Primary Australian History: Book F - Ages 10-11 by Teacher Superstore

RIC-6432 6.5/164

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Primary Australian history (Book A) Primary Australian history (Book B) Primary Australian history (Book C) Primary Australian history (Book D) Primary Australian history (Book E) Primary Australian history (Book G)

This master may only be reproduced by the original purchaser for use with their class(es). The publisher prohibits the loaning or onselling of this master for the purposes of reproduction.

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In some cases, websites or specific URLs may be recommended. While these are checked and rechecked at the time of publication, the publisher has no control over any subsequent changes which may be made to webpages. It is strongly recommended that the class teacher checks all URLs before allowing students to access them.

View all pages online PO Box 332 Greenwood Western Australia 6924

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Primary Australian history

Foreword Primary Australian history is a series of seven books designed to provide students with an awareness of the chronology of major events in the history of Australia and the significance of these events in shaping the nation.

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• Primary Australian history Book A

• Primary Australian history Book B

• Primary Australian history Book C

• Primary Australian history Book D

• Primary Australian history Book E

• Primary Australian history Book F

• Primary Australian history Book G

Contents

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Titles in this series include:

Teachers notes.........................................................................................................................................iv – xv How to use this book............................................................................................................................... iv - v

Curriculum links........................................................................................................................................... vi

Useful Australian history resources............................................................................................................... vii

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Historical literacy skills...........................................................................................................................viii - ix Public holidays..............................................................................................................................................x

Time line of major Australian and world events........................................................................................xi - xiv Australian Prime Ministers since Federation.................................................................................................. xv World War I: Gallipoli and Anzac Day............58–61

The first Australians........................................ 2–5

The Great Depression: Employment projects ................................................................. 62–65

Maritime exploration.......................................... 6–9

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The beginning..................................................... 2–5

World War II: The battle that saved Australia ...................................................... ...........66–69

Early settlement.............................................. 10–29

Vietnamese and Cambodian immigration..... 70–73

Norfolk Island............................................. 10–13

People and politics......................................... 74–89

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James Cook: Charting the east coast............... 6–9

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Convict constructions................................. 14–17

The $20 banknote...................................... 74–77

Encounters with Aboriginal Australians......... 18–21

Bob Hawke and Paul Keating...................... 78–81

Hobart and Brisbane settlements................. 22–25

The Korean and Vietnam wars..................... 82–85

William Bligh.............................................. 26–29

CY O’Connor’s pipedream........................... 86–89

Discoveries..................................................... 30–41

Modern Australia.......................................... 90–101

Exploring the interior................................... 30–33

Indigenous Australian politicians.................. 90–93

Gold: The Eureka stockade.......................... 34–37

Sporting heroes.......................................... 94–97

The Australian pearling industry.................. 38–41

Australia’s war against terror..................... 98–101

Progress......................................................... 42–49 The story of Australian wheat...................... 42–45 Trains across the continent......................... 46–49

Quizzes....................................................... 102–116 Quiz questions....................................... 102–114 Quiz answers......................................... 115–116

A new nation................................................... 50–73 Federation: The first Prime Minister............. 50–53 Federation: Changes................................... 54–57

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Teachers notes How to use this book The sections of this book incorporate an introduction to some of the major events to have influenced the course of Australian history. In the early levels, the activities are intended to form a basis for future learning about historical events. The events have been arranged, in part, to follow the chronology of events from the migration of the Australian Aboriginals to the modern day. Each section contains one or more main historical events. The sections are:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • The beginning

• Maritime exploration

• Early settlement

• Discoveries

• Progress

• A new nation

• People and politics

• Modern Australia

Topics within the sections follow a similar four-page format of a teachers page followed by three (3) student pages. The three student pages may be about different individual aspects of an historical event or time or three connected activities associated with one historical event.

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Features

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• A series of quick multiple choice quizzes for each topic is provided on pages 102–116. All answers are supplied. • Curriculum links for Society and Environment and English are provided on page vi.

• A list of useful R.I.C. Publications resources for teacher support for each section of the book is printed on page vii. • An explanation of the five broad historical literacy skills is provided on page viii. • A list of public holidays relevant to Australia’s history and celebrated by each state is provided on page x. • For teacher reference a time line of major Australian and world events from 1788 to the present is on pages xi to xiv.

Teachers page

The teachers page contains the following information:

Indicators state literacy outcomes for reading and comprehending the informational text and outcomes relating to cross-curricular activities on other student pages.

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Worksheet information provides additional information to place the topic in context with events of the time. It also includes specific details about the use of the worksheet, if required.

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The page number for the quiz questions relating to each topic is given.

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The title of the topic indicates the person or event in Australian history being discussed.

Answers are provided where necessary. Open-ended tasks require the teacher to check the answers.

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A time line is included to place events in chronological order and also to indicate similar or significant events occurring during the same time frame elsewhere in Australia or in the rest of the world.

Further exploration activities offer suggestions for developing the knowledge and understanding of the topic or for widening the scope of the knowledge by investigating similar people or events.

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Teachers notes How to use this book

Student pages The student pages follow the following format: • The first student page is an informational text, providing details and dates of key people and/or events and the significance of their role in Australian history. • The second student page includes a variety of comprehension activities to establish student understanding of the text.

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• The final student page is a cross-curricular activity designed to deepen understanding of the topic or to widen the scope of knowledge.

Student pages

• The title of the topic.

• Informational text about the topic.

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• The title of the topic.

• Comprehension activities to establish understanding.

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Answers for these activities are provided on the teachers page.

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• Fact file: An interesting fact is included to extend knowledge.

3. • The title reflects the activity to be completed.

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• Fact file: An interesting fact is included to extend knowledge.

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Teachers notes

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Curriculum links

Society and Environment

TS3.1, TS3.2, TS3.3 RS3.5, RS3.6 WS3.9, WS3.13

CCS3.1, CCS3.2 CUS3.3, CUS3.4 SSS3.7, SSS3.8

Vic.

ENSL0401, ENSL0402, ENSL0404 ENRE0401, ENRE0404 ENWR0401, ENWR0402, ENWR0404

SOHI0401, SOHI0402

LS 4.1, LS 4.2 V 4.1, V 4.2 R 4.1, R 4.2, R 4.4 W 4.1, W 4.2, W 4.3, W 4.4

ICP 4.2, ICP 4.3, ICP 4.4 C 4.1, C 4.2 TCC 4.1, TCC 4.2, TCC 4.3 NSS 4.1, NSS 4.2, NSS 4.3

NSW

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English

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State

4.1, 4.2, 4.3 4.7, 4.8 4.10

Qld

Refer to curriculum documents at http://www.qsa.qld.edu.au

TCC 4.3, TCC 4.4 CI 4.4 SRP 4.4

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Teachers notes

Useful Australian history resources

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There are a number of R.I.C. Publications’ titles which may be used to extend knowledge and develop a deeper understanding of the history of Australia.

• Aboriginal studies — a three-book series

• Australian Aboriginal culture — a four-book series • Australian studies — a three-book series • Gold in Australia — a single book for upper primary • Anzac Day — a single book for use throughout the primary school • Australian special days — a three-book series

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• Primary Society and Environment — a seven-book series which includes a number of relevant Primary Australian history topics

• Change in the 20th century — a three-book series

• Australian explorers — a single book for upper primary

• Famous Australians — a three-book series for middle to upper primary

• Australian politics — a single book for upper primary

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• Successful Australians — a single book for upper primary • Australia on the map 1606–2006 — a two-book series for middle to upper primary

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• Current affairs — a single book for middle to upper primary

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• Australian identity — a single book for upper primary • Democracy – a single book for upper primary

State government websites are a valuable source for information about individual states. • http://www.nsw.gov.au/ • http://www.vic.gov.au/

• http://www.tas.gov.au/ • http://www.qld.gov.au/ • http://www.wa.gov.au/ • http://www.nt.gov.au/ • http://www.act.gov.au/ • http://www.sa.gov.au/

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Primary Australian history

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Teachers notes

Historical literacy skills

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It is not possible for us to know exactly what life was like in a time or place of which we have no direct experience. But we can study evidence of past events and eras to reach some understanding of the past. The more sources we use and the deeper we question their content, the greater our understanding and the more balanced our opinions will be. It is important to bring the study of people and events of the past alive, kindling a genuine interest in history. This can be achieved by incorporating many learning areas into the investigation of an historical event.

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As events do not occur in isolation, it is necessary for students to appreciate the context as well as the content of an event. To achieve this, students need to develop historical literacy skills which will allow them to demonstrate the depth of their knowledge and understanding of an event. There are five broad areas of historical literacy skills: 1. Understanding chronology • To understand and use words and phrases linked to the passing of time.

• To appreciate that the past can be divided into different eras between which there are similarities and differences. • To describe how life today is different from that in any era of the past.

• To order events, people and eras chronologically, using dates and CE (Common Era) and BCE (Before Common Era) conventions.

2. Understanding continuity and change

• To demonstrate an awareness of people and events beyond living memory.

• To consider reasons why certain events occurred and how decisions made affected the outcome of events.

• To look at events from the viewpoints of all parties involved and consider why some people had more influence than others. • To compare and contrast characteristics of different eras. 3. Interpreting historical information • To recognise the difference between and the value and reliability of primary * and secondary * sources.

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• To understand the cause and effect of an event using a range of sources and studying it from different aspects.

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4. Understanding historical information

• To use literal, inferential and applied questioning techniques to learn about the past from a range of sources. 5. Organising and communicating information

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• To use a range of presentation techniques to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of people, events and eras of the past.

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The level at which each of these skills is practised deepens as students gain confidence and maturity. By studying the past in an effective way, they will recognise processes and be able to predict possible outcomes of similar events as they occur in the present time.

In studying the history of their own country, students will learn how events of the past have shaped the present and how actions taken today will affect life in the future. * Primary sources are usually original documents which contain first-hand information about a topic. Some primary sources are diaries, letters, autobiographies, interviews, original works of art or artefacts, photographs, and surveys. * Secondary sources are second-hand versions. They are edited primary sources or commentary on, or discussion about, primary sources. Some secondary sources are bibliographies, journal articles, reports, biographies, commentaries, newspaper and magazine articles. For the purposes of this series of books, fictional primary sources have been created.

‘Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.’ George Santayana 1863–1952 viii

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Teachers notes Organising and communicating information

Questioning historical information

Interpreting historical information

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Name

Understanding continuity and change

Understanding chronology

Historical literacy skills class record

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Primary Australian history

Teachers notes

Public holidays

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All states and territories of Australia observe a number of special days each year, most of which are not public holidays. While many of the public holidays celebrated are also observed in other parts of the world, such as Christmas, Easter and the Queen’s Birthday holiday, a number of them celebrate events specific to Australian history.

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Some days are observed on the same date throughout Australia, while others vary among states and territories. Public holidays are listed below. • Australia Day — 26 January — national public holiday

This day commemorates the founding of the first British settlement at Sydney Cove in 1788, under the command of Captain Arthur Phillip, by the First Fleet.

• Anzac Day — 25 April — national public holiday

This day commemorates the landing of the ANZAC troops at Gallipoli on this day in 1915, but also serves as a reminder of all who have fought or served in the defence forces for Australia. A holiday on this day is also observed in New Zealand, Tonga and Western Samoa.

• Labour Day — first Monday in October for NSW, SA and ACT; second Monday in March for Vic. and Tas.; first Monday in May for Qld; first Monday in March for WA — national public holiday

This day commemorates the eight-hour working day which was established in 1871.

• Canberra Day — third Monday in March — ACT only

This day celebrates the official naming of Canberra at a ceremony on 12 March 1913 by Lady Denman, wife of Lord Denman, the Governor-General at the time.

• Proclamation Day — 28 December — South Australia only This day celebrates the day in 1836 when South Australia was proclaimed a province.

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• Foundation Day — first Monday in June — Western Australia only This day celebrates the foundation of the Swan River Colony on 1 July 1829.

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) The beginning – 1799

>60 000 BCE: Aboriginal Australians are thought to have arrived in Australia. 35 000 BCE: Aboriginal Australians are thought to have reached Tasmania.

1300: Marco Polo discusses the possibility of a great unexplored southern land.

1606: Luis Vaez de Torres sails through the Torres Strait.

1606: Willem Janszoon, sailing in Duyfken, makes the first European discovery of Australia.

1616: Dirk Hartog, a Dutch explorer, sails to Western Australia.

1622: Trial is shipwrecked off the coast of Western Australia.

1629: Batavia is shipwrecked off the coast of Western Australia.

1642: Abel Tasman makes the fist European discovery of Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania).

1688: William Dampier, English explorer, arrives on the west coast of Australia.

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1701–1714: War of the Spanish Succession occurs. 1708: First accurate map of China is drawn.

1712: First practical steam-powered piston engine is invented.

1713: Britain becomes the dominant force in North America.

1715: France takes control of Mauritius.

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1705: Edmund Halley predicts the return of a comet.

1716–1720: China invades Tibet.

1719: Daniel Defoe writes Robinson Crusoe.

1721: French and English East India companies compete for trade in India.

1722: The Dutch reach the Samoan Islands and Easter Island.

1725: The Gujin Tushu Jicheng encyclopedia is printed in China.

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1728: Danish explorer is the first European to cross the Bering Strait.

1739–1748: The War of Jenkins’ Ear is fought between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean. 1739: Highwayman Dick Turpin is hanged in Britain.

1747: British Royal Navy introduces lime rations to prevent scurvy.

1752: Great Britain adopts the Gregorian calendar.

1754–1763: The French and Indian War takes place in North America. 1755: Samuel Johnson’s dictionary is first published.

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1756–1763: The first global conflict, the Seven Years War, occurs.

1757: The sextant is invented by John Campbell.

1761: The marine chronometer is invented by John Harrison.

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1762–1796: Catherine the Great begins her reign as Empress of Russia.

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1765: James Watt develops the steam engine.

1766–1769: Frenchman Louis-Antoine de Bougainville circumnavigates the globe.

1769: Napoleon Bonaparte, later to become Emperor of France, is born.

1770: Captain James Cook lands on the more hospitable east coast of Australia and claims it for Britain.

1771: The first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica is published.

1775–1783: The American War of Independence occurs.

1779: James Cook is murdered in Hawaii.

1788: The First Fleet, under the command of Arthur Phillip, arrives at Sydney Cove and the NSW colony is founded.

1789: Mutineers on HMS Bounty cast William Bligh adrift in an open boat on the Pacific Ocean.

1789–1799: The French Revolution occurs.

1793: The first free settlers arrive in Australia.

1798: George Bass and Matthew Flinders circumnavigate Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania).

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 1800–1899

1802: the first steamship, Charlotte Dundas, is built.

1804: The first steam rail locomotive is built.

1804: Hobart Town is established in Van Diemen’s Land (now known as Tasmania).

1812: Grimms’ fairy tales, by the German brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, is published.

1813: Blaxland, Lawson and Wentworth locate a path through the Blue Mountains.

1816: Shaka becomes leader of the Zulus.

1818: Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, is published.

1819: Thomas Stamford Raffles founds the British colony of Singapore.

1821: Napoleon Bonaparte dies on St Helena.

1822: Tea is cultivated in India, ending China’s monopoly.

1822: The Rosetta Stone is deciphered by Frenchman Jean Francois Champollion, the ‘Father of Egyptology’.

1823: The game of rugby is invented.

1824: ‘Australia’ is officially adopted as the name for the first colony.

1825: Van Diemen’s Land is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1829: Swan River Colony is founded.

1832: Swan River Colony is renamed Western Australia.

1833: Port Arthur opens as a penal settlement in Van Diemen’s Land.

1836: South Australia is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales.

1837: Queen Victoria begins her reign.

1840: Treaty of Waitangi is signed in New Zealand.

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1845–1848: The Irish potato famine occurs.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• Gold is discovered in California. The gold rush begins near Bathurst in New South Wales. Victoria is proclaimed as a separate colony from New South Wales. David Livingstone crosses Africa.

1853: Last convict transportation to Van Diemen’s Land.

1853: The railway and telegraph are introduced in India.

1854: The Eureka Rebellion occurs in Victoria.

1856: Van Diemen’s Land is renamed Tasmania.

1859: Queensland is proclaimed a separate colony from New South Wales.

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1848: 1851: 1852–1856:

1861: Archer wins the first Melbourne Cup. 1862: France begins to colonise Vietnam.

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1864: The Red Cross organisation is established.

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1865: Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s adventures in Wonderland is published. 1866: The Ku Klux Klan movement is begun in the USA.

1868: The last convicts are transported to Australia.

1873: Uluru (Ayers Rock) is sighted by Europeans for the first time.

1873: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the ‘Mounties’, are formed.

1876: Sioux and Cheyenne warriors defeat the American army in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

1880: Ned Kelly is hanged in Melbourne.

1883: The Federal Council of Australasia is formed.

1885: Gold is discovered in the Transvaal (Gauteng).

1887: The Raffles Hotel in Singapore is opened.

1889: Sir Henry Parkes delivers the Tenterfield Oration.

1890: Massacre of Native Americans occurs at Wounded Knee.

1894: Rudyard Kipling’s The jungle book is published.

1899–1902: Boer War takes place in South Africa

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 1900–1999

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1901: Lord Hopetoun proclaims the Commonwealth of Australia. 1901: Queen Victoria dies. 1902: The Franchise Act gives non-Indigenous women throughout Australia the right to vote. 1903: Wilbur and Orville Wright make the first powered flight. 1905: British New Guinea is transferred to Australian administration. 1909: Canberra chosen as capital city of Australia. 1911: Northern Territory is transferred from South Australian control to the Commonwealth. 1912: Titanic sinks during her maiden voyage from Britain to the United States. 1914: The Panama Canal in Central America opens, connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans for shipping. 1914–1918: Australian troops fight in World War I. 1915: ANZAC troops land at Gallipoli. 1917: Tsar Nicholas II and his family are assassinated in Russia. 1919: Amritsar Massacre takes place in India. 1920: Qantas is formed as an airline. 1920: Australia takes control of German New Guinea. 1923: Tutankhamen’s tomb is opened. 1923: Vegemite™ is first produced. 1927: The first Federal Parliament is held in Canberra.

The Royal Flying Doctor Service is established in Australia. 1929: The Wall Street Crash takes place. 1932: Sydney Harbour Bridge opens. 1932–1933: The ‘Bodyline’ cricket tour of Australia takes place. 1933: Western Australia passes a referendum for secession from the Federation of Australia, but it is rejected by the British Parliament. 1933: Australia Antarctic Territory is established. 1939–1945: Australian troops fight in World War II. 1946: The Cold War between the USA and the USSR begins. 1948: The first all-Australian car is produced—the Holden (FX) 48-215. 1950–1953: Australian troops fight in the Korean War. 1953: Mount Everest is climbed by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay. 1956: Melbourne hosts the Olympics. 1957: The Soviet Union launches the first artificial satellite, Sputnik. 1959–1975: Australian troops fight in the Vietnam War (from 1965). 1961: Russian Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space. 1969: Apollo 11 space mission—Armstrong and Aldrin land on the moon. 1971: Neville Bonner becomes the first Aboriginal Australian federal Member of Parliament. 1973: The Sydney Opera House opens. 1975: The Khmer Rouge take control of government in Cambodia. 1981: Asian immigration into Australia increases. 1983: Australia wins the America’s Cup. 1986: Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster occurs. 1988: Bicentenary of European settlement in Australia. The new Parliament House opens in Canberra. 1989: Tiananmen Square Massacre occurs in Beijing. 1990: Nelson Mandela is freed from captivity in South Africa after 27 years. 1991: The Cold War officially ends with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. 1994: Nelson Mandela is elected president of South Africa. 1995: Israeli Prime Minister, Yitznak Rabin, is assassinated. 1996: John Howard is elected Prime Minister. 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales, is killed in a car crash. Head of Yagan is returned to Australia. 1998: World population reaches six billion. 1999: A massive hailstorm hits Sydney, causing $1.7 billion in damage.

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Time line

of major Australian and world events (>60 000 BCE – present day) 2000–2007

2000: John Howard’s Liberal government introduces the goods and services tax (GST).

Sydney hosts the Summer Olympics.

2001: Australia celebrates the centenary of Federation of Australia.

The World Trade Centre towers in New York City are destroyed by terrorists. 2001 Mars Odyssey reaches the orbit of Mars.

2002: The euro is officially launched as the new single currency for 12 of the European Union’s member states.

Terrorist bombings in Bali nightclubs kill 202 people.

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East Timor gains independence from Indonesia.

Brazil wins the Football World Cup for the fifth time.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spreads around the world.

2002–2003: Athens hosts the Summer Olympics.

2003: US-led coalition force invades Iraq, beginning the Iraq War.

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Space shuttle Columbia disaster occurs.

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Chinese space program launches its first manned space flight, Shenzhou 5 Almost 35 000 people in Europe die as a result of a prolonged heatwave. Australia wins the Cricket World Cup.

England wins the Rugby World Cup.

2004–2005: The Orange Revolution takes place in Ukraine.

2004: Australia and the USA sign a free trade agreement.

An Indian Ocean earthquake creates a tsunami which kills more than 260 000 people. The Madrid train terrorist attack claims the lives of 191 people and injures over 1000.

Hurricanes Charley, Francis, Ivan and Jeanne cause over 3000 deaths as they batter the Caribbean.

2005: Hurricane Katrina causes major destruction along the Gulf Coast of the US, killing almost 2000 people.

An earthquake in Kashmir claims the lives of almost 90 000 Indians and Pakistanis. The London transport terrorist attack claims the lives of 52 people and injures 700.

A terrorist attack in Delhi on the eve of the festival season kills 61 people and injures almost 200 more. In cricket, England wins the Ashes by defeating Australia. American Lance Armstrong wins the Tour de France for the seventh time. 2006: North Korea conducts its first nuclear weapons test.

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Pluto is reclassified as a dwarf planet. Saddam Hussein is executed in Baghdad.

Steve Irwin, the ‘crocodile hunter’, dies after being fatally pierced by a stingray barb.

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Melbourne hosts the Commonwealth Games.

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Australia regains the Ashes from England. Italy wins the Football World Cup.

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2007: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit is held in Sydney.

Buddhist monks in Burma protest against military rule in the country. Australia wins the Cricket World Cup.

South Africa wins the Rugby World Cup.

Kevin Rudd (ALP) elected Prime Minister.

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2008: Federal Parliament offers an official apology to the ‘stolen generations’ on behalf of the Australian Government.

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Australian Prime Ministers since Federation Prime Minister

Term and length of office

Political party

Sir Edmund Barton

01/01/1901 – 24/09/1903

2 years 9 months

Protectionist

Alfred Deakin

24/09/1903 – 27/04/1904

0 years 7 months

Protectionist

Chris Watson

27/04/1904 – 18/08/1904

0 years 4 months

Labor

Sir George Reid

18/08/1904 – 05/07/1905

0 years 11 months

Free Trade

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S 3 years 4 months

Protectionist

13/11/1908 – 02/06/1909

0 years 7 months

Labor

02/06/1909 – 29/04/1910

0 years 11 months

Commonwealth Liberal

29/04/1910 – 24/06/1913

3 years 2 months

Labor

24/06/1913 – 17/09/1914

1 year 3 months

Commonwealth Liberal

Andrew Fisher

17/09/1914 – 27/10/1915

1 year 1 month

Billy Hughes

27/10/1915 – 09/02/1923

7 years 4 months

Stanley Bruce

09/02/1923 – 22/10/1929

6 years 9 months

James Scullin

22/10/1929 – 06/01/1932

2 years 3 months

Joseph Lyons

06/01/1932 – 07/04/1939

7 years 3 months

Sir Earle Page

07/04/1939 – 26/04/1939

0 years 3 weeks

Robert Menzies

26/04/1939 – 28/08/1941

2 years 4 months

United Australia

Arthur Fadden

28/08/1941 – 07/10/1941

0 years 6 weeks

Country

John Curtin

07/10/1941 – 05/07/1945

3 years 9 months

Labor

Frank Forde

05/07/1945 – 13/07/1945

0 years 1 week

Labor

Ben Chifley

13/07/1945 – 19/12/1949

4 years 5 months

Sir Robert Menzies

19/12/1949 – 26/01/1966

16 years 1 month

Harold Holt

26/01/1966 – 19/12/1967

1 year 11 months

19/12/1967 – 10/01/1968

0 years 3 weeks

10/01/1968 – 10/03/1971

3 years 2 months

Liberal

10/03/1971 – 05/12/1972

1 year 9 months

Liberal

05/12/1972 – 11/11/1975

2 years 11 months

Labor

Malcolm Fraser

11/11/1975 – 11/03/1983

7 years 4 months

Liberal

Bob Hawke

11/03/1983 – 20/12/1991

8 years 9 months

Labor

Paul Keating

20/12/1991 – 11/11/1996

4 years 3 months

Labor

John Howard

11/11/1996 – 03/12/2007

11 years 9 months

Liberal

Andrew Fisher Alfred Deakin

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Andrew Fisher Sir Joseph Cook

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05/07/1905 – 13/11/1908

Alfred Deakin

Labor

Labor/Nationalist Nationalist Labor

United Australia

Sir John McEwen John Gorton

Sir William McMahon Gough Whitlam

Kevin Rudd

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Country

Labor

Liberal

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03/12/2007 –

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Liberal

Country

Labor

Primary Australian history

The first Australians The beginning

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Time line About 70 000 BCE

• Researches to find information about important archaeological discoveries which have contributed knowledge about the very first Australians.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

• Prior to this activity, discuss with the students the difference between history and prehistory. The time before European settlement in Australia is referred to as prehistory (as opposed to history) because there are no written records of human events.

