History of Australia by Teacher Superstore

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Cover Acknowledgements 1. Weapons used by natives near Moreton Bay, N.S.Wales nla.pic-an8008868 PIC S1322 LOC NL shelves 6A Mason, Walter G. 2. Relics of convict discipline including whips, handcuffs, guns and leg irons, nla.pic-vn4312888 PIC/11565/4 LOC Cold store PIC KER Box 1 Beattie, J.W. (John Watt), 1859-1930.

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Acknowledgements i. Clip art images have been obtained from Microsoft Design Gallery Live and are used under the terms of the End User License Agreement for Microsoft Word 2000. Please refer to www. microsoft.com/permission. ii. Wikimedia Commons. iii. National Library of Australia.

3. Gold digging in Victoria nla.pic-an10267866-50 PIC S4976-S5177 LOC NL shelves 1022. From a photograph of a New Rush, 1862. [engraver: Samuel Calvert] [picture]. Melbourne : The Commissioners, 1873. 1 of 1 album (232 prints) : engravings ; 42.5 x 29 cm. or smaller. Part of Wood engravings published in Victoria, Australia, exhibited by the Commissioners of the International Exhibition, 1873 [picture]. 4. Captain James Cook http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Captainjamescookportrait.jpg 5. Prison hulk “Success” at Hobart, nla.pic-vn3874754 PIC/7816/91 LOC Album 229 Beattie, J. W. (John Watt), 1859-1930.

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Publications

6. Convicts embarking for Botany Bay nla.pic-an5601547 PIC T2670 NK228 LOC3842-C Rowlandson, Thomas, 1756-1827. 7. Ned Kelly, day before execution 1880 Wikipedia

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The number of copies does not exceed the number reasonably required by the educational institution to satisfy its teaching purposes;

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Contents Teachers’ Notes Curriculum Links List of Acknowledgements

4 5 6

Section 3: Early Exploration of the Land

Exploring the Australian Land More Explorations of the Australian Land Early Explorers of the Land Crossing the Blue Mountains John Oxley Discovering Gold Life on the Goldfields Goldfields Language The Gold Rush The Eureka Flag

43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52

Section 4: Australian Bushrangers

Bushrangers Bushranging The Wild Colonial Boy Infamous Bushrangers Gardiner and Power Ben Hall Ben Hall Ned Kelly Ned Kelly

54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62

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Early Dutch Maritime Explorers of Australia Early British Maritime Explorers of Australia The Dutch Putting Things in Order Timeline of Early Maritime Explorers William Dampier Captain James Cook Gathering Evidence on the Endeavour Maritime Explorers Meet the First Australians Aboriginal Musical Instruments The First Australians 1 The First Australians 2 Aboriginal Hunting and Gathering Tools Aboriginal Music Aboriginal Art Ideas in Aboriginal Art Careful Use of the Natural Environment Explorers and the First Australians Celebrating Aboriginality

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok Section 1: Maritimeu Explorers of Australia andS Indigenous Australians

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Section 2: European Colonisation 27 The First Fleet European Colonies and Expansion The Three Fleets The Journey Captain Arthur Phillip Early Problems New Colonies Convict Life Convict Folk Songs 1 Convict Folk Songs 2 Convict Love Port Arthur Convict Colony Impact of Colonisation on Aborigines Negative Impact on Aborigines

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28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Teachers’ Notes reasons why bushranging became so successful and the reasons why it died out. It also looks at some of Australia’s most famous bushrangers who are an important part of Australian identity.

The first section of this book will help students to understand the movements of Dutch and British maritime explorers who visited Australia between 1606 and 1770. It examines their interaction with Australia’s indigenous people and encourages students to understand and develop an appreciation of how indigenous people lived before European colonisation and highlights the differences between the two cultures.

The activity sheets in this book are curriculum linked and can be completed on a number of levels. Each one is designed to help students to develop their historical knowledge and critical thinking skills. Students are asked to read, locate places and mark out routes on maps, create timelines, sequence historical events, find and analyse visual images, write texts from various historical figures’ points of view, create folk songs and retell events. They are also asked to examine different written forms such as diary entries, folk songs, primary evidence and secondary evidence, research information using the Internet (if available to them) and record information through illustrations, by making lists, creating flow charts and completing tables.

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This book is divided into four sections - Maritime Explorers of Australia and Indigenous Australians, European Colonisation, Early Exploration of the Land and Australian Bushrangers.

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This book will help students begin to understand, in depth, their own environment and the people with whom they live. It is an important teacher resource because the subject matter is so relevant and significant to young people living in Australia today. Answers and possible responses are listed at the back of the book to make teaching this topic straightforward.

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The third section of this book looks at European exploration of the Australian land. It provides students with opportunities to trace important events in Australian history such as the gold rush and the Eureka Stockade.

The fourth and final section of this book examines Australian bushrangers. It incites students to explore the

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The second section of this book explores European colonisation and expansion. It prompts students to look closely at the reasons behind colonisation, the journeys of the three fleets, the problems that the Europeans encountered setting up and developing colonies, convict life and how this influenced Australian folk songs and the impacts of colonisation on Australia’s indigenous people.

Curriculum Links NSW HSIE (Stage 3) Change and Continuity – Significant Events and People – CCS3.1 Cultures – Identities – CUS3.3 Cultures – Cultural Diversity – CUS3.4 Environments – Relationships with Places – ENS3.6

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TAS Society and History (Standards 3 and 4) Strand 1 - Identity, Relationships and Culture Strand 2 - Interactions with the Environment Strand 6 - Historical Inquiry

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History (Stage 4) Stage 4 Objectives – 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.9

ACT Social Sciences (Later Childhood and Early Adolescence) Essential Learning Achievement 21 - The student understands about Australia and Australians

©NT ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Studies of Society and Environment (Bands 2, 3 and 4) Systems and Structures – Time, Continuity and Change, Indigenous •f oSocial rr evi ew pur posesonl y• Studies and Values, Beliefs and Cultural Diversity

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QLD Studies of Society and Environment Essential Learnings by the end of Year 5 and Year 7 – Time Continuity and Change, Place and Space and Culture and Identity SA Society and Environment (Middle Years - Standards 3 and 4) Time Continuity and Change Place, Space and Environment Societies and Cultures

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VIC The Humanities – History Victorian Essential Learning Statements – Levels 4 and 5 WA Society and Environment (Middle Childhood) Investigation, Communication and Participation (1) Place and Space (2) Resources (3) Culture (4) Time, Continuity and Change (5)

List of Acknowledgements Artwork from the National Library of Australia: www.nla.gov.au/apps/picturescatalogue Page 16 Page 29

Page 35

nla.pic-an8021430 PIC S1286 LOC NL shelves 6A Mason, Walter G. A view of the Sir Joseph Banks Hotel at Botany Bay [picture].

nla.pic-vn4312888 PIC/11565/4 LOC Cold store PIC KER Box 1 Beattie, J.W. (John Watt), 18591930. Relics of convict discipline including whips, handcuffs, guns and leg irons, nla.pic-vn3874754 PIC/7816/91 LOC Album 229 Beattie, J. W. (John Watt), 1859-1930. Prison hulk “Success” at Hobart,

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S nla.pic-an8008868 PIC S1322 LOC NL shelves 6A Mason, Walter G. Weapons used by natives near Moreton Bay, N.S.Wales

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nla.pic-an5601547 PIC T2670 NK228 LOC3842-C Rowlandson, Thomas, 1756-1827. [Convicts embarking for Botany Bay] [picture]

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nla.pic-an9351675 PIC U3357 NK4182/1 LOC 6674 Smyth. The emigrant ship Artemisia, bound for Moreton Bay, New South Wales; Deck of the Artemisia, emigrants on board

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nla.pic-an7975436 PIC S1410 LOC NL shelves 6A Mason, Walter G. E.H. Hargraves, Esq., discoverer of gold in Australia [picture] [Sydney : J.R. Clarke, 1857] 1 print : wood engraving ; 12.1 x 11 cm.

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nla.pic-an10267866-50 PIC S4976-S5177 LOC NL shelves 1022 Gold digging in Victoria. From a photograph of a New Rush, 1862. [engraver: Samuel Calvert] [picture]. Melbourne : The Commissioners, 1873. 1 of 1 album (232 prints) : engravings ; 42.5 x 29 cm. or smaller. Part of Wood engravings published in Victoria, Australia, exhibited by the Commissioners of the International Exhibition, 1873 [picture].

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nla.pic-an10236745 PIC PIC U3867 NK3770/14 LOC NL shelves 156 F.W. Niven & Co. Graves of the soldiers and diggers who fell at the Eureka Stockade, 3rd Dec., 1854 [picture] [Ballarat : F.W. Niven & Co., 1887] 1 print : photolithograph ; 9.2 x 18.2 cm.

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nla.pic-an10322891 PIC PIC S5039 LOC NL shelves 1022 Grosse, Frederick, 1828-1894. Morgan the bushranger sticking up Round Hill Station [picture] [Melbourne : s.n., 1865?] 1 print : wood engraving ; 16.4 x 22.8 cm.

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nla.pic-an10324739 PIC PIC S5052 LOC NL shelves 1022 Calvert, Samuel, 1828-1913. Capture of the bushranger Power [picture] [Melbourne : s.n., 1870?] 1 print : wood engraving ; 21.4 x 17.6 cm.

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nla.pic-an6163947 PIC PIC T2667 NK6892/A LOC 3651-C Picture of wax model of Frank Gardiner the bushranger [picture]. 1863. 1 drawing : ink ; 18.5 x 11.2 cm.

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nla.pic-an8420640 PIC PIC S3137 LOC 3653 Hunt, C. H. (Charles Henry), 1857-1938. Ned Kelly in armour; Ned Kelly after the removal of his armour [picture] [Sydney] : Illustrated Sydney News, 1880 1 print : lithograph ; sheet 45.7 x 69 cm.

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r o e t s Bo r Section 1: e p ok u SMaritime Explorers Section of Australia and Indigenous Header Australians

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History of Australia

Early Dutch Maritime Explorers of Australia In the 1600s many ships were sent from Holland to look for a faster way to reach the East Indies (Indonesia) because at this time Holland traded goods with the people there. This is how the Dutch first came across Australia.

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Barrow Island

• Jan Carstensz was the next Dutch explorer to visit Australia. On April 12th, 1623 he made the first known recorded contact with Aborigines who lived in Cape York.

