Primary Australian History: Book C - Ages 7-8 by Teacher Superstore

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Primary Australian history (Book A) Primary Australian history (Book B) Primary Australian history (Book D) Primary Australian history (Book E) Primary Australian history (Book F) Primary Australian history (Book G)

This master may only be reproduced by the original purchaser for use with their class(es). The publisher prohibits the loaning or onselling of this master for the purposes of reproduction.

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Date of Purchase:

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Signature of Purchaser:

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School Order# (if applicable):

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In some cases, websites or specific URLs may be recommended. While these are checked and rechecked at the time of publication, the publisher has no control over any subsequent changes which may be made to webpages. It is strongly recommended that the class teacher checks all URLs before allowing students to access them.

View all pages online PO Box 332 Greenwood Western Australia 6924

Website: www.ricpublications.com.au Email: mail@ricgroup.com.au

Primary Australian history

Foreword Primary Australian history is a series of seven books designed to provide students with an awareness of the chronology of major events in the history of Australia and the significance of these events in shaping the nation. Titles in this series are: • Primary Australian history Book A

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Primary Australian history Book B

• Primary Australian history Book C

• Primary Australian history Book D

• Primary Australian history Book F

• Primary Australian history Book G

Contents

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• Primary Australian history Book E

Teachers notes ........................................................................................................................................iv – xv

How to use this book ............................................................................................................................. iv – v

Curriculum links .......................................................................................................................................... vi

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Useful Australian history resources .............................................................................................................. vii Historical literacy skills..........................................................................................................................viii - ix Public holidays .............................................................................................................................................x Time line of major Australian and world events .......................................................................................xi – xv

Federation ................................................ 50–53

Aboriginal Australians .................................... 6–9

Changing states ........................................ 54–57

Dreamtime stories ..................................... 10–13

A new flag for a new nation........................ 58–61

The legend of the Three Sisters .................. 14–17

World War I: Simpson and his donkey ......... 62–65

Maritime exploration...................................... 18–21

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Discovering Australia ................................. 18–21

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A new nation.................................................. 50–73

The first Australians ....................................... 2–5

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The beginning .................................................. 2–17

World War II: The Kokoda Track................... 66–69

A multicultural nation ................................. 70–73

People and politics ........................................ 74–77

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Early settlement............................................. 22–37

The First Fleet ........................................... 22–25

Leading Australia ....................................... 74–77

The convicts.............................................. 26–29

Modern Australia ........................................... 78–97

Wanted: Skilled convicts ............................ 30–33

Australian inventions.................................. 78–81

Ned Kelly .................................................. 34–37

Aboriginal Australians today ....................... 82–85

Discoveries .................................................... 38–45

Matthew Flinders ....................................... 38–41 Gold! Gold! Gold! ....................................... 42–45 Progress ........................................................ 46–49 Land transport........................................... 46–49

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One famous Australian............................... 86–89 A sporting history ...................................... 90–93 Past, present and future............................. 94–97

Quizzes ........................................................ 98–109 Quiz answers ............................................. 110–111

Primary Australian history

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Teachers notes How to use this book The sections of this book incorporate an introduction to some of the major events to have influenced the course of Australian history. In the early levels, the activities are intended to form a basis for future learning about historical events. The events have been arranged, in part, to follow the chronology of events from the migration of the Australian Aboriginals to the modern day. Each section contains one or more main historical events. The sections are:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • The beginning

• Maritime exploration

• Early settlement

• Discoveries

• Progress

• A new nation

• People and politics

• Modern Australia

Topics within the sections follow a similar four-page format of a teachers page followed by three (3) student pages. The three student pages may be about different individual aspects of an historical event or time or three connected activities associated with one historical event.

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Features

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• A series of quick multiple choice quizzes for each topic is provided on pages 102–116. All answers are supplied. • Curriculum links for Society and environment and English are provided on page vi.

• A list of useful R.I.C. Publications resources for teacher support for each section of the book is printed on page vii. • An explanation of the fi ve broad historical literacy skills is provided on page viii. • A list of public holidays relevant to Australia’s history and celebrated by each state is provided on page x. • For teacher reference a time line of major Australian and world events from 1788 to the present is on pages xi to xiv. • A list of Australian Prime Ministers since Federation is given on page xv.

Teachers page

The teachers page contains the following information:

Indicators state literacy outcomes for reading and comprehending the informational text and outcomes relating to cross-curricular activities on other student pages.

The title of the text indicates the person or event in Australian history.

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The page number for the quiz questions relating to each section is given.

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A time line is included to place events in chronological order and also to indicate similar or significant events occurring during the same time frame elsewhere in Australia or the world.

Worksheet information provides additional information to place the topic in context with events of the time. It also includes specific details about the use of the worksheet if required.

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Answers are provided where necessary. Open-ended tasks require the teacher to check the answers.

Further exploration activities offer suggestions for developing the knowledge and understanding of the topic or for widening the scope of the knowledge by investigating similar people or events.

Primary Australian history

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Teachers notes How to use this book

Student pages The student pages follow the following format: • The fi rst student page is an informational text, providing details and dates of key people and/or events and the significance of their role in Australian history. • The second student page includes a variety of comprehension activities to establish student understanding of the text.

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• The fi nal student page is a cross-curricular activity designed to deepen understanding of the topic or to widen the scope of knowledge.

Student pages

• The title of the topic.

• Informational text about the topic.

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• The title of the topic.

• Comprehension activities to establish understanding. Answers for these activities are provided on the teachers page.

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• Fact ﬁle: An interesting fact is included to extend knowledge.

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• The title reflects the activity to be completed.

• Fact ﬁle: An interesting fact is included to extend knowledge.

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Primary Australian history

Teachers notes

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Curriculum links

Society and Environment

NSW

RS1.5, RS1.6, RS1.7, WS1.9, WS1.10, WS1.11

CCS1.1, CCS1.2, CUS1.3, CUS1.4, ENS1.6, SSS1.7, SSS1.8

Vic.

ENRE0201, ENRE0202, ENRE0203, ENRE0204, ENRE0205, ENRE0206, ENWR0201, ENWR0202, ENWR0203

SOSE0201, SOSE0202, SOSE0203

V2.2, V2.3, V2.4, R2.1, R2.2, R2.3, R2.4, W2.1, W2.2, W2.3, W2.4

ICP2.1, ICP2.2, ICP2.3, ICP2.4, PS2.1, PS2.2, PS2.3, R2.1, R2.2, R2.3, C2.1, C2.2, C2.3, TCC2.1, TCC2.2, TCC2.3, NSS2.1, NSS2.2, NSS2.3

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English

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State

2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10

Qld

Refer to <www.qsa.edu.au >.

TCC2.1, TCC2.2, TCC2.3, TCC2.4, TCC2.5, PS2.4, CI2.2, CI2.5

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Teachers notes

Useful Australian history resources

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There are a number of R.I.C. Publications’ titles which may be used to extend knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of the history of Australia.

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• Primary society and environment — a seven-book series which includes a number of relevant Primary Australian history topics • Aboriginal studies — a three-book series

• Australian studies — a three-book series • Gold in Australia — a single book for upper primary • Anzac Day — a single book for use throughout the primary school • Australian special days — a three-book series

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• Australian Aboriginal culture — a four-book series

• Change in the 20th century — a three-book series

• Australian explorers — a single book for upper primary

• Famous Australians — a three-book series for middle to upper primary

• Australian politics — a single book for upper primary

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• Successful Australians — a single book for upper primary • Australia on the map 1606–2006 — a two-book series for middle to upper primary

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• Current affairs — a single book for middle to upper primary

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• Australian identity — a single book for upper primary • Democracy – a single book for upper primary

State government websites are a valuable source for information about individual states. • http://www.nsw.gov.au/ • http://www.vic.gov.au/ • http://www.tas.gov.au/ • http://www.qld.gov.au/ • http://www.wa.gov.au/ • http://www.nt.gov.au/ • http://www.act.gov.au/ • http://www.sa.gov.au/

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Primary Australian history

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Teachers notes

Historical literacy skills

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Historical events do not occur in isolation; therefore, it is important for students to appreciate the context as well as the content of an event. Historical literacy skills allow students to demonstrate the depth of their knowledge and understanding of an event. The five broad areas of historical literacy skills are:

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1. Understanding chronology

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• Students understand and use words and phrases linked to the passing of time.

• Students appreciate that the past can be divided into different eras between which there are similarities and differences. • Students describe how life today is different from that in any era of the past.

• Students order events, people and eras chronologically, using dates and CE (Common Era) and BCE (Before Common Era) conventions. 2. Understanding continuity and change • Students demonstrate an awareness of people and events beyond living memory.

• Students consider reasons why certain events occurred and how decisions made affected the outcome of events.

• Students look at events from the viewpoints of all parties involved and consider why some people had more infl uence than others. • Students compare and contrast characteristics of different eras. 3. Interpreting historical information

• Students recognise the difference between and the value and reliability of primary* and secondary* sources.

• Students understand the cause and effect of an event using a range of sources and study it from different aspects. 4. Questioning historical information

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5. Organising and communicating information

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• Students use literal, inferential and applied questioning techniques to learn about the past from a range of sources.

• Students use a range of presentation techniques to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of people, events and eras of the past.

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Developing historical literacy skills in the classroom

Young students will only be able to learn some of the historical literacy skills mentioned above. However, through discussion and correct oral questioning, a foundation can be laid to develop more difficult historical literacy skills as students mature and gain confidence. * Primary sources are usually original documents which contain fi rst-hand information about a topic. Some primary sources are diaries, letters, autobiographies, interviews, original works of art or artefacts, photographs, and surveys. * Secondary sources are second-hand versions. They are edited primary sources or commentary on, or discussion about, primary sources. Some secondary sources are bibliographies, journal articles, reports, biographies, commentaries, newspaper and magazine articles. For the purposes of this series of books, fictional primary sources have been created.

‘Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.’ George Santayana 1863–1952

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Teachers notes Organising and communicating information

Questioning historical information

Interpreting historical information

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Notes

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Name

Understanding continuity and change

Understanding chronology

Historical literacy skills class record

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Primary Australian history

Teachers notes

Public holidays

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All states and territories of Australia observe a number of special days each year, most of which are not public holidays. While many of the public holidays celebrated are also observed in other parts of the world, such as Christmas, Easter and the Queen’s Birthday holiday, a number of them celebrate events specific to Australian history.

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Some days are observed on the same date throughout Australia, while others vary among states and territories. Public holidays are listed below. • Australia Day — 26 January — national public holiday

This day commemorates the founding of the fi rst British settlement at Sydney Cove in 1788, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, by the First Fleet.

• Anzac Day — 25 April — national public holiday

This day commemorates the landing of the ANZAC troops at Gallipoli on this day in 1915, but also serves as a reminder of all who have fought or served in the defence forces for Australia. A holiday on this day is also observed in New Zealand, Tonga and Western Samoa.

• Labour Day — first Monday in October for NSW, SA and ACT; second Monday in March for Vic. and Tas.; first Monday in May for Qld; first Monday in March for WA — national public holiday This day commemorates the eight-hour working day which was established in 1871. • Canberra Day — third Monday in March — ACT only

This day celebrates the official naming of Canberra at a ceremony on 12 March 1913 by Lady Denman, wife of Lord Denman, the Governor-General at the time.

This day celebrates the day in 1836 when South Australia was proclaimed a province.

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• Foundation Day — ﬁrst Monday in June — Western Australia only

This day celebrates the foundation of the Swan River Colony on 1 July 1829.

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Primary Australian history

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• Proclamation Day — 28 December — South Australia only

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) The beginning – 1799

>60 000 BCE: Aboriginal Australians are thought to have arrived in Australia. 35 000 BCE: Aboriginal Australians are thought to have reached Tasmania.

1300: Marco Polo discusses the possibility of a great unexplored southern land.

1606: Luis Vaez de Torres sails through the Torres Strait.

1606: Willem Janszoon, sailing in Duyfken, makes the first European discovery of Australia.

1616: Dirk Hartog, a Dutch explorer, sails to Western Australia.

1622: Trial is shipwrecked off the coast of Western Australia.

1629: Batavia is shipwrecked off the coast of Western Australia.

1642: Abel Tasman makes the fist European discovery of Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania).

1688: William Dampier, English explorer, arrives on the west coast of Australia.

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1701–1714: War of the Spanish Succession occurs. 1708: First accurate map of China is drawn.

1712: First practical steam-powered piston engine is invented.

1713: Britain becomes the dominant force in North America.

1715: France takes control of Mauritius.

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1705: Edmund Halley predicts the return of a comet.

1716–1720: China invades Tibet.

1719: Daniel Defoe writes Robinson Crusoe.

1721: French and English East India companies compete for trade in India.

1722: The Dutch reach the Samoan Islands and Easter Island.

1725: The Gujin Tushu Jicheng encyclopedia is printed in China.

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1728: Danish explorer is the first European to cross the Bering Strait.

1739–1748: The War of Jenkins’ Ear is fought between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean. 1739: Highwayman Dick Turpin is hanged in Britain.

1747: British Royal Navy introduces lime rations to prevent scurvy.

1752: Great Britain adopts the Gregorian calendar.

1754–1763: The French and Indian War takes place in North America. 1755: Samuel Johnson’s dictionary is first published.

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1756–1763: The first global conflict, the Seven Years War, occurs.

1757: The sextant is invented by John Campbell.

1761: The marine chronometer is invented by John Harrison.

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1762–1796: Catherine the Great begins her reign as Empress of Russia.

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1765: James Watt develops the steam engine.

1766–1769: Frenchman Louis-Antoine de Bougainville circumnavigates the globe.

1769: Napoleon Bonaparte, later to become Emperor of France, is born.

1770: Captain James Cook lands on the more hospitable east coast of Australia and claims it for Britain.

1771: The first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica is published.

1775–1783: The American War of Independence occurs.

1779: James Cook is murdered in Hawaii.

1788: The First Fleet, under the command of Arthur Phillip, arrives at Sydney Cove and the NSW colony is founded.

1789: Mutineers on HMS Bounty cast William Bligh adrift in an open boat on the Pacific Ocean.

1789–1799: The French Revolution occurs.

1793: The first free settlers arrive in Australia.

1798: George Bass and Matthew Flinders circumnavigate Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania).

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 1800–1899

1802: the first steamship, Charlotte Dundas, is built.

1804: The first steam rail locomotive is built.

1804: Hobart Town is established in Van Diemen’s Land (now known as Tasmania).

1812: Grimms’ fairy tales, by the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, is published.

1813: Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth locate a path through the Blue Mountains.

1816: Shaka becomes leader of the Zulus.

1818: Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, is published.

1819: Thomas Stamford Raffles founds the British colony of Singapore.

1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena.

1822: Tea is cultivated in India, ending China’s monopoly.

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1822: The Rosetta Stone is deciphered by Frenchman Jean Francois Champollion, the ‘Father of Egyptology’. 1823: The game of rugby is invented.

1824: ‘Australia’ is officially adopted as the name for the first colony.

1825: Van Diemen’s Land is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1829: Swan River Colony is founded.

1832: Swan River Colony is renamed Western Australia.

1833: Port Arthur opens as a penal settlement in Van Diemen’s Land.

1836: South Australia is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1837: Queen Victoria begins her reign.

1840: Treaty of Waitangi is signed in New Zealand.

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1845–1848: The Irish potato famine occurs.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Gold is discovered in California. The gold rush begins near Bathurst in New South Wales. Victoria is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales. David Livingstone crosses Africa.

1853: Last convict transportation to Van Diemen’s Land.

1853: The railway and telegraph are introduced in India.

1854: The Eureka Rebellion occurs in Victoria.

1856: Van Diemen’s Land is renamed Tasmania.

1859: Queensland is proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales.

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1848: 1851: 1852–1856:

1861: Archer wins the first Melbourne Cup. 1862: France begins to colonise Vietnam.

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1864: The Red Cross organisation is established.

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1865: Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s adventures in Wonderland is published.

1866: The Ku Klux Klan movement is begun in the USA.

1868: The last convicts are transported to Australia.

1873: Uluru (Ayers Rock) is sighted by Europeans for the first time.

1873: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the ‘Mounties’, are formed.

1876: Sioux and Cheyenne warriors defeat the American army in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

1880: Ned Kelly is hanged in Melbourne.

1883: The Federal Council of Australasia is formed.

1885: Gold is discovered in the Transvaal (Gauteng).

1887: The Raffles Hotel in Singapore is opened.

1889: Sir Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration.

1890: Massacre of Native Americans occurs at Wounded Knee.

1894: Rudyard Kipling’s The jungle book is published.

1899–1902: Boer War takes place in South Africa

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Primary Australian history

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 1900–1999

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1901: Lord Hopetoun proclaims the Commonwealth of Australia. 1901: Queen Victoria dies. 1902: The Franchise Act gives non-Indigenous women throughout Australia the right to vote. 1903: Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first powered flight. 1905: British New Guinea is transferred to Australian administration. 1909: Canberra chosen as capital city of Australia. 1911: Northern Territory is transferred from South Australian control to the Commonwealth. 1912: Titanic sinks during her maiden voyage from Britain to the United States. 1914: The Panama Canal in Central America opens, connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans for shipping. 1914–1918: Australian troops fight in World War I. 1915: ANZAC troops land at Gallipoli. 1917: Tsar Nicholas II and his family are assassinated in Russia. 1919: Amritsar Massacre takes place in India. 1920: Qantas is formed as an airline. 1920: Australia takes control of German New Guinea. 1923: Tutankhamen’s tomb is opened. 1923: Vegemite™ is first produced. 1927: The first Federal Parliament is held in Canberra.

The Royal Flying Doctor Service is established in Australia. 1929: The Wall Street Crash takes place. 1932: Sydney Harbour Bridge opens. 1932–1933: The ‘Bodyline’ cricket tour of Australia takes place. 1933: Western Australia passes a referendum for secession from the Federation of Australia, but it is rejected by the British Parliament. 1933: Australia Antarctic Territory is established. 1939–1945: Australian troops fight in World War II. 1946: The Cold War between the USA and the USSR begins. 1948: The first all-Australian car is produced—the Holden (FX) 48-215. 1950–1953: Australian troops fight in the Korean War. 1953: Mount Everest is climbed by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. 1956: Melbourne hosts the Olympics. 1957: The Soviet Union launches the first artificial satellite, Sputnik. 1959–1975: Australian troops fight in the Vietnam War (from 1965). 1961: Russian Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space. 1969: Apollo 11 space mission—Armstrong and Aldrin land on the moon. 1971: Neville Bonner becomes the first Aboriginal Australian federal Member of Parliament. 1973: The Sydney Opera House opens. 1975: The Khmer Rouge take control of government in Cambodia. 1981: Asian immigration into Australia increases. 1983: Australia wins the America’s Cup. 1986: Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster occurs. 1988: Bicentenary of European settlement in Australia. The new Parliament House opens in Canberra. 1989: Tiananmen Square Massacre occurs in Beijing. 1990: Nelson Mandela is freed from captivity in South Africa after 27 years. 1991: The Cold War officially ends with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. 1994: Nelson Mandela is elected president of South Africa. 1995: Israeli Prime Minister, Yitznak Rabin, is assassinated. 1996: John Howard is elected Prime Minister. 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales, is killed in a car crash. Head of Yagan is returned to Australia. 1998: World population reaches six billion. 1999: A massive hailstorm hits Sydney, causing $1.7 billion in damage.

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 2000–2007

2000: John Howard’s Liberal government introduces the goods and services tax (GST).

Sydney hosts the Summer Olympics.

2001: Australia celebrates the centenary of Federation of Australia.

The World Trade Centre towers in New York City are destroyed by terrorists. 2001 Mars Odyssey reaches the orbit of Mars.

2002: The euro is officially launched as the new single currency for 12 of the European Union’s member states.

Terrorist bombings in Bali nightclubs kill 202 people.

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East Timor gains independence from Indonesia.

Brazil wins the Football World Cup for the fifth time.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spreads around the world. 2002–2003: Athens hosts the Summer Olympics.

2003: US-led coalition force invades Iraq, beginning the Iraq War.

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Space shuttle Columbia disaster occurs.

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Chinese space program launches its first manned space flight, Shenzhou 5 Almost 35 000 people in Europe die as a result of a prolonged heatwave. Australia wins the Cricket World Cup. England wins the Rugby World Cup. 2004–2005: The Orange Revolution takes place in Ukraine.

2004: Australia and the USA sign a free trade agreement.

An Indian Ocean earthquake creates a tsunami which kills more than 260 000 people. The Madrid train terrorist attack claims the lives of 191 people and injures over 1000.

Hurricanes Charley, Francis, Ivan and Jeanne cause over 3000 deaths as they batter the Caribbean.

2005: Hurricane Katrina causes major destruction along the Gulf Coast of the US, killing almost 2000 people.

An earthquake in Kashmir claims the lives of almost 90 000 Indians and Pakistanis. The London transport terrorist attack claims the lives of 52 people and injures 700.

A terrorist attack in Delhi on the eve of the festival season kills 61 people and injures almost 200 more. In cricket, England wins the Ashes by defeating Australia. American Lance Armstrong wins the Tour de France for the seventh time. 2006: North Korea conducts its first nuclear weapons test.

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Pluto is reclassified as a dwarf planet. Saddam Hussein is executed in Baghdad. Steve Irwin, the ‘crocodile hunter’, dies after being fatally pierced by a stingray barb.

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Melbourne hosts the Commonwealth Games.

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Australia regains the Ashes from England. Italy wins the Football World Cup.

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2007: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit is held in Sydney.

Buddhist monks in Burma protest against military rule in the country. Australia wins the Cricket World Cup.

South Africa wins the Rugby World Cup.

Kevin Rudd (ALP) elected Prime Minister.

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2008: Federal Parliament offers an official apology to the ‘stolen generations’ on behalf of the Australian Government.

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Australian Prime Ministers since Federation Prime Minister

Term and length of office

Political party

Sir Edmund Barton

01/01/1901 – 24/09/1903

2 years 9 months

Protectionist

Alfred Deakin

24/09/1903 – 27/04/1904

0 years 7 months

Protectionist

Chris Watson

27/04/1904 – 18/08/1904

0 years 4 months

Labor

Sir George Reid

18/08/1904 – 05/07/1905

0 years 11 months

Free Trade

Alfred Deakin

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S 3 years 4 months

Protectionist

13/11/1908 – 02/06/1909

0 years 7 months

Labor

02/06/1909 – 29/04/1910

0 years 11 months

Commonwealth Liberal

29/04/1910 – 24/06/1913

3 years 2 months

Labor

24/06/1913 – 17/09/1914

1 year 3 months

Commonwealth Liberal

Andrew Fisher

17/09/1914 – 27/10/1915

1 year 1 month

Billy Hughes

27/10/1915 – 09/02/1923

7 years 4 months

Stanley Bruce

09/02/1923 – 22/10/1929

6 years 9 months

James Scullin

22/10/1929 – 06/01/1932

2 years 3 months

Joseph Lyons

06/01/1932 – 07/04/1939

7 years 3 months

Sir Earle Page

07/04/1939 – 26/04/1939

0 years 3 weeks

Robert Menzies

26/04/1939 – 28/08/1941

2 years 4 months

United Australia

Arthur Fadden

28/08/1941 – 07/10/1941

0 years 6 weeks

Country

John Curtin

07/10/1941 – 05/07/1945

3 years 9 months

Labor

Frank Forde

05/07/1945 – 13/07/1945

0 years 1 week

Labor

Ben Chifley

13/07/1945 – 19/12/1949

4 years 5 months

Sir Robert Menzies

19/12/1949 – 26/01/1966

16 years 1 month

Harold Holt

26/01/1966 – 19/12/1967

1 year 11 months

19/12/1967 – 10/01/1968

0 years 3 weeks

10/01/1968 – 10/03/1971

3 years 2 months

Liberal

10/03/1971 – 05/12/1972

1 year 9 months

Liberal

05/12/1972 – 11/11/1975

2 years 11 months

Labor

Malcolm Fraser

11/11/1975 – 11/03/1983

7 years 4 months

Liberal

Bob Hawke

11/03/1983 – 20/12/1991

8 years 9 months

Labor

Paul Keating

20/12/1991 – 11/11/1996

4 years 3 months

Labor

John Howard

11/11/1996 – 03/12/2007

11 years 9 months

Liberal

Andrew Fisher Alfred Deakin

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Andrew Fisher Sir Joseph Cook

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05/07/1905 – 13/11/1908

Labor

Labor/Nationalist Nationalist Labor

United Australia

Sir John McEwen John Gorton

Sir William McMahon Gough Whitlam

Kevin Rudd

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Country

Labor

Liberal

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03/12/2007 –

R.I.C. Publications®

Liberal

Country

Labor

Primary Australian history

The fi rst Australians The beginning

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line 50 000 years ago (approx.)