First people travelled to Torres Strait Islands. About 40 000 years BCE

About 10 000 years BCE

Temperature and sea levels rise causing flooding— land bridges disappear. About 2000 years BCE

• It would be beneficial for students to have access to a world map or globe during the activity to follow migration routes. • The text used on page 3 is a report. A report is a secondary source. As there were no written records of the migration of the first Australians, information from other secondary sources has been used to create this report. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 102.

Dingoes are brought to Australia by the Macassan people.

Answers

800s

1. (a) 40 000; 100

Arab and Chinese visit north of Australia and Torres Strait Islands for trade and fishing.

(b) 70 000; 6000

1940 Stone tools are discovered to have been used by Aborigines in Keilor, Victoria, which date back 40 000 years.

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It is discovered that Aboriginal people had been living in Upper Swan River region 33 000 years ago.

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43 000-62 000-year-old skeleton of Aboriginal man is discovered at Lake Mungo, NSW. 1967

2. Storytelling, songs, dance, archaeological discoveries

3. Because during the last ice age, 40 000 years ago, the sea level was 100 metres lower than today, exposing islands and creating land bridges. 4. Strong winds and monsoons took them off course.

Queensland officially annexes the Torres Strait Islands.

1974

Macassans trade canoes, spears and other goods for trepang (sea cucumbers) with Aboriginal Australians in Arnhem Land. 1879

Page 4

5. • Mainland Aboriginal Australians arrived 40 000 years ago whereas Torres Strait Islands may have arrived 70 000 years ago. • Torres Strait Islands grew crops, unlike mainland Aboriginal Australians. 6. Because there are no written records from this time. 7. Answers will vary. Page 5

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1700s

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The last ice age allows people from South-East Asia to walk across land bridges and migrate to Australia.

1. • Devon Downs (SA) Stone and bone tools 4000 years old.

• Lake Mungo (NSW) 43 000-62 000-year-old skeleton found.

• Kow Swamp (Vic.) Human skull showing Aboriginal people lived there from

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Torres Strait islanders become citizens of Queensland.

15 000 to 9000 years ago.

• Birrigai Rock Shelter (ACT) People used area from 21 000 years ago. • Koonalda Cave (SA) Engravings found 24 000 years old.

• Devil’s Lair (WA) Aboriginal people lived in area 33 000 years ago.

2. (a) A spear thrower helped hunters to throw a spear harder and to be more accurate. (b) Used to carry water.

Further exploration • Discuss the importance of conserving Aboriginal historical sites. Develop a ‘top five’ list of reasons and present it to the class. • Paint a story to show Aboriginal people travelling on various watercraft and walking across land bridges. • Construct a time line to show the history of migrations to Australia (1 cm – 200 years). Record major events on the time line. • Create an information poster about the Torres Strait Islands. Include information about their history and a present day ‘fact file’.

Primary Australian history

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T he b e

The first Australians – 1

ginni n

Read the report about the first migration to Australia.

During the last ice age, about 40 000 years ago, a lot of ocean water was held in large polar icecaps. With less water in the oceans, the sea level was possibly 100 metres lower than it is today, creating natural land bridges from one continent to another.

In the past, the world’s continents were shaped differently and some historians and scientists agree that Australia was once joined to Papua New Guinea.

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About 70 000 years ago, when New Guinea was still attached to the Australian continent, the first people began arriving at the Islands. Chinese, Malay and Indonesian people travelled there looking for items to trade, such as pearl shell, canoes and tools. Unlike the Indigenous peoples of mainland Australia, the Torres Strait Islanders grew crops to survive.

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Prehistorians believe Australia’s first Indigenous population travelled here from South-East Asia during this ice age by ‘island-hopping’ across Indonesia’s islands. They may have walked from as far as India until they were forced to make rafts or canoes to travel the last leg of their journey to the north of Australia. Their watercraft were most probably made of bamboo as it is water-resistant, light material in It is believed that rising sea levels flooded the land good supply in Asia. bridges to the islands about 6000 years ago. This migration would have occurred over a long time and in waves, meaning that there wasn’t just one migration, but many. The Aboriginal people moved in bands, stopping for long periods in different places to fish, hunt and gather other foods. Some may not have actually wished to travel to Australia but their watercraft may have been caught by strong winds or monsoons, most likely arriving at Arnhem Land (Northern Territory), the Kimberley Region (northern History Western Australia) or Cape York Peninsula (Northern Unlike many other cultures, there are no written Queensland). records of Aboriginal Australian history. Instead,

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history has been passed on through storytelling, songs and dance. Some history can be determined The 100 or more islands known as the Torres Strait by archaeological finds, such as the skeleton of an Islands are part of the Australian state of Queensland, Aboriginal man found in Lake Mungo, New South and are located in the sea between mainland Australia Wales. It is believed to be between 43 000 and and Papua New Guinea. 62 000 years old!

Torres Strait Islanders

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Primary Australian history

The be

The first Australians – 2

ginni n

Use the text on page 3 to answer the questions. 1. Add numbers from the text to complete the sentences. (a) Indigenous people may have arrived in Australia about

years ago because the sea level was

possibly

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(b) People may have migrated to the Torres Strait Islands about

years ago, and could continue to do so until sea levels rose about

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years ago.

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2. List four ways we have learnt about Aboriginal Australian history.

3. Why could Indigenous people ‘island-hop’ from Asia to Australia in the past?

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5. List one difference between Indigenous Australians from the mainland and those from the Torres Strait Islands. 6. Prehistorians have found evidence to predict that the watercraft Indigenous people travelled in or on were made of bamboo. Explain why they can’t say that it is fact.

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7. With a partner, discuss some of the obstacles that Indigenous Australians may have faced during their migration to Australia. Describe one.

About 13 000 years ago, the sea levels began to rise and the land bridges between mainland Australia and Tasmania flooded leaving the Tasmanian Aboriginal people isolated.

Primary Australian history

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T he b e

Archaeological discoveries

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The study of human societies of the past using remains such as bones, artefacts and charcoal, is called archaeology. Archaeological discoveries provide evidence and clues about the very first Australians. 1. Use the Internet and other resources to make notes about the archaeological artefacts and discoveries made at these sites across Australia.

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Birrigai Rock Shelter (ACT)

Lake Mungo (NSW)

Koonalda Cave, Nullarbor Plain (SA)

Kow Swamp (Vic.)

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Devil’s Lair (WA)

Devon Downs (SA)

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2. Find pictures and sketch these two Indigenous Australian artefacts. Explain what they were used for.

Woomera

Coolamon (or pitchi)

An Aboriginal painting has been discovered in a cave near Kakadu, Northern Territory, that is possibly 60 000 years old!

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Primary Australian history

James Cook: Charting the east coast Maritime exploration Indicators

Time line Prior to European settlement

• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Considers an historical event from different points of view.

Worksheet information

The area which will become known as Sydney Cove is occupied by the Eora people. 1768

Endeavour leaves Plymouth, England.

1769

• The text used on page 7 is a series of fictional journal entries. Discuss with the students that this genre (if authentic) is a primary source. Discuss how journal entries from a crew member on the ship may vary greatly from this document. James Cook’s Endeavour journals (1768 to 1771) were acquired by the National Library of Australia in 1923. Sections can be read online at:

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26 August

• At the time of Endeavour’s expedition to the south seas, James Cook held the actual rank of lieutenant. However, as captain of the ship, he was entitled to be called Captain Cook.

3 June

Cook observes transit of Venus across the sun.

James Cook in Endeavour circumnavigates New Zealand.

Sections from the botanist Joseph Bank’s Endeavour journal can also be read online at:

Endeavour strikes coral on the Great Barrier Reef.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 102.

1770

12 June 1770

<http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/mantran/manu01.html>

<http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/voyages/voya_journal. html>

Answers Page 8

22 August

James Cook claims the eastern coast of New Holland (Australia) for Great Britain.

1771

1. (a) record and monitor the transit of Venus across the Sun (b) the man who first spotted the land, Lieutenant Hicks (c) collected and documented new species of plants

12 July

Endeavour arrives back in Britain.

1773

(d) deciding to submerge an old sail under the boat to plug the holes 2. Removed sail

1778

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James Cook makes his third voyage to the Pacific and becomes the first European to visit the islands of Hawaii, calling them the Sandwich Islands.

Discarded heavy items, pumped out water Tried pulling ship free in morning—no luck Waited until high tide and pulled ship free Submerged old sail under ship to plug leaks

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Tobias Furneaux, in Adventure, charts the south and east coast of Tasmania.

3. Possible answer—To prevent news leaking to other countries wishing to claim it for themselves (i.e. French/Dutch).

18 January

The First Fleet arrives in Botany Bay.

26 January

The First Fleet arrives at Sydney Cove and the new colony is proclaimed.

4. 2. Approximately 22 months, 19 days

Two French ships, Astrolabe and Boussole, arrive in Botany Bay on a scientific expedition.

6. Answers will vary. Possible answer—for ships of future voyages to find the landmarks and to locate Port Jackson for the future settlement (Sydney Cove).

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1779

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James Cook returns to Hawaii after failing to pass through the Bering Strait. He is murdered during a violent skirmish.

5. Answers will vary

Further exploration

• Create an information poster about the first Endeavour in space, the command module of Apollo 15. Include: – What part of the original ship was taken on the space flight? – How was it returned? • As early navigation techniques were very inaccurate compared to today, research to find information about the astrolabe, hand measurement, sextant and the cross-staff. • View the replica of Endeavour which is now based at the National Maritime Museum, Darling Harbour, Sydney, at: <http://www.anmm.gov.au> • With a partner, research and re-enact the tragic events that occurred at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii, on 14 February 1779.

Primary Australian history

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James Cook: Charting the east coast – 1

Maritime explo rat

i on

One of Britain’s most experienced navigators, James Cook, set sail on board HMB Endeavour on 26 August 1768, bound for the Island of Tahiti to monitor Venus passing in front of the sun. By October 1769, Cook had completed the second task of the voyage—to determine the exact position of New Zealand in the Pacific Ocean.

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Captain’s log 19 April 1770

Having seen only ocean for the three long weeks since leaving New Zealand, it was a joyous occasion today to hear cries of ‘Land!’ from Lieutenant Zacharay Hicks. I shall name this part of the coast Point Hicks after its discoverer!

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Cook learned of his final mission of the expedition in secret instructions only to be opened once the Endeavour had departed Plymouth. He was to search for the vast southern continent and claim it for Britain. Cook, who had been sceptical about the existence of this new continent, succeeded in discovering and accurately charting the east coast of Australia.

further damage but were unsuccessful in pulling the ship free. In the hope that we could float her off the reef, we discarded heavy items such as ballasts, guns and any food spoiled by the sea. The men took turns to pump out the ship’s drinking water.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons At first light we struggled to pull her off the reef, so Dropped anchor among hundreds of stingrays inu a r •f o rr evi e wp p ses o’tilnhigh l y weo anxiously waited tide• this evening for

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magnificent bay which I shall name Stingray Bay. We shall spend a week here exploring the country. The botanist on board, Joseph Banks, will be excited to spend this time collecting and documenting any new species of plants of this new land.

I note the similarities between aspect of this land and the rolling hills and large trees of the south of Wales in Britain. From these observations, I have decided to call this great landmass New South Wales.

6 May

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Water had been seeping in most of the afternoon until Midshipman Munkhouse suggested submerging an old sail underneath the ship so it could be forced up against the hull and plug the leaks. What a mastermind! The crew are very grateful as they are exhausted from pumping water. We must speedily find a harbour to effect much-needed repairs.

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We have stumbled upon a magnificent sheltered harbour which I have named Port Jackson. I feel this would be a very suitable area for a settlement.

11 June Luck has escaped us! At 11 pm last evening, Endeavour did not only collide with a giant coral reef but became wedged up against it. The crew immediately removed the sails to prevent

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another attempt. Mercifully, we succeeded!

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Rounding the north of this great land, we have anchored at a small island which I have called Possession Island. On this day we have held a flag-raising ceremony and I have claimed New South Wales and Possession Island in the name of King George III. We can now set sail for home.

Primary Australian history

James Cook: Charting the east coast – 2

Maritime explo rat

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Use the text on page 7 to answer the questions. 1. Complete the sentences. (a) HMB Endeavour travelled to Tahiti so Cook could

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S .

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(b) James Cook named the land first spotted on the east coast Point Hicks after

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(d) Midshipman Munkhouse helped to save Endeavour from sinking by

2. In order, list the main events that occurred on the dramatic day of 11 June.

10 JUNE

. . .

ENDEAVOUR COLLIDES WITH GIANT CORAL REEF

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3. Give one reason why you think the task of claiming the great southern continent for Britain was given to Cook under secret instruction.

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4. HMB Endeavour returned to Britain, arriving on 13 July 1771. Calculate the length of James Cook’s journey to the south seas.

5. List words to describe how you think the crew of Endeavour were feeling: (a) when the ship was stuck on the reef. (b) on the day the flag ceremony was held.

6. On the back of this sheet, explain why you think Cook was asked to accurately and carefully chart the coast of New South Wales. A cannon which was thrown overboard to help extract Endeavour from the reef was discovered in 1969 and is on display at the James Cook Historical Museum in Cooktown.

Primary Australian history

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Maritime explo rat

The great debate

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James Cook was sent on a monumental expedition to search for the Great South Land. He was told that if the land was uninhabited, he should claim it for Britain. If there were ‘natives’, he was to only claim the land that was agreed to by the inhabitants. Cook had seen the Aboriginal Australians but still went ahead with claiming the east coast of Australia for Britain.

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1. Complete the table by adding your thoughts and ideas in the boxes.

(b) Why do you think Cook chose to claim the land without asking the ‘natives’ first?

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(a) Was this fair to the Aboriginal Australians? Give your reasons.

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2. With a partner, discuss the impact you think Cook’s decision has had on Australia’s history. Make notes of your discussion below.

The bay Cook named Stingaree (Stingray) Bay would later be changed to Botanist Bay and then Botany Bay after the unique specimens discovered there by the botanist, Joseph Banks.

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Primary Australian history

Norfolk Island‘Hell of the Pacific’ Early settlement

Time line 1788

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Uses historical information from a website to create a speech.

A group of settlers, led by Lieutenant Philip Gidley King, arrives at Norfolk Island from Botany Bay to establish a penal colony.

Lord Howe Island is discovered and named after Richard Howe, First Lord of the Admiralty.

1814

The first convict settlement at Norfolk Island is abandoned. 1825

The second convict settlement at Norfolk Island is established. 1855

The Pitcairn Islanders settle on Norfolk Island. 1900

• Norfolk Island is situated in the south Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia. Its land area is about 35 square kilometres. It became an Australian territory in 1914 and is currently administered under the Norfolk Island Act 1979.

• Less than two months after the First Fleet landed at Botany Bay, Lieutenant Philip Gidley King and 22 settlers, including 15 convicts, landed at Norfolk Island (at what would later become the township of Kingston) to set up a penal colony. The convicts in this party were chosen for their good behaviour. • Other penal colonies were established in Australia during the time of the first and second settlements on Norfolk Island, including Port Arthur and Moreton Bay. One of the reasons Norfolk Island was abandoned as a penal colony in the late 1840s was that Port Arthur was seen as a less costly alternative.

• The text used on page 11 is a tourist brochure—a secondary source. For the activity on page 13, students will require access to the Internet. Alternatively, teachers could print out the appropriate information from the website for the students to use. They should use note form on the worksheet and can then write their speeches out in full on a separate sheet of paper. They should be encouraged to organise their notes into chronological order for their speeches. The speeches could then be presented to the class, perhaps with appropriate visual aids.

The second convict settlement at Norfolk Island is abandoned. 1856

Worksheet information

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6 March

Indicators

Macquarie Island forms part of the state of Tasmania.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 103.

Answers

Norfolk Island becomes an Australian territory.

Page 12

1934

1. 1788 – a group of British settlers arrives at Norfolk Island to establish a penal colony.

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1790 – 300 marines and convicts arrive at Norfolk Island from Botany Bay.

1947

1825 – The second British settlement is established on Norfolk Island.

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Ashmore and Cartier Islands in the Indian Ocean come under Australian administration.

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The uninhabited Heard Island and the McDonald Islands come under Australian administration. 1958

The Coral Sea Islands come under Australian administration. 1955

1855 – Norfolk Island is abandoned again by the British.

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Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean comes under Australian administration. 1969

1814 – Norfolk Island is abandoned by the British.

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands become an Australian territory.

2. During the second settlement of the island; because of the harsh conditions experienced by the convicts. 3. Teacher check

4. First settlement: It was failing to be self-supporting and Botany Bay no longer needed to import food from the island. Second settlement: Maintaining the settlement was too expensive and visitors to the island, horrified by the conditions of the convicts, called for its abandonment. 5. They wanted to stop the island from being colonised by the French; they wanted to establish an industry to make ship masts and sails from the pine trees and flax that grew on the island; the island was to provide foods for the struggling Botany Bay colony.

Further exploration • View pictures of the convict ruins on Norfolk Island and use them as a springboard for a piece of creative writing. • Research to write a diary entry for a convict during the second settlement on Norfolk Island.

Primary Australian history

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Early s ettlem e

Norfolk Island—‘Hell of the Pacific’ –1

Dear hotel guest Welcome to Norfolk Island! Below are some facts about its history. Early inhabitants The first people to live on Norfolk Island were East Polynesian seafarers, possibly from New Zealand or other Pacific islands. These people lived on Norfolk Island some time between the 1000s and the 1700s. Soon after the First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay to establish a penal colony, Governor Arthur Phillip ordered Lieutenant Philip Gidley King to take a group of settlers to colonise Norfolk Island. There were a few reasons for this. First, the British wanted to stop the island from being colonised by their rivals, the French. They also wanted to establish an industry to make ship masts and sails from the pine trees and flax that grew on the island. The island was also supposed to provide foods like wheat, potatoes and fruit for the struggling Botany Bay colony.

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First British settlement (1788 –1814)

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from Botany Bay. Norfolk Island’s population reached 1100 by the early 1800s. However, by 1814, the island was abandoned—the settlement was failing to be self-supporting and Botany Bay no longer needed to import food from the island. All buildings were destroyed and people were shipped back to Australia. Second British settlement (1825 – 1855)

In 1825, the British decided to turn Norfolk island into a penal settlement for the worst convicts from New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land. Norfolk Island was deemed a suitable place due to its remote location. During this second settlement, the convict population peaked at around 2000.

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Pacific’. Convicts worked long hours in agriculture and construction wearing heavy chains. Punishments, often for minor offences such as singing without permission, included lashes, solitary confinement and decreased rations. Some desperate convicts deliberately committed crimes which would sentence them to death.

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In the late 1840s, however, the settlement began to be wound down. Maintaining the settlement was becoming too expensive, and people who visited the island were horrified by the conditions and called for it to be abandoned. In the following years, the King and his party—nine male convicts, six convicts were transported back to Australia and by female convicts and seven free men—landed at 1855, the island was once more uninhabited. Norfolk island on 6 March 1788. The settlers found The Pitcairners (1856 – ) life difficult at first. Although the soil was fertile, In 1856, Pitcairn Islanders settled on the island clearing the rainforest was tough work. The crops with the permission of the British government, who were also damaged by rats and parrots. But soon established it as a separate colony from New South the settlement began to grow, particularly after Wales. Today, the island is an Australian territory with 1790, when 300 marines and convicts arrived limited self-government. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Early s ettlem e

Norfolk Island—‘Hell of the Pacific’ – 2

Use the text on page 11 to answer the questions. 1. Complete the time line with facts from the text. 1788 1790 1814 1825 1855

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2. When and why was Norfolk Island called ‘Hell of the Pacific’?

3. Which of the punishments described in the text do you think would be the worst? Explain.

Second settlement:

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5. List three reasons why the British decided to colonise Norfolk Island.

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In 1790, convicts and marines from Botany Bay were transported to Norfolk Island on HMS Sirius. However, Sirius was wrecked on a reef at Norfolk Island, destroying some of the precious food supplies on board. 12

Primary Australian history

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Early s ettlem e

Norfolk Island information night

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1. Log on to the website <http://www.pitcairners.org>, which contains details of Norfolk Island history. Click on ‘Virtual tour’ to see some of the historical locations on the island. Choose three locations that represent aspects of convict life during the first and/or second settlement on Norfolk Island. Sketch a picture and note some interesting facts about each below.

2. Imagine you are a travel agent who specialises in Norfolk Island historical tours. You regularly present information nights for potential tourists about the convict history of the island to encourage them to book a trip. Use the information above and from page 11 to help you plan a speech to present to the tourists. Think carefully about the order in which you will present the information so your speech runs smoothly. Include a brief introduction and conclusion.

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3. Write your speech on a separate sheet of paper.

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The conditions for the convicts on Norfolk Island were so horrific that regular uprisings against authorities were common. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Convict constructions Early settlement

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Time line 1810s

• Plans and writes an emotive poem from the point of view of a convict.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

Male convict labour begins to be used for construction in Australia. 1817-1819

1825

Richmond Bridge, Tasmania, is completed by convicts after 17 months of labour. 1826-1830

Convicts from NSW are sent to King George Sound, WA to establish a settlement. 1828

Convicts build the Windmill, known as the ‘tower of torture’, in Brisbane.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 103.

Answers Page 16

1836

The Old Great North Road, NSW, is completed by convicts after 10 years of labour.

Construction work begins on Ross Bridge and the Red Bridge in Campbell Town, Tasmania. 1848 The convict-built bridge in Tunbridge is completed.

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Convicts are transported to the Swan River Colony to ease the labour shortage. 1854-1856

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2. Richmond Bridge Tas. 1823 –1825

To connect the Tasman and Fleurieu peninsulas Old Great North Rd

NSW

1826 – 1836

To provide transport and communication between Sydney and other NSW settlements Fremantle Prison WA

1852 – 1859

To house the first convicts to arrive in Fremantle 3. Teacher check

4. carpentry, nursing, farming, domestic servants, sewing, rope-making, laundry

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A number of important buildings in the Swan River Colony settlement are constructed by convicts: Perth Gaol, Government House, Canning River convict fence. Fremantle Prison, WA, is completed by convicts after seven years of labour.

Primary Australian history

1. Answers should include three of the following: tough working conditions; working in isolated areas; working in heavy leg irons or collars; being chained to other convicts while working; poor accommodation and meagre food rations.

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Convict-built Oatlands Gaol is completed in Tasmania.