New Guinea

Arnhem Land

Gulf of Carpentaria

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Dutch Exploration of Australia

Cape York

• Next to visit the shores of Australia was the ship Gulden Zeepaert which sailed along the Great Australian Bight in 1627 from east to west.

Port Hedland Roebourne Dampier

Shark Bay

Dirk Hartog Island

Abrolhos Islands

Geraldton

In 1628 the ship Vyanen © ReadyEdPub• sailed l i c at i ons along the north-west coast of Australia for about •f orr evi ew pur po se so nsighting l y• two hundred miles Perth

Great Australian Bight

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• The first Dutch explorer to see Australia was William Jansz in 1606. He explored the Gulf of Carpentaria which he thought was part of New Guinea.

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• In 1616 Dirk Hartog landed on the west coast of Australia at Shark Bay. Hartog spent three days exploring the islands in this area. When he left he fixed a pewter plate to a post to show that he had been there. Dirk Hartog Island is named after him.

• On June 4th, 1629 the Batavia was wrecked on the Houtman Abrolhos, off the coast of Western Australia. • In 1636 Gerrit Tomaz Pool sailed along the coast of Arnhem Land.

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• In 1619 Frederick de Houtman explored some of the coastal parts of Western Australia. He began at the area which is now Perth and worked his way north. He visited the Houtman Abrolhos (known more informally as the Abrolhos Islands) off the coast of Geraldton.

what are now known as Barrow Island, Dampier, Roebourne and Port Hedland.

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Tasmania

• In 1642 Abel Tasman sighted Tasmania as he explored the area for trade routes to the East Indies. He returned to the north of Australia in 1644 and named the land New Holland. This name remained in use for 180 years. In 1824 the land became officially known as Australia. It was Matthew Flinders, a British explorer, who first referred to the land as Australia after his first visit there in 1795.

History of Australia

Early British Maritime Explorers of Australia William Dampier (1651-1715)

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The first Englishman to set foot on Australian soil was a pirate who inhabited the waters of South America and the Pacific between 1678 and 1691. His name was William Dampier. In 1688 Dampier landed on the coast of Western Australia at King Sound in a ship known as the Cygnet. He spent two months looking around the country, documenting his thoughts and findings in exciting diaries which still exist.

The success of Dampier's first voyage and his interesting descriptions encouraged English officials to sponsor him for a return trip to Australia in 1699. He was placed in command of his own ship, the Roe-Buck, and landed and explored the north-west coast. While there he named Shark Bay. If you look at the map you will find some places named after this explorer, such as the town of Dampier and the 42 islands which are known as Dampier Archipelago.

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and took seven weeks to repair), until they reached the tip of Australia at Cape York.

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After Dampier came Cook. He landed on the east coast of Australia in 1770 and named it New South Wales. The first place that he landed was Botany Bay. His ship was known as the Endeavour. He spent four months exploring this coastline with Sir Joseph Banks who was a botanist and had been sent with Cook by the British government to study the plant life in Australia. It was here that Cook made his first contact with an Aboriginal tribe known as Gweagal.

Cook then sailed through the Torres Strait, settling the dispute about whether New Holland and New Guinea were joined. With only one ship, Cook put more than 8,000 kilometres of previously unknown coastline on the map. The twin islands of New Zealand, the east coast of Australia and the Torres Strait emerged from the mists of uncertainty.

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Cook and Banks travelled north from New South Wales, through the Great Barrier Reef (where his ship was badly damaged

Despite Cook’s observations and association with Australia’s indigenous people, he described Australia as ‘terra nullius’ meaning ‘land belonging to no one’ and went on to claim the entire east coast of Australia as British territory. The land however was clearly inhabited, in fact indigenous people had lived in Australia for around 60,000 years before Cook arrived.

History of Australia

The Dutch

Activity Page

Read the information on page 8 and complete the activities below.

Task 1

William Jansz Arnhem Land

Cape York

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Port Hedland Roebourne Dampier

Shark Bay

Dirk Hartog Island

Abrolhos Islands

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Draw squares around the places that the Dutch explored and place their names or their ships’ names next to the squares. The first one has been done for you.

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Gulf of Carpentaria

Geraldton

Perth

Great Australian Bight

1. Why were the Dutch exploring the southern part of the world in the 1600s? ________________________________________________________________________________

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2. Mark in red where you live on the map of Australia.

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3. Who first explored the Gulf of Carpentaria?_ ___________________________________________

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4. Look at the map. What two states does the Gulf of Carpentaria lie between?

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________________________________________________________________________________

5. When Dirk Hartog landed on the west coast of Australia at Shark Bay, what did he do to prove that he had been there? Draw this on the map.

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6. Who named Australia New Holland?__________________________________________________ 7. For how long did this name remain in use?_____________________________________________ 8. When did the land officially become known as Australia?_________________________________ 9. Who introduced this name?_________________________________________________________

Task 2

Pretend that you are a Dutch Explorer in the 1600s. On the back of this sheet, write a diary entry describing your trip and your first impressions of Australia.

History of Australia

Putting Things in Order

Activity Page

Below is a list of places and waters in and around Australia. Cut out each one and glue them to another piece of paper in the order that you think they were seen and/or explored by Dutch or British explorers. Write the dates, where you can, by the side of each one. Use the information on pages 8 and 9 to help you with this task.

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r o e t s BoDampier r e New South Wales p ok u S Queensland

Arnhem Land

Shark Bay

Gulf of Carpentaria

©Perth ReadyEdPubl i ca t i ons Geraldton •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

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Port Hedland

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Barrow Island

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Abrolhos Islands

King Sound

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History of Australia

Timeline of Early Maritime Explorers

Activity Page

Using the information on pages 8 and 9, plot the explorers and where they explored on the timeline below. Place the names of the explorers or their ships in the boxes on the left. One has been done for you.

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William Jansz

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History of Australia

William Dampier

Activity Page

William Dampier landed in Australia in a ship named the Cygnet in 1688. He returned to Australia a second time in 1699.

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Dampier spent two months looking around.

He was placed in command of his own ship, the Roe-Buck.

The success of Dampier’s first voyage and his interesting descriptions encouraged English officials to sponsor him for a return trip to Australia in 1699.

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The following sentences summarise Dampier’s two voyages. Using the information on page 9, number the sentences below from 1 to 8 to show the correct order of events.

William Dampier landed on the coast of Western Australia at King Sound in a ship known as the Cygnet.

© Rand eexplored ady EdPubl i ca t i on He landed the northSome places weres named after west coast and named Shark Bay. this explorer, such as the town of •f orr evi ew pur pose so l yArchipelago. • Dampier andn Dampier

Dampier was a pirate who inhabited the waters of South America and the Pacific.

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He documented his thoughts and findings in exciting diaries which still exist.

On the map below show Dampier’s two voyages of Australia. Label the places that are underlined above.

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History of Australia

Captain James Cook

Activity Page

Captain James Cook set sail from England in the Endeavour in 1768. He had orders to search for the ‘great southern continent’ thought to exist to the south of New Holland.

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Cook claimed New Holland as British territory. Cook made his first contact with an Aboriginal tribe known as Gweagal.

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The following sentences summarise Cook’s voyage to Australia. Using the information on page 9, number the sentences below from 1 to 6 to show the correct order of events.

The Endeavour passed through the Torres Strait between Cape York and New Guinea, confirming that New Holland and New Guinea were not joined.

© ReadyEdPubl i ca t i on splant Joseph Banks collected many species at Botany Bay. The• Endeavour struck a coral reef in the f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Great Barrier Reef and was damaged. Cook landed at Botany Bay.

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On the map below show Cook’s voyage of Australia. Label the places underlined above.

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History of Australia

Gathering Evidence on the Endeavour

Activity Page

There are a number of accounts of the conditions and provisions on board the explorers’ ships. When Captain Cook set sail on the Endeavour in 1768, it is believed that the ship contained pigs, poultry and a milking goat.

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From this information draw and label some of the food and drink that you think made up the crew’s diet.

Conditions on board the ship were cramped and often wet, especially after the ship was damaged at the Great Barrier Reef. The men had no privacy and chamber pots and openings at the bow served as toilets. Many men got sick, some died and were buried at sea. Cook attributed many of the illnesses on board to polluted water. What other factors may have contributed to sickness on board?

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Your last two responses have mainly been guess work based on information that you have been given. A lot of historians need to make guesses or assumptions based on information that they receive. Some information can be classed as more reliable than others.

Below is an extract taken from Captain Cook’s diary when the Endeavour struck coral at the Great Barrier Reef. Read it and complete the questions/tasks.

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1. List three things that the crew threw overboard.

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We…threw’d over board our guns Iron and stone ballast, Casks, Hoops staves oyle Jars, decay’d stores &Ca many of these last articles lay in the way at coming at heavyer - all this time the Ship made little or no water. At a 11 oClock in the AM being high-water as we thought we try’d to heave her off without success she not being a float by a foot or more notwithstanding by this time we had thrown over board 40 or 50 Tun weight, as this was not found sufficient we continued to Lighten her by every method we could think off.

____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 2. Why did the crew start to throw things overboard? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 3. Discuss as a class whether this is a primary or secondary source of evidence. 4. Highlight the parts of Cook’s diary which may be inaccurate. 5. Underline parts of the extract that are likely to be totally accurate. 15

History of Australia

The First Australians

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The Aborigines are believed to have travelled from Asia to Australia between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago. It is thought that they crossed a land bridge between Asia and Australia which is now underwater. Before the first white colonisers came to Australia, there were around 300,000 Aborigines living in about 250 tribal groups. Today there are fewer Aboriginal tribes. Each tribe has its own traditions, culture, language and beliefs called the Dreaming. The beliefs are told through art, dance, song and the stories of the Dreamtime. The Dreamtime stories, passed down from one generation to the next, tell the stories of the Earth’s creation.

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Many of the Dutch and English maritime explorers recorded their observations and thoughts about the people who they sighted in New Holland. They named these people Aborigines. The Aborigines of Australia call themselves by the names of the language or territory groups that they belong to. It is believed that there were 700 different language groups before the Europeans arrived in Australia.

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A boomerang is a curved throwing weapon that is used to hunt large animals like kangaroos. Some, but not all boomerangs, are designed to return to the thrower.

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Spears are used to hunt animals like possums and fish.

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A coolamon is a container to carry water and eat food from.