• Reads and understands information about traditional Aboriginal Australian life. • Identifi es the ways Aboriginal Australians hunted and gathered food.

Worksheet information

40 000 years ago (approx.) Land bridge to Tasmania disappears.

8000 years ago (approx.)

• Australia’s Indigenous people arrived around 50 000 years ago, when Asia and Australia were still connected by a land bridge. Over time, much of the continent came to be occupied and cut off from Asia as a result of rising sea levels. Aboriginal Australians learned to live off the land and developed a close connection with it through that knowledge and dependence. The men hunted and the females gathered in this seminomadic way of life, with the actual diet depending on the area in which the group lived and the time of year.

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Aboriginal Australians migrate to Australia from Asia.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 98.

The Torres Strait Islands are formed when the land bridge between Australia and New Guinea is ﬂooded by rising seas.

Answers Page 4 1. Answers will vary but should be similar to:

(b) sources: places things come from or are received from

(c) reptiles: cold-blooded, usually egg-laying animals such as snakes, lizards, crocodiles and turtles (d) gather: assemble things or people, bring them together

2. The Aboriginal Australians had a close relationship with the land because they depended on it for food and shelter and because they knew it deeply.

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3. Pictures might include kangaroos, wallabies, echidnas, snakes, turtles, ducks, parrots, fi sh. 4. Answers might include berries, yams, fruits, ﬂ ower seeds.

5. They moved from place to place depending on the season and availability of food. Page 5 Wallaby: boomerang/spear, men.

o c . che e r o t r s super Berries: hand, women and children. Possums: boomerang/spear, men.

Eggs: hands/digging stick, women and children. Seeds: hands/bowls, women and children. Ducks: boomerangs/spears, men.

Further exploration

• Listen to and retell a range of Aboriginal Dreaming stories and Torres Strait Islander legends of food gathering and hunting. Retell the stories orally, through, song, dance and drama. • Learn spelling of relevant words from this chapter. • Invite Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders to visit the school for cultural activities, including tasting traditional foods. • Learn some words for different plants and animals from Aboriginal languages using songs and actions.

Primary Australian history

R.I.C. Publications®

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T he b e

The first Australians – 1

ing

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

Over 40 000 years ago, during the last great Ice Age, Australia was probably joined by land to New Guinea. People and animals could have walked between the two places, and this may be how the first Aboriginal Australians came to live in Australia. When the ice began to melt, water covered the land in between, and Aboriginal Australians stayed in what is now called Australia. The rising sea levels also created the Torres Strait Islands.

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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people lived in most areas of Australia and the Torres Strait Islands. They learned about the animals, plants, weather and land. They were able to find enough food without farming plants or animals. They did this by moving from one place when the edible plants and animals were running low, to a new place. They moved when the seasons changed; for example, when it was hot and dry they moved closer to water sources. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people knew a lot about the seasons, the right times to find certain foods, and the right places to find them.

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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people had to catch and collect food every day of their lives. The men hunted animals, fish, birds and reptiles. Depending on where they lived they used spears and boomerangs to catch and kill kangaroos, wallabies, echidnas, snakes, ducks and parrots. The women collected berries, fruits, flowers, seeds and root vegetables like yams. Young children helped the women gather food.

o c . che e r o t r s super

The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people didn’t have big houses, just simple shelters made from bark and branches. Other times they stayed in caves and under rocky outcrops, especially in bad weather. The Aboriginal Australians had a very close connection to the land, because they knew so much about it and depended on it for food, water and shelter. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

T he b e

The first Australians – 2

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Answer the questions about the text on page 3. 1. Circle these words in the text then write what you think they mean. Use a dictionary to help.

(a) edible

(b) sources

r o e t s Bo r e p o u k (d) gather S Why did the Aboriginal Australians have a close connection to the land?

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Teac he r

3. Draw two things Aboriginal Australians men hunted.

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4. List three foods the Aboriginal Australian women collected.

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In the dry lake beds at Lake Mungo, in New South Wales, the bones of many extinct animals such as Tasmanian tigers and giant kangaroos have been found, along with skeletons and tools of Aboriginal Australians from over 40 000 years ago.

Primary Australian history

R.I.C. Publications®

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T he b e

What’s cooking?

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The following foods were hunted or gathered by many Aboriginal Australians. Use the text and other sources, such as the internet, to write how each item was collected and by which group member. Food

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

person

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Teac he r

wallaby

collection weapon/tool

berries

possums

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nuts and seeds

ducks

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eggs

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Recent archaeological evidence has suggested that the first Americans might have descended from Aboriginal Australians. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

Aboriginal Australians The beginning

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line 50 000 years ago (approx.)

• Reads and understands information about traditional Aboriginal Australian cultures. • Designs and creates a poster for NAIDOC week.

40 000 years ago (approx.)

Land bridge to Tasmania disappears.

8000 years ago (approx.)

The Torres Strait Islands are formed when the land bridge between Australia and New Guinea is ﬂooded by rising seas.

• Respect for elders was another common thread across the different groups. The elders, usually men, would gather to make important decisions for the group and to decide on punishments for law-breakers.

1937

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William Cooper calls for a Day of Mourning be held on Australia Day, 26 January 1938, to highlight the plight of Aboriginal Australians.

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The national NADOC committee calls for the Federal Government to declare National Aborigines Day a national public holiday.

1991

• The kinship system is the system of law governing social interaction in Aboriginal Australian culture that was a central part of every group. Groups are divided into skin groups, or moieties, creating strong incest avoidance rules and bonds across clans.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 98.

The Australian Aborigines Progressive Association (precursor to NAIDOC) is formed to try to raise awareness about the struggle of Aboriginal people. It is abandoned in 1927.

1984

• Aboriginal people lived in groups consisting of a number of families. Group size depended on climate and available resources. Possibly 500 different language groups existed, each occupying a particular stretch of country and speaking a different language. The languages were often so different from one group to the next that they could only communicate with signs and gestures.

Answers Page 8

1. Elders were responsible for teaching young children the rules of life, for making important decisions for the group and for deciding what the punishments would be when someone broke the law. c u l t u r e t g 2. Kinship is a system of rules about relationships between Aboriginal Australian u e a c t u n o r people. s l w o m l p o o 3. Wordsearch t d s v a e a l u 4. Rules were learned through listening to o e k i n s h i p stories and from instruction by the elders m r h s y z c b m and other group members. Page 9

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1924

Worksheet information

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Teac he r

Aboriginal Australians migrate to Australia from Asia.

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NADOC becomes known as NAIDOC, to include Torres Strait Islanders.

Teacher check

Further exploration

• Find out some of the rules in traditional Aboriginal Australian culture and compare them to the rules we have today. How are they different? • Look at ‘punishment’ and the way it is seen in different cultures.

• Compare the way Aboriginal Australians saw and respected their ‘elders’ with the way we treat the elderly in our society. • Students can discuss the rules at school and the consequences of breaking them. Can the students create a better system?

Primary Australian history

R.I.C. Publications®

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T he b e

Aboriginal Australians – 1

ing

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

The first Australians lived in big groups of families, hunting, fishing and gathering food as they moved through the land. In each group there could be a number of different families, and often this whole group was called ‘family’. Through this extended family, rules, customs and traditions were learned. Many different people could be called mother, father and aunty, depending on special ‘kinship’ rules.

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Kinship is a system of rules about relationships between Australian Aboriginal people, about responsibilities in those relationships, who can marry whom and many other parts of life. By learning the kinship rules, Australian Aboriginals knew how to act towards all the people in their group. For example, some people weren’t allowed to talk to each other. They had to pass on messages through other people.

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The kinship system formed part of Australian Aboriginal law. Other rules and laws were learned through stories and from the elders. The elders were the older men in the group who made the important decisions and decided what the punishment would be when someone broke the rules.

o c . che e r o While the kinship system was similar in every t r s s r u e p Australian Aboriginal group, most other parts of

every group’s culture were different. Tools, laws, ceremonies and languages were different in every group, and each group had a different name. At the time when the first European settlers came to Australia, there were about 250 different language groups. There was not one, but many different Australian Aboriginal cultures.

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Primary Australian history

T he b e

Aboriginal Australians – 2

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Answer these questions about the text on page 7. 1. What were elders responsible for in Aboriginal Australian groups?

Teac he r

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u What is kinship? S

3. Find these words in the word search.

many

culture

elder

tool

act

rules

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laws group kinship © R. I . C.P ubl i ccustom at i ons •f or r e vi ew p u r posesonl y• u l t u r e t g

o c . che e r o How were rules learned in Aboriginal Australian groups? t r s super

When the Europeans came to Australia, there were about 600 different clan groups around the continent, with distinctive cultures and beliefs.

Primary Australian history

R.I.C. Publications®

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T he b e

NAIDOC week

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Every year in Australia we celebrate Aboriginal Australian culture and the Indigenous contribution to modern Australia during NAIDOC week. NAIDOC stands for National Aborigines and Islanders Day Observance Committee.

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r o e t s BoDraw a design for a poster r A poster competition is held e each year for NAIDOC week. p people and culture. Paint youroposter that celebrates the Indigenous on a large sheet of u k paper. S

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One kinship rule banned men and their mother-in-laws from talking. They had to pass messages on through other people, and weren’t allowed to be in the same place at the same time. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Dreamtime stories The beginning

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line 50 000 to 60 000 BC

• Reads text and answers questions about the signifi cance of Aboriginal Dreamtime stories. • Reads Dreamtime stories about Uluru and matches illustrations to written descriptions.

40 000 BCE (approx.)

Aboriginal Australians migrate to Australia.

10 000 BCE (approx.)

Temperature rises, ice melts, sea levels rise, land bridges disappear.

• Uluru is located in the Kata Tjuta National Park which is the traditional lands of the Pitjantjatara and Yankunytjatjara people. They are locally known as Anangu. As with icebergs, Uluru is just the tip of a huge stone which is mostly underground. It is the remainder of what was once a mountain range. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 99.

Page 12

First European expedition sail around the Cape of Good Hope.

1. Everything was made during the Dreamtime.

3. Teacher check

1606

Torres Strait between New Guinea and Australia is discovered by Spanish explorer, Luis Vaez de Torres.

4. The spirits went back into the ground or turned into things such as stars, rocks etc. 5. (a) False (b) False (c) True

1606

(d) True

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Primary Australian history

Page 13 Story 1: Picture 3 Story 2: Picture 1 Story 3: Picture 2

o c . che e r o t r s super

Macassans from south-west Sulawesi trade with Aboriginal Australians.

European settlement in Australia.

6. They told Dreamtime stories to pass on their history from generation to generation.

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Dutch sea captain, Willem Jansz, and crew are the first Europeans to sight and (evidently) land on the Australian mainland at Cape York Peninsula.

• As the Aboriginal Australian people did not have a written language, they passed on their knowledge and wisdom from one generation to the next through storytelling, song, poetry, dance, drama and art.

Answers

1488 CE

1788

Worksheet information

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Teac he r

Last ice age. Australia is linked by land bridge to New Guinea and Tasmania.

Further exploration

• Read or listen to well-known Dreamtime stories such as Tiddalik the frog or The rainbow serpent. • Invite an Aboriginal elder or a local Indigenous person to talk to the class and tell Dreamtime stories.

R.I.C. Publications®

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Dreamtime stories – 1

T he b e

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The ‘Dreamtime’ or the ‘Dreaming’ is part of the Aboriginal Australian people’s culture. They believe that the Earth and everything on it was made during the Dreamtime. In the beginning, there was no sun, no moon, the land was flat and nothing lived. Then the spirits they believe were sleeping under the ground came out to make everything on Earth. They made the sun, the moon, the rivers, the mountains, the rocks, the sand, the lakes, the waterholes, the hills and the deserts.

Teac he r

When the spirits had finished making everything, they went back into the ground or turned into things such as stars, pools, waterholes, creeks or rocks.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u People, animals and plants were also made to live on the Earth. The spirits gave the S people laws and customs so they would know how to behave.

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The Dreamtime is a very important part of Aboriginal Australian life. Stories of the Dreamtime have been handed down for thousands of years to tell children about their history and culture. As the Aboriginal people did not have a written language, the stories were told by the elders and the children listened and remembered them. They were often told at night around a campfire. The stories were made more interesting and exciting by singing and dancing. Different Aboriginal groups had different songs and dances.

o c . cstories e Another way Dreamtime were passed down was through art. The most h r e o important way was by painting. Paintings of animals, plants and the spirits were drawn t r s s r u e p on rocks, cave walls and tree bark. Each painting told a story. The colours used were earth colours—yellows, reds, black and white. They were made from natural ingredients such as different coloured clay called ‘ochre’, plants or crushed charcoal from campfires. Each different Aboriginal group tells Dreamtime stories in its own special way, but many of the stories are very similar. They are all a way of passing on their history from generation to generation. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

T he b e

Dreamtime stories – 2

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Answer the questions about the text on page 11. 1. When do Aboriginal Australian people believe everything was made?

r o e t s Bo r e p o u knothing lived. and Smoon, the land was

2. Fill in the missing words from the text.

The Aboriginal people believe that in the beginning there was no sun,

Teac he r

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3. List four things made in the Dreamtime.

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5. Circle True or False.

(a) Aboriginal people had a written language.......................

(b) Aboriginal people read stories from books......................

(c)

(d)

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6. Why did Aboriginal people tell Dreamtime stories?

When painting stories, Aboriginal people used their hands, fingers, feathers, twigs and leaves. They also used their mouths to blow paint on the surface. 12

Primary Australian history

R.I.C. Publications®

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T he b e

The story of Uluru

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Uluru is found close the centre of Australia. It is the largest monolith in the world. A ‘monolith’ is a single, huge rock or stone. The traditional lands of the Anangu Aboriginal people are found around Uluru. Uluru is very special to the Anangu and they believe this is where their Dreamtime began. Dreamtime stories tell how Uluru got its shapes and features.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok Story 1 u S A small red lizard man came to visit Uluru. He had his ‘kali’ with him, which is a curved throwing stick. He threw it and it landed in the side of Uluru. The lizard man tried to dig it out with his hands which left hollows in the shape of bowls. Later, the lizard man died in a cave. His body became the boulders on the floor.

Picture 1

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Read the Dreamtime stories about Uluru. Draw lines to match the stories to the pictures and colour them in earth colours.

towards Uluru. But two blue-tongue lizard men killed it and chopped it up. The large pieces of meat became slabs of rock.

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Later, when the bellbird men came, the lizard men only gave them a small piece of meat. This made the bellbird men mad. They set fire to the lizard men’s home. The lizard men climbed up the rock face to try and escape. They fell and were burned to death. The smoke from the fire became the grey lichen on the rock. Their bodies are boulders partly buried in the ground.

Picture 3

Uluru is about 350 metres in height. If you walk around it you will be travelling 9.4 kilometres! It is 500 million years old. Uluru changes colour at different times of the day and the year. At sunset it glows red for a short time. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

The legend of the Three Sisters The beginning Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line 50 000 to 60 000 BC

• Reads text and answers questions to compare and contrast two Aboriginal Dreamtime stories.

40 000 BCE (approx.)

Aboriginal Australians migrate to Australia.

10 000 BCE (approx.)

Temperature rises, ice melts, sea levels rise, land bridges disappear.

1488 CE

Worksheet information

• As the Aboriginal Australian people did not have a written language, they orally passed on their knowledge and wisdom from one generation to the next. This was done through storytelling, song, poetry, dance and drama, as well as art. Each different Aboriginal group tells Dreamtime stories in its own special way, but the stories usually have similarities. They are all a way of passing on their history from generation to generation.

• Discuss the similarities and differences between the two stories before students complete the table on page 16. They should use keywords and phrases in the table. It can be completed individually, in pairs or with teacher guidance. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 99.

First European expedition sail around the Cape of Good Hope.

Answers

1606

Page 16 Story 1:

Torres Strait between New Guinea and Australia is discovered by Spanish explorer, Luis Vaez de Torres.

(a) The legend of the Three Sisters

Dutch sea captain, Willem Jansz, and crew are first Europeans to sight and (evidently) land on Australian mainland at Cape York Peninsula.

(d) Teacher check

European settlement in Australia.

(e) witchdoctor from Katoomba tribe (f) to save them from being hurt in battle (g) witchdoctor killed in battle Story 2:

Macassans from south-west Sulawesi trade with Aboriginal Australians

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(b) Meehni, Wimlah, Gunnedoo

(a) The legend of The Three Sisters (b) Meehni, Wimlah, Gunnedoo

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1700s

1788

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Teac he r

Last ice age. Australia is linked by land bridge to New Guinea and Tasmania.

• Reads text and answers questions about the Dreamtime story of Goo-Goor-Gaga the kookaburra.

o c . che e r o t r s super (c) Blue Mountains (d) Teacher check

(e) witchdoctor who was their father

(f) to save them from being hurt by the bunyip

1813

(g) witchdoctor lost his magic bone

Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth cross the Blue Mountains.

Page 17 1. sun

2. It landed on a heap of fi rewood, smashed and the yolk burst into ﬂ ames. 3. (b), (a), (d), (c)

Further exploration • Read or listen to different versions of Dreamtime stories such as Tiddalik the frog or The rainbow serpent. Discuss the similarities and differences among the different versions. • Study a map of the area around the location of The Three Sisters. Note any Aboriginal placenames and try to fi nd out the meaning; e.g. Katoomba is a town named after an Aboriginal word ‘kedumba’ meaning ‘shiny, falling waters’.

Primary Australian history

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The legend of the Three Sisters – 1

T he b e

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The Three Sisters is a formation of three huge rocks which is found in the Blue Mountains, west of Sydney, in New South Wales. The Aboriginal people have Dreamtime stories about how the Three Sisters were made. Dreamtime stories are not always the same. Read the two Dreamtime stories below and talk about what is the same and what is different.

Teac he r

Mountains. Their names were Meehni, Wimlah and Gunnedoo.

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r o e t s Bo r e p o u k Story 1 : The legend of the Three Sisters S Long ago, there were three beautiful sisters from the Katoomba group in the Blue

The three sisters fell in love with three brothers from the Nepean group. The sisters and brothers wanted to marry each other. However, they were not allowed to marry because of tribal law. The brothers were not happy with this decision and tried to capture the sisters. A great battle began between the two groups and the sisters’ lives were in danger. A witchdoctor from the Katoomba group turned the sisters into rocks so they wouldn’t be hurt. Unfortunately, the witchdoctor was killed in battle. This meant that the three sisters could not be turned back into girls as only he had the spell.

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Story 2 : The legend of the Three Sisters

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And that is how The Three Sisters were made.

Long ago, in the Blue Mountains, there were three beautiful sisters. Their names were Meehni, Wimlah and Gunnedoo. Their father was a witchdoctor named Tyawan.

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An evil bunyip spirit also lived in the mountains. One day, Tyawan went hunting and left his daughters safely away from the bunyip behind a rocky ledge. Later that day, a centipede suddenly appeared near to where the girls were playing. They screamed in fright and Meehni threw a stone at it. The stone rolled over the cliff and landed near the bunyip, waking him.

o c . che e r o t r s super The angry bunyip started to move towards the girls. Luckily, their father saw what was

happening and used his magic bone to turn the girls into rocks so they would be safe. The bunyip started chasing Tyawan, who turned himself into a lyrebird. But he had dropped his magic bone and could not find it. This meant the three sisters could not be turned back into girls. And Tyawan is still a lyrebird, calling out to his rock daughters as he looks for the bone. And that is how the Three Sisters were made. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

T he b e

The legend of the Three Sisters – 2

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Answer the questions in the table below about the stories on page 15, to find out what is similar and what is different about them. Story 1 What is the name of the story?

Teac he r

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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What are the names of the three sisters?

Story 2

Where did they live?

What happened before they were turned into rocks?

Why were they turned into rocks?

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Why couldn’t they be turned back into girls?

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Who turned them into rocks?

o c . che e r o t r s super

As you look at the Three Sisters from left to right, they are 922, 918 and 906 metres in height. 16

Primary Australian history

R.I.C. Publications®

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Goo-Goor-Gaga the kookaburra

T he b e

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Read the Dreamtime story and answer the questions. Long ago in the Dreamtime, there was no sun, only the moon, the stars and the animals and the plants. One day, an emu and a brolga were out on the plains. They began to argue. The brolga became so angry that she raced over to the emu’s nest and snatched one of her eggs. She threw it high up into the sky. It landed on a heap of firewood and smashed. The yellow yolk spilled everywhere and burst into flames. The flames lit up the whole world below.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S The creatures were amazed at the bright light. They were used to it being almost dark all the time. A spirit noticed how wonderful the world looked now. He thought it would be a good idea to light a fire every day. He would send out the morning star to let the creatures know the fire would soon be lit. However, the creatures who were asleep did not see the star. The spirit decided that a noise was needed to wake the sleepers. One day he heard Goo-Goor-Gaga, the kookaburra, laughing. His laughter filled the air. What a great sound! He asked the kookaburra to laugh every morning just before sunrise. 1.

stars

And that is what the kookaburra has done ever since.

animals

sun

moon

plants

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2. What happened after the brolga threw the emu’s egg into the sky?

. te in order. List these events o c . c e hthe r (a) The spirit sent out morning star........................................................... er o t s s r u e p (b) The spirit decided to light a fire every day..................................................

(d) The spirit noticed some creatures were still sleeping..................................

The word ‘kookaburra’ comes from an Aboriginal Australian word of the Wiradjuri people, ‘guuguugbarra’. It sounds like the laughing call the bird makes. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Discovering Australia Maritime exploration

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line

1570 (approx.)

• Reads information and answers questions about early Dutch visits to Australia, specifi cally those of Abel Tasman and Willem Janszoon.

Willem Janszoon is born in the Netherlands.

1603 1606

Willem Janszoon in Duyfken sails from western New Guinea into the Gulf of Carpentaria, and makes a landfall in Queensland.

1616

Dirk Hartog lands on the west coast of Australia.

1618

Captain Lenaert Jacobszoon and Willem Janszoon in the ship Mauritius sight the coast at North West Cape in Western Australia.

Answers Page 20

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Leeuwin is almost shipwrecked at the south-western extremity of Western Australia, now called Cape Leeuwin.