• The text used on page 15 is a report—a secondary source. For the activity on page 17, hold a class discussion before the students begin the worksheet about descriptive and emotive words and phrases that are used in poems. A reading of some free verse poems would be useful. Also encourage the students to use a thesaurus to find interesting words instead of using words such as ‘good’. The poems may take whatever form teachers desire; a minimum number of lines or verses could be stipulated.

1835

1859

• After about 1810, convict labour was used as a convenient way to develop the infrastructure of the colonies. Hard physical labour was also thought to help reform convicts. In the 1820s and 1830s, more convicts were assigned to work for private settlers—although the work and conditions were not necessarily any better.

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Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney is built by convicts to house convicts.

• Early convicts in Australia were usually employed according to their skills or former jobs under a system founded by Governor Arthur Phillip. This included jobs such as carpentry, nursing, farming or record-keeping (for educated convicts). Female convicts commonly worked as domestic servants or were quickly married off to free settlers.

5. Convicts could be forced to work hard and the government didn’t have to pay them.

Further exploration

• Research to write tourist brochures for the convict constructions described on page 15. • Write a list of Australian heritage sites that were built by convicts.

• Find out if any convict constructions are near to where you live; if so, visit them, take photographs and use them to make a book.

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Convict constructions – 1

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From the early 1800s, male convict labour was used to construct public buildings, roads, bridges and other facilities. Using convicts for such work provided the perfect solution for developing the expanding colonies quickly and cheaply—not only could convicts be forced to work hard, the government didn’t have to pay them! For the convicts, working in construction meant tough working conditions, often in isolated areas—it wasn’t a job any convict would choose to do. In fact, being assigned to construction jobs or ‘road gangs’ was a common punishment for convicts who had committed further crimes after they had arrived in Australia. These men were forced to wear heavy leg irons and collars and were chained to other convicts while they worked. Their accommodation was usually small huts or even portable wooden boxes. They also had to survive on meagre food rations.

sandstone. The bridge connected the Tasman and Fleurieu peninsulas and caused the rapid development of the town of Richmond. The bridge was so skillfully constructed that it has survived with few changes over its life.

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In the late 1700s, British jails were overcrowded. As part of the solution to this problem, the British government decided to establish a penal colony in Australia, which explorers had partially mapped. The first convicts arrived in Sydney Cove in 1788. By the early 1800s, convicts were also being sent to other penal colonies in Australia. As part of their punishment, convicts were expected to work. Some were employed according to their former jobs or trades, such as carpentry, nursing or farming. Female convicts usually worked as domestic servants or in ‘female factories’ where they did work such as sewing, rope-making or laundry.

The 260-kilometre Old Great North Road links Sydney with the Hunter Valley and was built by convict road gangs between 1826 and 1836. The road gangs worked on the road for months at time in isolated bushland. The Old Great North Road was vital for providing transport and communication between Sydney and other settlements in New South Wales.

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and 1859 and was used as a prison up until 1991. Today, it is a major tourist attraction. The prison was originally built to house the first convicts to arrive in Fremantle in 1850. Up until the prison was completed, these convicts were accommodated in a warehouse. By 1855, enough of the prison had been completed to allow the convicts to be transferred. By 1859, the prison buildings included a main cell block, a hospital, perimeter walls, a gatehouse and Many convict constructions are still standing today workshops. and are listed as national heritage sites in Australia. These include Richmond Bridge in Tasmania, the Old Great North Road in New South Wales and Fremantle Prison in Western Australia.

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Richmond Bridge is Australia’s oldest-known stone bridge and is a major tourist attraction in Tasmania. Convict gangs began construction of the bridge in 1823 and completed it in 1825. The convicts built it entirely by hand using local www.ricpublications.com.au

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Early s ettlem e

Convict constructions – 2

Use the text on page 15 to answer the questions. 1. Give three reasons why convicts wouldn’t have chosen to work in construction.

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2. Complete the table about each of these convict constructions.

When built?

Why built?

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Richmond Bridge

Old Great North Road

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Fremantle Prison

3. Which of the building projects from Question 2 do you think would have been the most difficult to work on as a convict? Explain.

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4. Apart from construction, list other types of work convicts did.

5. Why was convict labour used for construction?

Some people believe that Richmond Bridge is haunted by the ghost of an overseer named George Grover. He was killed by convict workers during the construction of the bridge. 16

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Convict poem

Follow the instructions to help you write a descriptive poem about convict life. 1. Imagine you are a convict who has been working in construction for the past three months. Today is your last day of working on a particular project. Use the information on page 15 and your imagination to help you write colourful words and phrases to describe your situation and feelings in the space below. What kind of project have you been assigned to constructing?

a building

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a bridge

other

How have you felt at the end of each day: – physically?

– emotionally?

Describe your fellow workers.

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Why were you assigned to this project? How did you feel about it?

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– the worst part of the day’s work?

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How do you feel now the project has been finished?

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What do you think will happen to you now?

2. Use your notes to help you write your poem on a separate sheet of paper. It does not need to rhyme. About 700 convicts worked on the Old Great North Road. Today, you can still see some of the stonework built by the convicts, such as bridges and retaining walls. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Encounters with Aboriginal Australians Early settlement Indicators

Time line 1790

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Considers historical events from the point of view of an Aboriginal warrior.

1792

Pemulwuy begins to lead raids on British colonists in New South Wales. 1795

Open warfare between British government troops and Aboriginal Australians breaks out along the Hawkesbury River. 1797

Pemulwuy leads the George’s River and Parramatta groups on an offensive against the Toongabbie settlement. Pemulwuy is injured and caught but later escapes. 1802

Worksheet information

• Early governors from Britain had been instructed to develop positive relationships with the Aboriginal people and defend and protect them wherever necessary. Some governors followed these instructions, but most did not. The majority of the new colonists looked down on the Aboriginal people as an inferior race who had no rights to the land they had occupied for thousands of years. Some even went as far as to poison their food or shoot them. The Aboriginal people began to retaliate by attacking the invaders and burning their farms. It didn’t take long for the traditional customs and lifestyle of the Aboriginal people to be broken down by the colonists as they began to fish, fell trees, farm land and shoot kangaroos. The colonists also introduced the local inhabitants to diseases such as smallpox, influenza and measles, often with fatal results.

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Pemulwuy, an Aboriginal warrior, spears and kills British colonist John Macintyre in retaliation for him killing some of his (Pemulwuy’s) people. An unsuccessful expedition to find and kill Pemulwuy and his people is organised.

• Pemulwuy was of the Bidjigal people. He led a 10-year military guerilla fight against the British from 1792 to 1802. After his death, Governor King wrote that although Pemulwuy was ‘a terrible pest to the colony, he was a brave and independent character’. Pemulwuy’s head was received in London by Sir Joseph Banks, but to date its location is unknown.

Pemulwuy is shot and killed by British colonists in New South Wales. His son, Tedbury, continues the resistance against the settlers.

• The text used on page 19 is a letter—a primary source. The letter is written from the point of view of a British colonist, who has some compassion for the Aboriginal people, but still also expresses comments with a negative bias. The activity on page 21 allows the students to explore an opposite point of view: how the Aboriginal people might have felt about the British invasion of their land and lifestyle. They will need to work with a partner for this activity. Note form may be used.

Answers

1816

Page 20

Homesteads on the edge of Sydney are attacked by Aboriginal people. Governor Macquarie orders Captain James Wallis to find and arrest the perpetrators. The soldiers attack a camp at Appin and 14 Aborigines are killed. 1819

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1. natives 2. Teacher check

3. 1790 – Spears and kills John Macintyre in retaliation for Macintyre killing some of his people.

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Colebee and Nurrangingy are given land to farm in Blacktown, west of Sydney.

– Shot by angry settlers.

1838

1802 – Shot and killed by settlers

January At Vinegar Hill, between 60 and 70 Aborigines are killed by mounted police. April

The ‘Faithful Massacre’ occurs.

June

The Myall Creek Massacre occurs.

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• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 104.

Aboriginal scouts help the expedition which successfully crosses the Blue Mountains.

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– Escaped from hospital. 4. Teacher check

5. Answers should reflect that the settlers were killing their food sources and destroying land where food sources would grow or live.

Further exploration • Debate the topic ‘Aboriginal people should have accepted the British and lived quietly under their laws’. • Research and write about other significant Aboriginal Australians at the time of British colonisation, such as Arabanoo. • In small groups, research, prepare and present a role-play based on initial contact between British colonists and local Aboriginal people.

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3 January 1803 Dear William I must tell you all about one of the remarkable native* warriors here in New South Wales. His name is Pemulwuy. But to give you a complete picture of him, I need to tell you about our relationship with the natives since our arrival from England in 1788.

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r o e t s Botheir distance. Many of the settlers r Back then, the natives appeared toe be wary and fearful of us and kept p ohowever. They appear to have thought of them as primitive and barbaric. I still do not believe this to be so,k u the intelligence to live S in this harsh land quite comfortably. However, it is true that the natives have not developed or cultivated the land at all, which I find curious. Things began to change once we started to fish, fell trees, plant crops, shoot kangaroos and graze our livestock. I think the natives realised then we were not just visiting, but were here to stay. Our changes to the land also caused them to suffer from starvation. Governor Phillip, who was following strict instructions from the government to defend and protect the natives, tried to help by inviting them into the town to eat with us but they refused. I and a few of the other settlers felt sorry for them and persuaded them to accept food, blankets and clothing from time to time. Most of the other settlers, however, thought this was ridiculous. It pains me to report that some of them have given poisoned food to the natives.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons The situation then become even worse. The natives grew very angry and now there are incidents of violence •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• breaking out between them and us causing injuries and death on both sides. Some of the natives are

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certainly very fierce and determined! One of these is Pemulwuy. In June 1790, he speared and killed Governor Phillip’s gamekeeper, John Macintyre. We believe this was because Macintyre killed some natives. An expedition was organised to kill Pemulwuy and some of his people, but was abandoned because they could not be found. From 1792 up until last year, Pemulwuy led raids against us from Parramatta to the Hawkesbury River, stealing food and cattle, attacking homesteads and burning buildings. Then, in 1797, he led a raid on the government farm at Toongabbie. Rightly angry, the settlers from this area tracked him to the outskirts of Parramatta, where he was shot several times. He was taken to hospital, but once he had recovered he escaped—amazingly enough, wearing leg irons! A legend then began that he could not be killed by bullets.

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o c . che e r o t r s super But Pemulwuy’s luck soon ran out. In 1801, Governor King offered a reward for his death or capture. Then just last year, he was shot dead by settlers. He was beheaded and his head was pickled in a jar and sent to England. Some people believe this is justice, as he has killed at least 30 settlers over the years. However, I myself feel that pickling his head was barbaric. I also have an amount of admiration for the bravery of this man, although his actions were clearly wrong. I will write more next time about our continuing struggles in the colony. Regards John * ‘Native’ was the word early settlers used to refer to an Aboriginal Australian. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Encounters with Aboriginal Australians – 2

Use the text on page 19 to answer the questions. 1. What word did the British use to refer to Aboriginal Australians? 2. Give your opinions on the following.

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The letter-writer saying that Pemulwuy’s actions were ‘clearly wrong’.

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The British pickling Pemulwuy’s head in a jar.

3. List events in Pemulwuy’s life that took place during each date. 1790

1797

1802

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4. Why do you think the settlers might have mistakenly thought the local Aboriginal Australians were primitive and barbaric?

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5. Why might the settlers’ changes to the land have caused Aboriginal Australians to starve?

British colonisation of Australia caused a sharp decline in the Aboriginal population and the extinction of many language groups. Many traditional Aboriginal societies collapsed. 20

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Pemulwuy’s point of view

Find a partner to work with for this activity. 1. The letter on page 19 is written from the point of view of one of the early British colonists in New South Wales. Consider the events described in the letter from Pemulwuy’s point of view. Remember that Aboriginal Australians had been living in the New South Wales area for thousands of years before the British arrived. If you were Pemulwuy, how do you think you would feel about the following?

• The British taking your food supplies, chopping down trees and taking over your land by planting crops and grazing livestock.

• Realising the British were making your land their permanent home.

• Being offered food, blankets and clothing by some settlers.

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• The British treating you as if you were primitive and unintelligent.

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• Finding out that one of the British had shot and killed some of your people for no good reason.

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2. Discuss your answers to Question 1.

Do you think you would have taken the actions Pemulwuy did? If not, what would you have done instead? Give reasons for your answer. 3. Share your answers to Questions 1 and 2 with the class.

Pemulwuy is often considered to be the first Aboriginal resistance leader and is an heroic figure for many Aboriginal Australians.

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Hobart and Brisbane settlements Early settlement

Indicators

Time line 1803

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Uses an atlas to mark and label physical features of historical significance.

Lieutenant John Bowen establishes a settlement at Risdon Cove which is soon abandoned. 1804

1824

Brisbane is settled by the British as a penal colony. 1825

Port Essington is settled by Europeans. 1827

Major Edmund Lockyer establishes a settlement at King George Sound, later renamed Albany.

• Settlement officially occurred in Tasmania on 12 September 1803, when Bowen and his party landed at Risdon Cove.

• The text used on page 23 is a report—a secondary source. For the activity on page 25, the students will require an atlas or other resources that show Hobart and Brisbane in some detail. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 104.

Swan River Colony is officially proclaimed. 1836

• Settlement officially occurred in Queensland on 14 September 1824 when Miller, Oxley and their party landed at Redcliffe.

• Hobart was named after Lord Robert Hobart, the Colonial Secretary; Brisbane was named after Sir Thomas Brisbane, the Governor of New South Wales.

Van Diemen’s Land is proclaimed a colony.

1829

• The first Europeans on record to sight Tasmania and Queensland were the Dutch in the 1600s. Between the 1770s and 1790s, Tasmania was also visited by French and British explorers. During this time, the British also mapped part of the Queensland coast.

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‘Hobart Town’ (later renamed Hobart) is settled by the British as a penal colony.

Worksheet information

Page 24

South Australia colony is established.

1. They wanted another penal colony for Sydney’s tougher convicts and they were concerned that French explorers would try to establish a colony there.

1837

1803-4

1842

Redcliffe

Risdon Cove

Hobart Town becomes a city.

Jagera and Turrba

Mouheneer

Brisbane and the Moreton Bay area are opened to free settlers.

about 30

1849

4. Hobart: A busy port with a population of about 5000; centre for whaling, sealing,

Swan River Colony is proclaimed a British penal settlement. 1850

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3. The site, and an area of 80 kilometres around it, was off-limits to free settlers shipbuilding and for exporting wool, hides and other products

Brisbane: A collection of timber buildings, maximum population of about 1200; only

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The first convicts arrive at the Swan River Colony. 1851

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1824

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2. Brisbane

John Batman establishes a settlement at Melbourne.

convicts, soldiers and civil servants living there. 5. Teacher check

Further exploration

• Research to write city guides for Brisbane and Hobart.

1859

Brisbane becomes the capital of the new colony of Queensland.

• Write biographies of people significant to the establishment of Brisbane and Hobart; e.g. John Oxley, John Bowen.

1869

• Compare pictures and photographs of early Hobart and Brisbane with those of today.

Darwin, formally known as Palmerston, is established. 1875 Hobart Town is renamed Hobart.

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Hobart and Brisbane settlements – 1 The first European settlement in Australia occurred in 1788, when the city of Sydney (then called Sydney Cove) was founded by the British. Later, other settlements, which would become Australia’s state capitals, were established. Hobart and Brisbane were the first of these.

Hobart

Redcliffe, about 30 kilometres north of today’s Brisbane city, was chosen as the site of the new settlement. In 1824, under the direction of Lieutenant Henry Miller and Surveyor-General John Oxley, a party of about 14 soldiers and 30 convicts arrived from Sydney to establish the settlement. Within the same year, it was moved to the site of today’s Brisbane city, on the Brisbane river. The new site had a better water supply, its location was more difficult for convicts to escape from and the Indigenous people around Redcliffe, the Jagera and Turrba, had been hostile to the colonists. Aboriginal attacks had begun when some Aboriginal people stole an axe from convicts and soldiers, resulting in one

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In the late 1790s, the British decided to establish a penal colony in Tasmania (then called Van Diemen’s Land) for Sydney’s tougher convicts. Tasmania was chosen because the British were concerned that French explorers would establish a colony there. In 1803, the Governor of New South Wales sent Lieutenant John Bowen with a party of about 50 people, including around 30 convicts, to establish a settlement on the Derwent River. The site chosen was Risdon Cove. However, the cove soon proved to be unsuitable because it lacked fresh water and was a difficult place to land boats. So a year later, the settlement moved across the Derwent River to Sullivan’s Cove, the present site of Hobart. The arrival of the British had a devastating effect on the original inhabitants of the Hobart area, the Mouheneer people. Violent encounters between them and the British, as well as diseases to which they had no immunity, forced them away from their land.

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Hobart, first called ‘Hobart Town’, began as a community of tents and huts and had a population of around 260 people. About 180 of these were convicts. By the 1820s, the town had become a busy port with a population of around 5000. It was a centre for whaling, sealing, shipbuilding and for exporting wool, hides and other products. By the end of the 1800s, these industries had declined. Hobart Town became a city in 1842 and was renamed ‘Hobart’ in 1875.

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being shot and killed. As in Hobart, the arrival of the British severely affected these people’s lives and eventually forced them away from their land.

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Brisbane In 1823, the British government decided to establish another penal settlement in Australia for Sydney’s tougher convicts. At this time, Queensland did not exist—it was part of New South Wales. In 1823, www.ricpublications.com.au

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The new Brisbane settlement began as a collection of timber buildings. The site, and an area of 80 kilometres around it, was offlimits to free settlers. Until 1842, only convicts, soldiers and civil servants lived in Brisbane. The population reached a maximum of about 1200 people during this time. In 1842, the convict settlement was closed and the Moreton Bay area was opened to free settlers. The population grew to about 6000 by 1859, when Brisbane became the capital of the new colony of Queensland. Primary Australian history

Early se ttlem e

Hobart and Brisbane settlements – 2

Use the text on page 23 to answer the questions. 1. Give two reasons why the British wanted to establish a penal colony in Tasmania.

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Year established

Brisbane

Hobart

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2. Complete the table about the British settlement of Brisbane and Hobart.

Location of first settlement Aboriginal inhabitants of area No. of convicts in first party

3. Why were there no free settlers in Brisbane until 1842? 4. Describe:

Hobart in the 1820s

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Brisbane in the 1830s

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5. Give your opinion on the reactions of the Jagera and Turrba people to the British.

The population of the Greater Hobart area today is approximately 200 000.

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Historical map facts

Use an atlas or other resources to mark and label the places listed on the partial map of Australia below. Use the text on page 23 to write one or two interesting historical facts about each one in the space next to your label.

• Derwent River

• Redcliffe

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• New South Wales

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• Sydney

• Brisbane

• Risdon Cove

• Brisbane River

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• Sullivan’s Cove • Queensland

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• Tasmania

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• Moreton Bay

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William Bligh Early settlement Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about William Bligh.

Time line 1754 Birth of William Bligh. 1761 Bligh signs up with the Royal Navy. Bligh joins Royal Navy.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet Information

• It was common practice for very young children to be signed up for a naval career. This time counted as service and was advantageous for their future promotion.

1776

Bligh is sailing master on Cook’s ship HMS Resolution. 1781

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1783 - 87

Bligh joins the merchant navy after declaration of peace.

1. (a) over 6000 km (b) 41 days (c) some food and water, a sextant and a pocket watch

2. (a) Bligh was collecting breadfruit plants to take to the Caribbean. (b) The seedlings needed to grow bigger to survive the journey. (c) The crew had shore leave, got to know the locals and had fun.

Bligh becomes commander of HMAV Bounty.

3. (a) The crew was reluctant to leave. (b) the Caribbean (c) They were taking breadfruit there. (d) No. The crew mutinied and didn’t continue to the Caribbean.

Bounty sails from Tahiti—mutiny occurs. 1790

4. Teacher check. Answers may include that he was a skilled navigator and cartographer, was concerned for his crew’s health, used little corporal punishment, was well educated and interested in botany.

Bligh and 11 crew reach England. 1791 - 93

Bligh makes a successful second breadfruit voyage to Tahiti. 1794

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Further exploration

Bligh is elected Fellow of the Royal Society for services to botany and navigation.

Bligh is appointed Governor of NSW. 1808 Rum rebellion occurs.

• Write a report about scurvy. Include information about the cause, symptoms and treatment.

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Bligh commands a ship in the battle of Copenhagen with Lord Nelson. 1806

6. Teacher check 7. Teacher check

Bligh is awarded the Society of Arts medal for navigation.

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5. (a) The New South Wales Corps controlled the colony by trading goods for rum and selling them for great profit. (b) There was a rebellion.

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1801

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 105.

Answers

Bligh is promoted to Lieutenant.

1787

• Bligh’s voyage to Tahiti had been a very long and difficult one in a small ship. Storms forced him to take the longer route around the Cape of Good Hope instead of around Cape Horn. He was the only officer on board. He gave added responsibility to Fletcher Christian, who later led the mutiny against him. There was insufficient space in the sevenmetre launch for all of the crew who remained loyal to Bligh and four had to remain on the ship. Bligh was not given any charts and only four cutlasses were provided for their defence. He showed great courage, navigational skill, leadership and resourcefulness.

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1770

• Completes a report card on Bligh.

• Write a letter from Bligh to his wife telling her about his voyage with Captain Cook.

• Bligh was an exceptional navigator. With only a sextant he found his way to Timor. Draw a diagram of a sextant and write notes about it.

1810 Bligh returns to London. 1811 Bligh is promoted to Rear Admiral. 1814 Bligh is promoted to Vice Admiral. 1817 Death of Bligh

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William Bligh – 1

William Bligh is remembered as such a harsh captain that the crew of Bounty mutinied against him. They put him and 18 loyal crew members in a seven-metre boat with limited food and water, a sextant and watch and left them in the middle of the ocean. Bligh managed to save their lives by navigating over 6000 kilometres to Timor. This amazing achievement took them 41 days. But, was Bligh really a terrible tyrant? Read more and make up your own mind.

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In 1787 Bligh was given command of Bounty. He was the ship’s only officer and his mission was to sail to Tahiti to collect breadfruit plants and take them to the Caribbean to plant as food for slaves. Bligh was reported to be well-educated, interested in science and very concerned about the health of his crew. They had a very long, difficult voyage. When they finally arrived in Tahiti, they had to wait for six months for the seedlings to be big enough to transport. The crew, on shore leave, made friends with the Tahitians, had a wonderful time and by 1789 were reluctant to leave. This may have been a factor in their mutiny. Not long after leaving Tahiti, Bligh was seized and bound in a surprise attack while he was sleeping. There was no bloodshed, but 19 men were forced to leave the ship.

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Bligh was born in 1754 near the port of Plymouth. Although he didn’t join the navy until 1770, he was signed up when he was only seven. By 1776, he was considered to be an excellent cartographer and was selected by Captain Cook as master on his third and fatal voyage to Tahiti.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons •f orr evi ew pur posesonl y• excellent records and drawings of the exotic flora and In 1806, Bligh was sent to New South Wales as the colony’s fourth governor. He was instructed to clean up the corrupt rum trade which was controlled by the New South Wales Corps. They were making huge profits by paying for food, supplies and services with rum and selling them at very high prices. They strongly resisted losing control of the colony and resented Bligh for trying to change things.

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When Bligh returned to London in 1790, after his epic voyage, the navy found he had done nothing wrong and put him in command of a bigger ship. It was reported that on his ships he had been slow to impose corporal punishment, made his men wash, wear clean clothes, exercise and eat limes and sauerkraut to avoid scurvy. He did, however, have a legendary temper, but he usually verbally abused his men rather than whipping them. In 1791 he led a successful return voyage to Tahiti and was awarded a Royal Society of Arts medal for navigation in 1794. During a number of scientific journeys he kept www.ricpublications.com.au

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fauna he saw. Bligh was honoured for his work in botany and navigation, by being elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1801.