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Digging sticks are used to dig up food from the ground. Traditionally women use digging sticks to search for seeds, vegetables (like yams), fruit and witchetty grubs.

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Aboriginal Way of Life

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Traditional Australian Aboriginals lead a nomadic lifestyle. This means that they move from place to place to survive off their land. They know that different food sources, including fresh water, are available in different places at different times of the year. Aborigines who inhabit coastal areas move around much less because their main source of food is fish.

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Aborigines are resourceful, skilful and creative people who rely solely on their natural environment to live. They make all of their own tools to hunt and gather food, create artwork and play music. This takes a lot of imagination and creative skill.

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Fishing nets are used by Aborigines who live on the coast to catch fish. Shellfish, crabs, oysters and turtles are also eaten.

National Library of Australia

History of Australia

The First Australians Aboriginal Art Materials

Clap sticks (tinypilpa) are traditional Aboriginal percussion instruments used by both men and women as musical instruments during ceremonies. They are crafted mainly by women and are made from either quandong, eucalyptus, or mulga wood. Mulga wood is the most common material used to make clapsticks, as it is an extremely hard wood and therefore highly resonant. Clap sticks are played by holding one stick loosely in one hand and striking it in a heartbeat type rhythm on the second stick. A variation of this is to pound one single stick rhythmically on the earth.

Paint – To make paint, Aborigines used ochres, which are coloured rocks ranging in colour from pale yellow to reddish brown. Aborigines crushed and ground these rocks down to powders and used fluids (such as saliva, human or animal blood, orchid sap or the yolks of turtle eggs) to bind the powders together and create paint. Very clever!

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Boomerangs are primarily used as hunting implements but they can be used in pairs as musical accompaniments during corroborees. They are clapped together rhythmically.

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Aboriginal Musical Instruments

Brushes – Aborigines made brushes from short sticks with human hair fastened tightly to the sticks. They also applied paint with their fingers, hands and with the ends of sticks. The ends of sticks produce dots, characteristic of many Aboriginal paintings that we see today.

Bull-roarers are pieces of wood swung around the head on a piece of string to make a whirring noise.

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– Aborigines painted on bark, © ReadyEdPCanvas u b l i ca t i o nass cave walls and rocks. As well paint, boomerangs were also used to etch and pictures objects. •f orr evi ew pur pcarve os esono nl y•

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History of Australia

The First Australians 1

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 16 and 17 and complete the following. 1. Who gave the Aborigines their name?

______________________________________________________________________________

2. What do Aborigines call themselves?

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______________________________________________________________________________

3. Where are the first Aborigines thought to have come from?

______________________________________________________________________________

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4. Why are Aborigines thought to be resourceful, skilful and creative?

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______________________________________________________________________________

5. What are Dreamtime stories?

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons ______________________________________________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Go to www.dreamtime.net.au/main.htm and choose a story from this site. You may be able to listen to someone tell the story. Then complete the following on the story that you have chosen. Name of story: _______________________________________________________________

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Narrator:____________________________________________________________________

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What part of Australia does this story come from? _ _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Characters in the story: ________________________________________________________ Summarise the plot of the story: _ _______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ What does this story explain? ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________

History of Australia

The First Australians 2

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 16 and 17 and complete the following. 1. Why did the Aborigines lead a nomadic lifestyle?

______________________________________________________________________________

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2. What is a nomadic lifestyle?

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3. How many Aboriginal language groups were present before the Europeans arrived? ______________________________________________________________________________

Natural Food Sources

Illustrate and label some of the foods that Australian Aborigines hunt and gather.

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Challenge

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Find the names of six Aboriginal language groups.

History of Australia

Aboriginal Hunting and Gathering Tools

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 16 and 17 and complete the following.

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Draw pictures of the tools that Australian Aborigines use to hunt and gather food. Label each picture and describe how each tool is used.

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History of Australia

Aboriginal Music

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 16 and 17 and complete the following.

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Draw pictures of the instruments that Australian Aborigines make so that they can dance and sing. Label each picture and describe how each one is used.

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History of Australia

Aboriginal Art

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 16 and 17 and complete the following.

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Draw pictures of the materials that Australian Aborigines make so that they can create artwork. Label each picture and describe how the materials are used.

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Extra Internet Activity: Find out the names of some famous Aboriginal artists and their works. 22

History of Australia

Ideas in Aboriginal Art

Activity Page

Aboriginal art is used to express beliefs and tell stories to future generations. Art such as rock carvings, cave paintings, designs cut into trees, and wooden articles such as boomerangs, have allowed traditional Aboriginal myths and legends to be passed on.

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Visit www.aaia.com.au, click on Aboriginal Culture and answer the following.

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Write down the meanings of the following shapes and markings in Aboriginal art.

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Find two pieces of Aboriginal art on the Internet. Print them out and paste them in the spaces below. On the back of this sheet, write down what ideas or stories each piece is expressing.

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History of Australia

Careful Use of the Natural Environment

Activity Page

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A traditional Aboriginal lifestyle is very friendly to the environment. Previous to colonisation, Aborigines had no access to technology or complex machinery. To meet their basic needs Aborigines made careful use of many things from their natural environment. We probably would not have the environmental problems that we face today if we would have adopted a more nomadic lifestyle. Look at the pictures below and underneath write whether the objects are made naturally or whether they involve technology.

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On the back of this sheet write a diary entry by a British or Dutch explorer detailing your impressions and response to the Aboriginal lifestyle. 24

History of Australia

Explorers and the First Australians

Activity Page

In a diary entry the Dutch explorer Jan Carstensz wrote that Australia was an “unproductive” land inhabited by “primitive people” who have no knowledge of “metals or spices”. Answer the questions below. 1. What do you think he meant by ‘unproductive’? _____________________________________

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2. Today we would describe the Aborigines as some of the most productive people in the world. Why?

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3. What might he have meant by ‘primitive’? __________________________________________

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4. Today many of us try to lead a more primitive lifestyle. Why? ___________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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5. What do you think he meant by ‘they have no knowledge of metals and spices’?

______________________________________________________________________________ Read the extract from Captain Cook’s diary below. He shows little understanding of the Aborigines’ resourceful lifestyle. Then answer the questions.

© ReadyEdinP ub l i cat i o s Australia and England at thisn time? The number of Inhabitants hardly ____________________________________________ exceeds• 3 or f 4o hundreds people, r r e v i e w p ur posesonl y• ____________________________________________ they leive desperse’d along the

Extract from Captain Cook’s diary 1. What was the difference between the population

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Their Canoes are … without orament, the little traffick we had with them was wholy for fish for we saw nothing ^little else they had to dispose of, they seem’d to have some knowlidge of Iron for they very readily took Nails in exchange for fish and some times prefer’d them to any thing else

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2. What foods made up the Aborigines’ diet?

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Shore in search of their daly bread which is fish and firn roots for they cultivate no part of the lands

3. What does Cook mean by ‘they cultivate no part of the land’?

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Between 7 and 8 oClock in the Morning we saw several people… [with] the Bow and Arrows we had not seen before

4. Describe the Aborigines’ means of transport.

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5. Why do you think that the Aborigines took the nails?

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6. What shows the British as materialistic?

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7. What would the British have used instead of bows and arrows?

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History of Australia

Celebrating Aboriginality

Activity Page

Every year in Australia a week in July is set aside as “National Aboriginal and Islander Week”. This week allows all Australians to celebrate Aboriginal culture. Aboriginal groups throughout Australia visit schools, community centres and other venues to show off their culture by playing music, performing corroborees and dances, story telling and showing and discussing their artworks.

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1. What activities do you think your school could do to celebrate this special week? ______________________________________________________________________________

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2. As an Australian, why is it so important to understand the Aboriginal culture?

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3. Go to the following website: www.flagaustnat.asn.au/aboriginalflag.php. Draw the Aboriginal flag in the box below.

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4. What do the colours on the flag symbolise?

Yellow:________________________________________________________________________

Red: _ ________________________________________________________________________

Black:_________________________________________________________________________

5. Who designed the flag and when?_ ________________________________________________

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Section 2 European Colonisation

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History of Australia

The First Fleet In 1779, nine years after Sir Joseph Banks landed in Botany Bay with Captain Cook, he told the British Government that New South Wales was a good place to send convicts. In 1786 the British government decided to send convicts to Botany Bay because their gaols were full.

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They gathered together large numbers of convicts, responsible for both petty and serious crimes such as stealing, burglary, highway robbery and possession of firearms and, depending on their crimes, sentenced them to either 7 or14 years of transportation, or to a life of transportation in Australia. The first convicts came to Australia in ships known as the First Fleet.

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There were eleven ships in the First Fleet and they were all commanded by Captain Arthur Phillip. The HMS Sirius and HMS Supply were naval escorts. These ships carried guns, marines (who were responsible for guarding the convicts), the marines’ families, surgeons and other officials and skilled men. They led the other nine ships. The Alexander, Charlotte, Friendship, Lady Penrhyn, Prince of Wales and Scarborough all carried convicts. Golden Grove, Fishburn and Borrowdal carried food, transport and other provisions. It took the eleven ships nearly nine months to reach Australia. They all arrived within days of one another. The ships of the First Fleet made three stops along the way.

The Route © Ready EdPubl i cat i ons May 1787 – the ships set sail from Portsmouth in England. • f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• June 1787 – the ships stopped in Tenerife (one of the Canary Islands off the

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north-western coast of Africa) to stock up on fresh water, vegetables and meat. One convict tried to escape. They stayed a week. As they sailed on through the tropics, the weather became hot and humid. Rats, bedbugs, lice, cockroaches and fleas harassed the convicts, officers and marines. Disease spread and foul smells were rampant. On the Alexander, a number of convicts became ill and died. Tropical rainstorms confined the convicts inside the ships’ foul and cramped quarters and so they were prevented from getting air and exercise on the decks.

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August 1787 – the ships stopped in Rio de Janeiro (in South America) for a month. The ships were cleaned and water was taken on board. Repairs to the ships were made and Captain Phillip ordered large amounts of food for the fleet. The female convicts’ lice-infested clothes were burned, and they were given new clothes made from rice sacks. The officers explored the city and were entertained by its inhabitants, while the convicts remained below deck. October 1787 – the ships stopped at the Cape of Good Hope (in South Africa) for a month where they stocked up on plants, seeds and livestock.

January 1788 – 750 convicts, 299 marines and their family members, 269 crewman and 14 officials arrived in Botany Bay, New South Wales.