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Tasman with three ships follows the south coast of New Guinea to the Australian north coast. He maps this area and makes observations on the land and its people.

1659 Abel Tasman dies in Batavia.

1999 Duyfken replica is launched in Fremantle, Western Australia.

Primary Australian history

2. Duyfken, which means ‘Little Dove’.

4. Teacher check

Tasman is sent to discover the ‘Unknown Southland’. He sights the west coast of Tasmania and names the land Van Diemen’s Land.

1644

1. Willem Janszoon sailed to Australia to fi nd new countries and peoples to trade with, especially for spices and treasures like gold. 3. Tasman’s trip was considered a failure because he discovered no new trading possibilities or treasures.

Abel Tasman marries second wife.

• For the activity on page 21 students will need to research Dutch culture. Be aware that some internet sites may have information not appropriate for your students regarding aspects of Holland’s culture, such as attitudes towards drugs and sex. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 100.

1622

1642

• In 1642, Abel Tasman was instructed to fi nd the ‘Southern Continent’, which had eluded explorers for many years. With two ships, Zeehaen, a ‘ﬂ ute’, a long narrow ship carrying 50 men, and Heemskerck, a small warship with 60 men, he headed south and east searching for the southern land. Bad weather and the cold forced him off course to fi nd land at a place he called Van Diemen’s Land, now Tasmania.

Frederik de Houtman lands at Bunbury on the west coast of Australia.

1632

• In 1606, Willem Janszoon in Duyfken bravely set off beyond the furthest reaches of the known world. Janszoon left Banda (Indonesia) and reached the Cape York Peninsula, charting 300 km of the Australian coast. This is the fi rst historically recorded voyage to Australia. Finding little of interest and no watering places along this coast, Janszoon returned just a few months before Torres sailed through the area Janzsoon had seen and proved the existence of the Strait now bearing his name.

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Worksheet information

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Teac he r

Abel Tasman is born in the Netherlands.

• Speculates and writes about what life in Australia would be like had the Dutch colonised the land.

5. Teacher check Page 21

Teacher check

Further exploration

• Students can locate places that are named after Abel Tasman, such as Tasmania, the Tasman Peninsula, the Tasman Bridge and the Tasman Sea. • Research which spices the Dutch were seeking and why. Investigate the beliefs at the time that certain spices were good for health. Bring in some spices for the students to smell and taste. Cook a traditional ‘Kruidkoek’ (Dutch spice cake) which uses the spices popular at the time. • Find out what kind of ships Janszoon and Tasman used. Compare them in shape and structure to ships today.

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M ariti m e

Discovering Australia – 1

explo r

atio

The Dutch were the first Europeans to record visiting Australia.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Almost 40 years later, in 1642, another Dutchman, Abel Tasman, commanded a voyage to Australia. He was sent with two ships to find and map Australia, which the Dutch called ‘New Holland’. Bad weather and strong winds forced him across the Indian Ocean to the south, and he sighted what we now call Tasmania. He called this land Van Diemen’s Land, and charted it, before going on to chart New Zealand, Tonga and Fiji. He met Maoris in New Zealand who fought with his crew and killed four of them. A year later he returned and mapped the north coast of Australia from east to west, but as he discovered no new trading partnerships or treasures, the trip was considered a failure.

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Teac he r

In the late 1500s, the Dutch were buying spices and sugar, which were very rare and valuable at the time, from Indonesia. They wanted to find new countries and peoples to trade with. In 1606, the Dutch East India Company sent Willem Janszoon on the ship Duyfken (which means ‘Little Dove’) to find new places to trade with. Janszoon (sometimes called Jansz for short) sailed through Indonesia and down into the Gulf of Carpentaria (in modern day Queensland), believing it to be part of New Guinea. Janzsoon and his crew were the first Europeans to explore Australia.

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Batavia Botavia

Cape York

NW Cape

Fiji

Gulf of Carpentaria

Tonga

Shark Bay

1642–3 1644

Van Diemen’s Land www.ricpublications.com.au

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New Zealand

Primary Australian history

M ariti m e

Discovering Australia – 2

explo r

atio

Use the text on page 19 to answer the questions. 1. Why did Willem Janszoon sail to Australia?

r o e t s r e ship and itsB oo What was the name ofp Janszoon’s meaning? u k S

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Teac he r

3. Explain why Tasman’s trip was considered a failure.

4. Write whether or not you think it was a failure and explain your answer.

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5. Tasman was forced south of Australia by strong winds. Where do you think he had planned to sail to?

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6. Look at the map of Tasman’s voyages. Write a description of one of his voyages using directions and the names of places he saw. Tasman called the place where his crew members were killed by Maoris in New Zealand ‘Murderer’s Bay’. James Cook renamed it ‘Golden Bay’ during his voyage in 1769. 20

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M ariti m e

What if ...

explo r

atio

The Dutch weren’t interested in settlement when they discovered Australia. If they had colonised Australia when they found it, the country would have become a Dutch colony instead of a British one.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

1. Use the internet or books to find out as much as you can about the Netherlands and the Dutch culture. Use this information to write how your life might be today if the Dutch had colonised Australia. Include information about how food, clothing, language, Aussie icons, sports and music might be different.

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A full-size replica of Duyfken was built by the ‘Duyfken 1606 Replica Foundation’ and the Maritime Museum of Western Australia. Pictures and information about the replica ship can be found at <http://www.duyfken.com/>. www.ricpublications.com.au

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The First Fleet Early settlement Indicators • Reads the text about the First Fleet and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of the content.

1718–1783

• Writes a report about one convict from the First Fleet.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line

Worksheet information

About 50 000 British criminals are transported to colonies in America.

Teac he r

1738

Arthur Phillip is born.

1775–1783

American War of Independence brings convict transportation from Britain to America to a halt.

1783–1787

• Accompanying the 736 or so convicts were offi cers and marines enlisted to guard the convicts, their wives and children. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 100.

Answers Page 24

British prisons and hulks become overcrowded.

1. To solve the problem of overcrowding and to start a new colony for Britain.

2. Sending prisoners, or convicts, to another country under British control, and leaving them there. 3. (a) January

The colony of New South Wales is proclaimed by King George III.

(b) eleven

4. Offi cers, sailors and marines, their wives and children.

Lord Sydney agrees to send convicts to New South Wales. 1788

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13 May—the ships of the First Fleet, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, leave Portsmouth, England.

5. They were at fi rst willing to share food and knowledge about the land with the British settlers, but soon began to see them as invaders robbing them of their hunting and fi shing grounds. 6. There was a lack of fresh water, the bay was unsafe for the ships and the soil was poor for crop growing. Page 25 Teacher check. Answers should include such details as:

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• The urban population boom that accompanied the agrarian revolution in Britain resulted in an increase in crime. The American Revolution meant no more convicts could be sent there, so the solution to overcrowding in the jails was to establish a penal colony in the land discovered by Captain James Cook. Many of the convicts on the First Fleet had been sentenced to death, but later had their sentences changed to 7 years’ transportation. The journey to ‘the end of the world’, with little hope of ever returning home, was considered by some a fate worse than death.

3 June—The convoy reaches the Canary Islands off the coast of north-west Africa.

James Squire: credited with the fi rst successful cultivation of hops in Australia and also considered to have founded Australia’s fi rst commercial brewery.

6 August—The First Fleet reaches Rio de Janeiro in Brazil and remains until 3 September.

Elizabeth Thackery: said to be the fi rst white woman to set foot on Australia and the last-known female survivor of the First Fleet.

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14 October – 13 November—The First Fleet is anchored at Table Bay, Cape Town. 18 January—The first ships of the Fleet arrive in Botany Bay.

26 January—the First Fleet arrives in Port Jackson. 1790 The second ﬂeet of convicts arrives. 1791 The third ﬂeet of convicts arrives.

John Caesar (‘Black Caesar’), the fi rst Australian bushranger and one of the fi rst black people to arrive during British colonisation. Mary Bryant: a Cornish convict sent to Australia, who became one of the fi rst successful escapees from the colony. James Ruse: a pioneer of agriculture in Australia, the fi rst to successfully grow grain in the early colony.

Further exploration • Read the full list of provisions brought with the First ﬂ eet at <http://home.vicnet.net. au/~ﬁrstff/list.htm>. Discuss with the students how this may or may not have been suffi cient. Students can list other items they think should have been included. • Read a variety of books or stories set in the time of transportation. Some of Dickens’s novels, although set in the 19th century, give a good depiction of the poverty, crime and serious punishments also found in the 18th century. • Students may be interested in researching their own family trees to see if they have convict ancestry.

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The First Fleet – 1

e tt l e

men

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

In the mid-eighteenth century (sometimes called the 1700s), there were many poor and hungry people living in the cities of Britain. The only way many of these people could survive was to steal. The government tried to stop people committing crimes by sentencing criminals to jail for many years for simple things, such as stealing a handkerchief, or even to death. The jails became overcrowded, but it was too expensive to build more jails. The best idea to solve this problem seemed to be to send the prisoners, or convicts, to another country under British rule, and leave them there. This was called transportation. At first convicts were transported to America. However, after a war with America the British could no longer send convicts there, and they needed to find somewhere else to put the convicts. For a while they put convicts in old ships called ‘hulks’, but these, too, soon became overcrowded and the conditions were very bad. The British needed another plan.

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When Captain James Cook discovered ‘New South Wales’ (Australia) in 1770, he told the British government it would be a good place for a settlement. So it was decided to send convicts there, to solve the problem of overcrowding and to start a new colony for Britain. Captain Arthur Phillip was put in charge taking 736 convicts to ‘New South Wales’ and starting the new colony there. In all, two warships, six convict transports and three supply ships left England in May 1787, and arrived at Botany Bay between 18 and 20 January 1788. This fleet of ships is called the First Fleet.

. te o Soon after arriving in Botany Bay, Captain Phillip decided it wasn’t a good place for a c . settlement. There was c a lack of fresh water, the bay was unsafe for the ships and the e h r eSor o at Port Jackson on 26 soil was poor for crop growing. they sailed north, arriving t s s r u e p January 1788. This day is celebrated every year as Australia Day. The British thought the land belonged to no-one. They didn’t understand that the land already belonged to the Aboriginal Australians, who had been living there for over 40 000 years. The Aboriginal Australian people were at first willing to share food and knowledge about the land with the British settlers. Soon, though, they began to see them as invaders, who were robbing them of their hunting and fishing grounds and some Aboriginal Australians began to fight to resist the British invasion. www.ricpublications.com.au

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E a rl y s

The First Fleet – 2

e tt l e

men

Use the text on page 23 to answer these questions. 1. Write two reasons Britain sent convicts to Australia.

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r o e t s Bo r e Write a definition for ‘transportation’ (of convicts). p ok u S Teac he r

3. Fill in the missing words.

(a) The First Fleet arrived at Port Jackson on 26

(b) There were

1788.

ships in the First Fleet.

decided Botany Bay was not a © R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons good• place forr ar f o evi ew pur p.osesonl y•

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4. There were about 1350 people on the First Fleet. If 736 of these people were convicts, who do you think the other people were?

o c . che e r o t r s super Why did Captain Phillip decide to move on from Botany Bay?

5. How did the Aboriginal Australians see the arrival of the British? 6.

During the voyage of the First Fleet, 22 babies were born and 69 people died, were discharged or deserted. By contrast, the Second Fleet lost 267 people. 24

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E a rl y s

Notable convicts

e tt l e

men

On board the First Fleet were a number of convicts who later became famous for different reasons. Choose one of the following convicts to write a report on.

• James Squire

• Elizabeth Thackery

• John Caesar (‘Black Caesar’)

• Mary Bryant

• James Ruse

Convict’s name.

Place he/she came from.

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Teac he r

r o e t s Bo r e pyou have chosen. ok Research the convict u Sbelow and use these details to write your report. Fill in the chart

was convicted for and the sentence given.

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The ship he/she came to Australia in.

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o c . How he/she c e r became famous. h er o t s super How his/her story ends.

Alexander was the largest ship in the First Fleet. It carried 195 male convicts. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

The convicts Early settlement

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line 1787

• Reads a text on convicts and answers questions about the text.

• Demonstrates an understanding of the pardoning process by selecting convicts to pardon and explaining this choice.

Worksheet information

1788

January—First Fleet arrives in Australia. A settlement is founded at Norfolk Island.

1790

Second ﬂeet of convicts arrives.

Answers

Third ﬂeet of convicts arrives.

1. The convicts stayed below deck in barred cells.

First free settlers arrive.

2. Four of the following: Britain, Ireland, America, China, France, and Africa.

3. They were initially made to work in a variety of jobs, then were assigned to work for the free settlers and offi cers.

Matthew Flinders completes the first circumnavigation of the continent.

1829

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The whole of Australia is claimed as British territory.

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4. Teacher check. Diagrams of ﬂ ogging, leg irons, iron gangs or prisons are acceptable. 5. Absolute pardons: full rights restored and the convicts could return home. Conditional pardons: the convict was free but could not leave Australia until the time handed down in his or her sentence was over. Some students may include free or full pardons. 6. Teacher check. Page 29

The settlement of Perth is founded.

1833

Convict

o c . che e r o t r s super

The penal settlement of Port Arthur is founded in Van Diemen’s Land.

1850

Time served

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1803

• The convicts who did not perish in the lengthy and dangerous sea voyage were put to long years of forced labour in the colony. Without their labour, the wool, ship building and timber industries would never have developed, and public buildings, roads and bridges would not have been constructed. While women were not forced to do hard labour, they were treated just as poorly, often treated as no more than prostitutes. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 101.

1791

1793

• Between 1788 and 1868, 165 000 convicts were transported to Australia, mostly for crimes that today would be considered trivial. Clandestine marriages and stealing fi sh from a pond or river were punishable by transportation. Even orphaned children as young as 10 who stole food to survive were transported to Australia.

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Teac he r

May—First Fleet leaves England.

Western Australia becomes a penal colony.

1855

William Eaton

Bridget Elsin (Helsing)

John Leadbeater

John Duncombe

Edward Robinson

Teacher check.

Further exploration

The transportation of convicts to Norfolk Island ceases.

1868 The last shipment of convicts arrives in Western Australia.

• Attitudes towards crime and punishment have changed substantially over time. In the 18th century age by itself gave no right to special treatment and children were tried like adults in the courts. Compare the punishments handed out for crimes in the 18th century to the punishments those crimes would attract today. • Read The First Fleet by Alan Boardman and Roland Harvey, 1982, a picture book telling the story of John Hudson, the youngest convict on the First Fleet. • Listen to the song ‘Botany Bay’ which tells the story of convicts going to Australia. Students can study the meaning of the terms in the song then perform it with actions.

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E a rl y s

The convicts – 1

e tt l e

men

Most of the convicts transported to Australia were British and Irish. However, there were also American, French, Chinese, Indian and African convicts. Most of these people were sentenced to transportation for stealing; even stealing a fish from a pond or a plant from a garden was punishable by transportation. The average age of the convicts was 26 years, but some were as young as 10.

Teac he r

ew i ev Pr

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

The convicts were treated quite badly. On the ships they were usually kept behind bars in cramped cells below decks, often in chains, and had little to eat. The conditions on the Second Fleet were so bad it was called ‘the Death Fleet’ because 267 people died of starvation or disease.

When they got to Australia their treatment was not much better. They were put to work as brick makers, carpenters, servants, builders, nurses, shepherds and farmers. Later, when the free settlers started coming to Australia, convicts were ‘assigned’ to work for the free settlers and officers. The person receiving the assigned convicts was responsible for providing their food, clothing, and shelter, but there were no rules about how well the convicts had to be treated.

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and convicts, who were in Iron Gangs got less still. The Iron Gangs were groups of serious criminals who were chained at the ankles and then chained to each other as they worked making roads. Because of the hard work of the convicts the wool, ship building and timber industries were started, and buildings, roads and bridges were built.

o c . Convicts who committed crimes once they were in Australia were punished cruelly by c e r being flogged (whipped), h pute in leg irons, put in Iron Gangs or in prisons. However, if o t r s s r uap they behaved well, convicts were given Ticket-of-Leave, which gave the convicts e freedom to work and live in the colony before their sentence was over.

The governor could also pardon convicts (set them free) before they served their full sentences. There were two types of pardon: ‘absolute pardons’ which restored the convicts’ full rights and allowed them to return home; and ‘conditional pardons’, where the person receiving the pardon was free but could not leave Australia until the time handed down in his or her original sentence was over. Convicts who had been pardoned were called Emancipists. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

E a rl y s

The convicts – 2

e tt l e

men

Use the text on page 27 to answer these questions. 1. Where did the convicts stay on the ships?

r o e t s Bo r e Describe the work thep convicts did in the new colony.o u k S

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2. Name four countries the convicts came from.

4. Draw a picture and write one way the convicts were punished if they committed more crimes in Australia.

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5. Describe the two main types of pardons. 6.

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o c . che e r o t r s su What do you think about the way thep convicts were treated? er

The youngest convict sentenced to transportation on the First Fleet was a nine-year-old chimney sweep called John Hudson. He was transported for seven years for stealing some clothes and a gun. 28

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E a rl y s

Pardon me?

e tt l e

men

The year is 1793. You are the Governor of the New South Wales colony. You have the power to pardon convicts, giving them either absolute or conditional pardon. Today you need to choose two convicts to pardon. Think about their original crime, how old they are, and how much of their sentence they have already served. Decide how they might help the new colony if they are set free, by building houses, starting farms or businesses, or making clothes.

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Teac he r

r o e t s Bo r e p o u k has already Work out how much of his or her sentence each convict S served. Write it in the last section of the table. For example, as the year is 1793, if a convict was sentenced in 1789 for seven years, he/she has already served four years.

2. Choose two convicts to pardon. On a separate sheet of paper, write which convicts you have chosen to pardon, why you chose them, and if you have decided to give them conditional or absolute pardon. Date ©AgeR. I . C.Pu bl i cat i o ns Skills Crime Sentence sentenced •f orr ev i ewa pu r posesonl y• stealing 7 years

Convict

Cheshire transportation cheese

Bridget Elsin (Helsing)

stealing

7 years transportation

1788

building

cooking, sewing

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William Eaton

Time served

1792

stealing 2 7 years 23 1791 farming . te geese transportation o c . c e John stealing 7 years r 22 h e o t r Duncombe cloth s 1787 carpenter sutransportation per John Leadbeater

Edward Robinson

many life stealing transportation offences

1790

business and farming

Another type of pardon was a Free Pardon, also called a Full Pardon. The convict was released from serving his or her full sentence because of a good deed such as rescuing free persons from a shipwreck. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Wanted: Skilled convicts Early settlement

Indicators

Time line 1770

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads and comprehends information about occupations in the early settlements. • Reads information about writes poems from the Australian Aboriginal point of view.

1787

13 May—The First Fleet leaves England.

1788

18 January—The First Fleet arrives at Botany Bay but it is unsuitable.

Worksheet information

• Convicts did whatever work their masters or mistresses asked them to do including clearing land, digging out trees stumps, cutting down trees, building, tending animals, planting and looking after crops or working in the house.

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Teac he r

James Cook lands on the east coast of Australia (New South Wales) and claims it for Britain.

• Free settlers were assigned convicts if they could prove that they could afford to feed and clothe them and had enough work for them to do. Those with large properties were given more convicts. If it was possible convicts were assigned similar work to that done in Britain. Convicts with important skills were highly sought-after and were often able to bargain for better conditions. Some were able to adapt their skills to work needed to be done in the colony. For example, a shoemaker might be given work repairing saddles.

26 January—The First Fleet arrives at Sydney Cove.

• The Female Factory at Parramatta was a prison for convicts who were not assigned immediately or those who were convicted of crimes in the new colony. Here they spent time spinning or weaving coarse cloth for clothes for themselves or other convicts.

July—All ships except Syrius and Supply return to England.

• Convicts were responsible for building roads, bridges, churches, public buildings, farming, cutting timber, making tools, nails, bricks.

2 October—Syrius is sent to Cape Town for supplies.

• Convicts with valuable skills were often known as ‘mechanics’. Many were very enterprising and earned extra money by doing odd jobs in their spare time.

1789

Answers

2 May—Syrius returns.

Page 32 1. (a) convicts

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19 February—Syrius is wrecked off Norfolk Island while delivering convicts, leaving the colony with only one ship. 3 June—The second ﬂeet of convicts arrives with more sick and dying convicts.

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17 April—Supply sails to Batavia for supplies.

1791

The third ﬂeet of convicts arrives.

Late 1791 A year-long drought breaks.

(b) petty criminals or rebels

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1790

2. Skilled convicts were needed to make the colony self-supporting.

3. Answers will vary but may include: wives, cooks, maids, made clothes, washed clothes 4. (a) A cooper builds and repairs barrels and casks. (b) A stonemason works with bricks and stone.

o c . che e r o t r s super

Late 1792 Arthur Phillip sails home after five years as Governor, leaving a well-established colony.

(d) A sawyer cuts wood and logs to size and fells trees.

(e) A wheelwright builds and repairs wheels and wheeled vehicles. 5. Teacher check Page 33

Teacher check

Further exploration

• Read Playing Beatie Bow by Ruth Park or watch the DVD to fi nd out about a young girl in the slums of Old Sydney Town in the 19th century. An animated movie which also tells about convict life is The little Convict (or Toby and the little koala) • Read short extracts from the Indigenous Australia time line — Contact history 1500– 1900 <http://www.dreamtime.net.au/indigenous/timeline2.cfm>.

1793 The first free settlers arrive.

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E a rl y s

Wanted: Skilled convicts – 1

e tt l e

men

When the first settlers arrived in Australia to start the new colony, the main source of labour was the convicts. However, before being transported most convicts were petty criminals or rebels who had no knowledge of farming or skills in trade. The few convicts with skills were in great demand and were needed to make the colony self-supporting.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u Sskilled craftsmen in the early settlement. Read about some I work with wood, cutting and sawing the wood to shape. I make sure that I cut the wood to suit each job. Sometimes I fell the trees and saw them into logs. I am known in the colony as Gilbert Sawyer.

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Teac he r

Women convicts became wives or domestic servants such as cooks or maids to free settlers, or worked in the female factory making or washing clothes.

I build and repair wheels and wheeled vehicles. I know a lot about wood and I often work closely with John Smith. I am called William Wheelwright.

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I repair and make barrels and casks. Nothing in the new colony is stored safely without my expert skills. You can call me James Cooper.

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My job is very important. I repair and make tools and wheels. I also shoe horses. I work at my forge to heat and shape the metal. My name is John Blacksmith, but my friends call me Smithy.

o c . che e r o t r s super

My skills are in great demand in the colony. So many public buildings, roads and bridges need to be built from stone and brick. I am Alfred Stonemason. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

E a rl y s

Wanted: Skilled convicts – 2

e tt l e

men

Use the text on page 31 to complete the following. 1. Write words to complete the sentences.

(a) The main source of labour in the new colony was

(b) Most transported convicts were

Teac he r

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. r o e t s Bo and few had r e (c) Convicts had no knowledge of p ok u . S in

2. Why were skilled convicts needed?

3. Write four jobs which female convicts carried out.

•

. © R. I C• .Publ i cat i ons Match the definition to occupation. • f orr ethe vi ew pur posesonl y• (a) A cooper

(b) A stonemason •

•

• builds and repairs wheels and wheeled vehicles.

(d) A sawyer

•

• works with bricks and stone.

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•

• cuts wood and logs to size and fells trees. • builds and repairs barrels and casks.