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In 1808, led by Major George Johnston and supported by John Macarthur, they staged what became known as the Rum Rebellion. They arrested Bligh and confined him. The rebels were eventually tried in London in 1810. Although he was promoted to Rear and later Vice Admiral, Bligh’s reputation was damaged by the affair. He died in London in 1817.

Primary Australian history

Early s ettlem e

William Bligh – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 27.

1. (a) How far did Bligh and the men in the small boat sail to reach Timor? (b) How long did the journey take them? (c) What did they have with them in their small boat?

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(d) What skills do you think Bligh would have needed to get them safely to Timor?

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2. (a) Why was Bligh sailing Bounty to Tahiti?

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(b) Why did they need to wait there?

3. (a) How was the crew feeling about leaving Tahiti? (b) Where were they sailing to?

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4. Why did the navy think Bligh was a good captain? 5. (a) What was the rum trade?

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(b) What happened when Bligh tried to stop it?

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6. Do you think Bligh was a brave man? Explain why you think this.

7. Why do you think Bligh was chosen as the fourth governor of New South Wales? British sailors were called ‘limeys’ by Americans because captains like Cook and Bligh insisted their crews drink lime juice to prevent scurvy. The name is still sometimes used today by Americans to refer to anyone from Britain. 28

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Early s ettlem e

Naval report card

Imagine you are the admiral in charge of the Royal Navy and complete this report card about William Bligh. Write some facts and make some judgments about the man. You may like to do some further research about him to add to your report.

Official report

Name Date of birth

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Place of birth

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Date of career choice Rank attained

First command Awards

Special skills

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Significant events

General comments

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Character

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William Bligh was very interested in botany and recorded information about many unfamiliar species of plants. In recognition of his contribution to science, four species of evergreen tropical shrubs were named Genus Blighia. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Exploring the interior Discoveries Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about the exploration of the interior. • Demonstrates understanding of events by summarising, illustrating and predicting.

Time line 1815 Birth of Stuart. 1821 1834

Birth of Wills.

• Victoria and South Australia competed to have a proposed telegraph line built in their states because it would provide Australia’s future link to the rest of the world through Java. • In Melbourne there was great excitement and enthusiasm for Burke’s expedition and over 15 000 people are believed to have farewelled them. Victoria was a gold-rich state and the expedition was well equipped, but they lost three wagons in the first days. Burke, a tempestuous leader, argued with his second in command and smashed the bottles of rum Landells was taking to give to the camels he had purchased from overseas. He resigned, as did the doctor.

1844

Stuart joins Sturt on his expedition to locate the centre of Australia. 1858

Stuart’s first expedition—discovers good grazing land. 1859

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Birth of Burke.

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• Victoria mourned the loss of its heroes with its first ever state funeral and a half-day public holiday on the very day Adelaide was feting its heroes. The diaries recovered with their remains attested to their courage and determination. • Stuart received the reward of £2000 pounds but was in poor health and returned to London, where he died. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 105.

South Australia announces prize for first return crossing of continent from south to north.

Answers

1860

Page 32

Stuart locates geographic centre and names it Central Mount Sturt.

1. (a) Answers may indicate that they wanted to find grazing land, an inland sea and a route for a future telegraph and railway.

1861

(b) Teacher check

February

Burke reaches Gulf of Carpentaria.

2. (a) a highway

3. (a) (b) Teacher check

1861 Stuart reaches coast.

4. (a) He buried it in the box under the ‘dig’ tree.

Death of Grey, Burke and Wills.

(b) They didn’t realise anyone had been there.

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1861

September 1862

Stuart returns to Adelaide.

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Mount Sturt is renamed Mount Stuart. 1863

State funeral for Burke and Wills. 1866 June

5. (a) He lived with the Yantruwanta people.

King is rescued.

Death of Stuart in London.

1871

(b) Teacher check

Overland Telegraph Line opens.

Primary Australian history

Answers may include that his health had suffered as a result of lack of food and water, scurvy, sore eyes.

6. Teacher check

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Charles Ross finds bottle and note left by Stuart. 1873

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July

Further exploration

• Research to write a report about Landells, Burke’s second in command. Explain how he organised camels for the expedition and why he resigned. • Discuss the question, ‘Were the deaths of Burke, Wills and Grey more due to bad luck or bad management?’ This could be the topic for a debate. • Burke used camels and horses and Stuart had only horses. Complete a ‘same and different’ chart to compare the two animals. Include information about their suitability for working in Central Australia.

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Discov eries

Exploring the interior – 1 In 1859 the South Australian government offered a prize for the first expedition to cross the continent from south to north. They wanted to establish a possible route for a railway and a telegraph line to link Australia with the rest of the world, find out if there was an inland sea and open up new grazing land. Two groups accepted the challenge. One was led by Charles Stuart from South Australia and the other by Robert Burke from Melbourne.

Burke and Wills

that they were going along the creek towards South Australia and buried it under the tree again. But when two men came back to check they didn’t realise Burke had returned so they didn’t dig up their note. Burke, Wills and King were sick and starving. Burke didn’t trust the Aboriginal people who tried to help them. He and Wills died in July 1861. King was cared for by the Yantruwanta people and survived.

r o e t s Bo r Stuart e p ok u S

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Unlike Burke, Stuart was an experienced bushman Burke was a former policeman from Melbourne. His and surveyor. He had travelled to Central Australia as expedition was generously supported by the gold-rich Sturt’s second in command for 18 months in 1844. state. Thousands of people celebrated his departure. They had tried to reach the centre. He was responsible Eight weeks later he was at Menindee where he heard for most of the drawings made during that expedition that Stuart was attempting the crossing from Adelaide, because by that time Sturt was almost blind. so he left half his men at Memindee and headed for Stuart led expeditions in South Australia in the 1850s looking for gold, land and an inland sea. During his first expedition in 1858, good grazing land was located. He travelled 2000 km with Forster and an Indigenous Australian for four months, with only six weeks’ rations. In 1860 he named the almost geographical centre of Australia Central Mount Sturt and raised the British flag there. The name was changed to Stuart after his expedition returned safely in 1862.

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Stuart had tried to cross the continent twice before his successful journey in 1861–62. He travelled from Adelaide with 12 men and 49 horses to near where Darwin is now. Stuart carved his initials in a tree and nailed a flag to it and returned safely.

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Cooper Creek to establish a base camp. He waited at Cooper Creek for five weeks for the others to catch up, but when they didn’t arrive he set out for the coast with Wills, King, Grey, six camels, one horse and supplies for three months. He told those he left to wait at Cooper Creek for only three months.

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The men Burke left in Menindee hadn’t reached Cooper Creek because they’d had terrible problems and some had died. The men at Cooper Creek waited five months for Burke and his party to return before giving up and leaving.

The railway, telegraph and Stuart Highway quite closely followed his route.

Burke reached the Gulf of Carpentaria but couldn’t see the sea because of the thick mangroves. They had to kill and eat their animals on the way back. Grey became sick and died. When the three finally returned to Cooper Creek they found a tree with ‘dig’ carved in it. They dug up a box of food and a note and discovered the men had left only nine hours before. Wills wrote a note to say www.ricpublications.com.au

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Discov eries

Exploring the interior – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 31. 1. (a) Why did the South Australian government want someone to find a way across the continent?

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(b) Why do you think they offered a prize for the first person to do this?

Stuart 1815 - 1866

(a) a railway

(b)

telegraph line (c)

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2. Which of the following was named after Stuart?

a highway

3. (a) Do you think Burke was a good leader? (b) Explain why you think this.

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5. (a) How did King survive until he was rescued? (b) Why do you think he was not well after his rescue and had a short life?

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6. Explain why you think either Burke or Stuart was a better leader.

Mount Sturt was renamed in 1862. In 1871, Charles Ross, a surveyor who was working on the telegraph line near Mount Stuart, climbed to the top. He found a note in a bottle left there by Stuart describing how he had raised the Union Jack there in 1860. 32

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Discov eries

Cooper Creek

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1. Write a note from Burke, Wills or King explaining briefly that you reached the coast and where you are going now and why.

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2. How do you think Burke could have let anyone who came back to the camp at Cooper Creek know that they had been back, found the ‘dig’ tree, dug up some of the supplies and had buried a note for them? Illustrate your idea.

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3. Imagine that your idea was successful and that the two men who came back found your note. What do you think would have happened?

Burke and Wills were first to cross the country, arriving at the Gulf of Carpentaria on 6 February 1861. Stuart reached the coast near where Darwin is today on 25 July 1861 and was awarded the prize for being the first to make the return journey. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Gold: The Eureka Stockade Discoveries Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about the Eureka Stockade. • Researches to find further information about the Eureka Stockade.

Time line 1804

Worksheet information

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Australia’s first uprising occurs, the Battle of Vinegar Hill at Parramatta. 1851

Gold is discovered at Clunes and Buninyong.

• Although the events surrounding the Eureka Stockade rebellion are said to have precipitated great democratic reform in 19th Century Australia, students should be encouraged to question whether it would have happened anyway. What was happening in the United Kingdom and the rest of Australia at the time? • After the excitement of the attack on the Eureka Stockade, calm returned to the goldfields as the charged men were acquitted and the demands of the charter were met.

1854

16 May

Robert Rede becomes Gold Commissioner in Ballarat.

22 June

Sir Charles Hotham, the new governor, arrives in Victoria.

7 October

James Scobie is murdered at the Eureka Hotel.

10 October

The servant of Father Patrick Smyth is assaulted by Constable Lord.

12 October

James Bentley is acquitted of the murder of James Scobie.

17 October

Eureka Hotel is destroyed by fire.

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The colony of Victoria is proclaimed.

• The Eureka Stockade rebellion is one of only two uprisings against the state that have occurred in the history of Australia, the first being the convict rebellion which led to the1804 Battle of Vinegar Hill.

• The exact site of the Eureka Stockade is today under question, but the event is commemorated in Ballarat by a park in which the monument erected in 1884 now stands.

• The Eureka Centre, also in Ballarat, tells the story of the rebellion in a series of realistic displays. • The tattered remnants of the original Southern Cross Eureka flag are on display at the Ballarat Fine Art Museum.

• A ballad of Eureka, written in 1901 by Victor Daley (1858–1905), gives an insight into the hearts and minds of the diggers at Eureka.

Answers Page 36

3 December

Soldiers and police attack the Eureka Stockade.

2. Sunday 3 December 1854

More than 100 men are arrested, 13 of whom are charged with high treason.

6 December

1855

A public meeting held in Melbourne protests the actions of the authorities at Eureka.

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1. The miners from the Victorian goldfields and the Gold Commission.

3. They incurred a hefty fee which had to be paid each month—whether gold was found or not. 4. Teacher check

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11 November Ballarat Reform League Charter is developed.

5. Teacher check – suggestions: (a) diplomatic, reasonable (b) autocratic, corrupt (c) belligerent, angry

Further exploration

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10 January

A general amnesty is declared for all those connected with the Eureka Stockade rebellion.

27 March

The final report on the Gold Fields Commission is submitted to the Governor of Victoria.

All those charged with high treason are found not guilty.

• The Ballarat Reform League made a number of demands for change. Research to find out what these were, whether they were met and what effect if any, they had on the development of democracy in Australia. • The diggers from the Eureka Stockade came from many different nations. Research to find out what these countries were and what were the similarities and differences between life in those countries and life in Australia at that time. • Research to find out what the images on the Southern Cross Eureka flag represent and when it has been used since 1854.

10 November Peter Lalor and JB Humffray are elected to the Legislative Council.

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Gold: The Eureka Stockade – 1 The attack on the Eureka Stockade is one of Australia’s enduring legends. It is believed by some to be the catalyst that produced the reforms which paved the way for the democratic society we live in today in Australia.

The two sides in the conflict were the miners from the Victorian goldfields and the Gold Fields Commission, supported by a contingent of police and a military garrison. The Commission was established to ensure law and order on the goldfields.

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At a meeting held for the first time under the blue ‘Southern Cross’ flag, the miners voted to burn their licences and resist arrest for being unlicensed. The following day, a licence hunt was conducted in which the military used force to quell the rebellious miners.

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To create revenue for the government, miners were obliged to hold licences to dig their small claim of land. A fee for these licences had to be paid each month whether the miner struck gold or not. Officers from the Gold Commission conducted frequent licence hunts to make sure no miner was digging illegally.

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development of the Ballarat Reform League Charter which was a series of demands from the miners, including the right to vote and the abolition of the hated licences. Throughout November, the League, led by JB Humffray, attempted to negotiate the demands of the charter with the Gold Commission. The miners’ requests fell upon deaf ears as Rede and the Lieutenant Governor, Charles Hotham, refused to acknowledge their demands. For the miners, there was only one thing to do.

Another meeting at Bakery Hill followed in which all diplomacy was set aside. Under the rebel leadership of Peter Lalor the crowd swore allegiance to the blue flag and a council of war was created. At the Eureka diggings, the stockade was built in which the miners barricaded themselves against licence arrests and any other offence for which the authorities would attempt to arrest them.

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The Commissioner knew of the stockade but he did not take action immediately, The miners hated these raids, which added to the preferring to prepare his troops and make a surprise misery of living in the squalor of the goldfields. They attack when the time was right. He did not have to were also feeling frustrated by the small rewards they wait long. were getting in return for each day’s labour. A scent of The initial excitement of rebellion began to fade when mutiny was in the air. there was no response from the Commissioner. On In October 1854 in the Ballarat goldfields, the servant the night of Saturday 2 December, many of the rebels of a Roman Catholic priest was wrongfully arrested returned to their tents, leaving only a few hundred at and later convicted for assaulting an officer during a the stockade. licence raid. A second spark to kindle the fire of rebellion was the acquittal of James Bentley, the owner of the At dawn the next day, Sunday 3 December 1854, the Eureka Hotel, who had been charged with murdering one-sided battle began. Taken by surprise, the miners a miner, James Scobie. In protest at Bentley’s release, were swiftly defeated by the overpowering military. an enraged crowd of miners burned the hotel to the Thirty miners and six militia were killed and a total of ground. Gold Commissioner Robert Rede decided to twenty-four were injured. use his troops to restore law and order in Ballarat. The stockade was destroyed and martial law was

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The miners held a number of mass meetings at declared. The uprising had been squashed but the Bakery Hill to voice their grievances. These led to the struggle was not over yet ... www.ricpublications.com.au

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Discov eries

Gold: The Eureka Stockade – 2 Use the text on page 35 to answer the questions.

1. Name the two sides involved in the conflict that resulted in the attack on the Eureka Stockade.

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2. On which date did the attack on the Eureka Stockade take place?

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3. Give two reasons why the miners wanted the licences abolished.

4. Do you think the miners had just cause for burning down the Eureka Hotel? Give reasons for your answer.

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(b) The people involved with the Gold Commission?

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(a) JB Humffray and the Ballarat Reform League?

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The Eureka flag is thought to have been designed by the Canadian goldminer Henry Ross, during the uprising. The stars represent the Southern Cross constellation and the white cross, unity in defiance. For some, the blue background represents the sky; for others, the blue shirts often worn by the miners. 36

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The aftermath of Eureka

The story of the build up to the attack on the Eureka Stockade and what followed is one of a struggle by the masses, who had no voting rights, against the injustices of a governing body which was run by an all-powerful minority. 1. Research and make notes about what happened to: (a) the diggers who were arrested.

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(b) Peter Lalor (who had escaped during the attack).

2. Research and make notes about the reforms which occurred in Victoria after the rebellion.

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3. Explain how the development of democracy in Australia was influenced by the Eureka Stockade rebellion.

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4. Work in a group. (a) On a separate sheet of paper, use what you have learned about the Eureka Stockade to plan a playscript. (b) Include a description of each main character. Gold Commissioner Robert Rede was the sheriff who officiated at the trial and hanging of Australia’s most famous bushranger, Ned Kelly. www.ricpublications.com.au

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The Australian pearling industry Discoveries Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about the Australian pearling industry.

Time line

1840

• Makes notes to show an understanding of the pearl culturing process and how the industry has changed over time.

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Roebuck Bay is named in honour of William Dampier’s visit in 1699 on board HMS Roebuck. 1860s

The giant north-west pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, is discovered. 1868

Pearl shell and pearls are first harvested from the Torres Strait. 1872 Cossack is declared a town site. Settlers begin collecting pearl shells. 1881 Modern pearling and the history of Broome begins. 1884

• Settlers first came to the north-west as sheep farmers but were plagued by the devastating effect of drought. They soon learned that pearling was a far more profitable business.

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Commercial pearling begins in Shark Bay, Western Australia. 1861

• Australia’s pearling industry began before European settlement. Indigenous Australians had been harvesting pearl shells from the shallow waters of the north-west for hundreds of years. They traded their pearls and shells within the country and with Macassan trepangers who had been visiting and trading along the northern coastline since the 17th century.

• Before the outbreak of World War I, which signalled the demise of the industry, 80% of the world’s mother of pearl was supplied by Broome. With lugger crews from Japan, China and Malaya, Broome was the most cosmopolitan town in Australia. • Many of the white settlers who owned luggers did not go out with their boats but remained on shore and became known as ‘veranda pearlers’.

• Although shells were collected for their inner layers, some were found to have pearls in them, most notable being the ‘Southern Cross’ and the ‘Star of the West’. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 106.

Pearl shell is harvested in Darwin Harbour. 1887

Answers

Copper helmet diving suit is introduced. A cyclone strikes a pearling fleet, destroying 18 luggers and killing 140 people. 1890s

First Australian cultured pearls are grown in Roebuck Bay, Broome. 1900-1914

Page 40

1. (a) Shark Bay, WA (b) A larger species of oyster was found.

2. Teacher check—include dangers of diving and difficulty of searching for shells hidden on the ocean floor. 3. (a) luggers (b) no (c) They had to watch for tugs on the divers’ breast ropes and air pipes. The divers’ lives depended on them.

1910

5. the 1930s Depression, the 1935 cyclone, the Second World War.

Broome’s most destructive cyclone wrecks 34 pearling luggers. 1914-1918

World War I. 1935

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World War II. 1942, 3 March Broome is attacked by 10 Japanese aircraft.

6. Teacher check—include internment of all Japanese in Australia during the war and attitudes towards them afterwards.

Further exploration

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A cyclone devastates a pearling fleet at Lacepede Islands, killing 141 people. 1939-1945

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4. (a) free divers—drowning, sea creatures such as sharks, jellyfish, coral (b) helmet divers—the bends, lack of communication with the lugger

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Broome’s ‘Golden Age’ of shell pearling.

• Research to find out how diving suits and equipment used for pearling have changed over time. • Research to investigate the strength of the Australian pearling industry against other nations. Use graphs and tables to clarify information. • Research different types of cultured pearls and their place in the market. Use graphs and tables to clarify information.

1950s The plastic button is invented. Australian government and pearl cultivators work together to maximise potential of the pearling industry. 1956 Kuri Bay pearling farm is established. 1980s Wooden luggers are replaced with more efficient steel/ aluminium luggers.

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The Australian pearling industry – 1 Just as the land was yielding rich mineral deposits and creating a profitable mining industry for Australia, it was discovered that the warm tropical waters that bathe the northern coastal areas from Queensland to Western Australia also offered a natural resource to boost the wealth of the country ... oyster shell.

Communication between the ‘helmet’ diver and the lugger relied on both parties understanding the series of coded tugs on the breast rope and the air pipe which were attached to the diver.

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Diving for shells was a very hazardous r o e t s Bo r occupation. Free divers were at risk from e p o drowning and from creatures of the sea such u k as sharks, jellyfish and coral which could rip S the skin, resulting in infection and even death.

The shells were first found by settlers at Shark Bay in Western Australia in the 1850s. The industry later spread northwards as a larger species of oyster, Pinctada maxima, was discovered. In Queensland, pearl shells were first harvested in 1868. In 1884, pearl shell was harvested in Darwin Harbour in the Northern Territory.

Teac he r

Discov eries

As the depth to the shell beds increased, the divers were more at risk from drowning and the ‘bends’, which occurred if the divers The inside layers of oyster shells are made of nacre came up from deep water too rapidly. The or mother of pearl, a strong, resilient, iridescent number of deaths caused by the bends was substance. It was a highly dramatically reduced prized material with many when the relationship uses, from buttons to between water depth decorative architecture. and the time taken to Finding a shell was a surface was understood. triumph, finding a pearl Danger also came from within it was a bonus. above as cyclones could completely destroy a Initially, the shells were fleet of pearling luggers. plentiful in shallow water and were easily collected By 1910, the town of at low tide. But as stocks diminished, it was Broome was the pearling capital of the world, necessary to wade into deeper water and surface but the 1930s Depression, the disastrous dive for the shells. Eventually, people dived from cyclone of 1935 and the Second World War, boats called luggers. all had a devastating effect on Australia’s

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o c . che e r industry. It declined to such a degree o Aboriginal men and women were employed to pearlingt r s s r pe that it had to begin from scratch after the war in free dive for the pearl shell, holding their u breath for up to a minute with each dive. They were very skilful divers, but with the introduction of the copper helmet diving suit, the Aboriginal divers became redundant. They were unable to adapt to the suit which allowed the diver to stay under water for longer. In time, the Japanese became the most successful ‘helmet’ divers. www.ricpublications.com.au

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1945. Without competition from the Japanese, the Broome pearling industry boomed in the post-war era until the late 1950s, when the plastic button was invented and the market for mother of pearl was drastically reduced. But a solution to this crisis was already at hand ... cultured pearls. Primary Australian history

Discov eries

The Australian pearling industry – 2 Use the text on page 39 to answer the questions. 1. (a) Where in Australia were oyster shells first found? (b) Why did the industry move further north?

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2. Why do you think finding an oyster shell was a triumph?

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3. (a) Boats used by pearlers were called

(b) Did the people who remained on board the lugger have a relaxing time

while the helmet divers were diving?

4. What hazards were faced by the:

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(b) helmet diver?

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(a) free diver?

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5. What three events helped to destroy the pearling industry in the second quarter of the 20th century?

•

6. Why do you think there was no competition from Japanese pearlers after World War II?

Cable Beach was named as it was the place where the underwater international telegraph cable, established by the Eastern Extension and China Telegraph Company, and linking Australia with the rest of the world, came ashore. 40

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Cultured pearls

When the pearling industry began, it was the nacre coating on the inside of the oyster shell that provided the wealth. The pearls found were highly prized but, on their own, they were not in sufficient numbers to keep the industry buoyant. As the demand for mother of pearl diminished, the process of cultivating pearls was perfected, breathing new life into the industry. 1. Make notes to explain each step in the process of culturing pearls. If required, add other steps on a separate sheet of paper.

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Collecting the oysters

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Implanting

Suspending

Care of the oysters

Cultivation

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2. Use the information you have gathered to create an illustrated flow chart.

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Harvesting

3. Make notes to describe how you would explain to someone from the early days of pearling how the industry has changed.

• • •

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• • • Pearl cultivation was pioneered in the 1890s by British immigrant, William Saville-Kent, working with oysters from the Torres Strait. Japan became the first nation to culture pearls successfully. www.ricpublications.com.au

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The story of Australian wheat Progress

Time line 1779

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S • Reads text and answers questions about wheat production. • Compares modern farms with those of the past.

Worksheet Information

1795

• In more recent times, sophisticated machinery and technology have reduced the number of workers needed on wheat farms while allowing them to be larger. Chemicals are more effectively controlling diseases and weeds but drought remains a major concern. The CSIRO continues to work on the development of more drought-tolerant and water-efficient crop varieties. The latest of these is known as Drysdale. This work is of increasing importance given the anticipation of future climate change.

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The colony of NSW becomes self-sufficient in grain. 1843

South Australia offers prize for the first harvesting machine. First Ridley’s stripper is produced. 1850s

Railways begin to be built. 1859

A cargo of 24 rabbits is introduced to Australia and released into the wild. 1876

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James Ruse grows Australia’s first wheat.

• Global markets are another area over which farmers have virtually no control. This was demonstrated during World War II when shipping difficulties caused the Australian government to acquire all of the country’s wheat and distribute the proceeds of any sales to farmers. A subsidy to reduce the surplus wheat by feeding it to hens and pigs was also provided. On a more positive note, demand from China and USSR caused the price to double between 1973 and 1980 and resulted by 1984 in a 30% increase in the area sown. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 107.