History of Australia

European Colonies and Expansion In March 1788, Governor Phillip sent a small party to Norfolk Island, 1,268 kilometres east of Australia, to create a second colony.

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The colony faced many problems: •

Expansion

The soil was not very good for farming. Even though they tried to farm the land, the men and women had no farming experience . The cattle that arrived on the First Fleet were lost in the bush. They struggled to find their own food by hunting when they ran out. For shelter, they built shacks from sticks and mud but lacked any building experience. Many of them were sick from the long sea voyage. Tools and equipment were poorly made and not suitable for the work that needed to be done. Some marines drank heavily and did not carefully guard the convicts.

A second fleet of six ships containing mainly convicts and much needed supplies arrived in 1790. However the journey of the Second Fleet was not as well planned as the First Fleet and many of the convicts arrived too ill to work or help develop the colony. This fleet became known as the ‘Death Fleet’ as 278 of the convicts and crew died on board, compared to 48 on the First Fleet. A third fleet of eleven ships containing convicts, military personnel and notable people to fill important positions in the colony, arrived in 1791. The first ‘free settlers’ arrived in 1793.

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When the First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay, Captain Phillip (designated Governor of New South Wales) declared that it was not a suitable place to establish the first European colony. He believed that it was too open and unprotected and lacked fresh water and fertile soil. On the 26th January 1788, the fleet traveled 12 kilometres north and settled in Sydney Cove in Port Jackson where it was sheltered and fresh water and fertile soil made it hospitable. Today we celebrate Australia Day on 26th January, the day which marks the first European colony.

New were begun in:s © ReadyEdP ucolonies bl i c at i on • Tasmania in 1803 orr evi ew pur oseins onl y• • •f • p Queensland 1824 • •

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Western Australia in 1829 Victoria in 1835 South Australia in 1836.

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Not all of these colonies had convicts. Sending convicts to Australia ended in 1840 when the population stood at around one million.

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More than 100,000 convicts had arrived in Australia since colonisation began, on 806 ships. By the mid-1800s there were enough people in Australia to sustain and develop the colonies. The convicts had served their purpose.

National Library of Australia

History of Australia

The Three Fleets

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 28 and 29 then complete the following. 1. Whose idea was it to send convicts to Australia?_ _______________________________________ 2. Why did the government agree? _____________________________________________________ 3. On what date did the First Fleet land at Port Jackson? _ __________________________________

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4. How many people arrived with the First Fleet?__________________________________________ 5. How many of those were convicts?___________________________________________________ 6. What were their crimes?____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

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7. How many months did it take the First Fleet to reach Australia?____________________________ 8. How many ships were in the three fleets? _ ____________________________________________ 9. Why was the Second Fleet called the ‘Death Fleet’?______________________________________

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10. Explain Australia Day. ______________________________________________________________

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11. Who were free settlers?_ ___________________________________________________________

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Using different coloured dots, mark the First Fleet’s stopovers on the map.

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(You may use an atlas or the Internet)

KEY Portsmouth (England) Tenerife (Canary Islands) Rio de Janeiro (South America) Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) Botany Bay (Australia) Mark the First Fleet’s route by joining the dots.

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Canary Islands

South Africa

History of Australia

The Journey

Activity Page

The First Fleet set sail for Botany Bay in May 1787. Included in the convict list were several young convicts. Imagine that you were one of the younger convicts. Complete the profile below.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Name:_________________________________________ Age:___________________________________________

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Offence: (Give details of the crime(s) that you committed.)

______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Punishment:____________________________________ Ship:_ _________________________________________

Bound for Botany Bay

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Write a summary of the journey and life on board your ship. (Consider your diet, conditions, hazards, weather and so forth.) Refer to pages 28 and 29 to help you.

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______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

History of Australia

Captain Arthur Phillip

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 28 and 29 then complete the following.

Captain Arthur Phillip commanded the First Fleet on its voyage to Botany Bay. It was a long and difficult journey. Some of the problems that Captain Phillip faced during the eight month voyage were:

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 ______________________________________________________  ______________________________________________________  ______________________________________________________  ______________________________________________________

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© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons The First Fleet • f o r r e v i e w pur posesonl y• 1. It was not only convicts who made the journey to Botany Bay. List the other types of people who travelled on the First Fleet.

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Botany Bay

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2. Soon after his arrival at Botany Bay, Captain Phillip explored the area. He decided that Botany Bay was not a suitable site to establish a convict colony, as Joseph Banks had previously suggested. He gave the following reasons:

......................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3. Instead the colony was established at: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4. Where was the second colony established? ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32

History of Australia

Early Problems

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 28 and 29 then complete the following.

Governor Phillip faced many problems when establishing the first colony.

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Problems

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Make a list of the major problems associated with establishing the first colony. Then suggest ways that Governor Phillip may have attempted to solve these problems.

Possible attempts to solve problems

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Which problem do you think caused Governor Phillip the most difficulty? Why? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 33

History of Australia

New Colonies

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 28 and 29 then complete the following.

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Building a colony from scratch is like building a new town. You need many different people with different skills to help develop a place for people to live.

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Draw a flow diagram below to indicate the order in which new colonies were created, in different Australian states.

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 _______________________________  _______________________________

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Research some of the colonies that were created in your state. Write brief details here about them.

History of Australia

While the vast majority of convicts in Australia were English and Welsh (70%), Irish (24%) and Scottish (5%), the convict population began to develop a multicultural flavour when convicts were sent from various British outposts, such as India and Canada. Maoris from New Zealand, Chinese from Hong Kong and slaves from the Caribbean also arrived. There are many websites which allow you to check if any of the convicts were your ancestors!

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In some colonies though, such as Port Arthur and Norfolk Island, convicts were often subject to cruelties such as wearing leg-irons and were given the lash. They were made to work long hours with little or no rewards.

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Convicts were seen as a source of labour to advance and develop European colonies by building public facilities such as roads, causeways, bridges, courthouses and hospitals. Convicts also worked for free settlers and small land holders. By 1821 there was a growing number of freed convicts who were appointed to positions of trust and responsibility as well as being granted land. In the mid-1830s only around six per cent of the convict population were locked up.

National Library of Australia

Initially Governor Philip founded a system whereby people, whatever their crime, were employed according to their skills - as bricklayers, carpenters, nurses, servants, cattlemen, shepherds or farmers. Educated convicts were employed as record-keepers. Female convicts were assumed to be most useful as wives and mothers, and marriage freed a female convict from her servitude.

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Visitwww.convictcentral.com

National Library of Australia

Convict Life

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Good behaviour meant that convicts rarely served their full sentences, because they qualified to apply for a Ticket of Leave, a Certificate of Freedom, a Conditional Pardon or even an Absolute Pardon. These allowed convicts to earn their own livings and live independently. Convicts sentenced to seven years of transportation could normally qualify for a Ticket of Leave after four years, while those serving 14 year sentences could expect to serve between six to eight years. ‘Lifers’ could qualify for their ‘Ticket’ after about 10 or 12 years. 35

History of Australia

Convict Folk Songs 1

Activity Page

The experiences of colonial life are recorded in many Australian folk songs that were written by convicts. Convict songs like “Jim Jones”, “Van Diemen’s Land”, and “Moreton Bay” were often sad and critical. Some convicts were flogged for composing original ballads with lines critical of their captors. Read the folk song below and answer the questions. Van Diemen’s Land

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Poor Tommy Brown for Nenagh Town, Jack Murphy and poor Joe, We was three daring poachers as the gentry well do know. One night we were trepanned by the keepers hid in the sand, Who for fourteen years transported us into Van Diemen’s Land.

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Come all you gallant poaching boys that ramble free of care, That rove out on a moonlit night with gun and dog and snare. The hare and lofty pheasant you have at your command, Never thinking of your last career upon Van Diemen’s Land.

The first day that we landed here upon the fatal shore, The settlers came around us, some twenty score or more; They ranked us up like horses and they sold us out of hand, And they yoked us up to ploughing frames to plough Van Diemen’s Land.

They fence us in with raging fire, and we slumber as we can, But it keeps away the wolves and tigers upon Van Diemen’s Land.

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So all you lively poaching lads, this warning take from me: I’d have you quit night walking and avoid bad company, And throw aside your guns and snares, for let me tell you plain; If you knew of our misfortunes you would never poach again.

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1. What was the poet’s crime?_________________________________________________________ 2. What was he sentenced to?_________________________________________________________ 3. Van Diemen’s Land was the original name given to Tasmania by the European settlers. Why does he refer to its shores as ‘fatal’?

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4. What work was the poet made to do?_________________________________________________ 5. How does he describe his accommodation?____________________________________________

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6. What advice does he give other petty criminals in England?_______________________________ 36

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History of Australia

Convict Folk Songs 2

Activity Page

Read the folk song below and answer the questions. O listen for a moment lads and hear me tell my tale, How o’er the sea from England I was compelled to sail. The jury says, ‘He’s guilty’, and says the judge, says he, ‘For life, Jim Jones, I’m sending you across the stormy sea’.

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‘And take my tip before you ship to join the iron gang; Don’t get too drunk at Botany Bay, or else you’ll surely hangOr else you’ll hang,’ he says, says he, ‘and after that, Jim Jones, High upon the gallows tree the crows will pick your bones’.

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1. What was Jim Jones sentenced to?

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2. What does he mean by the ‘iron gang’?

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‘You’ll have no time for mischief then, remember what I say; They’ll flog the poaching out of you, out there at Botany Bay.’ The waves were high upon the sea, the winds blew up in galesI would rather drown in misery than go to New South Wales.

National Library of Australia

Jim Jones

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The winds blew high upon the sea, and the pirates came along, 3. What will he be hung for? But the soldiers on our convict ship were full five hundred strong. ________________________________ They opened fire and somehow drove that pirate ship away, I’d rather have joined that pirate ship than come to Botany Bay.

4. What will he be flogged for?

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5. l What twot things would Jim rather © ReadyEdPub i c a i o n s do than go to New South Wales? •f orr evi ew pur po esonl y• s ________________________________

Answer the questions below using the information on page 35.

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2. How did the female convicts free themselves from convict life?_______________________ 3. What were the three sentences that convicts received?______________________________

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4. Which settlements were well-known for cruelly treating convicts?

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5. What was a Ticket of Leave?