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o c . c e hfor r Write your own definition the following occupations. er o t s super (a) saddler

(b) baker

(e) A wheelwright •

• repairs and makes tools and wheels and shoes horses.

Many surnames were derived from a person’s occupation: for example, Miller, Smith and Baker. 32

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E a rl y s

Aboriginal conflict

e tt l e

men

1. Read about the conflict between Australian Aboriginals and the first white settlers. When the First Fleet arrived in 1788, Aboriginal Australians saw many unfamiliar white men. Some may even have believed that they were the spirits of their dead ancestors because they were so white.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

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At first they were friendly but after a time they could not understand the things the white people did. The white visitors chopped down trees, cleared land, walked on Aboriginal graves and sacred sites and took food without asking. They treated each other badly. Some were whipped and kept in chains. They did not share with each other as the Aboriginals did according to their culture. Soon the Aboriginals began to fight back. They killed white invaders and wounded the white chief. The whites retaliated by killing and poisoning the Aboriginals. Many Aboriginals died from white man’s diseases such as smallpox and the common cold. Almost half of the Aboriginal population was wiped out.

2. Use the formats below to write poems to show the feelings of the Aboriginal people towards the white settlers. (a)

(one syllable/word describing white settlers)

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(two syllables/words about white settlers)

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(Introduction)

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(describe them or their bodies)

o c . che e r o t r s super

(three syllables about white settlers)

(describe what they do)

(four syllables about white settlers)

(describe their size)

(five syllables about white settlers)

(conclusion—a short sentence or phrase about white settlers)

Whenever possible, convicts were assigned to tasks suited to their skills. The free settlers were responsible for feeding, clothing and disciplining them and, in return, the settlers were given land. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Ned Kelly Early settlement

1820

Indicators

Time line

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Reads and comprehends information about Ned Kelly.

• Reads a ballad about a bushranger and uses the information to complete a written and visual piece of work.

John (Red) Kelly is born in Ireland. 1832

Teac he r

Ellen Quinn is born. 1841

Worksheet information

• Ned Kelly is probably the most well-known Australian folk hero. He is immortalised in ballads, fi lm, art and literature. He was one of the ‘wild colonial boys’.

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John Kelly is sentenced to 7 years transportation. 1842

• Although many of the police in Australia in the 1900s may have been corrupt, the Irish rebels also brought with them a great resentment for the British.

John arrives in Van Diemen’s Land. 1848

• Many citizens protested Ned’s hanging and, although this failed, his death did bring attention to the plight of poor Irish settlers in Australia.

John moves to Port Phillip District. 1850

• There are many unsubstantiated reports about the incidents regarding the Kelly Gang. One historical document which does survive is the Jerilderie Letter which was written by Ned and handed to the accountant of the Jerilderie bank for publication. The Jerilderie Letter details, and connects, Ned’s side of incidents leading up to the deaths of the policemen at Stringybark Creek. It is about 8000 words long and is housed in the State Library of Victoria.

John marries Ellen Quinn. 1855

Edward (Ned) Kelly is born. 1858

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 102.

James Kelly is born. 1861

Answers Page 36

Daniel Kelly is born. 1863

1. Edward

Kate Kelly is born.

2. June 1855

1866

3. They hated all authority, especially British, who had invaded Ireland.

John Kelly dies of dropsy.

4. Ellen Kelly was arrested and sent to gaol for shooting a police constable named Fitzpatrick.

Ned is arrested and imprisoned for six months. 1871

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Ned is sent to gaol for three years. 1874

Ellen Kelly marries George King. 1878

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1870

5. Dan Kelly, Joe Byrne, Steve Hart were the other members of the Kelly Gang. 6. The fi nal shoot out took place at Glenrowan Hotel in 1880.

7. Ned was shot in the legs, foot and hand where he was not protected by armour.

o c . che e r o t r s super

Ellen is jailed for involvement in the attempted murder of trooper Fitzpatrick.

Two policemen murdered by the Kelly Gang at Stringybark Creek.

8. Answers will vary but may include: He is Australia’s most famous bushranger; He wore armour to protect himself; He was against British control over Irish settlers etc. 9. Teacher check Page 37

Teacher check

Further exploration

• Students may use the information about Ned Kelly to write a ballad of their own. • Find out about the white settlers’ contact with Aboriginal Australians during this time.

1879 Jerilderie Bank is robbed and Jerilderie Police Station taken.

• Learn and sing The ballad of Jack Doolin. • Investigate other Irish rebels who were transported to the Australian penal colonies.

1880 June—Aaron Sherritt shot and killed. June—Glenrowan shootout. October—Ned Kelly sentenced to death. 11 November—Ned Kelly hanged.

Primary Australian history

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Ned Kelly – 1

E a rl y s

e tt l e

men

John (Red) Kelly, an Irishman, was sentenced to transportation for stealing two pigs. He hated the British who had invaded Ireland. His son, Edward (Ned) Kelly, was born in June 1855 in Victoria. Ned was the eldest of four children. He had two brothers, James and Dan, and a sister named Kate.

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r o e t s Bo the British soldiers and r e The whole Kelly family resented the wealthy, p ok after John died. police. Life was very hard for the family especially u They lived in a slabS hut at the edge of the settlement and caused a lot of trouble by stealing horses.

In 1878, his mother, Ellen, was arrested for her part in shooting Constable Fitzpatrick, who had come to arrest Dan for horse stealing. Although Ned did not seem to be involved, a warrant was issued for his arrest. Ned and Dan, with their friends, Joe Byrne and Steve Hart, fled to the hills to hide. Policemen sent out to capture them were shot and killed at Stringybark Creek, but one escaped to report the killings. A large reward was offered for their capture—dead or alive.

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In 1880, the Kelly Gang took over the hotel at Glenrowan where they planned to make a stand against a train load of police from Melbourne.

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bank. They also killed Aaron Sherritt, a friend of Joe Byrne, who was helping the police to find them.

o c . che e r o t r s super

The outlaws wore armour made from plough mouldboards. Ned wore a headpiece, chest-, back-plates and apron. The police surrounded the hotel. Joe Byrne, Dan Kelly, Steve Hart and two hostages were killed and the hotel burnt down. Ned was wounded in the legs, hand and foot and captured. Ned Kelly was found guilty of the murder of Police Constable Lonigan at Stringybark Creek and hanged at Melbourne Gaol on 11 November 1880. Before his death, Ned Kelly wrote a letter to the authorities asking for fairness for poor Irish settlers. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

E a rl y s

Ned Kelly – 2

e tt l e

men

Use the text on page 35 to complete the following. 1. What was Ned Kelly’s proper name? 2. When was he born?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

3. Why did the Kelly family dislike the police so much?

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4. Why was Ellen Kelly, his mother, arrested and sent to gaol?

5. Name the members of the Kelly Gang besides Ned.

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7. How was Ned Kelly captured ?

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o c . che e r o t r sfor your answer. su r pe Was Ned Kelly a hero or a villain? Write reasons

8. How is Ned Kelly remembered? 9.

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6. Where did the Kelly Gang’s final shootout take place and when?

The world’s first full-length feature film is believed to be The story of the Kelly Gang made in Australia in 1906 by Charles Tait. 36

Primary Australian history

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E a rl y s

The Ballad of Black Caesar 1.

e tt l e

men

Read the ballad. The very first bushranger was a convict named John Sent out on the First Fleet, he soon was gone. He bolted into the bush so many times. Food was so scarce and stealing his crime.

Teac he r

Some thought him a clod but they would be wrong. Only a smart man could escape for so long. He worked in chains from dawn till dusk His life was hard and his manner was brusque. In 1795 with a group of others He wounded Pemulwuy, an Aboriginal warrior.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u Big, black and muscular, he worked like a dog. S He needed so much food that he ate like a hog.

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He bolted to the bush where he belonged. Shot for a reward by a man named Wimbow. Black Caesar will see no tomorrows. Only this ballad remains to be sung. His life’s story lingers. Everything else is gone.

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o c . chofe On a separate sheet paper, write a short text r toe tell what life was like for o convicts in the early settlements. r st super From the description given of the West Indian convict, sketch a portrait of Black Caesar using black crayon, charcoal, black marker or other media. Ensure that your portrait shows his unhappiness. The Kelly Gang is the subject of a series of twenty-fi ve paintings by Australian artist Sir Sidney Nolan (1917–1992).

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Primary Australian history

Matthew Flinders Discoveries

Indicators

Time line 1492

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions about Matthew Flinders’s discoveries along the Australian coastline in HMS Investigator. • Reads summaries of explorers’ journeys to the interior and matches them on a map.

Columbus discovers America.

1606

Worksheet information

Teac he r

• Flinders’s main task was to explore and chart the ‘Unknown Coast’ from what is now known as the head of the Great Australian Bight across to the Victorian border. He was also to map and explore parts of the east, north and west coasts that were not complete.

1774

Matthew Flinders is born.

• It was fortunate England and France were enjoying a brief period of peace at the time Flinders came upon the French explorer, Nicholas Baudin.

1788

European settlement in Australia.

1798

• Along with George Bass, Flinders made a voyage around Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), proving it was an island and not joined to the mainland.

Flinders and George Bass prove Tasmania is an island.

1801–1803

Flinders is first explorer to circumnavigate Australia.

1813

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 102.

Answers

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3. The ship’s master and seven crew were drowned in February 1802 when their boat overturned in a strong tide. They were exploring near the entrance to Spencer Gulf.

Ludwig Leichhardt explores area from Darling Downs to Port Essington.

1844–1846 Sturt leads expedition to interior.

1860–1861 Burke and Wills cross interior from south to north.

1861–1862 John McDouall Stuart crosses interior from south to north.

Primary Australian history

4. Spencer Gulf did not lead to an inland waterway to the Gulf of Carpentaria, discovered Kangaroo Island

o c . che e r o t r s super

Edward John Eyre crosses Australia eastwest from Adelaide to Albany.

1844–1845

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1840–1841

1. fi rst person to circumnavigate Australia, mapped lots of unknown coastline, proved Australia was one big island 2. King George Sound

Flinders dies.

• On his way back to England in 1803, Flinders was imprisoned for six and a half years on the French island of Mauritius. He fi nally returned to England but in poor health. He wrote a book about his voyage which was published in 1814, the day before he died, aged only 43.

Page 40

Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth cross the Blue Mountains.

1814

• Explain to the students that at the time of Flinders’s voyage in from 1801 to 1803, Australia was referred to as Terra Australis and the western part named ‘New Holland’. It was not known whether the country was made up of several smaller islands, was separated by a strait from the south and through to the Gulf of Carpentaria, or was one large island continent.

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Dutch sea captain, Willem Jansz, and crew are first Europeans to sight and (evidently) land on the Australian mainland at Cape York Peninsula.

5. ship repaired in Port Jackson/found safe passage through Great Barrier Reef/found safe passage across Torres Strait/charted Gulf of Carpentaria 6. As his ship badly needed repairs, he had to sail straight back to Port Jackson. Page 41

Teacher check

Further exploration

• Matthew Flinders discovered and named many places on his voyages but did not name any after himself—quite unusual for an explorer. He named them after important people, friends, family, colleagues, places and events. Find out more places he discovered. Also fi nd out places that were later named in his honour; e.g. Flinders Passage off the Queensland coast, Flinders Ranges in SA, Flinders Street in SA and Victoria, Flinders Bay in WA. • Find out more about the journeys of the explorers mentioned on page 41 and others who explored the western interior. These include John and Alexander Forrest, Ernest Giles, Augustus Gregory and Peter Warburton.

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Dis c o

Matthew Flinders – 1

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Matthew Flinders was the first person to circumnavigate Australia. He did this in a ship called HMS Investigator. He carefully mapped lots of Australia’s coastline that hadn’t been done before. He proved that Australia was one big island continent and not a group of smaller islands.

Teac he r

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r o e t s Bo r e pFlinders could ok Read the journal entries u have made on his Svoyage. July 1801 Left England today bound for Terra Australis (Australia). Aim is to chart unknown coastline and find new places.

March 1802 Discovered and named Kangaroo Island. Killed many kangaroos for welcome fresh meat.

November 1801 Left the Cape of Good Hope in Africa after much-needed repairs to our leaky ship.

April 1802 Came upon the French explorer, Nicholas Baudin, and his ship. I will call the place Encounter Bay.

December 1801 At last! Sighted Cape Leeuwin on the south-western tip of Terra Australis (this part is known as New Holland). Named and explored King George Sound.

May 1802 Anchored at Port Jackson (Sydney). Will continue voyage after repairs.

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February 1802 Alas! A tragedy has occurred. The ship’s master, John Thistle, and seven crew have been drowned. The boat in which they were exploring the entrance to a gulf overturned in a strong tide. I named Thistle Island and Cape Catastrophe in memory of them.

November 1802 We are charting the Gulf of Carpentaria. Found a safe passage through the Great Barrier Reef (Flinders Passage) and one across Torres Strait.

o c . che e March 1803r oat Timor for supplies and t r Have arrived s supe r repairs. We will not be able to chart the

March 1802 We continue to explore Spencer Gulf. Had hoped it would lead to an inland waterway to the Gulf of Carpentaria in the north, but have discovered it does not. www.ricpublications.com.au

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R.I.C. Publications®

west coast as our ship will not survive more than the voyage directly back to Port Jackson.

July 1803 Safely arrived at Port Jackson. We have circumnavigated the continent! Primary Australian history

Dis c o

Matthew Flinders – 2

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Answer the questions about the text on page 39. 1. Read the first paragraph and list three important things Matthew Flinders did.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok • u S What did Flinders name and explore in what is now known as Western •

•

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Teac he r

Australia?

3. Explain when, where and how a tragic event happened.

•

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4. What two important discoveries did Flinders make in March 1802?

5. What are three things Flinders did between May and November 1802?

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6. Why couldn’t Flinders chart the west coast? Flinders had a pet cat called Trim, who went on his voyages with him. 40

Primary Australian history

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Dis c o

Other extraordinary explorers

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Read about the explorers in the boxes below.

Look at their journeys on the map of Australia and draw a line to the correct one.

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Teac he r

Many explorers went into the unknown areas of Australia’s hot and dry interior. Some of them did not survive the journey and died in the Outback. But their amazing efforts led to the interior of Australia gradually being discovered and mapped.

John McDouall Stuart 1861–1862

Ludwig Leichhardt 1844–1845

Burke and Wills 1860–1861

interior, including one from south to north— Adelaide to Adelaide River (near Darwin).

Queensland to Port Essington, near Darwin. Disappeared on later journey from Brisbane to Perth.

from Melbourne to Gulf of Carpentaria. Died on the return journey.

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. te Edward John Eyre 1840–1841

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o c . Sturt cheCharles e r 1844–1846 o Made several t r First explorers to cross s s r u e p expeditions. First person Made several the Blue Mountains. This to cross Australia eastwest from Adelaide to Albany.

Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth 1813

expeditions. Led one to the interior and proved there was no inland sea.

started the exploration of the interior.

In the early 1800s, it was known that Australia was one big island. But many people wrongly thought there was a huge inland sea in the middle of Australia. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Gold! Gold! Gold! Discoveries

Time line

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

• Reads text and answers questions about the discovery of gold in Australia. • Completes a cloze about life on the Australian goldfi elds.

Worksheet information

• The fi rst recorded sighting of gold was made in 1823 by a surveyor named James McBrien. He found a small amount along the Fish River near Bathurst in NSW. Discoveries at the time were kept secret for several reasons. One was out of government concern that convicts and settlers would just leave everything and rush off to search for gold. This would invite lawlessness and labour shortages. Another was that under British law, any gold or silver found in the land belonged to the Crown, so people kept their fi nds secret.

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1797 Coal is discovered at Newcastle, NSW. 1814 Convicts discover gold while cutting a road to Bathurst. Forced to silence by ﬂogging. 1815 Bathurst, NSW, is proclaimed as first inland town. 1823 Surveyor James McBrien makes first recorded sighting of gold near Bathurst. 1848–1863 Californian gold rush. 1851 Edward Hargraves announces news of a gold find at Ophir, NSW. Gold is discovered at Ballarat and Bendigo, Vic. 1852 Gold is discovered near Fingal, Tas. Gold is discovered near Gympie, Queensland. 1854 Eureka Uprising results in miners’ rights. 1860 Diggers head to Kiandra, NSW. 1861 Diggers head to Lambing Flats (Young), NSW. 1867 Gold is discovered at Gympie, Qld. 1868 Gold is discovered in the Barossa Valley, SA. 1871 Gold is discovered at Pine Creek, NT. Gold is discovered at Charters Towers, Qld. 1873 Gold is discovered at Palmer River, Qld. 1877 Gold is discovered at Beaconsfield, Tas. 1886 Gold is discovered at Teetulpa, SA. 1892 Gold is discovered at Coolgardie, WA. 1893 Gold is discovered at Kalgoorlie, WA.

• Edward Hargraves had travelled to the California goldfi elds during the rush of 1849. He noticed similarities between the Californian and Australian terrain and soil and was sure he could fi nd gold back in Australia. He convinced two men, John Lister and William Tom, to prospect with him. The three found several traces at Lewis Ponds Creek. Hargraves left for Sydney to tell the government of the small fi nd while the others continued and made a signifi cant fi nd at Ophir. When Hargraves found out, he went against the others’ wishes and announced he had found gold. Hargraves was richly rewarded and became a land commissioner. The others protested their treatment for many years and were eventually rewarded.

Primary Australian history

Answers Page 44

1. Hargraves, farmer, 1851, gold, Ophir 2. They came from all over Australia and countries all around the world. 3. Ophir, Kiandra, Lambing Flats (Young) 4. (a) Echunga, SA; Fingal, Tas. (b) Gympie, Qld (c) Pine Creek, NT (d) Coolgardie, WA; Kalgoorlie, WA

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• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 103.

o c . che e r o t r s super 5. (a) True

(b) False

(e) False

(f) False

(d) False

Page 45

1. world

2. gold

3. wheelbarrows

4. food

5. winter

6. people

7. unhealthy

8. fruit

9. died

10. hard

Further exploration

• Draw a ﬂ ow chart to show how to pan for gold; e.g. get mud from a creek in a pan, swirl it around, wash the dirt and take out the pebbles and rocks, continue until (hopefully) gold will be at the bottom. • Compare life in the goldfi elds with life in a specifi c part of Australia today.

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Dis c o

Gold! Gold! Gold! – 1

v e ri

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Below is information about some of the most important discoveries. New South Wales After the discovery at Ophir, diggers headed to Kiandra, near Mt Kosciuszko, in 1860. In 1861, gold was discovered at Lambing Flats, now called Young.

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Teac he r

Gold! Gold! Gold! This was the cry heard around Australia during the gold rush period from 1851 to around 1900. It was Edward Hargraves, a farmer, who started the gold rush. In 1851, he announced news of a gold deposit at a place he called ‘Ophir’ in NSW. From then on, not only thousands of people living in Australia but thousands from countries all over the world rushed to the places where gold was found. Australia’s population went from about 400 000 people in 1851 to more than a million by 1861.

South Australia The first major find was made by William Chapman at Echunga in 1852. Discoveries were also made in the Barossa Valley in 1868 and Teetulpa in 1886.

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o c . che e r Western Australia o t r s supe r The state’s biggest gold rush began in

Queensland James Nash discovered the first major goldfield at Gympie in 1867. Another was discovered at Charters Towers in 1871. J Mulligan discovered gold in far north Queensland at Palmer River in 1873. Northern Territory An important find was made by GC McLachlan in 1871 at Pine Creek. The Chinese were the most successful miners as they were willing to work in extremely hot and humid weather. www.ricpublications.com.au

Tasmania Gold was first discovered at Fingal in 1852 by James Grant. Beaconsfield became the most important gold mine in the state when William Dally found a reef in 1877.

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Victoria Gold fever took over in Victoria when rich deposits were discovered near Ballarat and Bendigo at the end of 1851. The Ballarat goldfield was to become the richest alluvial (surface) goldfield in the world.

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1892 when Arthur Bayley and William Ford found gold in Coolgardie. This find turned out to be a large gold reef, known as ‘Bayley’s Reward’. In 1893, at Kalgoorlie, Patrick (Paddy) Hannan discovered what was to become one of the richest goldfields in the world. It was known as ‘The Golden Mile’. Primary Australian history

Dis c o

Gold! Gold! Gold! – 2

v e ri

Answer the questions about the text on page 43. 1. Find missing words in first paragraph to complete the sentences.

. In

deposit at a place in NSW he r o e t s B r e oo . called p u Where did the people S who came to find gold come from?k

, he

announced news of a

3. Name three places gold was found in NSW.

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4. List where gold was found on these dates.

(a) 1852 © R. I . C. Pu bl i cat i ons (b) 1867 •f orr evi ew p(c) ur p osesonl y• 1871

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(d) 1892

(e) 1893

5. True or false?

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was a

Edward

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. te o c The world’s richest alluvial goldfield was in Bendigo. . che e r o The Chinese were the mostr successful miners at Pine t s Creek. super

(a) The Kalgoorlie goldfield was known as ‘The Golden Mile’.

(b)

(c)

(d) The Beaconsfield mine was the most important in NSW.

(e) Australia’s population was one million in 1851.

(f)

The gold rush lasted for about ten years. The world’s largest gold nugget was found in Victoria in 1867. It was named the ‘Welcome Stranger’ and weighed about 78 kilograms.

Primary Australian history

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Dis c o

Life on the goldfields

v e ri

Choose words from the box below to complete the story about what is was like to live and work on the goldfields. people

hard

world

died

gold

winter

fruit

wheelbarrows

food unhealthy r o e t s B r e oo p u k All kinds of peopleS from all over Australia and around the came to try their luck on the goldfields. A banker could be working next to an ex-convict. All had

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(1)

to make a fortune!

the common goal of trying to find (2)

The goldminers were known as ‘diggers’. Most of them travelled to the diggings by foot along pathways through the bush. Horses were too expensive. They carried their or on their backs. Bullocks pulled wagons with © R. I . C. Publ i cat i ons and water supplies. •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y•

belongings in (3) (4)

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Life was hard on the goldfields. The people worked long hours digging and panning for gold. Most goldfields were in hot, dry, dusty places that were full of flies in summer. In

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it could get cold and wet. Thousands of (6) the (5) lived close to each other, mostly in tents or huts. Some brought their families with them. conditions. . te o and There wasn’t enough water to wash properly or fresh c . ch vegetables to eat. People easily caught diseases and infections which meant they were e r er o st supe . r often ill. Large numbers Their were lots of health problems caused by the (7)

(8)

(9)

life

But the people who came were prepared to put up with the (10) as it might mean—Gold! Gold! Gold!

Thousands of people from places such as England, America, France, Italy, Poland and Hungary came to Australia to look for gold. The largest group of 40 000 came from China. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Land transport Progress

Time line

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

• Reads a text and answers questions about the development of land transport in Australia. • Writes a letter to a fi ctional person from the past, describing the changes in transport over the last 140 years.

Worksheet information

• Other than the paths and tracks of Aboriginal Australian movements across the continent, the arrival of the First Fleet was the beginning of our transport history. This section focuses on the development of land transport in the fi rst 100 years of European settlement.