Smith brothers design stump jump plough.

Answers

1880s

Page 44

Ridley’s stripper is used worldwide.

1. (a) James Ruse (b) near Parramatta (c) Teacher check

Inland railway expands, opening up more land for wheat farming.

Perhaps he was a trusted convict or an ex-farmer.

1883

2. (a) Teacher check (b) Teacher check

Australia exports first wheat to England.

Answers may indicate that Australia has a small population and large areas for cultivation.

1886

4. (a) stump jump plough (b) South Australia (c) mallee forests could be cleared for cultivation because it went over the mallee roots and didn’t get stuck.

William Farrer begins development of new strains of wheat, resulting in the ‘Federation’ strain in 1901. 1895

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Beginning of five-year ‘Great drought’, which devastates the wheat industry. 1901

William Farrer releases Federation wheat. 1908

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3. (a) Harvesting was long, slow work and there weren’t enough workers. (b) No-one

The ‘Sunshine harvester’ is patented by Hugh McKay.

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1885

5. (a) William Farrer (b) It was released the same year as Federation. (c) It was more resistant to diseases like rust and to drought. (d) bullock or horsedrawn carts (e) to enable wheat to be taken to port by rail for export

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• Research bulk handling facilities at ports and write a report. Include information about why these are more efficient than older facilities. • Explain the work a farmer needs to do throughout the year to produce wheat.

The first petrol engine tractor is produced.

• Write a newspaper article about an Australian drought.

1915 The ‘wet wheat pickler’ is developed by Alf Hannaford. 1920 Cliff Howard invents the rotary hoe. 1950 The rabbit virus causing myxomatosis is successfully introduced, transmitted via mosquitos and devastating rabbit populations.

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Progr e

The story of Australian wheat – 1 Australia is the world’s driest inhabited continent, but it is one of its major food exporters. Agricultural products exported by Australia include sheep and cattle (meat, wool and dairy), sugar, fruit, wine, fish and grain. However, the most important food export is wheat.

This plough was often used after a scrub roller had cleared light bush country. By 1883, thanks to these two South Australian inventions, Australia was producing sufficient grain for the first wheat to be exported to England. Grain silos were built beside railway lines and river ports from where grain was taken to sea ports and exported. Horse-or bullock-drawn carts were used to transport grain to silos.

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Government-sponsored exploration led to the discovery of more good land. Farmers and squatters moved in and farms were established. Slowly, as land was cleared and crops were planted and harvested, the colony began to feed itself. By 1850, railways were being built, making outlying settlements more accessible. Wheat harvesting was slow, hard work and many people were needed for the task, but there was a shortage of labour. In 1843, South Australia offered a prize for the first person to design a machine capable of harvesting wheat faster than by hand. There was no winner, but there was a lot of interest in a design by a Mr Bull. Later that year, a similar, improved machine known as the Ridley stripper, was developed. It was horse-drawn and although it couldn’t strip the grain from the chaff, it saved a great deal of time. By 1880, improved Ridley strippers were produced in South Australia and used throughout Australia and the world.

In 1901, William Farrer released what he called ‘Federation’ wheat. He had wanted to produce a wheat that was more suited to Australian conditions and was droughtand diseaseresistant. He did this by cross breeding different varieties of Indian wheat. His work made a great difference to the Australian wheat industry.

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James Ruse was the country’s first successful wheat farmer. He was a convict chosen by Governor Phillip to try to save the colony from disaster by growing wheat on an experimental farm at Parramatta in 1779.

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Bulk handling facilities were constructed during the 1930s and 1940s at ports around Australia. This meant that the collection and loading of wheat for export was much more efficient. Eighty per cent of the wheat grown in Australia is exported. It is white, clean, dry and insect-free and therefore well regarded.

o c . che e r o t r s super Drought remains the major problem affecting

Another South Australian invention, the stump jump plough, enabled large areas of the country to be cleared and used for crops. This plough was designed by the Smith brothers in 1876. Instead of becoming stuck on tree roots, it ‘jumped’ over them, allowing more mallee forests to be cleared for agriculture. www.ricpublications.com.au

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the wheat industry; as it has since 1895 to 1903, when lack of rain caused havoc. About 200 – 380 mm of rain is needed to produce wheat and there have been many occasions when this did not occur and times were very tough for Australia’s wheat producers.

Primary Australian history

Progr e

The story of Australian wheat – 2

Answer the questions about the text on page 43. 1. (a) Who was Australia’s first successful wheat farmer? (b) Where was his first farm?

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for the colony?

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2. (a) Name three other agricultural products exported by Australia.

(b) Think of one reason why Australia produces enough wheat to export.

3. (a) Why did the South Australian government offer a prize for the first person to design a harvesting

machine?

(b) Who won the prize?

4. (a) What did the Smith brothers invent? (c) Explain what it did and why it was so important.

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5. (a) Who developed Federation wheat?

(b) Why was it called Federation wheat?

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(b) Where was it invented?

(d) How did farmers take their wheat to the wheat silos? (e) Why were wheat silos built beside railway lines? Steam traction engines were developed in the 1870s. They were widely used by wheat farmers for hay baling, grain thrashing and chaff cutting. They were also often used to power shearing machines in the 1880s. 44

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Progr e

Tractors roll up

1. Tractors made a huge difference to wheat farming in Australia. Complete the compare and contrast chart below, showing differences before and after tractors were introduced on Australian wheat farms.

After tractors

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Before tractors

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons Changes in technology and thev high cost of equipment haveo caused many of the farmers on smaller • f o r r e i e w p u r p s e s o n l y • properties to sell them. So there are now fewer wheat farms in Australia. Many wheat farms today are very large and a considerable number of them are owned by farming companies.

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List reasons for your choice.

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2. Would you prefer to live and work on a wheat farm today or on one from about 100 years ago?

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In 1908, Alfred McDonald produced Australia’s first petrol engine tractor, known as AE.

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Primary Australian history

Trains across the continent Progress

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Works with a partner to produce a promotional pamphlet containing historical detail.

1849

Time line

Worksheet information

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Sydney Railway Company begins work on the first railway track in NSW between Sydney and Parramatta. 1854

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Sydney to Parramatta rail line is opened. 1856 The first railway carrying steam-powered trains between Adelaide and Port Adelaide opens. 1875 Brisbane is connected to Ipswich and Grandchester by rail. 1878

• Work on the transcontinental railway began in 1912, proceeding eastwards from Kalgoorlie and westwards from Port Augusta, until the two halves of the line met on 17 October 1917.

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The first trains to begin operation in Australia run between Melbourne’s Flinders Street Station and Port Melbourne. 1855

• The first trains, covering only a few kilometres, began operation in Australian cities in 1854. The very first, in South Australia, was a horse-drawn line, but the rest were powered by steam. Diesel trains took over in the 1950s until they were succeeded by electric trains. Australian railways quickly expanded into country areas. One reason for this was to transport farm and mining products to cities.

• Today, the Ghan, Overland and Indian Pacific are run by Great Southern Railways (GSR). • The texts used on page 47 are a newspaper article (a primary source) and a report (a secondary source). For the activity on page 77, students will need to work in pairs to produce a four-page pamphlet (this can be made by simply folding an A4 sheet of paper or card in half). The students will need scrap paper to draft their pamphlets. They will need to think carefully about the history of the Overland when writing the text and creating suitable images for the pamphlets. A class discussion prior to the students beginning their drafts would be useful.

Construction of the train line between Adelaide and Darwin begins. 1879

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 107.

Rail line opens between Geraldton and Northampton in WA. 1880s

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Track and rolling stock are no longer imported and are made locally. 1881

2. • mid-1800s – The first trains begin operation in Australia.

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The Intercolonial Express (later renamed the Overland) begins operation between Melbourne and Adelaide. 1889 Darwin to Pine Creek line opens. 1893

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Rail line opens between Perth and Bunbury. Rail line from Perth reaches Kalgoorlie. 1950s

• 1878 – Construction of the train line between Adelaide and Darwin begins. • 1887 – The Intercolonial Express begins operation. • 1929 – The Ghan train line reaches Alice Springs. • 1970 – The Indian Pacific begins operation. • 2004 – The Ghan train line reaches Darwin. 3. Teacher check 4. • Different gauges • Incompatible equipment

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Diesel-electric trains take over from steam locomotives. 1968 The standard gauge rail link between Perth and Kalgoorlie is completed. 1970s

1. (a) opinion (b) fact (c) opinion (d) opinion

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Rail line opens from Fremantle to Perth and Guildford. 1887

Answers

Steam locomotives are withdrawn from general operation, leaving only those used for tourist trips. 1970

The Indian Pacific begins operation between Perth and Sydney. 1995

• Incompatible operating procedures

5. The transcontinental railway, connecting Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie was completed.

Further exploration

• Use the Great Southern Railways website (www.gsr.com.au) to find out more information about the Ghan, Indian Pacific and Overland; e.g. the towns they pass, facilities on board and so on. Create a map showing each journey. • Write a creative narrative that is set on board an Australian train.

• Draw a map showing major towns between Kalgoorlie and Port Augusta today. Write interesting facts about some of them.

State and territory capitals are connected with single gauge track. 2004 The Adelaide to Darwin train line is completed.

Primary Australian history

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Progr e

Trains across the continent – 1 Kalgoorlie Miner

18 October 1917 another by New South Wales and the third by Tasmania, Queensland, Western Australia and the rest of South Australia. In addition, equipment and operating procedures were not compatible. This meant passengers often had to change trains many times when travelling between the colonies.

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The first train in Australia was horse-drawn but soon all trains were steam-powered, as they still are today. They began to operate in the mid-1800s. This was at a time when Australia was made up of separate colonies. Although the railways expanded quickly, there was a major problem; different colonies used different-sized ‘gauges’ (track width) for their railway lines. There were three different gauges used—one by Victoria and parts of South Australia,

In 1878, construction of a line to link Adelaide to Darwin began, but had only reached Oodnadatta by 1891. This is still the end of the line today and no-one knows for sure when it will be completed. Another leap forward for long-distance rail travel came in 1887 when the ‘Intercolonial Express’ service commenced between Melbourne and Adelaide. This service still runs today.

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After five years of construction, one of Australia’s greatest engineering feats was completed yesterday—the transcontinental railway, a 1680-kilometre length of track which connects Port Augusta in South Australia and Kalgoorlie in Western Australia. The track covers hot, waterless country with no towns and was built using new tracklaying machines. As we celebrate this achievement, it is interesting to reflect on the development of rail travel in Australia to see how far we have come—and how far we have to go.

Let us hope that the completion of the transcontinental railway line will help to speed up the further development of Australian railways. Will we ever see a national rail network? It appears we will just have to be patient …

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Today, gauges still vary between Australian states and territories. However, interstate lines have now been standardised so there is no need to change trains between the capital cities. There are now three major interstate passenger rail services in Australia: the Ghan, the Indian Pacific and the Overland.

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The Ghan runs between Adelaide and Darwin. Construction of the line commenced in 1878 but it wasn’t until 1929 that it reached Alice Springs and 2004 that it reached Darwin. ‘Ghan’ is short for Afghan Express, referring to the Afghan camel trains that once travelled the route. The route is 2979 kilometres long. The Indian Pacific service runs between Perth and Sydney and began operation in 1970. The route is 4352 kilometres long. The Overland runs between Adelaide and Melbourne and was the first inter-capital train. It began operation in 1887 as the Intercolonial Express, changing its name to the Overland in 1926. This name refers to the ‘Overlanders’, the name for the horsemen who once travelled the route. The route is 828 kilometres long.

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Primary Australian history

Progr e

Trains across the continent – 2

Use the text on page 47 to answer the questions. 1. Fact or opinion?

(a) It took too long for the Ghan train line to reach Alice Springs.

(b) Railway line gauges still vary between Australian states.

fact

opinion

fact

opinion

(d) The Overland is a good name for the train service between

opinion

fact

opinion

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Melbourne and Adelaide.

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fact

• mid-1800s

• 1878

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2. Complete the time line with facts from the text.

• 1887

• 1929

• 1970

• 2004

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4. Name three things which made train travel difficult in the 1800s in Australia.

•

5. What major achievement was reached in Australian rail travel in 1917? The first train in Australia (horse-drawn) began operation in South Australia in 1854. Later that year, Australia’s first steam-powered railway began operation from Melbourne to Port Melbourne. 48

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Progr e

Save the Overland!

Find a partner to work with for this activity. Imagine that the company which runs the historic Overland is considering stopping its operation due to a lack of passengers. It seems people are preferring to travel between Melbourne and Adelaide by air as it is faster and cheaper. You and your partner are members of an historic railway club. You are horrified that the Overland may no longer run. You decide to hand out pamphlets at Melbourne airport to encourage travellers to take the train to Adelaide instead.

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1. Prepare a four-page pamphlet by completing the steps below. You can use the information on page 47 to help you.

Write why you think people should support the Overland.

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Create a catchy heading or slogan for the front page of the pamphlet.

List three advantages of train travel over air travel.

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List three things the company have offered to do to give the Overland an historic flavour for passengers; for example, entertainment and refreshments on board, different decor.

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Sketch thumbnails of four images you could use in your pamphlet.

2. Use your plan to help you draft your pamphlet on scrap paper. When you are happy with the layout and design, create your final draft. The complete journey on the Indian Pacific takes three nights, on the Ghan two nights and on the Overland about 10 hours. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Federation: The first P rime Minister A new nation Indicators

Time line 1788 New South Wales colony founded. 1825 Van Diemen’s Land proclaimed. Swan River Colony declared for Britain.

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• Undertakes research to find interesting information about the original building of Parliament to the modern-day home of Australian government.

Worksheet information

• Sir Henry Parkes first shared his idea of a federation at a conference among the colonies in 1867. • The Governor-General, Lord Hopetoun, selected William Lyne (Premier of NSW) as Australia’s first Prime Minister. The cabinet disagreed with his choice and stood by Edmund Barton, who was then appointed to the position.

1832

Swan River Colony changes name to Western Australia.

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1829

• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• Alfred Deakin became Australia’s second Prime Minister and played a major role in the campaign for a federated Australia.

• During the 1880s, Australians began developing a sense of national pride, and it was at this time that the movement towards Federation became serious. It led to an improvement in transportation and communication within Australia.

1836

The colony of South Australia proclaimed. 1849

• The newspaper report is a primary source of information. This recount of events is the reporter’s view of the event and would not necessarily be the same as that of another reporter. Students should understand the difference between primary and secondary sources and that the way in which history is remembered can be influenced by the position taken by the person or people recording it.

Edmund Barton born. 1851

The colony of Victoria proclaimed. 1856

Van Diemen’s Land changes name to Tasmania.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 108.

1859

Answers

1896

1. (a) the conclusion or completion

Henry Parkes dies.

(b) a high concentration of time and energy

1899

States support Federation referendums: SA (April); NSW (June); Vic. and Tas. (July); and Qld (September).

2. (a) 9 May 1901 (b) 1d (c) The son and heir of the King of England (d) referendums (or referenda) (e) Melbourne

1900

3. (a) the opening of Australia’s first parliament

WA supports Federation (July).

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The colony of Queensland proclaimed.

(b) Edmund Barton being sworn in as Australia’s first Prime Minister

Australian Constitution ratified by British parliament.

1901

4. To reduce the amount of taxes on items moving between the colonies.

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Parliament first held at Exhibition Building in Melbourne.

5. Teacher check; Henry Parkes was like a mentor to Barton; Barton followed Parkes’s ideas and supported him.

1911

6. Teacher check

Australia becomes federated.

Federal Capital Territory created within NSW. Northern Territory divided from South Australia.

Further exploration

Canberra named Australia’s capital.

• Australia’s road to Federation was influenced by other federated countries, such as the United States, Canada and Switzerland. Select one country and research to find out about their road to Federation.

1927

• Western Australia was the last state to agree to Federation. Find out why.

1913

Australian Parliament first meets—Canberra. 1938 The Federal Capital Territory renamed Australian Capital Territory. 1988 New Parliament House open.

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A new

Federation: The first Prime Minister – 1

The Sydney Morning Herald

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1d 10 May 1901

Australia is ‘growing up’

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King Edward VII of England sent his son and heir, the Duke of York, as his representative to open the first Commonwealth Parliament. The Duke was driven along the streets of Melbourne, lined with cheering crowds, to the Exhibition Building where members of parliament were waiting. The spectacular event was the culmination of many years of intensive campaigning on the part of Henry Parkes (1889 – 27 April 1896), Alfred Deakin, Edmund Barton and the Federation Movement.

in the Legislative Assembly. This was his first political appointment and would be the beginning of his career. He rose quickly within politics and became the speaker of the Legislative Assembly in New South Wales in 1883.

He was a key supporter of free trade within Australia to reduce taxes on items transported among the various colonies. This fuelled his support for Henry Parkes and his idea for a Federated Australia. He worked with Parkes to draft the first Constitution in 1891 and followed this with a great deal of personal effort to publicise the cause and gain public interest and support. Between 1893 and 1897, Barton devoted much of his time to the Federation

Movement and to the final drafting of the Constitution. He worked tirelessly to take the concept of Federation to two referendums in June 1898 and June 1899, where it was finally supported by New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland, South Australia and, more recently, Western Australia. The final step in the process was completed last year when the Constitution was approved by the British Parliament.

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A deafening fanfare of trumpets heralded the opening of Parliament by the Duke of York yesterday afternoon in Melbourne.

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Edmund Barton was sworn in on 1 January as Australia’s first Prime Minister after a long and varied career in law and politics. He is responsible for the portfolio of External Affairs.

as Australia’s first Prime Minister and has the clear support of his colleagues and the Australian public.

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Edmund Barton was born in Glebe, Sydney in 1849 and was considered bright by his teachers. He had a keen legal mind and was very interested in debating which led him to pursue a career in politics. After several attempts, he was elected in 1879 to the University of Sydney Seat www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

A new

Federation: The first Prime Minister – 2

natio

Use the text on page 51 to answer the questions. 1. These words were used in the text. What do they mean as used in the text? (a) culmination (b) intensive (c) appointment 2. Quick quiz.

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(a) On which date was Australian Parliament opened?

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(b) How much did a newspaper cost in 1901?

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(d) What is the plural form of ‘referendum’? (e) In which city will you find the Exhibition Building? 3. Briefly outline the main idea of these paragraphs. (a) Paragraph one:

(b) Paragraph three:

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4. Briefly explain the policy of ‘free trade’.

5. Explain the relationship between Henry Parkes 6. Why do you think Edmund Barton was the and Edmund Barton. ‘obvious choice’ for Prime Minister?

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Sir Henry Parkes is known as the ‘Father of Federation’. It was his foresight that developed the concept of a unified Australia. He was considered the ‘largest figure of nineteenth century Australian politics’. His image is displayed on the Australian five dollar note. He was knighted in 1877. 52

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A new

Australian Parliament

natio

Australian Federal Parliament has had many homes since it began in 1901. The first sitting of parliament was in the Exhibition Building in Melbourne on 9 May. The very next day, parliament was moved to the Victorian Parliament House, where it stayed for the next 26 years. On 9 May 1927 Parliament met in Canberra for the first time in the original Parliament House located on Capital Hill. It wasn’t long before government outgrew the building and construction of the current or New Parliament House was started, opening 22 August 1988.

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1. Australian Parliament has gone from the Exhibition Building in Melbourne to Parliament House in Canberra.

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Research to find ten interesting facts about each building.

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2. Share the most interesting facts you found with your classmates. While Federal Parliament was being held in Victoria’s Parliament House, Victorian government proceedings were held in the Exhibition Building, much to the displeasure of Victorian government officials. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Federation: Changes A new nation Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Time line 1901

• Reviews past policies relating to free trade, immigration and industrial arbitration and offers suggestions for improvements on the policies.

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A public competition is held to design the Australian flag. There are five winners.

Tariffs abolished on articles being transported between colonies.

Arbitration Act introduced to regulate working hours and wages for all Australians. 1902

The Franchise Act gives voting rights to most women. It excludes Indigenous Australians, and people of Asian, African and Pacific Island heritage. Immigration Restriction Act established to stop nonEuropean immigrants entering the country. 1903

• In many ways, Australia was and still is a leader. It was one of the first countries to civilise working hours and conditions and one of the first nations to give women the right to vote and stand for parliament.

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Australian government is made responsible for banking and currency.

• The various acts brought in by the Commonwealth government soon after Federation were the policies by which Australians were expected to live. Over the years, these policies have been added to and refined to incorporate changes within the global environment.

• Students may require some assistance to complete the student activity on page 57. Library, internet, government bodies and historical resources will provide necessary information to research the policies. Students are expected to use the knowledge gained to develop their own opinions and express them succinctly and clearly. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 108.

Answers Page 56 1. (a) false (b) true (c) false (d) false (e) true

The Defence Act gives the Commonwealth responsibility for the Australian Army.

2. Teacher check; student opinion may vary slightly but should use significant points from the text to support ideas.

1910

3. Answers will vary

Australian Notes Act passed.

Further exploration

Australian silver coins issued.

• Research to identify other policies that were brought in by the Australian government at the time of Federation. What was the purpose of each policy?

Conscription is introduced to increase numbers in the army. The Royal Australian Navy is established.

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First Australian notes issued. 1953

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The Flags Act is passed by the Australian government, declaring the blue ensign to be Australia’s national flag and the red ensign the civil flag. 1966

Decimal currency is introduced. 2000 GST is introduced.

Primary Australian history

• Work in small groups to create necessary policies for the smooth running of your classroom. Share your groups ideas with the class, then use democratic processes to select the most important policies to implement.

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A new

Federation: Changes

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Federation at the turn of the century saw many changes within Australia. It saw a nation united, which directly led to the need to establish an Australian identity. The Commonwealth government had to work quickly to unify various aspects of Australian life.

Free trade (1901)

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Australian flag (1901) A competition was held to design a flag which would appropriately represent the new nation. Five people (Ivor Evans, Leslie John Hawkins, Egbert John Nuttall, Annie Dorrington and William Stevens) were claimed as the winners of the competition, as they had each offered similar designs, which were combined to produce the Australian flag. The flag was first flown on 3 September but did not become the official Australian flag until Queen Elizabeth II visited Australia in 1954 and gave her royal assent.

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day week of eight hours each day. However, some Part of the drive towards Federation was a result employees were expected to work 70 hours. The of the taxes being collected as items were shipped Industrial Arbitration Act regulated work hours and between the colonies. Once a united Australia was wages for all Australians. formed, customs houses along interstate borders were abolished and free trade was established. Taxes were then paid only on items imported from non-British countries.

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This policy was brought in as a result of conflict between British colonists and non-European migrants. It was known as the ‘White Australia’ policy. The main aim of the policy was to end the employment of Pacific Islanders, who were brought to Australia specifically as a cheap source of labour for sugar plantations. It was also the opinion of some officials that the ‘superior’ British settlers should not be expected to mix with the ‘inferior’ Asian migrants.

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Arbitration Act (1901) British workers downed tools in 1856 to fight for reduced working hours. They found they were unable to work for as long as they could in Britain because of the oppressive climate in Australia. At the time of Federation, Australians were working a sixwww.ricpublications.com.au

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Immigration Restriction Act (1901)

independently. However, once Australia became a federated nation, it was necessary to amalgamate the country’s defence forces and establish a federal defence service. Major General Sir Edward Hutton took first command of the Australian Army and put forward several recommendations for change which were accepted by the government. A Council of Defence, a Military Board of Administration, and an Inspector-General were established.

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Many different types had been used and it needed to be unified. Thomas Samuel Harrison was appointed Australia’s first note printer. It took him one year to set up the necessary production equipment and print the first Australian note of ten shillings. The first series of Australian notes was issued in 1913. They were based on the British monetary system of 12 pence to a shilling and 20 shillings to one pound. Primary Australian history

A new

Federation: Changes

natio

Use the text on page 55 to answer the questions.

1. True or false? Customs houses along Australia’s borders are still used.

(b)

Five people won the flag design competition.