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Extra: Imagine that you are a convict. Write a folk song on the back of this sheet relating your experiences in Australia. Read it out to the class. 37

History of Australia

Convict Love

‘When in/Captivity/ Time/Goeth/Very slow/But/Free as air/ To roam now/Quick the/Time/Doth/Go.’.

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What is Godfrey saying to Hannah Jones?

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Also telling of convicts’ experiences are convict love tokens. They were mainly produced in the 1820s and 1830s by transported convicts who wanted to send messages to their loved ones. Made from coins such as pennies, most of the engraved inscriptions refer to loss of liberty. One token, made from a penny by convict James Godfrey, is dedicated to his love Hannah Jones. The inscription reads:

Activity Page

______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

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Decorate and display them in the classroom.

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History of Australia

Port Arthur Convict Colony

Activity Page

Use the Internet to explore the historical colony of Port Arthur. Log on to www.portarthur.org.au/ and click on History.

The Port Arthur Convict Colony

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Location:________________________________________________________________________ Date colony established:_ __________________________________________________________ Port Arthur during the 1840s:_ ______________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Port Arthur during the 1850 and 60s:_________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Date last convict removed from Port Arthur:_ __________________________________________

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons _______________________________________________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• _______________________________________________________________________________ After the closure of Port Arthur:_ ____________________________________________________

Tourism:_ _______________________________________________________________________

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Draw or paste a picture of the historic Port Arthur colony here.

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History of Australia

Impact of Colonisation on Aborigines When white men and women first showed their faces on the shores of Australia, Aborigines were mainly confused, as they had not seen such people before or the animals and goods which they brought with them. Initial relations were fairly amicable, but these relations became increasing hostile as the Aborigines realised the negative impacts that the colonisers were having on their lives and lifestyles.

The colonisers brought many diseases with them, which had not previously existed on the isolated continent. Aborigines had no resistance to these diseases and many groups were wiped out by the introduction of smallpox and by malaria epidemics.

Food and Water

meant ‘land belonging to no one’. The colonisers denied Aborigines the right to sell, assign or acquire any Australian land. In 1922 the term terra nullius became a major issue in Australian politics. Many indigenous Australians challenged the term and this has led to them being able to regain some of their former lands.

Conflict

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Disease

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Due to disease, their inability to access food and water in traditional ways, and to conflict, the Aboriginal population decreased significantly from 1788 to 1900. Today we are still finding ways to help Aborigines connect once more with their culture, tradition and people.

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Terra Nullius

The British used the term terra nullius to justify colonisation. The term

and wars, in which many Aborigines were murdered. Two of these conflicts are known today as the Myall Creek Massacre and the Black War.

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The colonisers began to make it impossible for Aborigines to hunt and survive in their traditional ways and this threatened their lives. The cats and foxes that the colonisers brought with them ate the wild animals that the Aborigines hunted and which sustained them. The cattle that the colonisers introduced to the land fouled natural water sources, such as streams and rivers and made fresh water scarce. As the colonisers claimed more and more land and put up boundaries and fences, Aborigines were no longer free to move around the country and live off the land depending on the seasons. They were forced to inhabit parts of land which did not provide them with food to survive.

History of Australia

Negative Impact on Aborigines

Activity Page

Read the information on page 40 then complete the following. In the boxes below, under each heading, explain how the colonisers impacted negatively on the Aborigines’ way of life.

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Cats and Foxes

Impact:_ ________________________

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Smallpox and Malaria

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Cattle Boundaries and Fences © R e a d y E d P u b l i c a t i o n s Impact:_ ________________________ Impact:_ ________________________ •f orr evi ew pur p osesonl y• _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________

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Research

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Research either the Myall Creek Massacre or the Black War and describe the events in your own words below. *Continue writing on the back of this sheet.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Section 3 Early Exploration of the Land

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History of Australia

Exploring the Australian Land As the population of Australia began to increase, many brave human beings began to explore this huge continent on foot and by boat, mainly to find new areas of land suitable to set up more colonies. Many suffered extreme hardships on the way and many lost their lives. Some were helped to survive by Aborigines, who had endured the harsh conditions for thousands of years.

r o e t s The Lachlan (1817), Macquarie, B r e o Peel, Hastings, (1818) and p o u k Brisbane Rivers (1824) S

The Blue Mountains (1813)

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In May 1813, the three men, together with three convicts, a man who hunted kangaroos, four pack horses and five dogs, set off. They carried six weeks of supplies with them including salted meat, flour, tents, hand guns, compasses and tools for cutting. It was a difficult journey. The dew and steep hillsides caused a couple of horses to fall which slowed them down and the men’s hands were left skinned from cutting their way through the thick bushland.

As John Oxley travelled up the Lachlan River in 1817 he was hampered time and time again by marshes which eventually made him turn back and declare that the land was unsuitable for colonisation. Little did he know that he was a few days away from the Murrumbidgee and large areas of good land. During his journey, many of his horses became weak and died and he and his men were forced to eat dingo, emu and snake.

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The first men to cross the Blue Mountains were three free settlers who were wealthy landowners; Gregory Blaxland, William Wentworth and William Lawson. In 1813, there was a bad drought in Australia and the increasing population struggled to find sufficient food. The three men wanted to cross the Blue Mountains to find new farming land. Six other explorers had tried before them to cross the 1,000 metre high walls of rock. All had failed.

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As they walked through the bush, they marked tree bark on each side of their track so that they would be able find their way back. The men finally arrived at the other side of the Blue Mountains on 8th June 1813. They had followed a ridge between two main river valleys - the Grose River Valley to the north and the Cox River Valley to the south. Today, the railway line to the Blue Mountains and the Great Western Highway follows their route exactly. On the other side of the Blue Mountains they found "forest land all around them sufficient to feed the stock of the colony for the next thirty years". This opened up new colonies.

In 1818, Oxley travelled up the Macquarie River. Again hampered by marshes, he and his men often had to wade waist deep through water. On August 26th they found rich, fertile plains which they named the Liverpool Plains. Continuing east, they discovered the Peel River, near the present site of Tamworth. Further east they crossed the Great Diving Range and saw the Hastings River. Following it to its mouth they discovered that it flowed into the sea at a spot which they named Port Macquarie. This exploration opened up large areas of new country, including the very fertile Liverpool Plains.

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On their return Governor Macquarie presented them with a gift of 1,000 acres of the newly discovered country. A road was then built across the Blue Mountains.

In 1824 Oxley discovered the Brisbane River. He spent five days sailing up the Brisbane River and was very impressed by the rich soil and timber. His favourable reports led to the setting up a convict colony at Moreton Bay and he returned to supervise this in 1825. Oxley chose Redcliffe Point as the first site as there was plenty of fresh water, fertile soil and plenty of timber for building. Altogether, Oxley sailed 80 kilometres up the Brisbane River!

History of Australia

More Explorations of the Australian Land 1824

Hamilton Hume and William Hovell crossed the Murray River and discovered excellent farming land as they explored southward to Port Phillip.

1827

Allan Cunningham travelled north-west into Queensland.

1828-9

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Charles Sturt explored the Murray River, the Darling River and the Murrumbidgee River.

1844-1846

The first person to cross the north-eastern part of the continent was Ludwig Leichhardt. He travelled from near Brisbane to Darwin. In 1848 he tried to cross Australia from east to west but he vanished without a trace.

1840s and 50s Explorers like Sir Thomas Mitchell continued to travel further inland exploring parts of New South Wales and Victoria, opening up new farming land.

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1844-48

Edward John Eyre explored the north-eastern part of South Australia.

Throughout the 1850s, 60s and 70s Robert O’Hara Burke, William Wills and John McDouall Stuart crossed the continent from south to north, Edward John Eyre crossed the Great Australian Bight and John Forrest, Alexander Forrest, Edward Giles and A. C. and F. T. Gregory all explored the inland of Western Australia.

explorations are marked on the map.

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Northern Territory

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Geraldton

Gulf of Carpentaria

Queensland

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Western Australia

Great Australian Bight

New South Wales

Murray River

Port Phillip

Key

Brisbane

South Australia

Darling River

Murrumbidgee River

Victoria

Edward John Eyre John Forrest 44

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Arnhem Land

Tasmania

History of Australia

Early of the LandLand EarlyExplorers Explorers of the

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 43 and 44 to help you match the explorers with the area or river that they explored. Some explorers covered more than one place or river. Note: Many of the explorers/places have more than one answer.

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John Oxley

Hamilton Hume

b. Queensland

William Hovel

c. Murray River

Allan Cunningham

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a. Blue Mountains

d. Brisbane to Darwin

Charles Sturt

Sir Thomas Mitchell

e. Parts of South Australia f. Great Australian Bight

Ludwig Leichardt

g. Inland Western Australia

i. Lachlan River

Robert O’Hara Burke

j. Parts of New South Wales

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William Wills

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k. Port Phillip

Alexander Forrest Edward Giles A.C. Gregory F.T. Gregory

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John Forrest

l. Macquarie River

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m. Parts of Victoria

n. Murrumbidgee River

o. Crossed the continent north to south

William Wentworth Gregory Blaxland William Lawson

p. Northeast of Australia q. Brisbane River

Extra: Use this information to mark the explorers’ routes on the map on page 44. 45

History of Australia

Crossing the Blue Mountains

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 43 and 44 then complete the following. 1. Who were the first three explorers to cross the Blue Mountains?

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2. In what year did they do this?_ ____________________________________________________

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3. Why did they set out to cross the Blue Mountains?_ ___________________________________

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4. How high were the Blue Mountains?________________________________________________

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5. What made their journey difficult?_ ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

6. What did they do to make sure that they could return home?_ __________________________

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Draw what they found when they crossed the Blue Mountains.

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In the spaces below draw and label six things that they took with them.

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History of Australia

John Oxley

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 43 and 44 then complete the following.

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John Oxley

1. Why did John Oxley declare that land beside the Lachlan River was unsuitable to establish a colony?

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2. Draw and label three things that Oxley was forced to eat on his journey up the Lachlan River.

3. As Oxley travelled up the Macquarie River, he found the Liverpool Plains. Describe them.

4. Continuing east, what other rivers did he see?________________________________________ 5. When did he find the Brisbane River?_ ______________________________________________

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6. Oxley decided to set up a convict colony at Redcliffe Point in Moreton Bay on the Brisbane River. Draw and label the resources that he said were in abundance there.