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1705 The steam engine is invented in Britain. 1788 January — First Fleet—containing a stallion, four mares, a colt and a filly—lands at Port Jackson. 1800 Bullock wagons and horse-drawn carts are common sights in the streets of Sydney. 1814 1 October — first public conveyance operates between Sydney and Parramatta by William Highland. 1829 Charles Sturt uses bullocks in explorations. 1830s Coaches are built in Sydney. 1850s First importation of the Concord coach from North America. 1853 Freeman Cobb, in partnership with three other Americans—John Murray Peck, James Swanton and John B Lamber—begins a coach service from Sandridge to Melbourne. 1854 Cobb and Co. begin a service from Melbourne to Ballarat, Bendigo and Castlemaine. First railway service opens in Melbourne. 1855 Railways start in Sydney 1860s Camels are imported in large numbers. 1870–1872 Camels carry the poles, wire, and other goods and equipment needed to build the Overland Telegraph Line between Adelaide and Darwin. 1871 Railways begin in Western Australia and Tasmania. 1924 Last Cobb and Co. service closes.

• A lack of animals for use as transport meant convicts themselves were used to haul goods over land, sometimes ‘harnessed’ together like teams of animals. As animals started arriving they took over the burden, and teams of bullocks (bulls), donkeys, horses and camels were instrumental in the development of roads and the telegraph system, in transporting goods and people, in carrying communications and in exploring the rugged interior.

• Bullocks were invaluable in carrying settlers and their belongings and hauling massive logs and loads of grain and wool across rivers, deserts and mountains. Horses and coaches took over the transport of passengers, and the coaches were superseded by railways. The fi rst steam engines started in Melbourne, followed by New South Wales in 1855, South Australia in 1856, Queensland in 1865 and Tasmania and Western Australia in 1871.

Primary Australian history

Answers Page 48 1. convicts were used as transport, carrying goods and hauling carts with loads of stones, wood and other supplies 2. (a) bullocks

(b) donkeys

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• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 103.

(d) coaches

3. (a) Teacher check. Should include the terms ‘bullock’ and ‘team’.

(b) Teacher check: Suggestions include logs, stones, wool, food supplies, people.

o c . che e r o t r s super 4. horses, donkeys, camels, bullocks 5. Melbourne

6. 1865 (stated in the date of the letter) 7. Teacher check Page 49

Teacher check

Further exploration

• The development of the shipping industry is an important part of the history of transport in Australia. Research the development of shipping and how it has inﬂ uenced Australia’s history. • A webpage of Australia’s railways can be found at <http://www.railpage.org.au/ railmaps/>. Students can plan and measure journeys between different cities around Australia using the rail network. • Camels were brought into Australia to help develop the country, but today feral camels are a huge problem. Investigate other introduced animals that are causing problems for farmers and the ecology, such as rabbits, toads, foxes, deer, cats, dogs and horses.

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P ro g

Land transport – 1

re s s

12 August 1865

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

as, My dearest Uncle Thom tell you ite to you in England to wr I at th t en em cit ex t It is with grea of transport! about our newest form lonies few animals in some co so re we e er th t rs fi at , s and As you know port! They carried good ns tra as ed us re we ll loads s ict here that conv ps of up to 70 men to pu ou gr in er th ge to ed ain ch hauled carts, sometimes men! her supplies. Those poor of stones, wood and ot and to our colonies. Horses ips sh on ing riv ar d rte sta and heavy Luckily for them, animals port people, food, mail ns tra lp he to a ric Af d ia an where bullocks came from Ind r going into bush areas fo ul ef us lly cia pe es en be ds loads. The bullocks have in teams to haul huge loa er th ge to d se es rn ha be can w there are no roads. They , 40 of the big, strong, slo am te ck llo bu a en se have through the Outback. I ! d of logs … quite a sight beasts pulling a large loa y they lonies. Some people sa co e m so in ed us en be have ble Even teams of donkeys , which are so very valua els m ca e th ts, as be g lookin shland. have seen those strange s in our deserts and bu ea ar y dr e th o int le op and pe for carrying both goods have d coaches, just as they an s ge rria ca o als d an g carts ns Horses have been pullin with three other America o wh , bb Co an m ee Fr heard of run in Britain. You may have Cobb and Co. will soon id sa is It ia. or ct Vi in s goldfield e run coach routes to the things will change with th ink th I t Bu . ich sw Ip d ane an a service between Brisb new form of transport! , dy have trains in England ea alr u yo ow kn I in. tra the steam e very I speak of course about being used here! Well, th ay ilw ra t rs fi e th e se to is but how exciting it ck in 1854 between ba ing nn ru d rte sta ies new colon It first steam railway in the in Queensland as well. e on ve ha we w no t bu ourne, tance, but it is intended Melbourne and Port Melb dis t ea gr a t no is is Th p. es Cam y runs from Ipswich to Bigg ese trains can carry man Th s. ar ye w fe a in ba Toowom to continue the railway to ver replace the valuable ne uld co ins tra , se ur co loads. Of e train passengers and heavy rward to travelling on th fo g kin loo am I . als im other an work of the horses and t my trip! soon to tell you all abou ite wr all sh I . ek we is th later

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Fondest regards, Your nephew

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Primary Australian history

P ro g

Land transport – 2

re s s

Use the text on page 47 to answer these questions. 1. How were the convicts used as transport in Australia?

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r o e t s Bo r Unscramble these words e from the text. p ok u (a) sollbuck S Teac he r

(b) yeskond

(d) chocesa

3. (a) Write a sentence describing this picture.

(b) Draw what you think these animals might have hauled.

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4. List four kinds of animals that were used as transport in the colonies.

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o c . che e r o In what year did steam trainsr first run in Queensland? t s super

5. Where did the first steam trains in Australia run? 6.

7. What is your opinion about using convicts to transport heavy loads? At the time of Federation in 1901, Australia had six different railway systems using a number of different gauges (the distance between the rails). 48

Primary Australian history

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A letter in time

re s s

Michael wrote that he believed ‘trains could never replace the valuable work of the horses and other animals’. Much has changed in transport since Michael wrote this letter in 1865. Write a letter back in time to Michael telling him of some of the ways transport will change over the next 140 years from 1865.

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Dear Michael,

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The modern steam engine was invented in 1705 by Thomas Newcomen. The idea was improved and patented as a steam locomotive in 1765 by James Watt, although he didn’t actually build one. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Federation A new nation

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads a text and answers questions about Australian Federation • Decides for or against Federation and writes a speech explaining his or her decision.

Henry Parkes is born in England.

Worksheet information

1849

Edmund Barton is born in Sydney.

Victoria separates from NSW to form its own colonial government.

1859

Queensland separates from NSW to form its own colonial government

1867

Sir Henry Parkes, the Colonial Secretary of New South Wales, proposes a Federal Council body.

1872

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 104.

The Australasian Federation Conference, including representatives from New Zealand, is held in Melbourne.

1891 National Australasian Convention is held in Sydney with seven representatives from each colony.

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1897

National Australasian Convention meets. Queensland doesn’t attend.

1899

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Western Australia votes to join the Commonwealth.

1901

Answers Page 52

1. (a) referendum: a vote by everyone to answer a question or change the Constitution. (b) Federation: the uniting of the colonies to become one country. (c) Prime Minister: the leader of Australia. (d) Constitution: a list of rules about how a government works. 2. (a) nation

(b) fi ve

(d) Prime Minister

3. Colonies with fewer people were afraid the bigger colonies would have more power than they would, and some colonies were jealous of others. 4. (a) true

Queensland votes to join the Commonwealth.

1900

• Until that time, each state had its own defence forces, trade, postal and railway systems and immigration laws. Each colony was able to make some decisions and elect their own government, but the big decisions were made in Britain. The idea of being ‘Australian’ began to be celebrated in songs and poems, and by the 1890s the idea of Federation was starting to become a topic for discussion. However, the path to Federation was not easy, and it took the work of supporters such as Sir Henry Parkes, Alfred Deakin and Edmund Barton to make Federation a reality. A number of referendums were held before the concept was put into place on 1 January 1901.

Telegraph links the colonies.

1890

• Before 1901, Australia was one continent with the six separate colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia (South Australia governed the Northern Territory and the ACT did not yet exist). On 1 January 1901, the six separate British colonies became states and formed a Federation called the Commonwealth of Australia.

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1851

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1815

Indicators

Time line

(b) false

Page 53

(d) false

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The Commonwealth of Australia is proclaimed in Sydney by Lord Hopetoun, the first Governor-General. Edmund Barton becomes the first Prime Minister of Australia.

1927 Commonwealth Parliament sits in Canberra in the provisional Parliament House (now called ‘Old Parliament House’).

Teacher check

Further exploration

• A referendum is necessary to make any changes to the Constitution. Hold a ‘mock’ referendum in your classroom on making a change to one aspect of the class routines or rules. • Only men could vote in the fi rst referendums, and Australian Aboriginals were denied the right to vote. Discuss equality and how it has changed over time. • Federation was achieved peacefully and fairly in Australia. Compare Australian Federation to the process in other countries, such as the United States (where Federation happened through civil war).

1988 Commonwealth Parliament moves to the new Parliament House in Canberra.

Primary Australian history

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Federation – 1

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

Before 1901, each of the Australian colonies was almost like its own country. Each had its own defence forces, trade, postal and railway systems. The idea of joining to form one country started to be discussed around 1870, but for many years wasn’t very popular. Colonies with fewer people, like Western Australia and Queensland, were afraid the bigger colonies would have more power than they would, and some colonies were jealous of others. Sir Henry Parkes and Edmund Barton are two men who worked hard to make Federation, the uniting of the colonies as one country, happen.

Sir Henry Parkes was the leader of New South Wales. He believed the Australian colonies should be one nation. In 1889 he gave a speech encouraging the colonies to ‘unite and create a great national government for all Australia’. He thought the colonies could be safer and stronger by working together. It was an important speech that made many people think about how Federation could help the colonies. The next year he asked the leaders of the colonies to meet to talk about Federation. They had more meetings in 1891 and 1893 to start writing a constitution (a list of rules about how the government works).

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They decided at this meeting that the people of Australia should vote to decide if Federation should happen. This vote was called a referendum. The first referendum failed and, sadly, Henry Parkes died in 1896 before he could see Australia united. He is often called the ‘Father of Federation’ and appears on a special edition five dollar note, released during 2001 to celebrate the centenary of Federation. The push for Federation was continued after Parkes’s death by people like Edmund Barton. Between 1894 and 1897 he spoke for Federation at over 300 public meetings. By 1897 Barton was considered leader of the Federation movement in Australia. Another referendum was held and this time the people voted for Federation. In 1900 a law was passed and signed by Queen Victoria saying that on 1 January 1901, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia and Tasmania would become states in the Commonwealth of Australia. Western Australia was the last colony to agree to Federation.

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On 1 January 1901, the first Governor-General, Lord Hopetoun, officially declared that there were six states forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Edmund Barton was chosen to be Prime Minister, the first leader of Australia. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Federation – 2

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Use the text on page 51 to answer these questions. 1. Match the words to their meanings.

referendum

•

Federation

•

Constitution

•

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r o t • e a vote by everyone to answer a s B r e question o or change the Constitution p o u k Prime Minister • S • the uniting of the colonies to become one country Teac he r

• a list of rules about how the government works

• the leader of Australia

2. Fill in the missing words.

(a) Henry Parkes believed Australia should unite

to become one

(b) Parkes appears on the

(c)

(d) The leader of Australia is called the

Minister.

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3. Why were some colonies against Federation?

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o c . c Parkes thought the colonies would be safer and stronger e her r if they were united. o t s super Hopetoun was chosen to be the first Prime Minister.

4. Write true or false after each sentence.

(a)

(b)

(d) The last colony to agree on Federation was Queensland. The Australian Constitution does not mention the Prime Minister, even though the Prime Minister is the leader of the Australian government.

Primary Australian history

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To separate or not?

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You are the Premier of your state or territory. Two of the other Australian states have decided to separate from Australia and become separate countries. They no longer want to share their money, and want more power and control over spending, immigration, transport and trade than they have in the Federation. You must decide whether your state or territory will remain part of the nation or separate to become a new country.

Teac he r

Reasons for separating (e.g. power, money, freedom):

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r o e t s Bbecome a new country r e Write some reasons for and against separating to o p osheet of paper to below. Use these notes to write a speech on a separate k u announce your decision S to your people.

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Reasons against separating (e.g. separating is expensive, stronger together):

o c . che e r o t r s super How my speech will start:

The Australian Constitution can only be changed by a national referendum. Since 1901 there have been 44 referendums to change the Constitution, but only eight have been passed. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Changing states A new nation

Indicators

Time line

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Matches ﬂ oral and faunal emblems of states and territories of Australia.

Worksheet information

26 January — The colony of New South Wales is founded.

Teac he r

1851

• Not all changes to states and territories have been included in the visual text and the time line. The following changes have not been included:

– 1832, 6 February — Swan River Colony changes its name to Western Australia

– 1860 — The border of South Australia is changed

– 1862 — The border of Queensland is changed

– 1901, 1 January — Commonwealth of Australia is formed uniting the colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia. (The Northern Territory still falls under administration by South Australia.)

– 1927, 1 March — The Northern Territory is temporarily divided into two smaller territories — North Australia and Central Australia.

– 1931, 12 June — North Australia and Central Australia join to become the Northern Territory again.

– 1989, 11 May — Jervis Bay Territory becomes the third mainland territory after ACT becomes self-governing.

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1825 16 July — The western border of New South Wales is expanded. 3 December — The colony of Van Diemen’s Land is proclaimed. 1829 2 May — Swan River Colony is declared. 1832 6 February — Swan River Colony changes its name to Western Australia. 1836 28 December — The colony of South Australia is proclaimed. 1846 17 February — The colony of North Australia is proclaimed and then revoked.

• The abbreviation FCT on the 1911 map stands for Federal Capital Territory. The students will need to be told this before answering Questions 9 and 10 on page 56.

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1 July — The colony of Victoria is proclaimed. 1856 1 January — Van Diemen’s Land changes its name to Tasmania. 1859 6 June — The colony of Queensland is proclaimed. 1860 The border of South Australia is changed. 1862 Western border of Queensland is moved. 1863 6 July — The area of New South Wales north of South Australia is annexed to them as Northern Territory. 1901 1 January — Federation. 1911 1 January — Federal Capital Territory created; Northern Territory splits from South Australia. 1915 12 July — Jervis Bay Territory is added to the Federal Capital Territory. 1938 29 July — Federal Capital Territory becomes Australian Capital Territory.

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• Details about external territories such as Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, Papua, Nauru etc. have also been excluded. Information about territories of Australia may be found on <http://www.dotars.gov.au/territories/jervis_bay/index.aspx>. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 104.

Answers Page 56 1. The border is extended westwards. 2. The Swan River Colony

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1788

• Reads and comprehends information about how the states and territories of Australia developed.

3. The colony of North Australia was revoked and rejoined to NSW.

o c . che e r o t r s super 4. 1851

5. Van Diemen’s Land changed its name to Tasmania. 6. 1859

7. (a) Queensland: the border was moved westward

(b) South Australia: the borders were moved westward to meet WA and northwards to the coast. 8. 1911

9. Federal Capital Territory

10. The Federal Capital Territory became the Australian Capital Territory. Page 57 Teacher check

Further exploration • Locate the other territories and capital cities of each state and territory on a map. Refer to <http://www.dotars.gov.au/territories/jervis_bay/index.aspx>. • Read about Sir Henry Parkes who was a major fi gure pro-Federation.

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Changing states – 1

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

Between the first settlement in 1788 and after Federation in 1901 the states and territories of Australia changed greatly to become the states and territories we know today.

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Primary Australian history

Changing states – 2

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Qld

WA SA

NSW

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ACT

Vic.

Use the visual text on page 55 to answer the questions.

Tas

1. What happened to the colony of New South Wales between 1788 and 1825?

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S What happened to the colony of North Australia later in 1846?

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2. What was the colony to the west of New South Wales called?

4. In what year was the colony of Victoria proclaimed? 5. What happened to Van Diemen’s Land in 1856?

(a) Queensland:

(b) South Australia:

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6. In what year was the colony of Queensland proclaimed?

. tethe Northern Territory proclaimed? o In what year was c . c e he r Which other territory was created in 1911? o r st super

10. What name change occurred in 1938? Australia has other territories besides ACT and the Northern Territory to look after. Some of them are Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Jervis Bay, Norfolk Island and AustralianAntarctic Territory. 56

Primary Australian history

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Teac he Most states and territories have floral and faunal emblems. Match each emblem to its state or territory. Colour each correctly. r

Australian state emblems

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R.I.C. Publications®

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Primary Australian history

No-one is quite sure why Captain Cook named New South Wales the way he did. The name fi rst appeared in his diaries. It is assumed that he thought the land looked like South Wales in Britain.

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A new fl ag for a new nation A new nation

Time line

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads and comprehends information about the Australian National Flag. • Completes a drawing of the Australian Coat of Arms using a written description.

1901 1 January — Federation

Worksheet information

3 September — Competition winners and designs announced.

1902

• The state badges on the shield of the Australian Coat of Arms are arranged in two rows of three columns. The individual badges are from right to left: – New South Wales—golden lion passant on a red St George’s Cross with a silver background with an 8-pointed star on each extremity of the cross.

1908

– Victoria—white Southern Cross (one star with 8 points, 2 of 7 points, one of 6 points and one of 5 points), beneath a crown, on a blue background.

Seventh point is added to the Commonwealth Star.

– South Australia—the White-Backed Magpie (or Piping Shrike), perched upright with wings outstretched, on a yellow background.

Both ﬂags used indiscriminately.

– Western Australia—Black swan swimming, left to right, on a yellow background.

Commonwealth Blue Ensign officially adopted as the Australian National Flag.

Flags Act passed.

1998

• Images of the Australian Coat of arms may be found by accessing Internet websites, including <http://www.dfat.gov.au/facts/coat_of_arms.html>. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 105.

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1953

– Tasmania—red lion passant on a white background.

Flags Act amended.

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Answers Page 60 1. (a) 6

(b) 1901

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1951

• Until 1953, the Australian ﬂ ags were referred to as ensigns. After 1951, the Australian Blue Ensign became the Australian National Flag. • The Commonwealth Star is often referred to as the Federation Star.

Two ﬂags officially approved by King Edward VII — gazetted in 1903.

1908–1940

• Exact size specifi cations and information about the stars and the crosses in the fl ag may be found at the bottom of the information on <http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-flags/ australian_flag.htm>.

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International Competition announced to find an Australian ﬂag.

o c . che e r o t r s super (d) (i) £200 (ii) 5 (e) 1902

(f) 7

(g) 1951

2. (a) the six states and territories

(b) The ﬂ ag can only be changed if all the Australian people agree to the change. (c) Teacher check Page 61

Teacher check

Further exploration • Students investigate other fl ags of Australia including the Aboriginal and Torres strait Islander fl ag, the fl ags of each state and territory and unoffi cial fl ags such as the Eureka fl ag. • Students may design their own new version of the Australian National Flag. • Use the exact specifi cations see <http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-flags/australian_ flag.htm> reduced to scale during a mathematics lesson to construct an Australian National Flag.

Primary Australian history

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A new flag for a new nation – 1 1901 1 January

r o e t s Bo r e pentries are received. Five designs ok Over 30 000 are chosen which u areS almost identical. The winners (Mrs A Dorrington of Perth, Mr EJ Nuttall of Melbourne, Mr Ivor Evans of Melbourne, Mr Leslie Hawkins of An international competition to design a flag for the new nation is announced by the first Prime Minister, Edmund Barton.

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1901 3 September

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Six colonies unite to become one nation— the Commonwealth of Australia.

Teac he r

1901

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Sydney and Mr W Stevens of Auckland) share the first prize of £200. The flag is flown for the first time on the Exhibition Building, Melbourne, which is where the Federal Government met at the time. King Edward VII officially approves the flag of Australia—the Commonwealth Blue Ensign—and the merchant navy flag—the Commonwealth Red Ensign.

1908

A seventh point is added to the Commonwealth Star to represent the six states and the territories.

People are confused about when to use the red and blue flags. Flying the blue ensign on land is discouraged except on government buildings and for official ceremonies.

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1903

1908–1940

1941

1951

. Prime Minister Robert Menzies encourages the use of the Blue Ensign t o ase Australia’s national emblem. c . che e r o King George VI officially approves the adoption of the Commonwealth t r s s r u e p Blue Ensign as the Australian National Flag.

1953

The Flags Act is passed which states that the Commonwealth Blue Ensign is the Australian National Flag and the Australian Red Ensign is to be used for Australian merchant ships.

1998

The Flags Act is amended to state that the Australian National Flag can only be changed with the agreement of the Australian people.

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A new flag for a new nation – 2

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Use the text on page 59 to complete the following. 1.

Write number answers. (a)

How many colonies united to become the Commonwealth of Australia?..................................................................................

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S were received? ............................................. How many entries

(b) In what year was an international competition announced for a new flag design? .......................................................................

(d) (i)

How much was the first prize? ............................................

(ii)

How many people shared first prize? ..................................

(e)

In what year were the two flags officially approved?.....................

(f)

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons In what year was the final version of the Australian National Flag •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• officially approved?....................................................................

(g)

How many points does the Commonwealth Star have? ..............

Write full sentence answers.

(b)

(c)

What do the points of the Commonwealth Star represent?

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(a)

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(c)

. tit be possible to change the Australian National Flag? How would e o c . che e r o t r s super

Why would the new Commonwealth of Australia want its own flag?

The Union Flag (the Union Jack) in the upper left corner of the Australian National Flag links Australia to its origins as a colony of Britain. 60

Primary Australian history

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The Australian Coat of Arms

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1. Read the whole description of the Australian Coat of Arms first then draw your version in the box. The Australian Coat of Arms was first officially approved in 1912 by King George V. The Coat of Arms consists of a shield in the centre divided into six sections. Each section shows a badge for each state. The badges are surrounded by a fur (ermine) border.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Above the shield is the seven-pointed gold Commonwealth Star.

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Teac he r

The shield is held up by a kangaroo on the left and an emu on the right. The animals are standing on two curved rests. Behind, around and underneath the animals are small branches of wattle in flower. At the bottom of the shield underneath the animals is a scroll showing the word ‘Australia.’

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2. Find and view a coloured version in books or on the Internet to see how close your version is. The stars on the Australian National Flag have names. The largest is called the Commonwealth Star. The others are called Beta Crucis, Gamma Crucis, Delta Crucis, Epsilon Crucis and Alpha Crucis. www.ricpublications.com.au

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World War I: Simpson and his donkey A new nation

1901

Indicators

Time line

Australia becomes a nation.

1914

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions about the inspiring role John Simpson played in World War I at Gallipoli. • Compares and contrasts uniforms and the role of women during World War I and in the defence forces today.

28 June — Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo.

28 July — Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia, an ally of Serbia, mobilises its army in defence of Serbia. 1 August — Germany, an ally of AustriaHungary, declares war on Russia. 3 August — Germany declares war on France, an ally of Russia and invades Belgium, a neutral country, to get to France quickly.

• Students will need to have a basic understanding of World War I before completing this unit. World War I, also known as the Great War, occurred from 1914 to 1918. It was the fi rst conﬂ ict Australia was involved in as a whole nation, occurring 13 years after Federation. Most of the fi ghting took place in Europe, but also in Africa and the Middle East. It was during this war, among other roles, that Australian and New Zealand Army Corps troops, played a very important part at Gallipoli (Turkey). The troops coped with terrible conditions over several months but courageously stuck ‘together’ and continued to fi ght. This attitude became known as ‘The Spirit of the Anzacs’. The story of John Simpson is an example of this attitude.

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Worksheet information

• The meaning of some of the words and phrases used on page 63 will need to be discussed with the students; e.g. Turks (the enemy, the Turkish troops), front lines (troops based nearest to the enemy), one and a half miles (approximately two and a half kilometres).