(c)

British colonists were keen to welcome non-European migrants.

(d)

All Australian employees worked a 48-hour week at the time of Federation.

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(a)

The Australian monetary system was initially based on the British system.

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(e)

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2. Explain the importance of: (a) the newly federated Australia having its own flag.

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3. What is your opinion of the Immigration Restriction Act of 1901?

On Wednesday 4 September 1901, an exhibition was opened in the Melbourne Exhibition Building to display all 32 823 design entries for the Australian flag competition. 56

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A new

Yesterday, today and tomorrow

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It is interesting to note that many of the issues which confronted Australia in the early years of Federation are once again in the spotlight. 1. Review the following policies at the time of Federation and in recent years, and offer your suggestions for possible solutions which could be implemented in the future.

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Possible solutions

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Recent years

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2. Share your ideas with your class. The Franchise Act of 1902 gave women the right to vote. However, Aboriginal Australians, Asian, African and Pacific Islander peoples were excluded from this Act. www.ricpublications.com.au

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World War I: Gallipoli and Anzac Day A new nation Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Time line 1914

• Considers the feelings of different people attending an historical event.

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated, triggering the Great War.

The volunteer Australian Imperial Force (AIF) is formed. ANZAC troops land at Gallipoli 25 April.

Troops are evacuated from Gallipoli in December. 1916

The first anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli was commemorated in Australia, New Zealand, Britain and by troops in Egypt. Australian forces fight on the Western Front: Somme, Fromelles, Pozieres.

• Credit for the origin of the Anzac Day dawn service goes to both Captain George Harrington and the Reverend Arthur White. In Toowoomba, Qld, on the morning of Anzac Day in 1919, Harrington and some of his friends placed flowers on the headstones of men who had been killed in action during World War I. In the two years following, they did the same thing, but afterwards, a bugler played the ‘Last post’ and the ‘Reveille’. White was the first to recite the words ‘As the sun rises and goeth down, we will remember them’ at a small Anzac dawn remembrance ceremony he arranged on 25 April 1923 at King George Sound, WA. He also suggested that a dawn service should be held each year on Anzac Day at King George Sound (the last sight of land the Anzacs had upon leaving Australia).

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1915

• By the end of the Gallipoli campaign, there were over 26 000 Australian casualties; more than 8000 of those were killed. About 2500 New Zealand troops were killed; India lost 1700 troops; the French approximately 10 000 and the British about 25 000. The official figure for Turkish losses is 87 000, but there is speculation that the actual figure was much higher.

The Imperial War Graves Commission is established.

• The text used on page 59 is a report—a secondary source. For the activity on page 61, students will require scrap paper. Encourage them to think carefully about each character and how each might feel about war and the Gallipoli campaign based on factors such as age and experience of war. Also ask them to consider how attending the service might change the character’s mind. When the students have completed the page, answers could be shared with the class and any similarities or differences noted.

The second referendum on conscription is rejected.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 109.

1918

Answers

The first referendum on conscription is rejected.

Battles at Bullecourt, Messines, Ypres, Passchendaele.

Armistice is signed to end fighting at 11 am, 11 November.

Page 60

1. Teacher check

1919 The Treaty of Versailles is signed, which officially ends hostilities between nations.

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1927

The first Anzac Day dawn service is held in Sydney.

2. (a) This was the time of the first landing at Gallipoli Peninsula. (b) Because the Turkish forces had the higher ground.

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1917

The Menin Gate memorial to soldiers who fought and died for the British Empire but who have no known grave is opened.

3. Answers should include four of the following: the playing of the ‘Last post’ and the ‘Reveille’ or the ‘Rouse’ by a bugler; a short prayer, a hymn, a one-minute silence, a reading of ‘The ode’ and the laying of floral wreaths at the base of a war memorial.

1941

4. To convince the Turkish forces that they were still in place.

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The Australian War Memorial, Canberra, is completed.

5. Teacher check

Further exploration

• Write an emotive poem about the spirit of Anzac.

• Research to find out about some of the symbols of Anzac Day (e.g. rosemary, red poppies, the slouch hat). Draw each and write about its historical significance. • Compare the uniforms of Australian soldiers in the 1900s to those of today.

Primary Australian history

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World War I: Gallipoli and Anzac Day – 1

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Gallipoli Despite the hardships of the Gallipoli campaign, the Anzacs ‘stuck together’, helped each other and courageously continued to fight until all the troops were evacuated. This attitude became known as the ‘spirit of Anzac’ and is still recognised today.

Anzac Day r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

On 25 April 1915, Australian and New Zealand Army Corps troops were landed on the peninsula. Unfortunately, where they landed was not the planned site, and they faced the wildest and steepest terrain on the peninsula. They faced devastating fire from Turkish forces as well—whose army was many times their size. At the end of the first day, the Anzacs were ordered to dig in and hold the land they had taken—about 5.5 square kilometres—for which they had paid with over 2000 lives.

On 25 April 1916, the first anniversary of the landing at Gallipoli was commemorated in Australia, New Zealand, Britain and by troops in Egypt. Later that year, 25 April was officially called Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand. By the late 1920s, Anzac Day was a public holiday in all Australian states and ceremonies and parades were held on the day each year. The first official dawn service, still an important part of Anzac Day, was held in Sydney in 1927. The dawn service traditionally commences at 4.28 am, the time of the first landings in Gallipoli. While there is no set form for the Dawn service, it generally includes the playing of the ‘Last post’ and the ‘Reveille’ or the ‘Rouse’ by a bugler, a short prayer, a hymn, a one-minute silence, a reading of ‘The ode’ and the laying of floral wreaths at the base of a war memorial. Today, Anzac Day is a time for recognition and remembrance of the sacrifices made by all those who have served Australia in time of conflict or who currently serve in the defence forces.

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Teac he r

In 1914, World War I began in Europe. When Britain declared war on Germany in August 1914, Australians were asked to volunteer to fight, as Australia was part of the British Empire. Because people were keen to show their loyalty to Britain, 52 000 men enlisted within a few months. Most of these were sent to Egypt. Then, along with soldiers from New Zealand, France and Britain, they travelled by ship to the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey to fight against Turkish troops. The landing at Gallipoli was an attempt by Britain to gain control of the Dardenelles in Turkey.

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As the weeks progressed, conditions became appalling for the troops. Food and water were in short supply, the weather was hot and sanitation was almost nonexistent. With the Turks holding the high ground, the Anzacs were vulnerable to artillery and machine guns. Eventually, the Anzacs could not advance any further and the Turks could not drive them into the sea, so the British decided to withdraw the troops. The problem was to convince the Turkish forces that the Anzacs were still in place. So the troops were withdrawn over several weeks. This was executed so successfully that the evacuation was completed on 20 December with scarcely any loss of life. But by the end of the Gallipoli campaign, at least 150 000 soldiers on both sides of the conflict had been killed. There were over 26 000 Australian casualties and more than 8000 of those were killed.

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Aegean Sea

Gallipoli

Gallipoli Peninsula

Turkey

Primary Australian history

A new

World War I: Gallipoli and Anzac Day – 2

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Use the text on page 59 to answer the questions. 1. Explain in your own words what ‘spirit of Anzac’ means. 2. Explain why:

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(a) The Anzac Day dawn service is held at 4.28 am.

(b) The Anzacs were vulnerable to artillery and machine gun fire from the Turkish troops.

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4. Why were the Anzac troops withdrawn over several weeks?

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5. Some people feel that Anzac Day should not be commemorated as it ‘celebrates’ war. Write your opinion of this statement. The ‘Last post’, the piece of music played at Anzac Day services, originally meant the end of the soldier’s day. It was the signal for ‘lights out’. Now it also signifies the end of a soldier’s mortal ‘day’, a farewell to the warrior. 60

Primary Australian history

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A new

Anzac Day reflections

natio

Imagine it is the 1920s and the Anzac Day dawn service is about to begin. Use the information on page 59 and your own ideas to describe how each of the people below might feel before, during and after the service. Brainstorm your answers on scrap paper first. The younger brother/sister of an Anzac who died at Gallipoli. He was just 18 years old. He was shot while trying to help a fellow soldier who was injured. The soldier survived, thanks to your brother.

An Anzac who fought at Gallipoli. You lost many friends during the campaign and narrowly escaped being killed yourself.

Feelings:

before the service

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A person who has been dragged to the service by his/her parents. You hate the idea of war. While you admire the courage of the Anzacs, you think 25 April should be a day to forget.

before the service

during the service

after the service

during the service

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during the service

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after the service

The slouch hat is associated with the Anzacs. It came into existence because of a shortage of ‘real’ military helmets during the South African wars of the 1890s.

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Primary Australian history

The Great Depression: Employment projects A new nation Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

Time line

The World 1929 29 October

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

Wall Street stock market crashes in New York.

1929

Beginning of the Great Depression in Australia.

1930

Bank of England representative Sir Otto Niemeyer arrives in Australia to establish the ‘Melbourne Agreement’. Clashes between police and the unemployed occur in Sydney. Don Bradman scores 452 not out in one cricket innings.

• Many families survived the great hardships of the Depression by relying on employment projects and public works projects funded by federal and state governments. After the crash of Wall Street, the federal government distributed more than two million pounds in instalments to the states to create work for the unemployed. Much of this money was used for roadworks. The Provisions of Public Service Act gave preference to returned soldiers (who were unionists).

• Australia recovered slowly from the Great Depression by manufacturing more goods locally, which also helped in other areas of the economy. Unemployment was reduced to 10% by 1939.

Phar Lap wins his first Melbourne Cup.

• The text used on page 63 is a report, which is a secondary source. Facts, dates and statistics from primary sources of information are used to compile reports. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 109.

22 January

The basic wage cut by 10%. Unemployment in Tasmania reaches 27%. The Premier of Tasmania, Albert Ogilvie, initiates the building of a road from the Springs to the Mount Wellington summit to ease unemployment.

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Sydney Harbour Bridge opens.

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The Labor Government falls and Joseph Lyons becomes Prime Minister. June 1935 – June 1936

1. (a) F, (b) F, (c) T, (d) F, (e) T, (f) F 2. (a) Hard manual labour; workers had little experience; government-created project; road construction (b) Location—Tasmania/Victoria; Pinnacle Rd up a mountain while Coast Road along the coast; opening dates; some men killed while building Ocean Road; workers of Ocean Road were mainly returned soldiers; Ocean Road a memorial

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The last Thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger) dies in Hobart Zoo. 1939

Page 64

3. (a) Hung 110 metres above the water without safety nets or equipment, even on very windy days; 16 lives were lost.

The Commonwealth Government provides full-time employment for 55 000 jobless (from a total of 300 000). 1936

Answers

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1932

• The Great Depression officially began on 29 October 1929 (Black Tuesday) when the Wall Street stock market in New York ‘crashed’ causing a dramatic fall in international trade, income, tax revenue and profits. Among other problems, Australia was at risk of defaulting on money it had borrowed from American and British banks. As many companies were forced to close down, unemployment rose to 30%. Families who couldn’t pay rent were evicted and forced to live in appalling conditions. Shanty towns in Australian cities harboured many of these people.

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Teac he r

AUSTRALIA

29 October

• Compares life today with life during the Great Depression in Australia.

(b) They needed to pay the rent and feed their families. 4. Answers will vary 5. Answers will vary

Further exploration

• Read personal accounts of life during the Great Depression in Australia. Write a narrative poem from the point of view of a child during this time. • Research and present a brief oral report describing why the nickname for the Sydney Harbour Bridge during its construction was the ‘Iron Lung’.

Australia enters the Second World War.

• View a video clip of the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge at:

Victoria devastated by the Black Friday bushfires.

http://dl.filmaust.com.au/module/869/ • Add the Great Ocean Road to a blank map of Australia. Include the main towns it passes through. • Find out the average weekly wage today and compare it to the wages earned in employment projects during the Great Depression.

Primary Australian history

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A new

The Great Depression: Employment projects – 1

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The Great Depression (1929 to mid-1930s) was a time of much hardship for many Australians. Men who lost their jobs had to find a way to feed their families and pay the rent. Some managed to survive by working on government projects created to make work for the unemployed. Most of this work was hard manual labour and paid less than the award wage. Soldiers who had returned home to Australia from fighting in the First World War were usually offered employment before other men. Read about three employment projects during the great depression.

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The Pinnacle Road, Mt Wellington (Tasmania)

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Teac he r

To ease the hardships for families during the depression, Tasmania’s Premier, Albert G Ogilvie, created a project which would provide work for a large number of unemployed men.

Construction began on the Pinnacle Road to the summit of Mt Wellington in 1931, when Tasmania’s unemployment was at a staggering 27%. Many of the workers had little experience with tough manual labour but endured the harsh conditions to feed their families. For over two years, thousands of men were employed in this ‘work for the dole’ scheme. The 7.3-kilometre road was officially opened on 23 January 1937.

Great Ocean Road (Victoria)

The Sydney Harbour Bridge (NSW)

To help nearly 3000 unemployed returned soldiers, the government created a project to build a road linking coastal towns in the south-east of Australia.

Building of the bridge began in 1923 when business in Australia was booming. However, during the final two years of construction, the country was in a depression, with many families struggling to survive. Fortunately, some men gained work on the bridge and were paid an average wage of four pounds per week.

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Men were so desperate to be employed, they worked on the bridge often hanging 110 metres above the water without safety nets or equipment, even on very windy days. Sadly, 16 lives were lost during the construction of the bridge.

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From 1919 to 1932 the men dug the road from cliffs and through forests using only picks and shovels. Many workers were unaccustomed to such hard manual labour and so stayed only for a short time. Some were injured and a few even killed during the construction of the road. The men lived in bush camps alongside the road and received 10 shillings and sixpence ($1.05) for an eight-hour day.

The Sydney Harbour Bridge was officially opened on 19 March 1932.

The 263-kilometre long Great Ocean Road was officially opened on 26 November 1932. It is a memorial to honour the people who died during the First World War.

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Primary Australian history

A new

The Great Depression: Employment projects – 2

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Use the text on page 63 to answer the questions. 1. Answer true or false. (a) Only people living in Victoria suffered during the Depression. (b) The Great Ocean Road took 11 years to build.

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(c) The government tried to help the unemployed during the Depression. (d) Albert G Ogilvie was the Prime Minister of Australia.

(e) The construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge helped families to survive.

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(f) The Pinnacle Road and the Great Ocean Road were opened in 1932.

(a) Similarities

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2. List two similarities and two differences between the Pinnacle Road and the Great Ocean Road employment projects. (b) Differences

(b) Why did many workers have no choice but to risk their lives working on the bridge?

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3. (a) Why was construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge dangerous?

4. Many WWI soldiers returned to face unemployment. Write words to describe how the men who fought for Australia may have felt being offered work digging out a road. (Use the back of this sheet.)

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5. It is 1930 and you are an unemployed man lucky enough to be offered work building the Great Ocean Road and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Which one do you choose and why? Continue on the back of this sheet.

The Great Ocean Road is recognised as the world’s largest war memorial. It honours the memory of the soldiers and sailors who lost their lives fighting in the First World War. 64

Primary Australian history

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A new

Past and present

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1. Complete the table describing how life today is different from that of the early 1930s in Australia. You can use the Internet, library and your imagination to add information about life during the Great Depression years.

The Great Depression years

Today

(1929 – mid 1930s)

Wife’s/Mother’s role

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Father’s work (include average weekly wage)

Clothing

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Contents of lunch box

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Leisure activities/ holidays

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2. If you could go back in time to spend a week with a family during the Great Depression years, what one thing would you take with you and why? Continue on the back of this sheet. So more men could be given jobs working on the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the working week was reduced from 48 to 33 hours. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

World War II: The battle that saved Australia A new nation Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Role-plays interviews with people from the past.

Time line

1939

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S Worksheet information

Germany invades Poland.

3 September

Great Britain and France declare war on Germany.

Australia enters the war in Europe to aid Great Britain.

1940

Australian troops fight in the Middle East and North Africa. 1941

January

Australian troops help capture Bardia and Tobruk in Libya.

August

Menzies resigns as prime minister.

October

Curtin becomes prime minister.

7 December

Japan attacks Pearl Harbour.

8 December

Australia declares war on Japan (after the battle at Pearl Harbour).

1942

• Although the newspaper article states a victory to the allies, today it is generally thought that the battle was a strategic victory for the allies because the invasion of Port Moresby had been prevented and also because it was the first time in the history of the war that the Japanese had retreated from a battle. Tactically, it is believed that the victory went to the Japanese as they lost one small carrier compared to the Americans’ loss of a large carrier.

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1 September

• While reading the text, explain to the students that the ‘allied’ forces (or allies) in this article refers to the Americans and Australians. The opposing countries were called the ‘axis’.

• The damage which occurred in this battle affected the ships available for the conflict one month later, known as the Battle of Midway. The Japanese carriers Shõkaku and Zuikaka were still under repair, whereas the damaged US Yorktown had been repaired in 72 hours and was ready for battle. • Historians continue to debate if Australia was ever at threat of invasion by the Japanese. Today it is generally thought that the allies’ victory in the Coral Sea did prevent Japan’s aim of isolating Australia and severing its links to the US.

• The text on page 67 is a fictional newspaper article. Newspaper articles which report on an event firsthand are valuable primary sources of information. View the front page of the 10 May 1942, Sunday Telegraph newspaper at:

Japanese air raids on Darwin.

http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/asfaras/taskforce.html

Japanese midget submarine enters Sydney Harbour.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 110.

1942 May 4-8

Answers

The Battle of the Coral Sea: 543 allies killed or wounded; 1074 Japanese killed or wounded.

Page 68 1. (a) True (b) False (c) True (d) False (e) True (f) False

Battle of Milne Bay. Australian forces hold back Japanese troops on the Kokoda Track, New Guinea.

3. • Block the route from the US to send troops and supplies to Australia.

HMAS Kuttabul is sunk and 19 Australian lives are lost.

• Be in prime position to attack Queensland.

1942 June 4

Battle of Midway 1942 June 6

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2. To protect Port Moresby from Japanese invasion.

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Singapore falls to the Japanese.

• Control over the final allied town between Japan and Australia.

4. Possible answers: Large area, cloud cover, lack of technology to keep track of areas already flown over

o c . che e r o t r s super 5. (a) On which day did the Battle of the Coral Sea end?

The US aircraft carrier, Yorktown (which survived the Battle of the Coral Sea), is sunk.

(b) Who was able to detect Japanese navy signals and break their secret codes?

1942 25 – 29 July

7. Teacher check

Townsville and its airfield bombed by the Japanese. 1945 Nuclear bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. World War II ends.

6. Disclosing further allied losses at this time would give Japan valuable information.

Further exploration

• Choose an attack on Australia by the Japanese to research further.

- 31 May 1942 Sydney Harbour Submarines enter Sydney Harbour firing torpedoes at HMAS Kuttabul–19 Australian casualties. - 26 July 1942

Townsville

Townsville and its airfield bombed.

• Create an information poster about the commemorative event known as ‘Battle for Australia’ which marks the Battle for the Coral Sea (and others who helped to defend Australia) on the first Wednesday of September each year in Australia. • Learn the names and sizes of the different naval ships (carriers, cruisers, battleships etc.) by playing a game of Battleships.

Primary Australian history

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A new

World War II: The battle that saved Australia – I

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Read the newspaper report describing the dramatic events of the WWII Battle of the Coral Sea.

AUSTRALIA SAVED!

The Australian 10 May 1942

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The first aircraft carrier battle in history has taken place off Australia’s north-east shores, in the Coral Sea, resulting in Japan retreating on the 8th of May.

HMAS Australia, HMAS Hobart, and aircraft flown from bases in Queensland, joined two US aircraft carriers, cruisers and planes to successfully force the Imperial Japanese Navy to terminate its plans to capture Port Moresby, New Guinea, and to withdraw from the battle.

On 7 May, after two days of searching the sea for each other’s carriers, the allied planes discovered the Japanese aircraft carrier, Shõhõ, and destroyed it. Their two larger carriers were also damaged and four more ships sunk. Seventy-seven aircraft were annihilated.

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Japanese advances towards Australia and the likely bombing and invasion of our country have been stopped by an allied victory in the Pacific Ocean!

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The Japanese retaliated by destroying the US aircraft carrier, Lexington. Disclosing further allied losses at this time would give Japan valuable information.

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American code-breakers have given the allies the upper hand by intercepting Japanese navy signals and breaking their secret codes to learn of the impending invasion. The allied forces were ready, sending ships to the area ahead of the Japanese.

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Bougainville

New Britain

SOLOMON SEA

Shoho sunk 7 May

Australian squadron’s patrol area 7 May

CORAL SEA

Guadalcanal

Lexington sunk 8 May

The battle area www.ricpublications.com.au

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We can reveal that while this battle took place, the two Australian ships waiting to defend Port Moresby were being attacked by Japanese torpedo planes and bombers. Little damage was done although, sadly, six Australians have been wounded.

Why Port Moresby?

Port Moresby

HMAS Australia

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By 4 May, cruisers were in position, surrounding and protecting the allies’ two aircraft carriers—the platform for their fleet of aircraft to land and refuel. Rabaul

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The battle

If the Japanese had been successful in capturing Port Moresby, not only could they have blocked the route for the United States to send troops and supplies to Australia, they would have had control over the final allied town between Japan and Australia, and, frighteningly, been in a prime position to attack Queensland. Primary Australian history

A new

WORLD WAR II: The battle that saved Australia – 2

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Use the text on page 67 to answer the questions. 1. Answer true or false. (a) The Coral Sea is in the Atlantic Ocean.

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(b) America and Japan were allies during World War II.

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(d) The US aircraft carrier, Shõhõ, was destroyed.

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(e) Planes land and refuel on large aircraft carriers.

(f) The Coral Sea is near the Australian state of Victoria. 2. What was the mission of the two Australian ships during the battle?

3. List three reasons why the Japanese wanted to capture Port Moresby.

•

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5. Write a question for these answers. (a) 8 May 1942

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(b) American code-breakers

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4. Predict why it took two days of searching before the two opposing forces spotted each other.

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6. Find evidence in the article that suggests the Japanese read the Australian newspapers. Copy it below. 7. On the back of this sheet, write sentences describing how the families of men stationed on HMAS Australia and Hobart might be feeling after reading the article. Having lost one carrier, the Japanese had to make room on the remaining carrier, Zuikaku, for pilots to land their aircraft, so empty planes on the carrier were pushed overboard! 68

Primary Australian history

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A new

‘Battle of the Coral Sea’ – Interview

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It is 1945 and the Second World War is finally over after six very long years. You are an international journalist about to interview two people who were involved in or affected by the Battle of the Coral Sea. 1. Find a partner to work with for this activity. Together, choose two people to be interviewed from the list below.

• Marine from HMAS Australia

• American pilot

• Japanese naval officer

• Relative of a casualty of the battle • Prime Minister of Australia (John Curtin)

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2 Write three questions you want to ask each person and record what you think his or her answers would be. Make sure he/she describes his/her thoughts and feelings also.

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Interview 1

Journalist:

Interview 2 Journalist:

Interviewee: © R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons Q: •f orr evi ew pur p osesonl y•

Interviewee:

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3. Decide who will play the journalist and who will play the interviewee and rehearse your discussion. Swap roles for the second interview. When you are ready, choose your better interview and perform it to the class.

o c . che e r o t r s super A:

For a short time during the Japanese bombing on the Australian ships at Port Moresby, some American bomber planes joined in the attack, mistaking the ships for Japanese aircraft carriers!

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Vietnamese and Cambodian immigration A new nation

Time line

Indicators

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• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Creates a ‘multicultural Australia’ collage.

1959 –1975 Vietnam War

Worksheet information

1967

Note: Refugees are people who leave their own country because of hardship or persecution.

White Australia policy dropped.

Racial Discrimination Act introduced, banning discrimination on the basis of colour, race or nationality. 1975–1979

Khmer Rouge political party rules Cambodia under the brutal leadership of Pol Pot. 1978

Vietnamese government nationalises private trade and manufacturing. 18-metre fishing boat arrives in Darwin with five Vietnamese people on board trying to escape political persecution.