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7. How many kilometres did he travel up the Brisbane River? Indicate this on the scale below by starting at zero kilometres and shading up to the number. 0k

20k

40k

60k

80k

100k

110k

8. How many days did it take him to travel this far? ______________________________________ 47

History of Australia

Discovering Gold The first discoveries of gold in Australia were made before 1850. These were kept secret because any gold that was found belonged to the government and not to the person who found the gold. The government also kept gold discoveries a secret because they didn’t want men and women to leave their jobs and rush off to look for gold.

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In 1851 gold was found at Lewis Ponds Creek near Bathurst in New South Wales. It was discovered by a group of young men led by Edward Hargraves. Even though Hargraves was not there when the gold was found, he received a reward from the government of £10,000.

Australian gold rush locations are shown on the map below.

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In Norseman, Western Australia, gold was discovered by a prospector’s horse called "Hardy Norseman". The horse uncovered the gold by pawing at the ground.

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Eventually, rewards were given by the government to people who found gold. To keep going, the colony needed the money that the discovery of gold brought.

••

Coolgardie

• Norseman

•

Broken Hill Bathurst

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Bendigo

Gold was later found in Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia.

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Kalgoorlie

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and China soon arrived to make their fortune. Most knew nothing about gold mining.

Gympie

Petermann Ranges

Clunes

• •Ballarat •

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Gold Digging, National Library of Australia Edward Hargraves, National Library of Australia

History of Australia

 Life on the Goldfields  Life on the goldfields of Australia was very hard. There was very little transport, shelter or food. The miners lived in tents or bark huts and cooked on outside fires. They moved from place to place as new gold rushes were discovered. They were often inexperienced miners with poor equipment and tools. The miners would “claim” a piece of land to look for gold on. They had to have a licence to take gold from the land.

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• alluvial gold = gold that is found on top of the ground. • diggings = goldfields. • claim = an area about 3.6 metres square where a miner digs for gold. • claim jumping = digging in someone else’s claim. • nugget = a lump of gold. • shishar = a hole where no gold is found. • panning = using a special pan to find gold in rivers and streams. • digger = a miner. • hatter = a digger who works alone. • Joe! = a warning that a policeman is coming. • traps = policemen on foot. • troopers = policemen on horses.

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Some slang and common words used on the goldfields:

Graves of the miners from the Eureka Stockade, National Library of Australia

Many miners believed that the licence fees were too high and their frustrations led to what is today famously known as the Eureka Stockade.

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approached the Eureka Stockade and a battle between them and disgruntled miners ensued. No one is certain which side fired first, but the battle was violent, brief and one-sided. The miners were defeated within ten minutes. The exact number of deaths and injuries are difficult to determine but the official register of deaths in the Ballarat District Register shows 27 names.

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On the 16th November 1854, Governor Hotham appointed a Royal Commission on goldfield problems and frustrations. It was critical of the administration of the goldfields and especially of the Eureka Stockade battle. As a result, gold licenses were abolished and replaced by an annual miner’s right and an export fee based on the value of gold found. Many historians have associated this event with the beginning of a democracy in Australia.

History of Australia

Goldfields Language

Activity Page

Read page 49. Look at the words that were commonly used on the goldfields. Write a short story which includes all of these words that you have learned. Base your story around an event on the goldfields. You may like to turn your story into a skit to be performed by three or four students.

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__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

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© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 50

History of Australia

The Gold Rush

Activity Page

Read the information on pages 48 and 49 to help you complete the following.

True or False?

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 False

2. At first the government wanted to keep gold discoveries a secret.

 True

 False

3. Edward Hargraves found gold at Lewis Ponds Creek himself.

 True

 False

4. Hargraves was given a £10,000 reward.

 True

 False

5. Hargraves’ discovery started a gold rush.

 True

 False

6. Gold was discovered in Norseman by a horse.

 True

 False

7. Life on the goldfields was easy.

 True

 False

8. The miners stayed in one place for a long time.

 True

 False

9. A claim was a piece of land to look for gold on.

 True

 False

10. In 1851 the miners could search for gold without a licence.

 True

 False

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 True

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1. Gold was first discovered in 1950.

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In your own words retell the story of the Eureka Stockade. Include details about what caused it, the battle and the results.

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__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 51

History of Australia

The Eureka Flag

Activity Page

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Explain what each part of the Australian flag symbolises.

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Colour the Australian flag correctly. Then label the different parts of the flag.

Southern Cross:_ _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons ______________________________________________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Commonwealth Star:____________________________________________________________

Union Jack:_ ___________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________

A new Australian flag was created during the Eureka Stockade. This flag was known as the Eureka flag. This flag symbolised the miners’ frustrations with authorities.

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Use your research skills to find the Eureka flag. Draw and colour it below.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Section 4 Australian Bushrangers

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History of Australia

Bushrangers

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and faces. Some tied calico or crepe paper around their heads with holes cut in for their eyes, or transformed calico or hessian bags into hoods. Others blackened their faces.

National Library of Australia

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Bushrangers were men who lived in the bush and robbed and killed other people to make a living. Most were declared ‘outlaws’ by the police, which gave any member of the community the power to kill them. In Australia bushranging was common from 1790 to 1900. Initially bushrangers were escaped convicts (known as ‘bolters’) who committed crimes to stay alive. The first known bushranger was escaped convict Black Caesar. He stole food and clothing and eventually was shot for a reward of five gallons of rum in Sydney. The last convict bushranger was John Donahue, who is referred to as The Wild Colonial Boy in Australian folklore.

Bushrangers used the term ‘bail up’ for ‘stick ‘em up’ which was originally used to describe part of the process of fixing harnesses on bullock teams. It required a person to raise both arms to do up the straps.

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Many bushrangers disguised themselves by winding scarves, known as comforters, around their necks

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Bushranging boomed during the gold rush in the 1850s and 60s. The isolated goldfields made the bushrangers’ tasks easier as did the fact that many police offices abandoned their duties to look for gold. In the 1880s and 1900s however, bushrangers began to die out. The increased number of colonies, more police, improvements in rail transport and communication technology, made it difficult for bushrangers to avoid being captured.

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Folksongs, films and other narrative forms often glorify bushrangers and depict them as heroic victims of cruel circumstances. Their skills in bushcraft, knowledge of the bush, horsemanship, daring, gallantry and their wild, free and defiant natures are focused on. However bushrangers did commit serious crimes and were usually heavily armed. Most bushrangers were brought to justice. However police did generally have difficulty catching them as many people misinformed police of their whereabouts, being either supporters of the bushrangers or fearing them. Bushrangers also moved about a lot in isolated areas which also made them difficult to catch.

History of Australia

Bushranging

Activity Page

Read the information on page 54 then complete the following. 1. Where did bushrangers commit their crimes?_ _________________________________________ 2. What does ‘outlaw’ mean?_ _________________________________________________________

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3. When and why was bushranging most common?_ ______________________________________

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4. When and why did bushranging die out?______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

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5. Explain the term ‘bolters’.___________________________________________________________

6. Why did the police struggle to capture bushrangers in their heyday?_ ______________________

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7. Explain the term ‘bail up’._ __________________________________________________________

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons ________________________________________________________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• ________________________________________________________________________________

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You’ve made friends with a local bushranger. Describe him. (Talk about his background, strengths, weaknesses and daily life.)

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Draw and label disguises on the bushranger gang below.

History of Australia

The Wild Colonial Boy

Activity Page

John Donohoe was an Irish man known as The Wild Colonial Boy. He led a gang which terrorised the area around Liverpool and the Hunter Valley from 1826 to 1830. A song was composed about him in 1831 and became so popular with the convicts and lower classes of Sydney that the authorities banned it. However, it survived with a change of name, date and tune to become one of Australia’s most famous and loved bush ballads.

r o e t s Bo r e ok The Wild Colonial Boyp u S Read the ballad then answer the questions.

‘Tis of a Wild Colonial Boy, Jack Doolan was his name, Of poor but honest parents he was born in Castlemaine. He was his father’s only hope, his mother’s pride and joy, And dearly did his parents love the Wild Colonial Boy.

Chorus Come, all my hearties, we’ll roam the mountains high, Together we will plunder, together we will die. We’ll wander over valleys, and gallop over plains, And we’ll scorn to live in slavery, bound down with iron chains.

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1. List what Donohoe did to people.

2. What line in the chorus tells us that he was a convict?

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3. What characteristics made © ReadyEdPu b l i cat i ons him a good bushranger? o ________________________________ •f orr evi ew pur p sesonl y•

He was scarcely sixteen years of age when he left his father’s home, And through Australia’s sunny clime a bushranger did roam. He robbed those wealthy squatters, their stock he did destroy, And a terror to Australia was the Wild Colonial Boy.

He bade the judge “Good morning”, and told him to beware, That he’d never rob a hearty chap that acted on the square, And never to rob a mother of her son and only joy, Or else you might turn outlaw, like the Wild Colonial Boy.

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One day as he was riding the mountain-side along, A-listening to the little birds, their pleasant laughing song, Three mounted troopers rode along - Kelly, Davis and FitzRoy They thought that they would capture him, the Wild Colonial Boy. “Surrender now, Jack Doolan, you see there’s three to one. Surrender now, Jack Doolan, you’re a daring highwayman.” He drew a pistol from his belt, and shook the little toy, “I’ll fight, but not surrender,” said the Wild Colonial Boy. He fired at Trooper Kelly and brought him to the ground, And in return from Davis received a mortal wound. All shattered through the jaws he lay still firing at FitzRoy, And that’s the way they captured him - the Wild Colonial Boy.

4. What cheeky advice did he give to Judge MacEvoy?

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In sixty-one this daring youth commenced his wild career, With a heart that knew no danger, no foeman did he fear. He stuck up the Beechworth mail-coach, and robbed Judge MacEvoy, Who trembled, and gave up his gold to the Wild Colonial Boy.

5. Who are Kelly, Davis and Fitzroy?

________________________________

6. What does The Colonial Boy say to them?

________________________________

7. How was he captured?

________________________________

History of Australia

Infamous Bushrangers Frank Gardiner Frank Gardiner was born in Goulburn, Victoria in 1830, the son of a free settler.

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His gang was responsible for the notorious Eugowra Escort Coach Robbery. The coach held gold found by diggers on the goldfields and made regular trips to Sydney where the gold was stored in bank vaults. His gang got away with gold worth £28,000. This amount is equivalent to millions of pounds today.

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Many of these robberies involved holding up coaches on the highways and Gardiner soon became known as "King of the Road". He even managed to rob the guests at an inn when he dropped in for a drink.