1915

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23 August — Japan, under a military agreement with Britain, declares war on Germany. Two days later, Austria-Hungary declares war on Japan.

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Answers Page 64

1. In a trench at Gallipoli, Turkey. 2. By telling Simpson’s story, his family would know how the troops gave each other strength to keep fi ghting. 3. stretcher, wounded, safety, treated

4. Because it would be easier to carry the wounded on a donkey rather than carrying them himself.

25 April — Landing at Gallipoli.

19 May — John Simpson is killed by a Turkish sniper.

5. Possible answers: walking one and a half miles, doing the job more than 12 times a day, keeping on going no matter how many shots were fi red around him, doing his job calmly and fearlessly

December — Evacuation of troops from Gallipoli.

Page 65

1918 11 November — Germany signs an armistice and World War I ends.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 105.

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4 August — Britain, an ally of France, declares war on Germany. As a consequence, the British colonies of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the Union of South Africa are also at war.

Primary Australian history

o c . che e r o t r s super 6. He would smile and just say ‘my troubles’. Teacher check

Further exploration

• Write a recount of the school Anzac Day service.

• Find out the signifi cance of the red poppy as a symbol of Remembrance Day, 11 November. (The red poppy was one of the fi rst ﬂ owers to regrow on the battlefi elds in France and Belgium after the war. It is said they were red because the blood of the soldiers who died there had seeped into the earth.)

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World War I: Simpson and his donkey – 1

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23 May 1915 Dearest Mother, Father and Sisters

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

I am writing this letter from my ‘home’ in a trench dug in the side of a hill. There is a break in the fighting with the Turks. It is strange not to hear rifle or cannon fire or to be waiting anxiously for an explosive shell to land in our trench.

Teac he r

I wish to tell you the story of a brave soldier who was killed four days ago. His story shows how we give each other the strength to keep fighting this terrible war.

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His name was John Simpson and he arrived at Gallipoli the same day as me, 25 April 1915. He was also the same age as me, 22. He told me he used to live in Tyneside in north-east England before he came to Australia. One of his jobs there was taking children for donkey rides each summer. This was to be very useful in his job here. Simpson was a stretcher bearer who fetched the wounded and carried them to the safety of the beach. Here their wounds are treated before being sent to a hospital ship. The stretcher bearers often have to carry the wounded as there aren’t enough stretchers to go around. The men are difficult to carry. Soon after arriving, Simpson noticed a stray donkey in a gully. He decided to use the donkey to help carry the wounded. Simpson became known as ‘the man with the donk’.

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towards the front lines to get the wounded. They did this more than 12 times a day. They were in view of the enemy but Simpson kept on, no matter how many shots were fired around him. When he came to a wounded man, he would leave his donkey under cover, rush out and quickly put the wounded man on his back and dart back to his donkey. The men in the trenches would watch in amazement as Simpson calmly and fearlessly did this time and time again. Even though he was constantly in extreme danger, Simpson was always cheerful. When he was reminded of the dangers, he just smiled and said ‘my troubles’ and went on with his work. Everyone was extremely saddened when the news got around that Simpson had been shot in the back and killed while leading his donkey away with a wounded man on its back. In the three and a half weeks he was here, Simpson had saved the lives of hundreds of men.

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I am proud to have known him. Much love,

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Primary Australian history

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World War I: Simpson and his donkey – 2

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Answer the questions about the text on page 63. 1. Where was the writer writing his letter?

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r o e t s Bo Simpson and his r Why did the writer wish toe tell his family the story about p ok donkey? (The second paragraph will give you a clue.) u S Teac he r

3. Fill in the missing words to complete the sentence.

Simpson was a

and carried them to the

bearer who fetched the

of the beach where their wounds

could be

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5. List three things in Paragraph 5 that show what a brave and hard worker Simpson was. •

•

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It is believed Simpson used more than one donkey, as he used several names for them. His favourite was ‘Duffy’. Others were ‘Murphy’, ‘Abdul’ and ‘Queen Elizabeth’. 64

Primary Australian history

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War—then and now

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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There are many differences between the way in which war is fought now compared with World War I. Look at the pictures and read the information below. Colour the pictures correctly, then cut out the information and glue it under the correct picture.

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During World War I, women were not allowed to enlist as soldiers. The only way they could serve in the war was as nurses.

During World War I, patrol soldiers wore fur-lined slouch hats; woollen khaki jackets and breeches; brown, leather, lace-up, hob-nailed boots.

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Today, patrol soldiers wear broad-brimmed cotton slouch hats; camouflage, green/ brown overshirts and pants; brown, rubber-soled, leather, lace-up boots.

Today, women can join the Australian Defence Forces (army, navy or air force) but cannot be involved in faceto-face combat.

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World War I ended at 11 o’clock on 11 November 1918. This is the date and time we now commemorate as Remembrance Day each year. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

World War II: The Kokoda Track A new nation

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about the Battle of the Kokoda Track. • Reads text and answers questions about World War II resistance fi ghter, Nancy Wake.

Time line 1939

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information:

1940

Italy declares war on Britain and France. France finally surrenders to Germany, which means all of Western Europe is in the hands of the Germans.

1941

Germany invades Russia, who joins forces with Britain.

• Nancy Wake, the Resistance fi ghter written about on page 69, is still alive as of publishing and lives in England. Her fi rst husband was killed by the German secret police, the Gestapo, when he would not tell them where Nancy was hiding. She married John Forward in 1960 and returned to Australia to live until 2001, when she returned to England. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 106.

Answers Page 68

1. Between 1939 and 1945

Japanese bombing raid on Broome, then Wyndham.

(b) It took place as Australian troops were sent to prevent Japanese troops from making their way along the track to Port Moresby, a stepping stone to Australia.

Three midget submarines enter Sydney Harbour to destroy allied ships.

3. (a) False

Singapore falls to Japanese troops.

Battle of the Coral Sea.

4. They were local Papuan and New Guineans who helped Australian troops.

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1943

D-Day—Allies land in Normany, France.

1945 Germany surrenders and World War II ends in Europe. Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Japan surrenders in the Pacific.

Primary Australian history

5. Teacher check

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Italy changes government and negotiates an armistice.

1944

(b) False

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2. (a) 1945

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Japanese bombing raids on Darwin.

Battle of the Kokoda Track.

• The war was very widespread and over the six years involved Europe, North Africa, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Asia and the Pacifi c region.

Japan enters war as German ally and attacks Pearl Harbour. As a result, USA enters war as an ally of Britain.

1942

• Along with Britain and France, the Allies included such countries as Australia, New Zealand and later, the USA. Countries such as Japan and Italy were on the side of Germany.

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Germany invades Poland. Britain (and colonial allies) and France declare war on Germany.

• Students will need to have a basic understanding of World War II before completing this unit. World War II occurred between 1939 and 1945. In the 1930s, Germany was looking to expand its territory and threatened to invade Poland. Britain and France opposed this move and stated they would declare war on Germany if it did this. Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939.

6. Because of their tremendous courage and attitude of never giving up, no matter what hardships they met with. Page 69

1. The ‘Resistance’ was a secret organisation that did things like spying on the Germans to get information and helping people escape capture. 2. ‘The White Mouse’ was given to her by the Germans when they found out about her secret work but couldn’t catch her. 3. Possible answers: smuggled food and messages to Resistance workers, smuggled escaped prisoners and airmen out of France, organised parachute supply drops, raided German installations

Further exploration • Discuss why the Papuan and New Guineans who helped Australian troops were nicknamed the ‘Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels’. • Find out about other Australian World War II heroes. One example is Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop, a prisoner of war, who saved the lives of many fellow POWs by operating on their wounds, in very primitive conditions.

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World War II: The Kokoda Track – 1 World War II took place between 1939 and 1945. It began when Germany decided to take over Poland and other countries. Some countries, like Australia, did not want Germany to do this and declared war on Germany. Other countries fought on Germany’s side.

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West Papua

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Papua New Guinea

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Japan was one country on Germany’s side. The Japanese Gona army was trying to take over countries in the Pacific Ocean Kokoda Track Buna Port Moresby area. In 1942, it landed on the northern coast of Papua New Guinea. The idea was to travel to the south and take over the capital city of Port Moresby. This would mean it would be easy to get to Australia from there as it was so close. Australia sent troops to Papua New Guinea to stop Japan from doing this. The battle took place on the Kokoda Track. The Battle of the Kokoda Track

The Kokoda Track is a narrow track that leads from the north to the south of Papua New Guinea across the Owen Stanley Ranges. The village of Kokoda is about halfway across.

The Japanese army used this track to try to get to Port Moresby. Their army was huge compared with Australia’s and the men were more experienced with fighting war. Most of the men in the Australian Army were only 18 to 19 years old and had little training. But that didn’t matter. The Australian troops never gave up no matter how hard the conditions became. They fought hard day and night and eventually won the battle.

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The track was extremely hard to travel along. The men had to cut through thick jungle which was full of twisted vines and huge tree roots sticking up. There were swift-flowing steams to cross and very steep, slippery paths to go up followed by very steep, slippery paths going down. The men had to carry all their supplies and equipment on their backs while trying to walk along this difficult trail. And all the way they had to fight.

o c . che e r o t r s super The Australian troops were helped by the local Papuans and New The weather was extremely hot and humid as the area is near the equator. It would often rain which meant the ground would turn into sticky mud. The heat caused jungle sicknesses and many died from these—not just from being killed by the Japanese.

Guineans. They were used to the conditions and easily carried many of the supplies. They also took great care of the injured and sick soldiers, treating their wounds and carrying them back to hospitals in Port Moresby. The Australians nicknamed them the ‘Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels’. Because of their tremendous courage and attitude of never giving up, the Australian troops achieved what was thought at the beginning to be impossible—victory. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

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World War II: The Kokoda Track – 2

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Answer the questions about the text on page 67. 1. When did World War II take place?

r o e t s Bo r e p o u k (b) Why did the Battle of the Kokoda Track take place? S 2. (a) When did the Battle of the Kokoda Track begin?

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3. Circle True or False.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons True False Australia’s army was more experienced than the Japanese army. True False •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Australia’s soldiers were generally younger than the Japanese. True False

(a) Australia’s army was larger than the Japanese army.

(b)

(c)

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4. Who were the ‘Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels’?

5. List two hardships the soldiers had to put up with on the Kokoda Track. •

•

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o c . c e r Why did the Australian h troops win the battle? t er o s super

There is a very steep climb on the Kokoda Track called the ‘Golden Stairs’. Each step has a log at the edge. The soldiers found they could be very slippery with mud. When they stepped over the log they would often find their foot in a 15-cm puddle! 68

Primary Australian history

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Nancy Wake – The White Mouse

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There were many people who did brave deeds during World War II to try and help win the war. One of these people was Nancy Wake. She became a Resistance fighter in France when the Germans invaded the country. The Resistance was a secret group of people who did things like spying on the Germans to find out information and helping people escape capture from them.

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r o e t s B r e oo Nancy was born in New p Zealand in 1912 but moved to u Australia with her family when she was about two years old. k S She travelled to London, then Europe, in 1932 as a journalist when she was 20. She met and married a wealthy Frenchman just after the war broke out in 1939.

When Germany invaded France in 1940, Nancy joined the Resistance. She bought an ambulance and smuggled food and messages to other Resistance workers who were in hiding. Nancy also used the ambulance to smuggle out escaped prisoners of war and airmen who had to parachute to safety when their planes were shot down. The Germans didn’t suspect she was a secret agent at first. When they began to suspect her they couldn’t catch her and gave Nancy the name ‘The White Mouse’. It was now very dangerous work for her as if she was caught she would be killed. Nancy had to leave France when she was betrayed in 1942 and go to England.

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Answer the questions. 1. What was the ‘Resistance’?

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o c . c e h r What are some of the things Nancy did as a member of the Resistance? er o t s super

2. How did Nancy get the name ‘The White Mouse’? 3.

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Nancy went back to France in 1944 and secretly organised supply drops by parachute which included food and weapons. She also helped raid German installations. After the war, Nancy received many awards for her brave deeds.

Nancy bravely cycled more than 200 km through France without being caught when she had to get a message to a radio operator because her group’s radio was lost. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

A multicultural nation A new nation

Indicators

Time line

1820s

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads a text and answers questions about immigration in Australia • Uses a picture to create a story about an immigrant family.

Growth in the wool industry creates an increase in the migration of free people from Britain.

A large number of Irish immigrants come to Australia to escape famine in their homeland.

1851

The Australian gold rush begins: British, Irish, Germans and other Europeans, as well as Chinese settlers arrive.

1901

The Commonwealth of Australia comes into being on 1 January.

• Today, immigration into Australia is quite restricted, with mandatory detention for all unauthorised arrivals, and the issue of immigration is a highly sensitive one. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 106.

Answers Page 72

Outbreak of WWI.

1. a person ﬂ eeing his/her country because of war or famine

1942–43 Japanese planes make almost 100 attacks against sites in Australia.

2. Teacher check 3. (a) people who have come to live in Australia from other countries (b) people from Europe

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The Australian Government relaxes the Immigration Restriction Act, allowing nonEuropeans to settle in Australia.

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Australia begins a scheme for immigration from Europe. More than 2 million people, mostly British, arrive over the next 30 years.

1973

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1914

1948

• After World War II, Australian offi cials, believing Australia must ‘populate or perish’, launched a massive immigration program which saw more than 2 000 000 people immigrate from Europe in the 20 years following the end of the war. These people brought with them the food, clothing and housing styles that have contributed to Australian life today and made us a mulitcultural society.

The new Federal Parliament, as one of its first pieces of legislation, passes the Immigration Restriction Act, restricting the immigration of non-Europeans.

1947

• The history of immigration to the Australian continent begins with the arrival of Indigenous Australians over 40 000 years ago. European settlement began with the First Fleet of convicts, soldiers, and sailors in 1788, and continued to be a mostly penal settlement for some time. From about 1815 the colony grew rapidly as free settlers arrived from Britain and Ireland. The gold rushes in New South Wales and Victoria in the 1850s saw about two per cent of the population of the British Isles emigrate to Australia, along with many continental Europeans, North Americans and Chinese.

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1840s

Worksheet information

Immigrants from Chile arrive following the overthrow of the Allende Government.

Further exploration

• Have an ‘ancestors day’ at school where students can come dressed as their ancestors and give a short talk about their family heritage. • Students can do a ‘Harmony Day’ webquest at <http://www.webquestdirect.com.au/ harmony/party/>. • Research how immigration policies of other countries compare with those of Australia.

1975

Immigrants arrive after the Vietnam War.

1981

• Find some menus from modern Australian restaurants with different cuisines. Students can use the internet to research which countries the various menu items come from.

Immigrants arrive from Poland after martial law is declared.

1999–2001 Conﬂicts in the Balkans result in Serbs, Croats and Albanians immigrating to Australia.

Primary Australian history

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A multicultural nation – 1

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Immigrants are people who have come to live in Australia from other countries. All present-day Australians are either immigrants or the descendants of immigrants, even Indigenous Australians, whose ancestors immigrated here more than 40 000 years ago.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Europeans started immigrating My name is Karsten. I in the 1700s, mostly British came to live in South and Irish people who were Australia from Germany convicts, soldiers and officials. with my parents. We During the gold rush era, moved here so my father beginning in 1851, large could get some work in numbers of people came the vineyards. I am happy to Australia, including more to have a new home now, British and Irish, Germans, but I miss my friends and other Europeans and the life I used to have Chinese. Since then many back in Germany. more people have immigrated to Australia for different reasons. People usually immigrate Hi, I’m Abeni. There is a because they think their lives terrible war in my home would be better if they lived in country in Africa. Many Australia. Sometimes people people are being killed want to come here to be with and many more are other family members who poor and hungry. My have immigrated, or they family and I asked if we can earn a lot more money could come to Australia working in Australia. Some as refugees. We do not people prefer our weather have much money or and way of life, or there is a belongings. Luckily for us war on in their country and we have been allowed to they want to escape. People come to live in Australia. fleeing their country because It is very different here, of war or famine are called but we are safe. refugees.

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People from a large number of countries have made Australia their home, and some of them have even become famous Australians. Australia is made up of people from a lot of different countries, so there is not one but many different cultures in Australia. Because of this Australia is a called a ‘multicultural’ nation. The food we eat, clothes we wear, days we celebrate and houses we live in are all influenced by the different cultures of the people who have come to live in Australia. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

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A multicultural nation – 2

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Use the text on page 71 to answer these questions. 1. What is a refugee?

r o e t s B r e oo p u k S

2. List five countries people have immigrated to Australia from.

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Teac he r

3. Write a definition for these words.

(a) immigrant:

(b) Europeans:

(c)

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4. Use a magazine to find three things (e.g. foods, clothing) we use in Australia that have come from immigrant cultures. Glue them in the space below and write a sentence describing what each picture is and where it comes from.

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In Australia today 43 per cent of all Australians were born overseas or have at least one parent who was born overseas. 72

Primary Australian history

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A puzzle from the past

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Imagine you found this photo at the back of one of your cupboards. The only clue is the sentence on the back; ‘Immigrating to Australia’.

Teac he r

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Look at the picture and try to write a story with as much information as you can about this family immigrating to Australia. Could they be your ancestors? Why are they immigrating? Where are they migrating from, and when? Who is missing from the family and why?

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Between 1851 and 1861 (the gold rush era), the Australian population grew from 437 655, to 1 151 947. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

Leading Australia People and politics

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads a text and answers questions about Australia’s leaders and government • Writes and presents a mock interview with a past or present Prime Minister.

January — Edmund Barton becomes the first Prime Minister of Australia. March — First federal elections held.

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1903

The first election where women have the same rights as men to stand for parliament and to vote.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 107.

1906

First referendum held.

Answers

1923

Page 76

The building of Parliament House begins.

1927

• Leaders are needed at most levels of society to ensure the health and safety of the people in a group. In Australia, our main leaders form three levels of government. The federal government, situated in Canberra, is responsible for many services such as employment, telecommunications, airports, immigration, defence, and pensions. Each state or territory also has its own government, which is responsible for services such as schools, hospitals, roads, railways, police and wildlife protection. Local governments, or councils, are responsible for services such as rubbish collection, swimming pools, child care centres, traffi c control, animal control and libraries.

The ceremonial opening of parliament in Parliament House, Canberra.

1943

Federal

State

defence

public transport

immigration

schools

rubbish collection parks 1.

3. Local government

4. Kevin Rudd (at the time of printing)

Page 77

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Voters overwhelmingly support a referendum to count Indigenous people in the national census and to give the federal parliament power to legislate for Indigenous people.

B A

O N

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N 7.

Teacher check

Robert Menzies becomes Prime Minister for the second time, starting a 16-year term.

1967

Local libraries, buildings

2. crossword

Dame Enid Lyons and Dorothy Tangney become the first women to win seats in parliament.

1949

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May — The opening of parliament in Melbourne’s Exhibition Building.

Worksheet information

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1901

Indicators

Time line

Further exploration

1967

Prime Minister Harold Holt disappears in the ocean off Portsea, Victoria.

1971

Senator Neville Bonner becomes the first Aboriginal parliamentarian.

1996

• Students can read the story of each of our Prime Ministers at <http://primeministers.naa. gov.au/meetpm.asp>. • Students can research the selection of Australia’s capital and the new site for the Federal Parliament. • Students can fi nd out who is their local representative members of parliament and write to them about a concern they have.

John Howard becomes Prime Minister.

2007 Kevin Rudd becomes Prime Minister.

Primary Australian history

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Leading Australia – 1

People a

nd po

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Leaders are people who rule, guide or inspire others. They decide which rules, rewards and punishments will help people and encourage us to work hard and do our best.

r o e t s B r e oowas Governor Phillip. He The first European leader in Australia p was chosen by the leaders in Britain tok make the decisions for u S the new colony, except for big decisions, which were made back in Britain.

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Australia’s earliest leaders were the elders in Australian Aboriginal culture. They made decisions about laws and punishments for their family groups.

As more people came to live in Australia and more colonies began around the country, more leaders were needed. Britain allowed the new colonies to form their own groups of leaders to make decisions for their colony. Group of leaders like this, who work together to lead communities, are called governments. By 1890 most of the colonies had their own governments, but big decisions were still made in Britain.

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In 1901 the colonies united to become states of one new country, Australia. As part of Federation, a new government, called the federal government, was created to make big decisions for the whole country about things such as defence and immigration. The leader of this government, and of Australia, is called the Prime Minister. Our first Prime Minister was Edmund Barton, and since then there have been 26 different Prime Ministers, though some have served more than once.

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The colonies, now called states, still had a government which made rules and decisions for the state. The leaders of Australia’s states and territories are called Premiers. The state and federal governments were given powers by the British to make all the laws and decisions for the people of Australia. The states make decisions and rules about things like hospitals, schools and public transport.

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o c . che e r o t In Australia, there are also governments that make r s super decisions for smaller areas in each state. This is called local government. They make decisions and rules for your local community (like your suburb) and look after parks, libraries, rubbish collection and buildings. There are many people in government, called politicians, who help the Prime Minister to make the laws for Australia and keep Australians safe. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

People a

Leading Australia – 2

nd po

liti c

Use the text on page 75 to answer these questions. 1.

Write these words in the table under the government that takes care of them.

immigration rubbish collection

defence schools

parks public transport

r o e t s Bo Local State r e p ok u S

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Federal

libraries buildings

Use the clues to fill in the crossword. Across

4. A person who works in government 5. The name of the government of Australia 7. The leader of a state or territory

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your suburb 2. A group of leaders ruling a state, community or country 7. 3. Australia’s first Prime Minister 4. The very first leaders in Australia

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3. 4.

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Who is the current Prime Minister of Australia?

Australia’s seventeenth Prime Minister, Harold Holt, disappeared in 1967 while swimming at Cheviot Beach in Melbourne. An extensive search failed to find him and two days after he disappeared, John McEwen was sworn in as Prime Minister. 76

Primary Australian history

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People a

An interview with a Prime Minister

nd po

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With a partner, research Australia’s Prime Ministers and choose one you think is/was a good leader. Research your chosen Prime Minister and with your partner write a mock interview with this leader. Present your interview to the class with one person acting as the interviewer and the other as the Prime Minister.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok Name of Prime Minister: u S Time in office:

Place/date of birth:

Kevin Rudd

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Write notes for your interview under the headings below:

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What he is most famous for:

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Political history:

o c . Qualities that madec him a good leader: e her r o t s super Personal life:

The person who becomes Prime Minister of Australia gets two houses to live in: The Lodge in Canberra and Kirribilli House in Sydney. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Australian inventions Modern Australia

Indicators • Reads a text and answers questions about Australian inventions. • Selects four Australian inventions that have inﬂ uenced the way of life in Australia and explains their choice.

Time line

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

Worksheet information

• Despite a relatively short history compared to other countries, and a similarly relatively small population, Australians have contributed signifi cantly to many fi elds of knowledge. Well before Federation, Indigenous Australians demonstrated innovation by developing tools like boomerangs and woomeras to assist with hunting. European settlers arriving in this harsh, isolated land also had to be ingenious to survive. Early inventions included the stump-jump plough, the stripper harvester, mechanical shears and ice-making machines. Australians continue to be at the forefront of innovation with inventions like night and day contact lenses and biodegradable packaging.