Australian immigration officers select refugees with relatives in Australia, useful skills and who can speak English. Khmer Rouge is removed from power following an invasion by the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 1982

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Vietnamese government allows refugees to leave Vietnam without persecution.

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70 000 refugees, mostly from Vietnam, settle in Australia. 1991

• Today, the Australian government practises a policy of mandatory detention for what it deems to be illegal immigrants.

2011 Vietnamese ‘boat people’ survive the dangerous journey from Vietnam but many die trying.

1985

• As images of starving Vietnamese fleeing their country in crowded boats made their way to Australia, a large portion of the population sympathised with their plight and felt Australia should be caring for these victims. Opposition to the White Australia policy was at its peak. With the country’s economy growing, Australians also became less fearful that immigrants would take their jobs and so by 1975 the White Australia policy was scrapped and the Racial Discrimination Act was introduced.

• The text used on page 71 is a report which is a secondary source. Facts, dates and statistics from primary sources of information are used to compile reports. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 110.

Answers Page 72 1.

Number in Australia prior to influx Reason(s) for being in country Year(s) of first ‘wave’ of immigration to Australia Reasons why fled own country

Number of population in Australia

Population of Vietnamese-born people in Australia 124 800.

2. (a) B (b) C (c) B (d) B (e) V

1994

Further exploration

1996 Pol Pot dissolves the Khmer Rouge. 1998 Amnesty International condemns mandatory detention as a breach of international human rights. Pol Pot dies, never having been put on trial for his crimes against humanity.

Primary Australian history

Cambodians

2000

To join Australian husband, to study, orphaned during war 1976

To study

late1970s

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Hawke Government creates first detention centre at Port Hedland, WA.

Nine detention centres are set up in Australia.

Vietnamese

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1979

• After the Vietnam War, many Vietnamese fled to other countries. In 1978, the Vietnamese government nationalised all private trade and manufacturing in the country and a new wave left. Historians believe from 1978–1987 over one million people fled Southern Asia and waited in refugee camps to be resettled. Many fled to Australia (or were legally settled here) while others were settled in France or America.

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1975

New communist government by 1985: 90 000

3. Teacher check

Khmer Rouge murdering and starving people by 1996: 21 000

4. (a)–(b) Answers will vary

• In a group, create a list of 10 basic human rights so that everyone is enabled to live with dignity and safety. Once completed, rank the list from 1 (most important) to 10. • Imagine you are a child waiting with your family in an Australian detention centre (such as the one in Woomera, South Australia). Write a letter to a relative back home describing how you escaped Cambodia/Vietnam and travelled on a boat to Australia. Describe what life is like for you now. • Write a poem describing your feelings as you arrive on Australia’s shores. • Talk to a person born in Vietnam or Cambodia about their lives before coming to Australia.

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Vietnamese and Cambodian immigration – 1

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In 1972, the laws restricting non-white immigration to Australia (known as the White Australia policy) were officially scrapped, allowing more people from across the globe, especially Asia, to immigrate to Australia. Read about two ‘waves’ of immigration to Australia.

Cambodian immigration

Before 1975, Vietnamese people arriving in Australia were mainly wives of Australian soldiers, university students or children orphaned as a result of the Vietnam War. At this time there were about 2000 Vietnamese-born people in Australia.

Statistics show that only 36 Cambodian-born people were living in Australia before 1975. They were students who had travelled to study.

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When the Vietnam War ended in 1975, a new Communist government took over the country which made life for many Vietnamese people so terrible that some wanted to leave and others were forced to.

In the mid-1970s, a terrible group known as the Khmer Rouge held power in Cambodia. They used this power to murder millions of their own people while others died from starvation or forced labour. Many Cambodians fled the chaos, spending years waiting in refugee camps in South-East Asia, hoping to find a safe home for their families.

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Vietnamese immigration

In the late-1970s, Cambodian men, women and © R. I . C.Publ i ca t i o ns children started risking their lives by crossing the open seas on small boats to travel to Australia. •f orr evi ew pur p osesonl y• By 1986 the number of Cambodia-born people

As tragic stories, news reports and photographs of the awful suffering and starvation of many Vietnamese people started filtering into Australia, the Australian Labor government started officially allowing Vietnamese people into the country.

in Victoria alone was 4889.

survived the sea journey).

By 1996, the Cambodian-born population in Australia numbered 21 000.

It is estimated that 90 000 Vietnamese people immigrated to Australia between 1975 and 1985. Today, many shops, restaurants and business in Australia are run by Vietnamese families.

Today, many Cambodian-born Australians work as labourers, in factories or in transport. Some are in detention waiting for a decision to be made.

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Some of the refugees discovered on Australian shores were held in centres while decisions were made about their future—either staying in Australia or being sent back. Detention centres can be found across Australia, such as the Port Hedland Detention Centre in WA and the Woomera Detention Centre in SA.

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Some Vietnamese people could not wait and in 1976 the first boatload of refugees, desperately searching for a new, safe home, arrived on Australia’s northern shores. Fifty-three more refugee boats arrived over the next three years.

o c . To reunite people in Vietnam with their c In the 1990s, e the Family Reunion Program hwasedevised r families in Australia, a program o was established to allow Cambodians to come t r s allowing women and children to immigrate s r u e p to Australia to reunite with family members. so they could join their relatives (who had

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Primary Australian history

Vietnamese and Cambodian immigration –

A new

natio

Use the text on page 71 to answer the questions. 1. Complete the table. Vietnamese

Cambodians

Number in Australia prior to influx Reason(s) for being in country

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Year(s) of first ‘wave’ of immigration to Australia

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Reasons why fled own country

Number of population in Australia

by 1985:

by 1996:

2. Write ‘V’ for Vietnamese, ‘C’ for Cambodians or ‘B’ for both Vietnamese and Cambodians in the boxes.

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(e) Some own restaurants and shops in Australia today. 3. Write words which describe how the people must have felt as they left their country to immigrate to Australia; for example, ‘relieved’.

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(d) Could immigrate to Australia if family already living there.

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4. Detention centres hold foreigners arriving on Australian shores while the government determines if they are truly refugees. This process can take many years. (a) Do you think it is fair to do this?

Yes

Explain your answer.

(b) Is there a different solution? On the back of this sheet, write your thoughts and ideas. From 1990 to 1991, 123 600 immigrants were admitted in Australia, with 9780 visas issued to refugees. 72

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A new

Multicultural Australia

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1. Conduct research to find three facts about the culture, traditions and food of Vietnam and Cambodia. Record your findings below. Vietnam

Cambodia

•

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2. List some of Australia’s culture, traditions and food.

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3. Incorporate your findings to create a collage of Vietnamese, Cambodian and Australian culture in the map below. Either draw or glue pictures to make your ‘Multicultural Australia’ look attractive.

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After the massacre at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, Prime Minister Bob Hawke allowed the 27 000 Chinese students studying in Australia to remain. www.ricpublications.com.au

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The $20 banknote People & politics Indicators • Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Plans and creates a banknote design that incorporates relevant historical detail.

Time line

1792

Worksheet information

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• The current $20 note, like all Australian banknotes, is made from polymer. It is 65 x 144 mm and was designed by Garry Emery. Its security features are:

Mary (Molly) Haydock arrives in Sydney as a 14-yearold English convict. 1794

– a clear window with a compass printed in it and an embossed ‘20’ – a seven-pointed star in a circle and an image of the Australian Coat of Arms, both of which can be seen when the note is held up to the light – the microprinted words ‘TWENTY DOLLARS’

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– raised printing on some parts of the design

1811

Thomas Reibey dies, leaving his wife to take over the business and raise their seven daughters. 1825

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Mary Haydock marries businessman Thomas Reibey.

– multicoloured patterns and images – a serial number printed twice on the back of each note.

1880

.• The text used on page 75 is a mixture of description and biography—secondary sources. For the activity on page 77, the students will require scrap paper. They may make their designs whatever colour(s) they choose—they do not need to be orange like the current $20 note. Once they have drawn their final designs, the students will need to draw arrows from the main features of their banknotes and write corresponding labels in the surrounding blank space.

John Flynn is born in country Victoria.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 111.

Mary Reibey is appointed one of the governors of the Free Grammar School in Sydney. 1855

Mary Reibey dies.

1907

John Flynn enters the University of Melbourne to study Divinity.

Answers Page 76

1. Teacher check

1911

John Flynn is ordained a minister.

2. (a) false (b) true (c) false (d) false (e) true

1912

3. Answers should include five of the following:

1928

1933

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The air ambulance Victory flies the first Flying Doctor mission out of Cloncurry, Queensland, thanks to the efforts of Reverend John Flynn.

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John Flynn receives an Order of the British Empire. 1934

The Australian Aerial Medical Service is renamed the Royal Flying Doctor Service. 1966 14 February

Australia changes from the pound to decimal currency.

1988

• 1911 – He began working in a mission in South Australia • 1912 – He became superintendent of the Australian Inland Mission

• 1926 – He had finished coordinating the building of 10 nursing hostels • 1928 – The first Flying Doctor mission flew out of Queensland • 1934 – The Australian Aerial Medical service was established • 1951 – Flynn’s death

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The Australian Aerial Medical Service is established. 1955

• 1880 – Flynn’s date of birth

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Reverend John Flynn is made Superintendent of the Australian Inland Mission.

4. People in the Outback were dying because they couldn’t get to nursing hostels quickly enough. 5. Teacher check

Further exploration

• Research to find out how Australian banknotes have changed throughout history. • Research to design a tour of Sydney that visits places relevant to the life of Mary Reibey. • Compile a list of statistics about the Royal Flying Doctor Service today.

Australia issues the world’s first polymer banknote – a $10 note that commemorates Australia’s bicentenary. 1994 October The current Australian $20 note is issued. 2006 The federal seat of Flynn in Queensland is created by the Australian Electoral Commission.

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People a nd po li

The $20 banknote – 1 The current Australian $20 banknote was first issued in October 1994, although the first version of the note appeared in 1966, when Australia changed from pounds to decimal currency. The $20 note has many security features to help prevent people from copying it. These include a clear window; raised printing on some parts of the note; ‘microprinting’ (printing that can only be seen under a microscope); watermarks; and a serial number printed on the back of each note.

tics

• Flynn’s portrait • the air ambulance Victory • an early pedal-powered generator that was used to operate a transceiver wireless set

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• a ‘Where does it hurt?’ letter/number chart used by Outback patients to indicate their area of injury or pain to a doctor over a wireless

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• Reibey’s portrait

• the schooner Mercury (once owned by Reibey)

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• a camel and rider (Flynn bought camels in 1913 The front of the note contains images related to the for mission workers in the Outback) Australian businesswoman and community worker Flynn (1880 – 1951) Mary Reibey. These are: Flynn was a minister in the Presbyterian Church. In 1911, he began work in a mission in South Australia. One year later, the church appointed him as superintendent of its newly-established Australian Inland Mission, which helped people living in the Outback who needed medical attention. By 1926, Flynn had coordinated the building of 10 nursing hostels. But he decided this wasn’t enough—people were dying because they couldn’t get to these hostels quickly. So he came up with the idea of a medical service that used aeroplanes and radios. After much work, his dream was realised in 1928 when the air ambulance Victory flew the first Flying Doctor mission out of Cloncurry, Queensland. Flynn’s continued efforts saw the establishment of the Australian Aerial Medical Service in 1934, which was renamed the Royal Flying Doctor Service in 1955.

Reibey (1777 – 1855)

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Reibey was an English convict who was transported to Australia for seven years when she was 14 for horse stealing. Her name then was Molly Haydock. She arrived in Sydney in 1792 but didn’t complete her sentence because she married Thomas Reibey (who later became the premier of Tasmania) in 1794. Reibey was a clever businesswoman who had interests in land and shipping. She was also actively involved in community and charity activities, including work in the church and education. She was made a Governor of the Free Grammar School in 1825. Mary died a wealthy woman.

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• a building in George Street, Sydney (once owned by Reibey)

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The back of the note contains images related to Royal Flying Doctor Service founder Reverend John Flynn. These are:

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Primary Australian history

People a nd po li

The $20 banknote – 2

tics

Use the text on page 75 to answer the questions. 1. Mary Reibey came to Australia as a convict. Do you think she deserves to be on the $20 note? Explain why/ why not.

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2. True or false?

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(a) The first Flying Doctor mission flew out of South Australia. (b) You will find a serial number on the back of a Australian $20 note. (c) John Flynn was a qualified doctor.

(d) Mary Reibey was seven years old when she was arrested. (e) The current Australian $20 note was issued in 1994.

3. Create a time line of five important events in John Flynn’s life. •

•

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4. What made Flynn come up with the idea of the Royal Flying Doctor Service?

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5. If you had to add a short phrase or sentence to the front of the $20 note, what would it be? Give reasons for your choice.

As a further security feature, the black serial numbers on the back of the $20 note change colour under ultraviolet light. The number 20 also becomes visible. 76

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People a nd po li

A new $20 note

tics

Imagine you have been asked to design a new Australian $20 note. The only element it must have in common with the current $20 note is that it should feature Mary Reibey on the front and John Flynn on the back. Your design must reflect their lives as well as their influence on Australian history. Read the information on page 75 and view the current $20 note to help you plan your design below.

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2. List images you think would best represent Reibey and Flynn. Reibey:

Flynn:

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1. To begin, note your opinions on the images that were chosen for the current $20 note. Consider how well they represent Reibey and Flynn.

front

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3. Draft your design on scrap paper. When you are happy with it, draw your final design in the space below. Label its main features.

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back

It is illegal to design, make, print or distribute representations of Australian banknotes with the purpose of misleading people to believe they are genuine. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Bob Hawke and Paul Keating People and politics

Time line

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content. • Considers social and political issues important to Australia based on historical information.

1983

The Hawke government comes to power in Australia. Australia wins the America’s Cup yacht race.

1984

The Medicare health scheme is introduced by the Hawke government. Don Bradman’s 35-year-old record falls to Greg Chappell, who becomes the first Australian to reach 7000 runs in Test cricket. 1985

• The Australian Labor Party (ALP) was founded in 1901 as a federal party. Prior to this, there were separate ‘labour’ parties in the colonies, which were strongly influenced by the trade union movement. The first ALP government took office in 1904 and remained in power for about four months. The ALP’s policies are largely based on equality. A particular concern is promoting workers and the socially disadvantaged.

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Bob Hawke announces the return of Uluru to the Aboriginal people.

Worksheet information

• Other ALP Prime Ministers have included Andrew Fisher, James Scullin, Ben Chifley, Billy Hughes and Gough Whitlam.

• Bob Hawke was Prime Minister from 11 March 1983 until 20 December 1991. He was a former trade union leader who believed in government by consensus. • Paul Keating was Prime Minister from 20 December 1991 until 11 March 1996. He had formerly acted as the ALP’s Treasurer for eight years. Keating’s interests included Australian republicanism, Indigenous land rights and education and training reform.

Melbourne celebrates its 150th anniversary. 1986

Lindy Chamberlain is freed from jail, having served over three years for the murder of her baby, Azaria.

• The text used on page 79 is a report (a secondary source). For the activity on page 81, the students will need to use the text on page 79 as well as their own ideas. A class or group discussion before they begin the activity would be useful. A separate sheet of paper will be required for the students to create a mockup of a political webpage. They may like to view some political webpages before beginning this section of the activity.

1987

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 111.

The Queen signs the Australia Act, ending British legal power over Australia. Bob Hawke countersigns the proclamation.

Bob Hawke wins a third term as Prime Minister. 1988

Answers Page 80

Sydney celebrates its 200th anniversary. 1990

2. Teacher check

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1. He had been advised to resign by his ministers because the party doubted his ability to win an election during a recession.

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The Queen opens Australia’s new Parliament House. Bob Hawke wins a fourth term as Prime Minister.

3. (a) the selection of a person for a political office by a public vote

1991

(b) to act for or against a particular group, person or ideal based on prejudice

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Paul Keating takes over from Bob Hawke as Australian Prime Minister. 1992

Paul Keating seeks a new flag for Australia.

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Australian government commits 900 soldiers to the peace-keeping force in Somalia.

(d) a state in which the head of government is an elected president rather than a monarch. 4. Teacher check

Further exploration

• Write and present political speeches that support a particular party’s policies.

1993

The Native Title Act 1993 is introduced by the Keating government.

• Read about other past Australian governments and list their achievements and failures. • Write biographies of Bob Hawke and Paul Keating.

Sydney wins the bid to host the 2000 Olympics. 1996 Paul Keating is defeated as Prime Minister at the federal election by John Howard.

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People a nd po li

Bob Hawke and Paul Keating – 1

tics

Two Australian Prime Ministers in the 1980s and 1990s were Bob Hawke and Paul Keating. Both were members of the Australian Labor Party.

Bob Hawke – 1983–1991

Paul Keating – 1991–1996

In December 1991, Hawke resigned as Prime Minister and Treasurer Paul Keating took over. Hawke had been advised to resign by his ministers because the party doubted his ability to win an election during a recession. Keating’s major goals as Prime Minister were to recognise the rights of Indigenous Australians, promote the idea of Australia as a republic, reduce unemployment and strengthen ties between Australia and other countries in the • an ‘Economic summit’ meeting held between Asia-Pacific region. Some of the major actions by political parties, workers’ unions and employer the Keating government were: organisations, with the aim of having these groups agree on how the government should spend and • establishing the Australian National Training Authority Act 1992 to increase opportunities for make money. One outcome was a policy which workers stated minimum wages workers should be paid for different jobs. • introducing the Republican Advisory Committee,

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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Bob Hawke’s election slogan was ‘Bringing Australia together’. Under his leadership, the Australian Labor Party won four elections in a row. Some of the major actions by the Hawke government were:

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons • introducing the Medicare health scheme which promoted the idea of Australia becoming • f o r r e v i e w p u r p sesonl y• ao republic • making changes to education and training, such as

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• introducing the Native Title Act 1993 and the Land Fund Act 1994, providing the first national • introducing the Sex Discrimination Act 1984, recognition of rights for Indigenous Australians outlawing discrimination by gender in the to the occupation and title of land workplace

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setting Australian school curriculum standards

• establishing the Aboriginal and Torres Strait • introducing the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 Islander Commission • introducing the World Heritage Properties • introducing the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 outlawing discrimination due to disability Conservation Act 1983, giving the government in the workplace. responsibility for world heritage-listed places.

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o c . che e r o In 1996, Keating lost t r A number of major events also occurred during the s super Hawke government that affected Australia, such the federal election to as the New York stock market crash (1987); the recession of the Australian economy (1990–91), causing high unemployment rates; celebrations for the bicentenary of the landing of the First Fleet (1988); and the Gulf war (1990–1991), for which the government supplied troops and navy ships.

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the Liberal–National Party coalition led by John Howard. This was largely due to continuing high unemployment and interest rates and rising foreign debt.

Primary Australian history

Bob Hawke and Paul Keating – 2

People a nd po li

tics

Use the text on page 79 to answer the questions. 1. Explain why Hawke resigned as Prime Minister.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Hawke:

• Keating:

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Teac he r

2. In your opinion, what was the most important achievement of Hawke and Keating? Give reasons for your choices.

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(b) discrimination (c) recession

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(d) republic

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(a) election

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4. Keating was keen for Australia to become a republic. What is your opinion on this issue? Give reasons. Bob Hawke became Prime Minister after only two years in parliament. He had never served as a minister before he became Prime Minister. 80

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Australia’s next Prime Minister

tics

The text on page 79 discusses two of Australia’s Prime Ministers and some of the things they thought were important to focus on or change to make Australia a better place. Imagine you have been elected the next Prime Minister. Use the text to help you decide on what you would like to change about Australia today. 1. Think about the questions below and write your answers as lists. You might like to consider issues that Hawke and/or Keating thought were important in the past, like education, employment, the environment and the rights of disadvantaged people.

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What do you believe are Australia’s biggest problems?

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What do you believe are the best things about Australia?

•

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© R. I . C.Pub l i cat i ons 2. Based on your answers to Question 1, write the six most important things you as Prime Minister would like to achieve• for Australia and its people. f or r e vi ew pur posesonl y•

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3. On a separate sheet of paper, present your ideas in the form of a webpage that promotes you and your political party (you can make one up!).

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Korean and Vietnam Wars People and politics

Indicators • Reads text and answers questions about the Korean and Vietnam wars. • Researches to find specific information about an event.

Worksheet information

Time line 1950

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

The Democratic Republic of Vietnam under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh is established and supported by the People’s Republic of China and the USSR. Prime Minister Robert Menzies agrees to support for South Vietnam. 1962

The first Australian troops arrive in Vietnam. 1963

The president of the United States, John F Kennedy, is assassinated. Lyndon B Johnson is the new US president. 1964

Australia increases its troops in Vietnam as conscription by ‘birthday ballot’ comes into force.

• The first Indochina war between the communist Viet Minh and the French-proclaimed state of Vietnam, ran from September 1946 until May 1954. Following the Geneva Accords of July 1954 to end hostilities in the area, Vietnam was temporarily divided at the 17th parallel. The north was ruled by the Communists, backed by the USSR, while the nonCommunist south was backed by the USA. Elections were to be held after two years to determine unification of the country but these were hijacked by North Vietnamese forces and Communist guerrillas, who waged a war of terror on the government and people of South Vietnam.

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1957

• Since the closing stages of World War II, Korea, which had been occupied by Japan, had been in a state of political unrest. It had been agreed that joint responsibility for the country would be taken by the Soviet Union and the United States of America. North Korea followed the USSR and developed a communist regime north of the border while South Korea followed the republican model of the USA.

The USA provided funds for the South Vietnamese government and agreed to train the army. In September 1957, Australia confirmed its support for South Vietnam and in August 1962, the first contingent of the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam (AATTV) arrived in South Vietnam. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 112.

Kevin Arthur Wheatley is killed in action and is awarded the Victoria Cross, posthumously. 1966

Prime Minister Harold Holt demonstrates Australian support for US involvement in Vietnam, adopting the slogan, ‘All the way with LBJ’. Battle of Long Tan. Robert Menzies retires from office.

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1967

Peter John Badcoe is killed in action and is awarded the Victoria Cross, posthumously.

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1968

1. (a) north (b) south 2. (a)

Dates of Australian Duration involvement

Number of Number of Australian troops Australians killed

Korean War

1950–1953

3 years

17 000

339

Vietnam War

1962–1973

11 years

59 000

508

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1965

Answers

(b) Teacher check – suggestion: Korea, because in about a quarter of the time with almost 3 1/2 times fewer troops, the number killed was more than half those killed in Vietnam. 3. (a) In response to the United Nations Security Council’s appeal—Australia being a member of the United Nations.

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The National Service Act is amended to enforce a twoyear jail sentence for draft resisters.

(b) To help halt the spread of Communism in South-East Asia and prevent a possible invasion of Australia.

1969

4. (a) Teacher check – suggestion: The armistice ended the war which had done nothing to resolve the problem between the opposing sides. It was a stalemate.

Rayene Stewart Simpson and Keith Payne are awarded the Victoria Cross. 1970–71

(b) The Communist north won the war and unified the country under a Communist regime.

Three large anti-war rallies are held in Australia.

5. Teacher check

1972

Further exploration

Gough Whitlam is elected Labor Prime Minister and withdraws Australian troops from Vietnam.

• Research the Battle of Long Tan. Choose how to represent the information you have found. • There was a lot of opposition in Australia to the Vietnam War. Collect information to represent both answers to the question, ‘Should Australia have been involved in the Vietnam War?’ • Create a table to show who were the leaders of each country involved in the Korean (1950 – 1953) and Vietnam (1959 – 1975) wars and any significant actions each took during the war periods.

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Korean and Vietnam Wars – 1

tics

Since the end of World War II, Australia has been involved in a number of conflicts, most recently in Iraq and East Timor. But between 1950 and 1972, the two wars which had a major effect on the Australian nation were those in Korea and in Vietnam. In 1950, tension between North and South Korea had reached crisis point with each side protecting its border territory with a strong military presence. On 25 June, the army of North Korea crossed over the 38th parallel, invading the Republic of Korea. They took the capital, Seoul, which fell within a few days, before continuing south to the strategically positioned port of Pusan.