Wikipedia

He started stealing cattle at the age of 19 and was soon in gaol. In 1861 he teamed up with another bushranger and together they committed many robberies.

Harry Power

Power was known as the ‘Gentleman Bushranger’ because it was believed that he did not have the vicious streak that most other bushrangers had. He roamed the area around Wangaratta and the Ovens River just before Ned Kelly’s infamous run.

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even start to become well-known as a bushranger until he was in his fifties! Born in England, Power was sentenced to seven years transportation for stealing a pair of shoes. He escaped from a Victorian prison in 1869 when serving a sentence for wounding a police officer and began a career as a highway robber. A £5,000 reward was offered for his capture. He was finally caught in 1870.

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managed to escape to Queensland but he was caught soon after and put in gaol for ten years. He eventually ended up in California and no one ever knew what became of the stolen gold.

National Library of Australia

History of Australia

Gardiner and Power

Activity Page

Based on the information that you have read on page 57, create a wanted poster for Harry Power or Frank Gardiner.

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Wanted r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Inhabits:

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Reward:

History of Australia

Ben Hall

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Ben Hall, Wikimedia Commons

On one occasion the gang raided the town of Canowindra. They rode in and herded all of the town’s horses together so that no one could ride off to find the police. The gang threw a party in Robinson’s Hotel, buying drinks for everyone as well as cigars for the men and sweets for the ladies. Soon the town was drinking and dancing with the bushrangers and this only served to make the police even more angry. The gang bailed up Canowindra for three days and by the time the police arrived, the gang had moved on. Hall boasted that, "They’ll never hang Ben Hall".

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Ben Hall was born in 1837 at Wallis Plains to convict parents. Hall wasn’t highly educated although he could read and write. In his youth he was thought to be an honest, hard working stockman and farmer. Despite Hall’s good reputation though, he associated with thieves and bushrangers and in particular with Frank Gardiner.

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Ben Hall wanted revenge.

Hall armed himself and joined Frank Gardiner’s gang, taking part in the infamous Eugowra Robbery on June 15th, 1862. Shortly after this robbery the gang separated and Hall took over as its leader. Over the next three years Hall’s gang was responsible for several highway robberies and raids on towns, banks, stores and inns in the Lachlan Plains area. The police were determined to catch the Ben Hall gang but they had little success.

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offered him shelter. Mick Connolly was tempted by the £2,000 reward and told police of Hall’s whereabouts. The police gunned Hall down but as he lay on the ground, Hall asked a former friend, Billy Dargin, to shoot him dead as he did not want the police to take him alive. It was thought that there were at least 30 bullets in his body.

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Hall’s troubles began in 1862, when he was wrongly arrested for highway robbery and spent a month in gaol. During this time, police struggled to gather any evidence to formally charge him and he was released. When released Hall returned to his house to find that it had been vandalised and burnt down and that his cattle had been either killed or stolen. To make things worse his wife had run away with an expoliceman, taking their child with them.

History of Australia

Ben Hall

Activity Page

Read the information on page 59 then complete the following. 1. Before Ben Hall became involved with Frank Gardiner, what did he do for a living?

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2. What led Hall to become a bushranger? _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

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3. What crimes did he commit as a bushranger?_ _________________________________________

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4. How did Mick Connolly betray Hall?_ _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________

5. Why did Hall ask Billy Dargin to shoot him dead?

Imagine

Pretend that you live in the town of Canowindra when Hall and his gang arrive. Describe the events to a friend.

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History of Australia

Ned Kelly Ned Kelly is the most infamous bushranger in Australia’s history. Born in 1854 in Victoria, he came from an Irish family who had hated the English for hundreds of years. His father, John Kelly, was an ex-convict and was transported to the colonies for stealing two pigs. He died when Ned was eleven.

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Ned Kelly had his first they arrested Mrs Kelly and sent her brush with the law at 14 and her new baby, Greta, to gaol to years of age in 1869. He await trial for attempted murder. was arrested for assaulting Ned and his younger brother James a Chinese farmer. Charges went on the run. They offered to were dismissed and he return on the condition that their was released after ten mother was released, but this days in custody. The was denied. There was a reward following year, Ned was of £1000 for their capture. charged with helping bushranger Harry Power, In October, 1878 the Kelly Gang but this case was also came across a police camp at dismissed. The same year Stringybark Creek. A conflict Ned was gaoled for three ensued which led to Ned killing years for possessing a three policemen. The reward for stolen horse. Ned claimed Ned’s capture increased to £2000. that he didn’t know the horse was stolen. Ned’s Illustration, Ned Kelly in armour, National Library of Australia In June 1880 the Kelly gang planned brothers were also charged to hold up a train that was bringing extra police with theft several times and the family to their home town. They planned to take police claimed that the police blamed them for as hostages in return for the release of Mrs Kelly anything that went wrong in the district. from gaol. During this attempted hold up Ned was shot in his arms and legs which were not In April 1878 an incident occurred at the Kelly protected by his homemade armour. He fell to house. According to police records, a police the ground and was taken into police custody. officer, Constable Fitzpatrick, went to the Kelly

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Ned Kelly was tried for the murder of Constable Lonigan at Stringybark Creek. He was hanged at Melbourne Gaol on November 11th, 1880 at the age of 25. He was buried in an unmarked grave. He is remembered for his daring and defiance against colonial authorities.

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The story that the Kelly family told was quite different. They said that Fitzpatrick was very drunk and when Mrs Ellen Kelly asked to see his arrest warrant an argument broke out as Fitzpatrick didn’t have one. Fitzpatrick then accused Mrs Kelly of interfering with police business and took out his gun. Dan pushed him outside and Mrs Kelly picked up a shovel and waved it at him. According to the Kelly family, Ned wasn’t even at home when this happened!

It was later found that Fitzpatrick had been at the hotel drinking and he was later sacked from the police force, yet the police still went to arrest the Kellys. They couldn’t find Ned or Dan and so

1880 Ned Kelly the day before his execution, Wikimedia Commons

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house to arrest Dan Kelly for cattle stealing. Fitzpatrick stated that Mrs Kelly attacked him with a shovel and Ned shot him in the arm.

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History of Australia

Ned Kelly

Activity Page

Read the information on page 61 then complete the following. Complete Ned Kelly’s birth certificate.

Certificate of Birth

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Name: ___________________________________________ Date of Birth: _____________________________________

Nationality:_______________________________________ Gender:__________________________________________ Father: __________________________________________ Nationality:_______________________________________ Mother: _ ________________________________________

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Place of Birth: _ ___________________________________

© ReadyEdPubl i cat i ons Complete Ned Kelly’s criminal record. •f orr evi ew pu r posesonl y• Age/Year:________________________________ Age/Year:________________________________ Crime(s):_ _______________________________

Charges:_ _______________________________

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Crime(s):_ _______________________________

Age/Year:________________________________

Crime(s):_ _______________________________

Charges:_ _______________________________

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o c . che e r o t r s super In your own words describe how Ned Kelly died.

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History of Australia

Answers

William Jansz Gerrit Tomaz Arnhem Land Pool

Gulf of Carpentaria

Cape York Jan Carstenz

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Barrow Island

Port Hedland Roebourne Dampier

Shark Bay

Dirk Hartog

Dirk Hartog Island

Abrolhos Islands

Frederick de Houtman

Perth

Great Australian Bight Gulden Zeepaert

Putting Things in Order P11 Gulf of Carpentaria 1606, Shark Bay 1616, Perth 1619, Geraldton 1619, Abrolhos Islands 1619, Cape York 1623, The Great Australian Bight 1627, Barrow Island 1628, Dampier 1628, Roebourne 1628, Port Hedland 1628, Arnhem Land 1636, Tasmania 1642, King Sound 1688, New South Wales 1770, Queensland 1770, Torres Strait 1770.

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The Dutch P10 1.They were looking for a quick way to reach the East Indies, with whom they traded. 3. William Jansz. 4. Between Queensland and the Northern Territory. 5. He fixed a pewter plate to a post. 6. Abel Tasman. 7. 180 years. 8. 1824. 9. Matthew Flinders – a British explorer.

Activity Page

Tasmania

Abel Tasman

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Dirk Hartog Shark Bay and Dirk Hartog Island Frederick de Houtman Perth and the Abrolhos Islands Jan Carstenz Cape York Gulden Zeepaert Great Australian Bight Vyanen Barrow Island, Dampier, Roebourne and Port Hedland Batavia Houtman Abrolhos Gerrit Tomaz Pool Arnhem Land Abel Tasman Tasmania William Dampier King Sound, Shark Bay, Dampier, Dampier Archipelago James Cook New South Wales, Great Barrier Reef, Cape York and the Torres Strait.

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William Dampier P13 3, 5, 2, 7, 8, 1, 4, 6

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Timeline of Early Maritime Explorers P12

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History of Australia

Activity Page Captain James Cook P14 6, 3, 4, 5, 2, 1

4. Because they meet their needs by using resources taken from their natural environment. 5. Dreamtime stories are passed down from one generation to the next. They tell stories about the Earth’s creation.

New Guinea Torres Strait

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Cape York

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Gathering Evidence on the Endeavour P15 Students should draw and label ham, milk, eggs and chicken. Other factors which could have contributed to sickness on board the Endeavour: the spread of disease due to the men being in close proximity, lack of general hygiene, fevers and colds due to being damp, lack of fresh food as disease spread to the animals on board. Other responses may also be acceptable. 1. Three of the following: guns, iron, stove ballast, casks, hoops, oil jars, staves, decayed supplies. 2. To make the boat lighter so that it wouldn’t sink. 3. It is primary evidence because it is written at the time of the event by someone who is involved in the event. 4. Students might highlight, ‘11 oClock in the AM’ and ‘40 or 50 Tun weight’ as bits of information which may be inaccurate. 5. Students might underline, ‘We…threw'd over board our guns Iron and stone ballast, Casks, Hoops staves oyle Jars’ and/or, ‘all this time the Ship made little or no water’ as pieces of information which are likely to be accurate.

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Botany Bay

The First Australians 2 P19 1. The Aborigines led a nomadic lifestyle to survive. 2. A nomadic lifestyle means that people move from place to place to survive off the land because they know that different food sources, including fresh water, are available in different places at different times of the year. 3. 700 language groups. Natural Food Source: students might illustrate and label fish, crabs, oysters, turtles, kangaroos, possums, seeds, vegetables, fruit and/or witchetty grubs. Aboriginal Gathering and Hunting Tools P20 Students should draw, label and explain: a boomerang (designed to hunt large animals by being thrown), a spear (designed to be thrown at large animals), a woomera (used to throw a spear), a coolamon (used to gather food and water), a digging stick (used to dig up food from the ground) and a fishing net (thrown into the water to catch fish).