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1856 The first mechanical refrigeration plant is built by James Harrison to cool beer. 1868 Granny Smith apple is invented by Maria Ann Smith in Sydney. 1884 Nineteen-year-old Hugh McKay invents the ‘Sunshine’ combine harvester. 1889 The electric drill is patented by Melbourne inventor Arthur James Arnot. 1933 The utility vehicle is designed by Lewis Brandt at the Ford Motor Company. 1946 The ‘Hills Hoist’ is invented. 1956 The rolling overhead metal garage door is first produced by B&D. 1958 The ‘black box’ ﬂight recorder is invented in Melbourne 1960 The world’s first plastic spectacle lenses are designed in Australia. 1962 Snake antivenene, capable of counteracting poison from most Australian snakes, is developed by the CSIRO. 1963 Aerogard™ insect repellent ingredients are invented by the entomologist Dr Doug Waterhouse at the CSIRO. 1972 The orbital internal combustion engine is developed by Ralph Sarich in Perth, WA. 1973 Australians develop the ‘poptop’ can.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 107.

Answers Page 80 1. (a) Sydney

(b) ingredients

2. Aerogard—Waterhouse, Floaties—Maertin, Esky—Malley, Notepad—Birchall

4. Maertin created a pair of inﬂ atable armbands after one of his children nearly drowned. 5. Teacher check

6. Answers will vary but should include one of the following: rugby league, rugby union, Marn grook, soccer. Page 81 Teacher check

Further exploration

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3. Two of the following: woomera, boomerang, stone tools for grinding seeds.

• Good sites to research Australian inventors and inventions include: <http://www.questacon.edu.au/html/our_clever_country.html> <http://www.whitehat.com.au/Australia/Inventions/InventionsA.html>

• Students can conduct a survey of the class to fi nd the most popular invention.

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• Find a recipe for a food or dish created by an Australian and make it in class.

1977 Australian scientists develop the world’s first system for storing solar energy on a mass scale. 1979 The bionic ear is developed by researchers in Melbourne.

Primary Australian history

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M od ern

Australian inventions – 1

Aust

r a li a

There have been many creative and inventive Australians throughout our history. Australia’s first people, the Aboriginal Australians, survived by adapting to the land and creating new tools to help them survive. They invented stone tools to grind seeds, the woomera (which helps throw spears further) and the boomerang to make hunting easier and better.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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When the Europeans started settlements in Australia, they, too, found the need for new inventions to make life better. Since 1788 a remarkable number of important inventions have been created by Australians in many areas such as medicine, farming and transport. These include baby capsules, solar hot water systems, dual flush toilets, utes, fridges and plastic bank notes. Other well-known Australian inventions include: The Esky™, created by Malley’s, a Sydney refrigeration business. Eskies allow us to keep drinks and food cool at barbecues and picnics.

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Floaties, invented by Klaus Maertin, a father of four children. When one of his children nearly drowned, he created a pair of inflatable armbands. Floaties allow children to learn to swim safely, while still having fun in the water.

The notepad, invented In 1902 by JA Birchall of Launceston. Birchall had the idea of gluing sheets of paper together and putting a piece of cardboard at the bottom of the pile.

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o c . che e Australian Rules Football, invented in the 1850s, is nowr one of o t1859 four r the most popular sports in Australia. Between 1858 and s s r u e p Melbourne cricketers decided on the rules, using ideas from other games, including the Aboriginal game of Marn grook.

Aerogard™ insect repellent, the ingredients of which were created by Dr Doug Waterhouse in 1963. He invented and made the repellent but never put any into cans to sell. He told the people from the Mortein company the ingredients, who then made and started selling Aerogard in cans. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

M od ern

Australian inventions – 2

Aust

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Use the text on page 79 to answer these questions. 1. Fill in the missing words. (a) The Esky™ was invented in company.

(b) The man who invented the actually made money from it.

(c)

by a refrigeration

r o e t s Bo for Aerogard r e p ok u allow children to learn to swim safely. S

™

2. Match the invention to its inventor.

Aerogard™ •

•

Malley

Floaties

•

Waterhouse

Esky™

•

Birchall

Notepad

never

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Maertin © R. I . C• .P ubl i cat i ons Name two things invented by Aboriginal Australians. •f orr evi ew p ur posesonl y• •

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4. Why did Klaus Maertin invent floaties?

5. Which of the inventions on page 79 is your favourite? Why? 6.

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o c . c e he r Which games do you think the inventors of Australian Rules Football got o t r s s r upe their ideas from?

The CSIRO is a government-funded scientific organisation, conducting research into many areas of science. The CSIRO has invented things such as polymer bank notes and biological control of pests. 80

Primary Australian history

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M od ern

Amazing Aussie inventions

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Imagine you are one of the important staff at the museum. It is your job to choose the items for the upcoming exhibit ‘Amazing Aussie inventions’. You need to choose the four that you think have had the biggest impact on the Australian way of life.

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Name of invention

How it changed the way Australians live today

home/family/leisure

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Research Australian inventions and choose one from each of the areas in the table. Write how you think the inventions have changed the way Australians live today and draw a picture of your chosen inventions in the table below.

What it looks like

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medicine/safety/ health

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o c . c e her r farming/transport/ o t s super machines

Australians invented the swimming stroke now called overarm or freestyle in the 1890s. Until then, competitive freestyle was done with the head out of the water. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

Aboriginal Australians today Modern Australia

Time line

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

• Reads and comprehends information about Aboriginal life today.

• Reads, and writes a short newspaper article about the Australian Freedom Riders.

Worksheet information

• All cultures change and develop over time. White settlement brought rapid and drastic changes to Indigenous Australian culture and the land on which the people lived. Before 1788, Aboriginal Australians inhabited the whole of Australia and Torres Strait Islanders inhabited the islands between Australia and New Guinea. There were many different communities who spoke different languages and had different cultural beliefs, practices and traditions.

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1901 Federation—Aboriginal Australians not included in the number of people in the Commonwealth of Australia. 1953 Atomic tests are conducted at Maralinga and Emu, South Australia. 1962 The Commonwealth Electoral Act allows all Aboriginal people the right to vote. 1966 Stockmen and women at Wave Hill walk off to protest against working conditions and wages. 1967 Commonwealth referendum passed which includes all Aboriginal people in the national census. 1969 An Aboriginal delegation presents a statement on Australian Aborigines to the UN Secretary-General. 1971 First full census which includes Aboriginal people is held. 1972 January—The Aboriginal Embassy is set up outside Parliament House in Canberra. 1982 John Pat dies in custody in Roebourne lockup (WA) and protests about his death lead to a royal commission. 1985 Uluru is handed back to its traditional owners. 1992 The High Court hands down its decision in the Mabo case, stating that native title exists over particular types of land and that Australia was never terra nullius. 1993 United Nations celebrates the Year of Indigenous Peoples. 1996 23 December—The Wik decision—The High Court finds that pastoral leases do not extinguish native title and that both can coexist. 1997 26 May—National Sorry Day to recognise the removal of Aboriginal children from their families in the past. 2008 Federal Parliament offers an official apology to the ‘stolen generations’ on behalf of the Australian Government.

• Today, Indigenous Australians live throughout Australia and their culture is a mixture of contemporary and traditional ways.

• An Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander today is considered to be a person who is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait descent, a person who identifies as an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander or a person who is accepted by the Aboriginal community in which he/she lives.

Primary Australian history

Answers Page 84

1. the common cold; smallpox 2. traditional; sacred 3. poisoned 4. wildlife; food 5. travel/wander

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• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 108.

6. Answers will vary but will include: diabetes, heart disease, respiratory problems, eye complaints 7. babies; non-Indigenous/white 8. traditional; stories

o c . che e r o t r s super 9. ownership

10. Answers will vary but will include Christine Anu, Yothu Yindi and Troy Cassar-Daly (music); Ernie Dingo and Aaron Pederson (television); Cathy Freeman, Nova PerisKneebone, Mark, Glen and Gary Ella (sport); Patricia O’Shane (law); Aden Ridgeway and Neville Bonner (politics) Page 85

Teacher check

Further exploration

• Find out about NAIDOC Week — why it was started and how it is celebrated in the local area. • Find out the difference between Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders. • Students write a profile of a well-known indigenous Australian. • Find out about the Gurindji stockmen and workers strike in 1966.

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M od ern

Aboriginal Australians today – 1

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When white settlers came to live in Australia, they changed forever the lives of the Aboriginal Australians. White settlers did not understand Aboriginal culture and tried to make Aboriginal Australians more like them. This caused many problems for Aboriginal Australians.

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Many Aboriginal people died from sicknesses and diseases such as the common cold and smallpox brought by white settlers. Their traditional land was taken for farming and settlement. Sacred sites were destroyed. Families were broken up and children were taken away to be brought up as white people. They were pushed further and further inland and away from their traditional land. Many Aboriginal Australians were killed and poisoned. The wildlife they hunted for food was used by others. Places where food could be gathered or dug up were destroyed or taken over. Aboriginal Australians were not even allowed to wander the country when they wanted to. Today only about 2 out of every 100 people in Australia are Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. Some of them live in rural or remote areas. Most live in areas of the city such as Western Sydney.

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heart disease, respiratory problems and eye complaints. Many Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander children die when they are babies. Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders do not live as long as white Australians. Poor housing, poor water quality and inadequate food and sanitation affect the health of all the people, but especially the children. Many Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders live in homes with many other family members. Many do not own their own home at all.

o c . che e r o t r s super

Almost one in three Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders do not have jobs. The wage they receive for doing their job is also a lot less than that for non-Indigenous Australians. About one in five people in jail are Indigenous people. Many die while in custody in jail. Many Indigenous people cannot speak their traditional language or do not know their traditional stories. Many Indigenous people are still trying to gain rights to have traditional ownership of the land they lived in before white settlement. While there are many problems which Indigenous people have to deal with, including prejudice, many have also succeeded in their chosen field and are greatly respected by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. Some of these people include Christine Anu, Yothu Yindi and Troy Cassar-Daly (music); Ernie Dingo and Aaron Pederson (television); Cathy Freeman, Nova Peris-Kneebone, Mark, Glen and Gary Ella (sport); Patricia O’Shane (law); Aden Ridgeway and Neville Bonner (politics). www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

M od ern

Aboriginal Australians today – 2

Aust

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Use the text on page 83 to complete the cloze below. 1. The first white settlers brought diseases such as .

2. They took

r o e t s Bo r e p many Aboriginal Australians. ok u S for food and destroyed areas where the

land for farming and settlement and destroyed

sites.

4. They hunted the

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3. They killed and

and

Aboriginal Australians used to gather

5. Aboriginal Australians were not even allowed to and whenever they wanted to around the country.

wherever

6. Today many Aboriginal Australians suffer from health problems such as 7.

. ©and R. I . C.Publ i c at i ons and many Many Aboriginal children die while they are still •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y •

adult Indigenous Australians do not live as long as Australians.

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8. A big problem is that Aboriginal Australians are losing their culture because they language or know their traditional

cannot speak their

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o c . white settlement. traditional cheof the land they lived in before e r o r st supe 10. Some well-known and respected Aboriginal andr Torres Strait Islanders include

9. Perhaps the most important thing for Aboriginal Australians is that they want to gain

(music),

(sport) and

(television), (politics).

Indigenous Australians were not given the right to vote until the 1960s. 84

Primary Australian history

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M od ern

Australian Freedom Riders

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In 1965, Aboriginal Australians were forced to live on reserves or missions where there was no plumbing or electricity. Life was very hard there. In the towns they could not go into cafes, theatres or hotels or use swimming pools.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

When they returned to Sydney, the Freedom Riders talked to politicians. Finally, in 1967, Aboriginal Australians became Australian citizens with the same rights as everyone else.

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Teac he r

About 29 Sydney university students, including an Aboriginal man named Charles Perkins, decided to make other people aware of how the Aboriginals were being treated. They travelled to country towns around New South Wales to talk to other Aboriginal people and to protest at the way Aboriginal Australians were being treated. In one town, Aboriginal soldiers were not allowed to enter buildings with non-Indigenous (white) soldiers. In another, Aboriginal people were not allowed to swim in the same swimming pool area as non-Indigenous people. Newspapers followed them and reported about the Freedom Ride to all Australians and across the world.

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Write a short newspaper article about one of the events which happened during the Freedom Ride.

o c . che e r o t r s super

On Sunday 28 May 2000, about 250 000 people joined in the People’s Walk for Reconciliation across the Sydney Harbour Bridge to show they wanted to help Indigenous Australians. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

One famous Australian Modern Australia

Time line

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Teac he r

• Reads and comprehends information about one famous Australian — Andrew Barton ‘Banjo’ Paterson. • Completes a crossword using words from Waltzing Matilda.

Worksheet information

• Andrew Barton Paterson was often called ‘Barty’ by his family when he was young. His fi rst poems and verse were published under the pseudonyms ‘B’ and ‘The Banjo’. (Banjo was the name of a racehorse owned by his family.)

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1864 Andrew Barton ‘Banjo’ Paterson is born at Narrambla, Orange, NSW. 1870 Moves to Illalong, Yass, NSW. 1874–1881 Boards at Sydney Grammar School and lives with grandmother at Gladesville, Sydney. 1882 Is employed at a law firm in Sydney. 1885 First poem, ‘El Mahdi to the Australian Troops’, is published. 1886 Is admitted as an attorney, solicitor and proctor of the Supreme Court of NSW. 1889 ‘Clancy of the Overﬂow’ is published. 1895 ‘Waltzing Matilda’ is published. 17 October — The man from Snowy River and other verses is published. 1899 War correspondent during the second Boer War. 1901 Acts as foreign correspondent to cover Boxer Rebellion in China. 1903 Becomes editor of the Evening News. 1915 Acts as ambulance driver in France, enlists in AIF, supervises Allied horses. 1917 Saltbush Bill, JP and other verses is published. 1919 Editor for the Sydney Sportsman. Discharged from military service. 1930 Retires. 1933 The animals Noah forgot is published. 1936 The shearer’s colt, a novel, is published. 1939 1 January — is awarded Order of Commander of the British Empire for his contributions to literature. 1941 5 February — Dies in Sydney of a heart attack while waiting to go home from hospital after a short illness.

• Paterson was a contemporary of Henry Lawson and a keen sportsman. He played tennis and was an oarsman. He was a keen horseman who chased the hounds with the Sydney Hunt Club, was a good polo player and an amateur rider at Randwick and Rosehill Racecourse. • Paterson’s reporting of war in South Africa in 1899 achieved such acclaim that he was appointed a correspondent for Reuters, the international news agency. • Background about the Boxer rebellion may be found at <http://www.smplanet.com/ imperialism/ﬁsts.html>.

Primary Australian history

Answers Page 88

1. The Boer War in 1889; the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1901

2. He acted as an ambulance driver, ferrying wounded soldiers.; He supervised Allied horses in the Middle East. T 3. solicitor; editor J R 4. Clancy of the Overﬂ ow, Waltzing S U O Matilda, The Man from Snowy River 1.

5. 1930 6. a Commander of the British Empire 7. the Australian bush and the characters who lived there

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• Quiz questions relating to this section may be found on page 108.

O P E

o c . che e r o t r s super 8. Teacher check Page 89

See puzzle solution

Further exploration

• Read some poems written by Banjo Patterson and Henry Lawson including Clancy of the Overﬂ ow, A bush christening, the Man from Ironbark, The Man from Snowy River, Mulga Bill’s Bicycle (all written by Paterson) and Song of Australia, the Drover’s wife and the Man from Waterloo (written by Henry Lawson).

W A G

L Y

O N G

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M od ern

One famous Australian – 1

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February 1941 I write this entry in my journal as I wait to go home from hospital. The illness which has laid me low has caused me great concern.

Teac he r

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I am no longer a young man with dreams of flying around the globe reporting on conflict in wars near and far. I leave that job to the young men with strength in their bodies and fire in their hearts. The Boer War of 1899 and the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1901 seem almost like a lifetime ago.

Even though the job I wanted to do wasn’t the one I had planned, I played my part as any Australian would. Didn’t I ferry the wounded to safety in the ambulances during the conflict of 1915? Didn’t I use my knowledge to supervise the Allied horses in the Middle East? The men called me ‘Major’ but I didn’t ask for the rank. I just did what needed to be done.

I have long lost the desire to work in a solicitor’s office or to edit the newspapers and journals for commuters to read on the train. But a man must eat and look after his family. When ‘Clancy of the Overflow’, ‘Waltzing Matilda’ and The man from Snowy River and other verses were published during that time, my joy held no bounds. Writing has been, and always will be, my greatest love.

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At times, I long for my other home—the Australian bush. The properties we worked and the characters who lived there, are so much a part of my writing. I remember the governess who taught us at Narrambla, near Orange, and then the daily horse rides to the bush school at Binalong. I remember the school holidays at Illalong Station near Yass. They were so different from boarding school in Sydney. Luckily, my readers seemed just as fascinated by the bush and the characters as I was—and still am.

o c . c e Since my retirement 11 years ago, I have devoted my timer to writing. But time goes h e o t r quickly and there is so much to say—so much to s write. No-one was more surprised sup r e than I when I was created a Commander of the British Empire two years ago.

When my time is over, I wonder what the generations to come will say about me. Nothing would be better than for me to be remembered as a great ballad writer and a true Australian who loved this wonderful land of contrasts. Who knows, I may even be remembered as the most important folk poet Australia has ever known! (from the private journal of Andrew Barton ‘Banjo’ Paterson) www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

M od ern

One famous Australian – 2

Aust

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Use the text on page 87 to complete the following. 1. Which two conflicts did Andrew ‘Banjo’ Paterson attend as a war correspondent?

•

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r o e t s Bo r e o During the First Worldp War in 1915, Banjo Paterson did two very important u k jobs. Name them. S •

3. What were Andrew ‘Banjo’ Paterson’s two main occupations throughout his career?

•

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5. In which year did Banjo Paterson retire? 6. Which important honour did Banjo Paterson receive? 7.

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4. List three of Banjo Paterson’s works of poetry.

o c . che e r o What was the inspiration for r Banjo Paterson’s writing? t s super

8. How is he best remembered? The Man from Snowy River and other verses has sold more copies than any other book of Australian poetry. 88

Primary Australian history

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M od ern

Waltzing again

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Banjo Paterson is thought to have written the original lyrics for ‘Waltzing Matilda’ in 1895 while staying on the property of family friends in north-west Queensland. There are three major versions of ‘Waltzing Matilda’, but the most popular is the one by Marie Cowan from 1903.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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1. Use your own knowledge of the song to complete the answers to the crossword.

Down

1. a policeman 2. a sheep 3. a grazier, station or ranch owner 4. a tramp who derives his name from his swag (usually a chaff bag) containing a billy, provisions and blankets 6. a waterhole, channel or creek leading out from a river 7. an open-topped can with wire attached for carrying; usually used as a kettle for boiling water for tea

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5. a bag for food, part of a swag 8. a species of gum or eucalyptus tree

2. On a separate sheet of paper, write your own version of ‘Waltzing Matilda’ by changing the words ‘swagman’, ‘billabong’, ‘coolibah tree’, ‘billy’, ‘jumbuck’, ‘tuckerbag’, ‘squatter’ and ‘trooper’ to other words. Andrew Barton ‘Banjo’ Paterson (CBE - Commander of the British Empire) is featured on the Australian $10 note. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

A sporting history Modern Australia

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line

• Reads and comprehends information about the history of sport in Australia.

Teac he r

• Reads about and relates an event which shows sportsmanship.

Worksheet information

• Many Australians participate in sporting activities of some description due to the amenable climate. Those who don’t, are usually spectators. • Sport has sometimes been referred to as ‘Australian’s national religion’. • Australia is one of the few countries in the world which supports four different football codes— Australian Rules Football, rugby league, rugby union and soccer.

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1804 First recorded cricket match in Australia. 1858 First Aussie Rules football game. 1867–1868 Aboriginal cricket team tours England. 1877 Victorian Football Association is formed by eight football clubs. 1896 Athens Olympic Games. 1915 Les Darcy wins the world middleweight boxing title. 1916 Olympic Games cancelled due to WW I. 1924 Edward Greeves wins the first Brownlow Medal. 1933 ‘Bodyline’ era of cricket led by English bowler Harold Larwood. 1940 Olympic Games cancelled due to WW II. 1944 Olympic Games cancelled due to WW II. 1948 Don Bradman retires. 1958 Herb Elliott breaks John Landy’s world mile (1.6 km) run record. 1961 Rod Laver wins Wimbledon. 1963 Margaret Smith becomes the first Australian woman to win Wimbledon. 1966 Jack Brabham wins the World Formula One racing championship. 1980 Alan Jones wins the World Formula One motor racing championship. 1987 Pat Cash wins Wimbledon; Wayne Gardner becomes the first Australian to win the World 500 cc motorcycle title. 1998 Mick Doohan wins his 5th consecutive World 500 cc motorcycle title. 2006 Melbourne hosts the Commonwealth Games.

• Australia is one of the nations in the world to have attended every British Empire/ Commonwealth Games event. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 109.

Answers Page 92

1. cricket, tennis, hockey, netball, rugby league, rugby union, cycling, surfi ng, swimming. Students may also include horse racing, soccer and motor racing if they have background knowledge of these sports.

Primary Australian history

cricket

rugby union

• 1877 — Australia Combined Colonies • 1899 — Australia wins its fi rst team defeats England in the fi rst Test rugby union test against Great cricket match at the Melbourne Cricket Britain. Ground. • 1991 — Wallabies win the • 1947 — Don Bradman becomes the Rugby (Union) World Cup. fi rst cricket player to score 100 fi rst class centuries. tennis

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2. Students may choose from those listed in the table.

swimming

• 1907 — Australia wins the Davis Cup for tennis for the fi rst time.

• 1956 — At the Melbourne Olympic Games, Australia wins eight swimming events.

o c . che e r o t r s super • 1971 — Evonne Goolagong, tennis player, wins Wimbledon.

• 2001 — Lleyton Hewitt wins the US Open Tennis Competition.

• 2000 — Ian Thorpe wins fi ve medals (including three gold) in swimming.

3. Teacher check Page 93 Teacher check

Further exploration • Students select a prominent sportsperson from a sport of their choosing to complete a profi le about; for example, Casey Stoner, 2007 MotoGP World Champion. • Students select a sport and write brief details of historical events in a time line. • Students fi nd out the sports played by the Hockeyroos, the Wallabies, the Wheelabies, the Olyroos, the Socceroos, the Matildas, the Opals, the Kookaburras etc.

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M od ern

A sporting history – 1

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Australia has a strong history of sporting achievement. Internationally, Australia has performed well in cricket, tennis, hockey, netball, rugby league, rugby union, cycling, surfing and swimming. Other popular sports include Australian rules football, horse racing, football (soccer) and motor racing (cars and motorcycles).

1899

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u Australia S wins its first rugby union Test against Great Britain.

1907

Australia wins the Davis Cup for tennis for the first time.

1930

Phar Lap wins the Melbourne Cup.

1947

Don Bradman becomes the first cricket player to score 100 first class centuries.

1950

Australia defeats England in the rugby league series for the first time.

Read about some memorable events in Australia’s sporting history.

1956

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1877

Australia Combined Colonies team defeats England in the first test cricket match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.

1971

Evonne Goolagong, tennis player, wins Wimbledon.

1983

Australia II is the first non-US team to win the America’s Cup yacht event.

1991

2000

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Australia wins the first world netball championships.

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1963

. te o • The Hockeyroos win their third Olympics Gold medal in women’s hockey in c . e Sydney. c her r o t three gold) in swimming. s sup • Ian Thorpe wins five Olympic medals (including er Wallabies win the Rugby (Union) World Cup.

