org/5751/

Are you ready for a challenge? Read through the above website very carefully, to discover how archaeologists actually work to discover what happened many years ago.

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Answer the questions. 1. What is archaeology?

_______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

2. What are some things discovered by archaelogists?_ __________ ________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons _________________________________________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• _________________________________________________________________________ 3. What does the process of archaeology involve?________________________________

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_________________________________________________________________________ Go to: www.seaworld.org/fun-zone/fun-guides/egypt/index.htm

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Check out the Egypt Fun Guide. A range of activity sheets are provided at this website for you to do. All you have to do is print them out. Try the Mummimals page and unscramble the words. If you are really clever go on to the Mummy Maze.

Extra!

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If you are still thirsty for knowledge about ancient Egypt choose some of these activities: • Write a letter in hieroglyphics to Mark Antony from Cleopatra. • Write a poem about Queen Nefertiti. • Try to find a copy of Howard Carter’s diary by searching under Howard Carter or Tutankhamen. Complete the next ten diary entries. • Research what happened to Moses.

ANSWERS

Ancient Egypt (Page 9)

1. Around 5000 BC. 2. The river provided shelter, water and protection and there was land for harvesting crops. 3. Potters, hunters, priests or carpenters. 4. The Nile is the longest river in the world. Hieroglyphics and Mathematics: a. 750 symbols. b. 1/5 +1/5 + 1/5, 1/3 + 1/3, 1/6 + 1/6 +1/6 + 1/6 +1/6. c. The Egyptian calendar had the same number of months but had three seasons instead of four. It also did not have a leap year and every year would be thrown out a bit further which would upset the farmers.

BC – Before Christ.

Qahedjet

Djedefra

Sesostris III

Tutankhamen

Ramesses II

Osorkon I

Period

Dynasties

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The Pyramids (Page 10)

Old Kingdom

(3-8)

First Intermediate Period

(9-11)

Middle Kingdom

(11-13)

Second Intermediate Period

(14-17)

New Kingdom

(18-20)

Third Intermediate Period

(21-24)

Late Period

(25-30)

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1. About 80. 2. The Egyptians believed that their rulers were mortal gods and that when they died they would join the immortal gods, so their bodies needed to be preserved. 3. Step Pyramid - made of large clear steps. Bent Pyramid - straight pyramid until near the top where it bends at a sharp angle. Straight Sided Pyramid - the one we usually see pictures of that has four sides that meet at a point at the top.

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Timeline (Page 13)

Egyptian Religion and Mythology (Page 14)

1. A myth is a story about gods and goddesses that explains why certain things happen. 2. Creation myths try to explain the origin of the world and the creation of human beings. Explanatory myths try to explain natural processes or events and deal with illness and death.

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Wonders of the Ancient World: Students should provide the location, history and description of the Great Pryamid of Giza, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the Mausoleum of Mausollos at Halicarnassus, the Colossus of Rhodes and the Lighthouse of Alexandria.

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Gods Nun - Chaos, the Father of the Gods, a figure plunged up to his waist in water. Atum - a local god of Heliopis, the setting sun before its rising. Horus - the Pharaoh in Power, a falcon-headed god. Ra - lord of the sky - humans and other creatures come from his tears. Goddesses: Renenet - goddess of children, woman with a cobra’s head. Tetnut - goddess of moisture rain and dew. Has the head of a lion and wears a solar disk. Mayat - goddess of truth justice and order of the universe, a woman with one feather in her hair. Nut - goddess of the sky, said to be the mother of Ra. She creates the darkness.

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Mysteries: It is a mystery how human beings could have made such huge monuments in such primitive times without the technology that we have available today. Some people think that aliens are responsible for the pyramids as they line up exactly with certain stars, particularly the Orion Constellation.

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The Great Sphinx (Page 11)

1. Lion, king or god. 2. Strength and Wisdom. 3. It has been buried several times due to the changing desert terrain. 4. It was used as target practice by the Turks in the Turkish Period. 5. Answers will vary. Mystery of the Great Sphinx (Page 12) 1. King Chephren (Khephre). 2. Early Egyptians. 3. How they moved and hoisted the heavy solid stone blocks is a mystery. 4. It was built to protect the pyramids. 5. It was covered in plaster and painted bright colours.

The Afterlife and Mummification (Page 15)

1. KA - person’s spirit. BA - person’s soul. AKH - supernatural ability. 2. They thought that if the body was preserved, the KA and the BA would be preserved and that they could be an immortal god. 3. It was believed that the deceased was given the ability to speak and eat again and have full use of their body in their next life. Furniture, carved statues, games, food and other items useful for 23

the afterlife was placed with the body in the burial tomb (decorated coffin). 4. The AKH takes a trip up “the Hall of Judgement” where it is judged against 42 different crimes. They believed that every time the person committed a crime in his/her life the heart would get heavier.

Egyptian Art and Artefacts - 1 (Page 16)

1. He is sitting in a throne, wears a nemesheaddress, holds a crook and flail, has a dreamy expression, heavy-lidded eyes and has a full, sensuous mouth. 2. Dynasty 12.

Famous Egyptians - Khufu (Page 20)

1. Cheops and Suphis. 2. 24 years. 3. Khufu built the Great Pyramid of Giza.

Famous Egyptians - Tutankhamen (Page 21)

1. The discovery of his tomb in 1922 by two Englishmen has provided us with a wealth of information on Ancient Egypt including buried treasure that is found in a lot of Egyptian museums. 2. Howard Carter and George Carter.

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Hieroglyphics (Page 18)

Translating of the Inscription from the Apis Bull

i. King Khnemibra. ii. The living Apis - a sacred bull. iii. He made a place in the necropolis to lay the bull to rest. iv. 23 years (Regnal-reign). v. He made a great sarcophagus of granite. vi. 18 years, 1 month and 6 days.

Archaeological Challenge (Page 22)

1. Archaeology is the study of materials or artifacts that people in the past have left behind, rather than the study of people. They often dig to find the objects of their study. 2. The Great Pyramid in Egypt, the fortress of Masada in Isreal near the Dead Sea, the Queen’s Pyramid built for a dead queen of Egypt to be buried in. 3. They visit sites where prehistoric people used to live: in caves, near water, in forests, sites of ancient cities, tombs and suken ships, areas destroyed after wars. They survey the area, draw maps, charts and take photos and then dig. They then use various techniques to determine the age of the artifacts that they’ve found.

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1. Hieroglyphs refers to the pictures and script that form one of the oldest scripts in the world. They are based on pictorial/familiar images of natural and human-made objects. 2. It is thought that hieroglyphic writing was used for 3,500 years. 3. Hieroglyphs, Hieratic and Demotic. 4. In the British Museum.

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4. She placed a poisonous snake, an asp, on her arm.

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Famous Egyptians - Cleopatra (Page 19)

1. She reigned as Queen and Pharaoh between 51 and 30 BC. 2. Her brother Ptolemy XIII (this was common in these times). 3. Teacher to check

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