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Aboriginal Music P21 Students should draw, label and explain clap sticks (struck together or on the ground), boomerangs (clapped together) and bull-roarers (swung around the head on string to make a whirring noise).

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The First Australians 1 P18 1. The Dutch and English maritime explorers. 2. They call themselves by the name of the language or territory groups that they belong to. 3. They are thought to have travelled from Asia to Australia between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago. It is thought that they crossed a bridge between Asia and Australia which is now underwater. 64

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Aboriginal Art P22 Students could draw, label and explain six of the following: ochres (crushed into powder), saliva, human or animal blood, orchid sap, the yolk of turtle eggs (all added to the crushed ochre to make paint), brushes made with human hair and sticks (to apply the paint), hands and fingers (to apply the paint), boomerangs (to apply the paint), bark, cave walls and rocks (used as canvases).

History of Australia

Activity Page Ideas in Aboriginal Art P23

= a man

= footprints

= two men sitting

= four women sitting =fire, smoke, water or blood.

Careful Use of the Natural Environment P24 Natural, natural, involve technology, involve technology, involve technology, natural, natural, involve technology.

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= resting place

Celebrating Aboriginality P26 2. So that we can live together peacefully and happily and develop a mutual respect. 4. Yellow: represents the sun (giver of life) and yellow ochre. Red: represents the red earth (which symbolises their relationship with the land) and red ochre. Black: represents the Aboriginal people. 5. Elder Harold Thomas designed the flag in 1971.

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= rain

6. They are interested only in trade. 7. Guns.

The Three Fleets P30 1.Sir Joseph Banks. 2. Because their gaols were full. 3. 26th January 1788. 4. 1332 British. 5. 750 convicts. 6. They ranged from petty to serious. Examples are theft, burglary, highway robbery and possession of firearms. 7. Nearly nine months. 8. 28 ships. 9. Because many people on board died or arrived ill. 10. Australia Day marks the day when the first British colony was established at Port Jackson in NSW. 11. People who were not forced to come to Australia. 12. The British government stopped sending convicts to Australia in 1840 because the population stood at one million which was considered sufficient to continue to develop a nation. Teacher to check map.

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Explorers and the First Australians P25 1. He probably thought the Aborigines were unproductive because they had not developed technology and were not trading goods with other countries. 2. Because they use what is available to them to survive. 3. People who were not advanced and led a very simple lifestyle. 4. Because our complex lifestyles, many would argue, have led to environmental and health problems. 5. He was probably referring to their lack of knowledge of technology and trade.

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Captain Arthur Phillip P32 Problems: convicts tried to escape, the hot and humid weather caused disease to spread, foul smells were rife, cramped conditions caused disease to spread, rats, bedbugs, lice, cockroaches and fleas harassed those on board, some people became ill and died, tropical storms prevented those on board the ship from getting fresh air and exercise, some repairs were needed to be made to the ship. 1. The First Fleet carried marines and their families, surgeons and other officials and skilled men. 2. It was too open and unprotected, lacked fresh water and fertile soil. 3. Port Jackson. 4. Norfolk Island.

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1. England was much more heavily populated. 2. Fish and roots. 3. They don’t grow their own crops, they eat what is naturally produced. 4. The Aborigines travel in canoes made from basic materials which are not decorated with human-made materials. 5. Because they had not seen them before, not because they recognised them as being of monetary value.

History of Australia

Activity Page Early Problems P33 Responses will depend on problems chosen. New Colonies P34 Sydney Cove in Port Jackson NSW

Tasmania

Australia

Norfolk Island in

Queensland

Victoria

Western

Convict Folk Songs 2 P37 1.Jim Jones was sentenced to a life of transportation. 2. Convicts wearing leg irons. 3. Getting too drunk. 4. Getting into mischief. 5. He would rather ‘drown in misery’ and join a passing pirate ship.

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South Australia

Convict Folk Songs 1 P36 1.Stealing. 2. 14 years transportation. 3. Because he is describing it as a bad place to live that will affect their lives negatively. 4. Ploughing the land. 5. As ‘hovels’ which are poorly built and have rotten straw for bedding. 6. To stay on the right side of the law and give up stealing.

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turned into prisons and workshops were built for the convicts to work. The Asylum was built to house older convicts who were ill. Date last convict removed from Port Arthur: 1877. After its closure: The site was renamed Carnarvon and land was divided and auctioned. People took up residence in and around the old site. Tourism: Tourists came to see the horrors that occurred at the prison. Tourists were so great in number that in the 1920s and 30s, three hotels and two museums were built and there were many tour guides operating in the area. Today it is still a historic site in Australia. Negative Impact on Aborigines P41 Smallpox and Malaria: These diseases had not previously existed on the isolated continent so Aborigines had no resistance to them and many groups were wiped out by the introduction of smallpox and by malaria epidemics. Cats and Foxes: The cats and foxes that the colonisers brought with them ate the wild animals that the Aborigines hunted and which sustained them. Cattle: The cattle that the colonisers introduced to the land fouled natural water sources, such as streams and rivers and made fresh water scarce. Boundaries and Fences: As the colonisers claimed more and more land and put up boundaries and fences, Aborigines were no longer free to move around the country and live off the land depending on the seasons. They were forced to inhabit parts of land which did not provide them with food to survive.

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1. Jobs which matched their skills and helped to develop the colonies such as, bricklayers, carpenters, nurses, servants, cattlemen, shepherds and farmers. Educated convicts were employed as record-keepers. 2. By marrying. 3. 7 years of transportation, 14 years of transportation or a life of transportation. 4. Port Arthur and Norfolk Island. 5. A ticket that freed a person of convict life.

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Convict Love P38 He is saying that time went slow when he was a convict, but now he is free, time passes more quickly for him.

Port Arthur Convict Colony P39 Location: Tasmania. Date became a colony: 1930. The 1840s: As the convict population grew in 1840s so did the building. A flour mill, granary, hospital and a separate prison was built to isolate some convicts. The 1850s and 60s: Fewer convicts arrived at the station as Britain stopped sending convicts to Australia. The flour mill and granary were 66

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History of Australia

Activity Page 5. 1824. 6. Students should draw and label soil, timber and fresh water. 7. Students should shade up to 80 kilometres. 8. Five days. The Gold Rush P51 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False 9. True 10. False

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The Eureka Flag P52 Students should label the Southern Cross, the Commonwealth Star and the Union Jack. The stars which create the southern cross represent Australia’s geographical position in the Southern Hemisphere. The Commonwealth Star represents all the different states and territories in Australia and the Union jack symbolises early colonisation of Australia. The Eureka flag:

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Early Explorers of the Land P45 1 = i, l, q 2 = c, k 3 = c, k 4=b 5 = c, h, n 6 = j, m 7 = d, p 8 = e, f 9=o 10 = g 11 = o 12 = o 13 = g 14 = g 15 = g 16 = g 17 = a 18 = a 19 = a Teacher to check map.

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Crossing the Blue Mountains P46 1. William Wentworth, Gregory Blaxland and William Lawson. 2. 1824. 3. To find new farming land to create food as there had been a bad drought in Australia that year and there were insufficient supplies of food to feed the population. 4. 1,000 metres high. 5. Dew and steep hillsides slowed them down and caused horses to fall and they had to wade their way through thick bushland. 6. They marked bark from trees on each side of their track. Students should draw fertile forest land. Students should draw and label six of the following: salted meat, flour, tents, hand guns, compasses, cutting tools, horses and dogs.

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John Oxley P47 1. Because it was mainly marsh land. 2. Students should draw and label a dingo, emu and a snake. 3. Rich and fertile. 4. The Peel River and Hasting River.

Bushranging P55 1. Away from built up area, in the bush or outback. 2. It means that someone has chosen to live a life that is not protected by the law. If they are killed, their killer will not be charged. 3. During the gold rush in the 1850s and 60s. Goldfields were isolated and many police had abandoned their duties to look for gold. 4. In the 1880s and 1900s. Areas became more populated, police became more efficient, communication technology and rail transport improved. This meant that bushrangers were more easily captured. 5. Escaped convicts who became bushrangers. 6. Because people would misinform police about 67

History of Australia

Activity Page bushrangers’ whereabouts and because they moved about so much in isolated areas. 7. ‘Bail up’ meant ‘stick ‘em up’. It was originally used to describe part of the process of fixing harnesses on bullock teams. It required a person to raise both arms to do up the straps.

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Criminal Record Age/Year: 14, 1869 Crime(s): assaulting a Chinese farmer Charges: dismissed after spending 10 days in custody Age/Year: 15, 1870 Crime(s): helping bushranger Harry Power Charges: dismissed Age/Year: 15, 1870 Crime(s): possession of a stolen horse Charges: three years in prison Age/Year: 23, 1878 Crime(s): shooting Fitzpatrick in the arm Charges: on the run Age/Year: 23, 1878 Crime(s): shooting three policemen at Stringybark Creek Charges: hanged in 1880

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The Wild Colonial Boy P56 1. He stole from people. He robbed wealthy squatters and destroyed their stock and robbed Judge MacEvoy. 2. The fourth line. 3. He had no fear and knew no danger and was not afraid to die. 4. To stay on the right side of the law or he would become an outlaw. 5. Policemen. 6. “I’ll fight but not surrender.” 7. He was captured by Davis, who shot him.

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Ned Kelly P62 Birth Certificate Name: Edward ‘Ned’ Kelly Date of birth: 1854 Place of Birth: Victoria Nationality: Australian Gender: Male Father: John Kelly Nationality: Irish Mother: Ellen Kelly

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Ben Hall P60 1. He was a stockman and a farmer. 2. He was wrongly arrested for highway robbery and spent a month in gaol. While in gaol, his house was vandalised and burnt down and his cattle were killed or stolen. His wife ran away with an ex-policeman, taking their child. He wanted revenge. 3. The Eugowra Robbery, highway robberies and raids on towns, banks, stores and inns in the Lachlan Plains area. 4. He told police of his whereabouts in exchange for a £2000 reward. 5. So the police didn’t shoot and defeat him.

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