• Cathy Freeman wins an Olympic gold medal in the 400 m track event. 2001

Lleyton Hewitt wins the US Open Tennis Competition.

2003

Layne Beachley wins her sixth consecutive world surfing competition.

2006

Australia reaches the World Cup Soccer finals.

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Primary Australian history

M od ern

A sporting history – 2

Aust

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Use the text on page 91 to complete the following. 1. List eight sports in which Australia has achieved international acclaim.

cricket

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r o e t s Bo r e p okthe year each Write two memorable sporting events for each group and u event happened.S rugby union

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o c Write the event in the time line which you think is the most important and . c e her r say why. o t s super

Australia hosted the Olympic Games in 1956 (Melbourne) and 2000 (Sydney) and the Commonwealth Games in 1938 (Sydney), 1962 (Perth), 1982 (Brisbane) and 2006 (Melbourne). 92

Primary Australian history

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M od ern

A true Aussie sporting hero

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Many sportspeople are considered heroes when they perform well in events or win medals and trophies. Often, however, sportspeople show that they are true sporting heroes by their actions during a race. John Landy is a true Aussie sporting hero.

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John Landy began running in competitions when he was at university in Melbourne. He was a member of the Australian Olympic teams in 1952 and 1956. In 1954 at the British Empire Games in Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada, he was only the second person in history to run a mile (1.6 km) in less than four minutes. In 1956, John Landy was competing in the 1500 m final at the Australian National Championships just before the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. During the race, a number of athletes fell, including fellow Australian runner Ron Clarke. John Landy stopped and went back to see if he was all right. Despite the delay, both Clarke and Landy decided to continue the race and chased after the leaders. Landy managed to catch up with them and even won the race.

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Write about a true Aussie sporting hero from recent times. Describe why he/ she deserves the title. Include a drawn portrait or magazine or newspaper cutting of him/her.

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The Hockeyroos have been awarded the title ‘Australia’s Team of the Year’ five times and were also awarded ‘Best Australian Team’ at the 2000 Olympic Games. Since 1987 the team has won at least 21 medals in international competitions. www.ricpublications.com.au

R.I.C. Publications®

Primary Australian history

Past, present and future Modern Australia

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Time line 1788

• Reads text and answers questions about aspects of modern life and that of the past. • Predicts aspects of life in the future.

European settlement begins in Australia.

• The way things were done in the past offers valuable knowledge about what can be used and built upon to develop our future. Many things we use today or the way we use them have changed from the past and are likely to change or improve in the future. Improved technology has changed the tools and materials we use.

First steamship is built in Australia.

1841

Gas street lighting is first used in Sydney.

Page 96

First Cobb and Co. coach is used.

1854

First railway service begins in Australia.

1. (a) word of mouth/notices/letters that were passed on/early postal services/early telephone services

(b) effi cient postal services/email/fax/hands-free telephones/mobiles/television/radio/ newspapers

Australian, James Harrison, takes out a patent for world’s first mechanical refrigeration plant.

1872

2. Making clothes – by hand using needle and thread/sewing machines Cooking – wood-fi red ovens/gas, electric and microwave ovens

Washing – scrubbing boards/automatic washing machines and dryers Cleaning ﬂ oors – straw brooms/vacuum cleaners

Overland Telegraph Line is completed, linking Australia with the rest of the world.

3. Walked, rode horses, horse and cart, bicycles, rowing and sailboats/cars, trains, trucks, cruise ships, speedboats, hovercraft, jets, helicopters, spaceships 4. Teacher check

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First telephone exchange begins operation in Australia.

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Bathing costumes are first worn at Australian beaches.

1917

Teacher check

Further exploration

Australia’s first car with an internal combustion engine is built by Henry Austin.

Early 1900s

Page 97

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1897

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 109.

Answers

1853

1855

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1831

Worksheet information

• Discuss which modern food-making appliance (or other category) they could most do without; e.g. toaster, sandwich maker, popcorn-maker, juice extractor.

o c . che e r o t r s super

• Collect pictures or photographs and past and present transport, clothing, toys, appliances etc. Display to compare and contrast.

Transcontinental rail link opens between Sydney and Perth.

1920 Qantas is founded.

1956 First television is broadcast in Australia.

1981 First mobile telephone service is available in Australia.

Primary Australian history

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M od ern

Past, present and future – 1

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There are many things we use in Australia today that have changed from early European settlement. Read about some of these things below. Past

Present

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Communication People mostly passed on information Postal services are by word of mouth. Notices were put still used but are more up in public places. People wrote efficient. People use email, fax machines, hands-free telephones and letters and passed them on to others until they reached their destination. mobiles to communicate instantly all Later, postal services were set up. over the world. Television, radio and Telephone services began in the late newspapers inform us. 1880s. Transport There have been many developments People walked, rode horses or used in the types of transport available a horse and cart for land transport. to us now. Land transport includes Bicycles came into use in the early cars, trains and heavy trucks. Water 1900s. Rowing boats and transport includes cruise ships, boats with sails were speedboats and hovercraft. Air used for water transport includes jets, helicopters and transport. spaceships. Household appliances Clothes are made with sewing Clothes were made by hand using a needle and thread. Washing was machines. Washing is done with automatic washing machines and done with a scrubbing board. Food was cooked in wood-fired ovens and dryers. Gas, electric and microwave salted or smoked to keep it from going ovens cook our food. Refrigerators bad. Straw brooms swept dirt from the keep food fresh. Vacuum cleaners floor. suck dirt up from the floor. Clothes People made their own clothes or People can make their own clothes, went to a tailor. Materials were natural, but most buy them ready-made from such as wool or cotton. Men wore shops. Synthetic materials make trousers, shirts, waistcoats, hats and clothes more comfortable to wear; e.g. boots to go out. Ladies wore long materials can stretch and aren’t stiff. dresses, petticoats, corsets, hats, There aren’t such strict rules about the gloves and lace-up boots to go out. clothing you have to wear to go out.

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Primary Australian history

M od ern

Past, present and future – 2

Aust

r a li a

Answer the questions about the text on page 95. 1. (a) List two ways people communicated in the past. •

• (b) List two modern ways of communicating.

•

Teac he r

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Old way

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• 2. Complete the table by writing an old or new way each activity was or is done. New way

Making clothes

•

• (b)

•

List two ways people travelled in the past.

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3. (a)

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Cleaning floors

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List two modern ways of travelling.

• 4. What is one difference in clothing of the past?

In the past, students at school wrote with a quill pen and ink. The quill was made from a goose feather and the nib (end) was dipped in ink. 96

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M od ern

In the future

Aust

r a li a

What will some of the things we use be like in the future? In each part of the table below, write a short description and draw a picture of what you think we might be using in the future. Description

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Appliance (for the house or garden, for communicating etc.)

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Type of transport

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Teac he r

Toy

Picture

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Quiz questions

The first pages 2–5

A u str

a li a

Choose the correct answer. 1. The Australian Aboriginals came to Australia by:

(a) plane

(b) foot

r o e t s Bo r e p(b) women ok (a) men (c) children u SIslands were formed by: The Torres Strait

(a) rising sea levels

(b) plate movement

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Teac he r

2. Boomerangs and spears were used by:

4. Australian Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders had to:

(a) catch food daily

(b) wash daily

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Choose the correct answer.

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1. Kinship is a system of rules about: 2.

li a n

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Quiz questions

o c . Australian Aboriginals lived in big groups of: ch e r e o t r s(c) elders super (a) friends (b) families

(a) marriages

(b) cleaning

3. NAIDOC stands for National Aboriginal and Islanders Day Observance

(a) Committee

(b) Party

4. Important decisions were usually made by:

(a) all group members (b) the men

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D re a m t

Quiz questions

pages 10–13

i me s

to ri e

Choose the correct answer. 1. What was not made during the Dreamtime?

(a) the sun

(b) rivers

2. When were people and animals made?

(b) during the Dreamtime r o e t s Bo r e (c) after the Dreamtime p o u How did Aboriginal people pass on their history? k S (a) telling stories (b) writing stories (c) reading stories

(a) before the Dreamtime

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Teac he r

4. Aboriginal Dreamtime stories are:

(a) all the same

(b) similar

5. What colours did Aboriginal people use to paint their stories?

(a)

bright colours

(b) dull colours

Quiz questions Choose the correct answer.

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1. Are Dreamtime stories always the same? (a) sometimes

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(b) always

o c . What was the c same in both stories? e her r (a) the father’s name (b) the bunyip’s name (c) the sisters’ names o t s s r u e p What did not happen in both stories?

(a) they were turned into rocks

(a) Victoria

2. In which state is the Three Sisters rock formation?

ster

m . u

pages 14–17

(b) New South Wales (c) Western Australia

(b) a bunyip chased them

5. They were turned into rocks in both stories. Why?

(a) so they would be safe

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(b) so they could be looked at

Primary Australian history

Quiz questions

D is c o v e r

in g A u

pages 18–21

s tr a

li a

Choose the correct answer. 1. In the late 1500s, spices were very:

(b) cheap

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Teac he r

(c) valuable r o e t s Bpart r Australia was e oo At first, Willem Janszoon thought of: p u (a) New Zealand Holland S (b) New Guinea (c) Newk

(a) strong

3. Some of Tasman’s men were killed in:

(a) Australia

(b) New South Wales (c) New Zealand

4. Tasman was forced south of Australia by:

(a) the ship’s crew

(b) Maoris

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Choose the correct answer.

. te

1. Botany Bay was discovered and named by: 2.

Fl e e

m . u

Quiz questions

o c . cheon the day the First Fleetr Australia Day is celebrated arrived at: e o st sup (a) Port Jackson (b) r Botany Bay (c) New South Wales er

(a) Captain Phillip

(b) Captain Cook

(b) prison ship

3. A ‘hulk’ was a kind of:

(a) green monster

4. The First Fleet was made up of:

100

(a) 3 ships

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(b) 20 ships

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Quiz questions

The c

pages 26–29

on vi

ct s

Choose the correct answer. 1. Most of the convicts transported to Australia were:

(c) Chinese r o e t s Bwas called: r So many people died on the Second Fleet ito e p o u (a) the Dead Fleet (b) the Death Fleet (c) k the Dying Fleet S Convicts in Iron Gangs were chained at the feet and to:

(a) trees

(a) British

(b) cages

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Teac he r

(b) African

4. Convicts who had been pardoned were called:

(a) participants

(b) emancipists

Quiz questions

pages 30–33

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1. A sawyer is a tradesman who:

(a) cuts and saws wood

(b) can see the future

. teand repairs tools (b) makes and repairs barrels (a) makes and casks o c . A wheelwrightc is a tradesman who: e hwheels r o (a) make and repairse and wheeled vehicles t r s s r u e p (b) pushes carts

2. A cooper is a tradesman who:

m . u

Choose the correct answer.

vi ct

4. A stonemason is a tradesman who:

(a) works with metal

(b) works with stone and bricks

5. A blacksmith is a tradesman who:

(a) makes black tar for roads

(b) repairs and makes tools and wheels and shoes horses

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101

Quiz questions

Ned

pages 34–37

K ell

Choose the correct answer. 1. Ned Kelly was an

(a) Irish

descendant.

(b) West Indian

2. The Kelly family hated the:

(b) British

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Teac he r

r o e (c) Scottish t s B r e oo p The Kelly family were often in trouble for: u (a) causing riots S (b) robbing poor settlers (c) khorse stealing

(a) Irish

4. Ned Kelly wore:

(a) a big hat

(b) armour

5. Ned was shot and captured at:

(a) Glenrowan Hotel

(b) Jerilderie

Quiz questions

pages 38–41

m . u

Choose the correct answer.

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1. What was Flinders’s ship called?

(a) HMS Australia

. t 10 years e

(b) HMS Investigator (c) HMS Explorer

o c . e Where did Flindersc meet French explorer, Nicholas Baudin? her r o t s(c) Encounter Bay su per (a) King George Sound (b) Port Jackson

2. How long did Flinders’s voyage last? 3.

der s

(a)

(b) 1 year

4. What was the most important discovery Flinders made?

(a) proving Australia was one big island

(b) Kangaroo Island

5. Which coastline was Flinders not able to map? 102

(a) the west coast Primary Australian history

(b) the south coast

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Quiz questions

G ol d ! G pages 42–45

old !

G ol d

Choose the correct answer. 1. Who started the gold rush in Australia?

(a) Arthur Bayley

(b) Edward Hargraves (c) James Nash

r o e t (b) about 20 years s Bo(c) about 100 years r e What happenedp to Australia’s population duringo the gold rushes? u k Sthe same (b) it went up (a) it stayed (c) it went down

2. How long did the gold rush last?

(a)

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Teac he r

about 50 years

4. Where was the world’s richest alluvial (surface) goldfield?

(a) Ballarat

(b) Coolgardie

5. Which goldfield was known as ‘The Golden Mile’?

(a) Bendigo

(b) Ophir

Choose the correct answer.

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1. The first railway in Australia was in:

Melbourne

. te animals

(b) Sydney

o c . c e he r Animals harnessed together to pull heavyt loads were called: o r s s r upe (a) trams (b) loads (c) teams

2. The convicts were used to carry:

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Quiz questions

(a)

(b) people

4. The first railway in Australia began running in:

(a) 1865

(b) 1854

5. Many horses and bullocks came to the early settlements from:

(a) India and America

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(b) India and Africa

103

Quiz questions

Fede r

pages 50–53

atio

Choose the correct answer. 1. Henry Parkes is often called the father of:

(a) Australia

(b) freedom

r o e t (c) Governor s B r e o p The first Prime Minister of Australia was Edmund: o u k S (b) Barkes (a) Barton (c) Butcher

2. The decision to become a Federation was up to the Australian:

(a) people

4. Before Federation, the colonies had different:

(a) languages

(b) railways and laws (c) foods

5. Federation was on 1 January:

(a) 1910

(b) 1901

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Teac he r

(b) premiers

Qld

ACT

Vic.

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1. Western Australia was first called:

Tas

. te

(a) Van Diemen’s land (b) Swan River Colony (c) New south Wales

o c . (a) New South Wales Western Australia (c) Tasmania ch(b) e r er o t Tasmania was first called: s super

2. The largest colony in Australia for a long time was: 3.

NSW

Choose the correct answer.

tat e

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Quiz questions

(a) Northern Australia

(b) South Australia

4. The Australian Capital Territory was first called:

(a) the Queens Territory (b) the Federal Capital Territory

104

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(d) Sydney

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Quiz questions

A new flag

for a n

pages 58–61

ew n

atio

Choose the correct answer. 1. A new flag was wanted after:

(a) colonisation

(b) Federation

r o e t s Bo(c) Sydney r e (a) Melbourne (b) Canberra p o u k The Commonwealth Star on the flag has: S

2. The new flag was flown for the first time in:

(a) six points

(b) eight points

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Teac he r

4. The Commonwealth Blue Ensign officially became known as:

(a) the Red Ensign

(b) the Australian National Flag

Choose the correct answer.

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1. Who became known as ‘the man with his donk’? (a) George Simpson

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(b) John Simpson

2. What was Simpson’s job at Gallipoli?

(a) a vet

(b) a doctor

o c . Simpson usedc a donkey because: e he r (a) he had used them inr England o t s super (b) it made it easier to carry the wounded

nke

m . u

Quiz questions

4. Which word does not describe Simpson?

(a)

nervous

(b) fearless

5. How long was Simpson in Gallipoli?

(a) about three weeks (b) about three years (c) about three months

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105

World War II: T

Quiz questions

he Ko k

pages 66–69

oda T rack

Choose the correct answer. 1. World War II began when which country decided to take over Poland?

(a) Germany

(b) Japan

2. When did the Battle of the Kokoda Track begin? 3.

(b) 1995

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Teac he r

4. Which word best describes the Kokoda Track?

(a) difficult

(b) flat

5. The ‘Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels’:

(a) helped the Japanese

(b) were doctors

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Choose the correct answer.

. t 1800s e

atio

m . u

Quiz questions

1. People started migrating to Australia from Europe in the: 2.

o c . c e A person immigratingh to Australia to escape a war r and be safe is a: er o t s(c) referee super (a) fudge (b) refugee

(a)

(b) 1600s

3. Australia is made up of so many different cultures it’s often called:

(a) multicultural

(b) multilingual

4. Most of Australia’s immigrants have come from: 106

(a) Europe Primary Australian history

(b) America

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Quiz questions

Le a d in g pages 74–77

Aust

r a li a

Choose the correct answer. 1. The first European leader in Australia was:

(a) Edmund Barton

(b) Governor Phillip

r o e t (b) Premiers s Bo(c) Prime Ministers r e ois:k One thing state p governments are responsible for u S (a) schools (b) defence (c) parks

2. The leaders of the states are called:

(a) Presidents

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Teac he r

4. The leader of Australia is called the:

(a) President

(b) Big Honcho

5. The colonies became states in:

(a) 1990

(b) 1788

Choose the correct answer.

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1. The first inventors in Australia were:

(a) European settlers

. te teachers

(b) Early scientists

o c . c e herinvented the:st r The Australian Aboriginals o s r u e p (a) windmill (b) woomera (c) esky

2. Aussie Rules was invented by four Melbourne:

ti o n

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Quiz questions

(a)

(b) doctors

4. The Esky™ was invented by a refrigeration company in:

(a) Perth

(b) Adelaide

5. The Aboriginal game similar to Australian Rules Football is:

(a) Mars™ bars

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(b) Malley balley

107

Quiz questions

A b o ri g in al

A u st r a

pages 82–85

li a n s

toda

Choose the correct answer. 1. Many Aboriginal Australians have health problems such as:

(a) sore feet

(b) gum disease

2. The wages of many Aboriginal Australians are much those of other Australians.

Teac he r

(b) higher

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r o e t s B r (c) o the same as e p othey don’t know: Aboriginal Australians are losing their culture because k u Slanguage and stories (a) their traditional (b) their parents’ names

(a) lower

than

4. Aboriginal Australians are trying hard to get back:

(a) mining rights

(b) land rights

5. Aden Ridgeway is an Aboriginal:

(a) musician

(b) sportsman

Quiz questions

pages 86–89

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1. The nickname of Andrew Barton Paterson was:

(a) Bandy

(b) Banjo

. teverses (b) songs (a) poems and (c) jokes o c . Andrew Barton Paterson’s chefirst job was as: e r o (a) an editor (b) r as jockey (c) a solicitor st uper

2. Andrew Barton Paterson wrote mostly: 3.

m . u

Choose the correct answer.

al i a

4. One of Andrew Barton Paterson’s most famous poems became a song called:

(a) Waltzing Matilda

(b) The man from Snowy River

5. Banjo Paterson is remembered as one of Australia’s most important: 108

(a) folk poets Primary Australian history

(b) songwriters

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Quiz questions

A s p o rt

pages 90–93

in g h

isto

Choose the correct answer. 1. A well-known Australian horse, which won the Melbourne Cup, was:

(a) Wallaby

(b) Phar Lap

r o e t (b) Ian Thorpe s Bo(c) Cathy Freeman r e pa ok The Wallabies are team. u (a) soccer S (b) rugby union (c) cricket

2. One well-known cricket player was:

(a) Don Bradman

4. The Davis Cup is a

(a) rugby

competition.

(b) swimming

(c)

5. Layne Beachley is a world famous

(a) golfer

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Teac he r

(b) surfer

tennis .

Choose the correct answer.

ture

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m . u

Quiz questions

1. What is one way people communicated in the past?

. te o c (a) rowing boats (b) cruise ships (c) . hovercraft che e r How was food not keptr fresh in the past?t o s super

(a) email

(b) television

2. What type of water transport was used in the past? 3.

(a) refrigeration

(b) smoking it

4. What are most clothes made from today?

(a) cotton

(b) synthetics

5. What kind of transport did people not have in the past?

(a) land

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109

Quiz answers The first Australians

The convicts

101

Land transport

103

1. (b) foot

1. (a) British

1. (a) Melbourne

2. (a) men

2. (b) The Death Fleet

2. (c) loads

3. (a) rising sea levels

3. (c) each other

3. (c) teams

4. (b) emancipists

4. (b) 1854

4. (a) catch food daily

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

5. (b) India and Africa

Aboriginal Australians 1. (c) relationships

Wanted: Skilled convicts

101

Federation

1. (a) cuts and saws wood

3. (a) Committee

1. (c) Federation

2. (b) makes and repairs barrels and casks

2. (a) people

3. (a) makes and repairs wheels and wheeled vehicles

4. (c) the elders

3. (a) Barton

4. (b) works with stone and bricks

Dreamtime stories

1. (c) houses

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Teac he r

2. (b) families

104

5. (b) repairs and makes tools and wheels and shoes horses

4. (b) railways and laws 5. (b) 1901

Changing states

2. (b) during the Dreamtime

Ned Kelly

3. (a) telling stories

102

104

1. (b) Swan River Colony

4. (b) are similar

1. (a) Irish

2. (a) New South Wales

5. (c) earth colours

2. (b) British

3. (c) Van Diemen’s Land

3. (c) horse stealing

4. (b) the Federal Capital Territory

The legend of the Three Sisters 99

4. (b) armour

5. (a) Glenrowan Hotel

1. (a) sometimes

A new flag for a new nation

105

1. (b) Federation

Matthew Flinders

3. (c) the sisters’ names

102

2. (a) Melbourne

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2. (b) New South Wales

4. (b) a bunyip chased

1. (b) HMS Investigator

3. seven points

5. (a) so they would be safe

2. (b) 1 year

4. (b) the Australian National Flag

Discovering Australia 1. (c) valuable 2. (b) New Guinea

. te

3. (c) New Zealand 4. (c) Strong winds

The First Fleet 1. (b) Captain Cook 2. (a) Port Jackson 3. (b) prison ship

3. (c) Encounter Bay

o c . che e r o t r s super

100

4. (a) proving Australia was one big island

World War I: Simpson and his donkey 105

5. (a) the west coast

1. (b) John Simpson

2. (c) a stretcher bearer

Gold! Gold! Gold!

100

103

1. (b) Edward Hargraves

3. (b) it made it easier to carry the wounded

2. (a) about 50 years

4. (a) nervous

3. (b) it went up

5. (a) about three weeks

4. (a) Ballarat 5. (c) Kalgoorlie

4. (c) 11 ships

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Quiz answers World War II: The Kokoda Track 106

One famous Australian

1. (a) Germany

1. (b) Banjo

2. (a) poems and verses

3. (b) not as experienced as the Japanese army

3. (c) solicitor

4. (a) difficult

108

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S 4. (a) Waltzing Matilda 5. (a) folk poets

5. (c) helped the Australians

1. (c) 1700s

106

A sporting history

109

1. (b) Phar Lap

2. (a) Don Bradman

2. (b) refugee

3. (b) rugby union

3. (a) multicultural

4. (c) tennis

4. (a) Europe

5. (b) surfer

Leading Australia

107

1. (b) Governor Phillip

Past, present and future 1. (c) letters

109

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A multicultural nation

2. (b) Premiers

2. (a) rowing boats

3. (a) schools

3. (a) refrigeration

4. (c) Prime Minister

4. (b) synthetics

5. (c) air

Australian inventions

107

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1. (c) Australian Aboriginals

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2. (c) cricket players 3. (b) woomera

. te

4. (c) Sydney

5. (c) Marn grook

o c . che e r o t r s super

Aboriginal Australians today 1. (c) eye problems 2. (a) lower

108

3. (a) their traditional language and stories 4. (b) land rights 5. (c) politician

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111