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Within two days, 21 nations, including Australia, responded to the appeal by the United Nations Security Council by mobilising troops to help South Korea repel the invading force. In October, North Korea was joined in its attack by Communist Chinese forces.

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After a year of heavy fighting between the two sides, the frontline was established in the border region. Here, soldiers endured two years of trench warfare reminiscent of that which their grandfathers would have experienced in World War I. Meanwhile, at Panmunjom, a village on the border, politicians negotiated for an end to hostilities. This finally came when the armistice was signed at Panmunjom on 27 July 1953. While the armistice promised peace, there was no resolution to the war.

During the three years of the Korean War, the United Nations forces included about 17 000 Australians of whom 1555 were wounded, 339 fatally. Forty of the dead lie in unknown graves.

by the USSR, while the non-Communist south was backed by the USA.

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National service was reintroduced by the Menzies government in 1964 and selective conscription was enforced using the controversial ‘birthday ballot’. Men whose birthdates were drawn from the box, were obliged to join the Australian Army and, generally, fight in Vietnam. More than 59 000 Australian troops fought in Vietnam, of whom 508, were killed; 202 of the dead were conscripts.

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Australia was involved in the Vietnam War from August 1962 until June 1973. In no other conflict has the country been committed for such a long time. Australia wanted to halt the spread of Communism in SouthEast Asia, fearing that if it went unchecked, Australia would be the next target.

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Ha Noi

Laos

Thailand

Although victory in the Vietnam War was finally achieved by the Communist north who unified and ruled the country, many battles were won for the south. On 18 August 1966, an important victory was achieved by Australian troops—the Battle of Long Tan.

The victory at Long Tan ensured that the North Vietnamese were unable to dominate in the province as they had before, but the cost to Australia was tragically high as 18 young men between the ages of 19 and 22 were killed. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Cambodia Vietnam Long Tan

Primary Australian history

Korean and Vietnam Wars – 2

People a nd po li

tics

Use the text on page 83 to answer the questions. 1. In both conflicts, which region of each country: (a) was governed by a Communist regime? (b) was supported by Australia? 2. (a) Complete the table.

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Korean War Vietnam War

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Dates of Australian Duration involvement – –

Number of Australian Number of Australians troops involved killed

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(b) Which war do you think was the most tragic in terms of Australian lives lost? Explain your answer.

3. Why did Australia send troops to: (a) Korea?

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‘While the armistice promised peace, there was no resolution to the (Korean) war’.

(b) What was the outcome of the Vietnam War?

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5. What is your opinion of the selective ballot process employed by the Menzies government during the Vietnam War?

The Presidential Unit Citation, awarded to units of the armed forces of the US and its allies, for bravery in action against an armed enemy, has been awarded to two battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment: in Korea for the Battle of Kapyong and in Vietnam for the Battle of Long Tan. 84

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People a nd po li

End the war in Vietnam!

tics

During the Vietnam War, there were many anti-war protests throughout the western world. A series of three rallies was organised in Australia to convince the government to withdraw Australian troops from Vietnam. 1. Find out about these rallies (moratoriums) and make notes to complete the information chart. On which dates were the three rallies held? • •

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• Who took part in these rallies?

What were the two main objectives that the participants hoped to achieve? •

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Which political party was in power in Australia at the time of the rallies?

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In what ways did the rallies differ from each other?

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How did the government respond to the rallies and the strength of feeling of the Australian people?

Do you believe the rallies were a good way to show the government how the people felt? Explain your answer.

Four Australian soldiers were awarded the coveted Victoria Cross medal for outstanding bravery in the face of the enemy, for their services during the Vietnam War. www.ricpublications.com.au

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C Y O’Connor’s pipedream People and politics

Time line 1843 Birth of Charles Yelverton O’Connor. 1887 1891

O’Connor arrives in Western Australia.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads text and answers questions about the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme. • Plans and write a newspaper article and a letter to the editor.

Worksheet Information

• CY O’Connor was a brilliant engineer whose water pipeline between Perth and Kalgoorlie is still considered a major technological achievement and one that has withstood the test of time. The goldfields pipeline still supplies the goldfields and the agricultural industry east of Perth. It has continued to support the ongoing development of both of these areas.

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Teac he r

Goldrush begins in Southern Cross.

Indicators

• O‘Connor’s statue dominates the entrance to Victoria Quay in Fremantle, which was named after Queen Victoria in her diamond jubilee year. There is also one of him and his horse in the water south of Fremantle where he died. The suburb of O’Connor and Lake O’Connor at Mundaring were also named in his honour.

1892

Goldrush begins in Coolgardie.

Work begins on Victoria Quay in Fremantle. 1893

Goldrush begins in Kalgoorlie. 1896

Parliament passes bill to borrow money for the pipeline.

• It was unfortunate that Forrest, his greatest supporter, had left the state at a time when O’Connor was being so severely criticised and his abilities questioned so publicly. It was significant that Forrest conducted the opening ceremonies at which he referred to O’Connor as ‘the great builder of this work’. His faith in the engineer had been further demonstrated in 1901 when, as Minister for Defence, he asked O’Connor to plan the vital railway link between Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie.

1897

First passenger vessel uses Fremantle Harbour.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 112.

1898

Answers

Construction begins on the Kalgoorlie pipeline.

Page 88

Work begins on Mundaring Weir.

1. (a) about 550 km (b) Kalgoorlie/goldfields

1901

(d) 1903, Sir John Forrest

Sir John Forrest leaves state to become first Federal Minister for Defence.

2. The goldrush caused a population explosion in the goldfields, putting pressure on an area where there was already a serious water shortage.

1902

3. (a) goldfields

Mundaring Weir is completed.

Kalgoorlie pipeline is completed. 1903

Kalgoorlie pipeline is opened.

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(b) People had drunk contaminated water from the Coolgardie Gorge.

(b) 1891

(d) Engineer-in-Chief of the Public Works Department

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Death of CY O’Connor.

5. (a) He wanted to have his plans approved by British engineers.

o c . che e r o t r s super (b) WA was borrowing the money. (c) newspapers and politicians

(d) He was accused of wasting public money, being foolhardy, impractical and corrupt. (e) The pipeline did work and was finished on time and within his estimated cost.

Further exploration

• The pipeline steam pumps needed fuel. Research what fuel they used and how it was transported. • In pairs, role-play a newspaper interview with CY O’Connor shortly before he died. Think about the kind of questions he may have been asked and how he may have replied. • Write a report on the construction of the steel pipes used in the pipeline.

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People a nd po li

CY O’Connor’s pipedream – 1

tics

One of what is considered to be the greatest hydraulic engineering works in the world was built in Western Australia between 1897 and 1902. It was the world’s longest uphill pipeline, stretching about 550 kilometres from near Perth (the capital city) to Kalgoorlie, a mining town in the dry, barren centre of the state. Water from a specially designed and constructed reservoir at Mundaring near Perth was lifted up 340 metres by eight steam-driven pumping stations situated along the huge length of steel pipe, 760 mm in diameter.

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The Goldfields Water Supply Scheme was made necessary by the state’s gold rush, which began at Southern Cross in 1887, Coolgardie in 1892 and Kalgoorlie in 1893. Men flocked from around Australia and the world to the famous ‘Golden Mile’. The greatest problem caused by this population explosion was a lack of water. The goldfields was not a healthy place to be at that time because of a serious shortage of water. A typhoid epidemic which killed hundreds was caused by contaminated drinking water from the almost dry Coolgardie Gorge. The man responsible for the design and construction of the pipeline was an Irish engineer, Charles Yelverton O’Connor. He had worked in New Zealand in railways, gold and water. In 1891, he was appointed the inaugural Engineer-in-Chief of the Western Australian Public Works Department. His first major task was the construction of the harbour in the capital city’s port of Fremantle. Work began in 1892 and the first overseas passenger vessel used the harbour in 1897. Named Victoria Quay, it is still serving the state after well over one hundred years.

Although desperately needed, the pipeline was a huge financial commitment for the state’s population of only 100 000 people. But, in 1896, a bill was passed in parliament to borrow the money and O’Connor took his plans to England where they were endorsed by three British engineers.

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O’Connor’s most influential supporter, Sir John Forrest, the state premier, left Western Australian in 1901 to become defence minister in the first Australian parliament. Work began on the Mundaring Weir in 1898 and despite delays with engineering supplies imported from overseas, it was nearing completion in 1902. But the brilliant engineer suffered a prolonged attack led by the Sunday Times newspaper and some politicians. As a result, the public became concerned and many of them feared that the dam at Mundaring would break and Perth would be flooded. O’Connor was also accused of foolhardiness, impracticality, wasting public money and even of corruption. It became too much for him and in 1902, while riding his horse at the beach south of Fremantle, he shot himself and died. He left a note with final instructions about the pipeline which was completed later that year on time and within the estimated cost.

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In January the following year, the water was turned on when the pipeline was opened by Sir John Forrest in Coolgardie in the morning and later that day at Mount Charlotte Reservoir in Kalgoorlie. The land along the pipeline was able to be opened for farming and the goldfields prospered. www.ricpublications.com.au

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People a nd po li

CY O’Connor’s pipedream – 2

tics

Answer the questions about the text on page 87. 1. (a) How long was the pipeline?

(b) It was constructed to take water from Perth to

(d) The pipeline was officially opened in

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2. Explain why it was necessary to pipe water to Kalgoorlie.

3. (a) Where was the typhoid epidemic?

4. (a) Where was CY O’Connor born?

(b) What was the cause of the typhoid epidemic?

(b) When did he come to Western Australia?

5. (a) Why did CY O’Connor take his plans for the pipeline to England?

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(b) How was Western Australia going to pay for the pipeline?

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(c) Who led the attacks against CY O’Connor? (d) What was he accused of doing? (e) How were his critics proved to be wrong?

It takes about ten days for the water from Mundaring Weir to be pumped up to Kalgoorlie.

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People a nd po li

How wrong you all were!

tics

1. (a) Complete the plan for a newspaper account of the opening of the goldfields pipeline at Mount Charlotte Reservoir in Kalgoorlie by Sir John Forrest, in January 1903.

• Think of an appropriate headline and photo (to draw) of the occasion.

• Plan a suitable caption to be written under your photo.

(b) Write your article on a separate sheet of paper and draw the photo. Headline:

Date:

Description of photo:

Caption:

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Venue:

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Information to be included:

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2. Write a letter to the editor of the newspaper from someone who attended the ceremony, complaining about the way the newspaper treated CY O’Connor.

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The new premier of Western Australia, George Leake, opposed the pipeline because he believed it wouldn’t work and he thought the gold in Kalgoorlie would run out, leaving the state with a huge debt. How wrong was he? www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

Indigenous Australian politicians Modern Australia

Time line

Indicators

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1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act excludes Aboriginal people from the right to vote.

June 1936 Charles Perkins born in Alice Springs.

1957 Carol Martin born. Charles Perkins is invited to train with English soccer team Liverpool FC. 1960 Neville Bonner joins the board of directors of the One People Australia League (OPAL). 1961 Charles Perkins attends the Aboriginal Advancement in Brisbane.

• Invents a political party and creates a poster to promote that party.

Worksheet information

• Indigenous Australians have, since settlement, been fighting to gain basic rights. Over time Indigenous people have begun to enter and use the political system to promote their cause. Political events such as the Freedom Ride helped change the way the Indigenous people of Australia are treated.

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March 1922 Neville Bonner born at Ukerebagh Island on the Tweed River in northern New South Wales.

• Reads a text and answers questions to demonstrate an understanding of its content.

• The Freedom Ride was a bus tour by activists protesting at discrimination against Aboriginal people in rural New South Wales. When a group, including Charles Perkins, tried to enter the public swimming pool at Moree, where local Aborigines had never been able to swim, they were pelted with eggs and tomatoes. His activism in the Freedom Ride aimed at raising awareness of discrimination against Aboriginal people and tried to redress it.

• A significant turning point for Indigenous people was in 1967, when a Federal Referendum voted to remove clauses from the Australian Constitution that discriminated against Indigenous Australians. After this time Indigenous people were allowed to vote. Since this time many Indigenous people have entered politics. Today, they are represented in every level of Australian government.

1962 Indigenous people are given the right to vote in all states except Queensland.

• Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 113.

1965 Indigenous Australians in Queensland gain the right to vote. Charles Perkins graduates from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Freedom Ride highlights discrimination in rural areas of NSW.

Page 92

Answers

1. (a) social work and counselling

(b) 2001

2. (a) Charles Perkins

(b) Neville Bonner

(d) Carol Martin

(e) Charles Perkins

3. (a) True

(b) True

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1967 Aboriginal Australians gain the right to citizenship. Neville Bonner joins the Liberal Party.

4. The struggles and stories of her people deeply influenced her.

1971 Neville Bonner becomes the first Aboriginal to become a member of parliament, following the resignation of Liberal Senator Annabelle Rankin.

6. In 1967 there was a Federal Referendum in which Australians voted to remove clauses from the Constitution that discriminated against Indigenous Australians.

1972 Neville Bonner is elected to Senate by Queensland voters, becoming the first Indigenous person to be elected to any Australian parliament.

Further exploration

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1979 Neville Bonner is chosen as Australian of the Year.

5. A bus trip for students in New South Wales to highlight and protest against the discrimination towards Indigenous people in the towns.

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1983 Neville Bonner is dropped from the Liberal Senate ticket. 1999 Neville Bonner dies.

7. Teacher check

• Research discrimination in other countries, such as under apartheid in South Africa, where people who were classified by the government as ‘non-white’ were considered second-class citizens, and how political activism changed the situation. • Find out what other groups represent Indigenous Australians, such as the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), which aims to strengthen the role of Indigenous people and their communities, and the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. • August 9 is International Day of the World’s Indigenous People. Decide with the students how to best celebrate this day at school.

2000 Charles Perkins dies. 2001 Carol Martin wins seat of Kimberley, WA.

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Indigenous Australian politicians – 1

Modern Austr alia

When Europeans first came to Australia, they believed the Australian Aboriginals were ‘primitives’ who had no rights to the land. Following these first beliefs, for the next 150 years after European settlement, Indigenous Australians were given very few rights and were not allowed to vote or become part of the Australian government. A long struggle for equal rights and citizenship resulted in a referendum in 1967, in which Australians voted to remove clauses from the Constitution that discriminated against Indigenous Australians. Indigenous Australians were given the right to vote and have a choice in governments, run for parliament, have citizenship and be counted in the census. Since then a number of Aboriginal Australian people have become involved in politics as a means to improve the lives of their people.

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r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S The first Indigenous Australian to be elected to the Parliament of Australia was

Neville Bonner. He was passionate about Aboriginal rights and joined the Liberal Party soon after the 1967 referendum. In August 1971, he became Australia’s first Aboriginal Senator after another Liberal senator resigned. He stayed in Federal parliament until 1983. Throughout his political career Senator Bonner fought strongly against racial discrimination, and ‘crossed the floor’ several times to vote against his own party with the Labor opposition on Aboriginal issues. In 1979, Bonner was Australian of the Year. He died in February 1999.

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Charles Perkins was ‘removed’ from his family at the age of ten to be educated at a Christian college. He played soccer professionally first before becoming interested in politics as a way to improve the lives of Indigenous people. In 1961, he helped organise a bus trip for students in New South Wales to highlight and protest against the discrimination towards Indigenous people in the towns. This trip became known as the Freedom Ride and helped Australians see the discrimination in rural towns. He started working in Canberra in the Office of Aboriginal Affairs a few years later. By 1984 he was Secretary of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs, the first Aboriginal Australian to hold such a position. He died in October 2000.

o c . cCarol e heMartin r is the first Indigenous woman to be elected to any o t r r Australians Federal, state or s territory Parliament. Before being elected, up e Carol had been working as a social worker and counsellor in the Kimberley, Western Australia. The struggles and stories of her people deeply influenced her. She entered politics with the Australian Labor Party and was elected to the Parliament of Western Australia in 2001. Carol faced racism throughout her life but refused to accept it, and remains passionate about fighting racism and making the future a better and safer place for all children.

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Indigenous Australian politicians – 2

Modern Austr alia

Use the text on page 91 to answer these questions. 1. What was Carol Martin’s: (a) first job? (b) first year in Parliament? (c) main passion?

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2. Which Indigenous politician:

(a) was in the Freedom Ride?

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(b) joined the Liberal Party?

(c) was chosen as ‘Australian of the Year’? (d) works in Western Australia? (e) worked in Canberra? 3. Answer True or False.

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons • or r e vi ew pur posesonl y• (c) Carol Martin is af Liberal Party member. (a) Indigenous Australians can run for parliament. (b) Charles Perkins was a talented soccer player.

(d) Charles Perkins became a member of Parliament.

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5. What was the Freedom Ride?

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4. What influenced Carol Martin’s decision to enter politics?

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6. Describe what happened in 1967 to change Indigenous rights.

7. Which of these Indigenous politicians do you think has done the most to promote Indigenous rights? Explain your answer. Perkins was often controversial. He asked the then Premier of Queensland, Sir Joh BjelkePetersen, to change English names for towns to traditional Aboriginal ones. BjelkePetersen suggested in return that Perkins change his name to ‘Mr Witchetty Grub’. 92

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Modern Austr alia

It’s your party Imagine that you and a friend feel strongly about the present-day situation of Indigenous Australians. You have decided to start a political party to promote the welfare of the Indigenous people of Australia. Working with a partner, make a poster to encourage people to support your party. To do this you will need to decide on the name, slogan, symbol and main goals of your party.

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1. Fill in the table below.

The slogan of your party

Logo or emblem of your party

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The name of your political party

The main goals of your party

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2. Draw a plan for your poster here. Use markers or paints to make the poster on a separate sheet of A3 paper.

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Charles Perkins and his colleagues duplicated the 1961 Freedom Rides in the United States, in which civil rights activists rode in interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to highlight racial discrimination. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Sporting heroes Modern Australia

Time line

Indicators

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• Reads text and answers questions about Sir Donald Bradman and Dawn Fraser. • Identifies similarities and plans and writes a character profile.

1908 Birth of Donald Bradman.

Worksheet Information

1914 First World War. World War I ends.

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1918

• Bradman, the boy from Bowral, excelled at tennis and cricket but was forced to make a choice when his boss would only give him one not two weeks off when he was selected for Country Week. His cricket success lifted people’s spirits and made him a national hero at a time when unemployment was high and Australia was sliding into a depression. • While in England Bradman developed peritonitis as a result of appendicitis and because antibiotics were not readily available at that time, he was not expected to overcome the infection. The reaction of the English public to the call for blood donations reflected Bradman’s high profile and the respect he was accorded by those who saw him play. Even King George asked to be kept informed of his progress. It is interesting that his wife, who left Australia as soon as possible, took one month to complete her journey.

1930

Australia wins Ashes in England. 1932

Bradman marries.

Bodyline tour of Australia begins.

• The bodyline controversy had caused such a problem between the two countries that even trade was affected and politicians intervened. But things were different after the war. When the Australian team arrived in England they took 17 000 food parcels with them. They were gifts to the people of England, who had been on strict food rations, from the people of Victoria.

1937

Birth of Dawn Fraser. World War II begins. 1945 End of World War II. 1948

• Dawn Fraser continues to live in Sydney in the house where she grew up and has maintained a high profile in Australia and overseas. She has continued her interest in swimming, has worked in business and has been involved in politics. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 113.

Invincibles tour of England.

Answers

Bradman knighted.

Page 96

1956

1. (a) asthma (b) her brother (c) Sydney (d) Teacher check

Dawn Fraser wins two gold medals and one silver at Melbourne Olympics.

2. (a) 27 (b) 10 years

1960

(d) Teacher check

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Rome Olympics, Dawn Fraser wins one gold and one silver medal. 1964

Tokyo Olympics, Dawn Fraser wins gold medal. Dawn Fraser named Australian of the Year.

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(c) She had marched, worn the wrong swimsuit and was accused of taking a flag. 3. (a) 1948 Australian test team (b) They didn’t lose a match

o c . che e r o t r s super 4. Teacher check

5. (a) His test average was so close to 100.

(b) He didn’t get a run and was out on the second ball he faced.

Further exploration

1967 Dawn Fraser awarded British Empire Medal. 1988

Dawn Fraser made Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) and named Australia’s Greatest Female Athlete. 1999 Dawn Fraser named the World’s Greatest Living Water Sports Champion.

• Research Dawn Fraser’s Olympic and Commonwealth Games medals and display the information in a table. • Create a time line of Sir Don Bradman’s life.

• The Australians believed the bodyline attack was both vicious and unsporting but the English believed the Australians were just being bad losers. Collect further information and complete a for and against chart.

2000 Dawn Fraser is First Lady of Sydney Olympics. 2001 Death of Bradman.

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Modern Austr alia

Sporting heroes – 1 There have been many great Australian sporting heroes in individual and team sports, but Sir Donald Bradman (cricket) and Dawn Fraser (swimming) are two of the most famous. Sir Donald Bradman (1908–2001)

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The Don, as he was known, has been described as the greatest batsman of all time and some of the batting records he set still stand. Bradman was a dynamic batsman with an unorthodox style, but off the field he was quiet and spent a lot of his time writing. He was popular with cricket fans and record numbers came to see him play, but his popularity embarrassed him and interfered with his relationship with other team members. He was so popular in 1932 that crowds of uninvited guests attended his wedding and the invited ones couldn’t find a seat or even see the ceremony.

Australia’s traditional sports rival, England, was frustrated by the number of runs he’d scored during the Australians’ successful tour in 1930 and by how difficult it was to get him out. They knew their bowlers would need a special strategy and set about planning one for their 1932 tour of Australia. Their fast leg theory, or bodyline as it was later called, injured players and caused such an uproar that the relationship between the two counties was seriously affected. The team Bradman took to England in 1948, called the Invincibles, lived up to its name, not losing a game. Bradman’s career test batting average was 99.94. He started his final test innings expecting to retire with over 100, but was out second ball for a duck!

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons Bradman was knighted the next year and continued his involvement with cricket as a selector, administrator and writer for many years. There is o a museum named after him and hisu image haso appeared on Australian coins •f rr e vi ew p r p ses onl yand •stamps. Dawn Fraser (1937– )

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‘Our Dawn’ as she is affectionately called, was born in Sydney, the youngest of eight children. She was taken to the local pool by her brother because swimming helped her asthma. A coach spotted her there when she was only 12 and offered to train her for free. Dawn broke and held 41 world records and was never beaten in her favourite event, the 100 metres freestyle. She was the first person to ever win a gold medal for the same event in three successive Olympics, in 1956, 1960 and 1964. In 1962, Dawn became the first female to swim 100 metres freestyle in under one minute and held the world record for 15 years.

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Dawn was known for her controversial behaviour and larrikin character. After the Tokyo Olympics she was banned from swimming for ten years. She had marched in the Opening Ceremony after being told she couldn’t because she was in an event 39 hours later and she wore an old swimsuit because the new one didn’t fit very well. She was also accused of taking a flag, which she denied. The ban was lifted after four years. Dawn has been honoured in many ways. She was named Australian of the Year in 1964, Australia’s Greatest Female Athlete and given an Order of Australia in 1988 and named The World’s Greatest Living Female Water Sports Champion in 1999. At the Atlanta Olympics in 1996 she was honoured as one of the seven greatest athletes of all time. As First Lady of the 2000 Sydney Olympics, she was the partner of the President of the International Olympic Committee.

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Modern Austr alia

Sporting heroes – 2 Answer the questions about the text on page 95. 1. (a) Why did Dawn Fraser start swimming? (b) Who encouraged her by taking her to the pool? (c) Where did they live?

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(d) Why do you think a coach offered her free training?

2. (a) How old was Dawn Fraser when she won gold at the Tokyo Olympics?

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(b) How long was she initially banned from competitions?

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(d) Do you think she was treated fairly? Explain why you think this.

3. (a) Who were the Invincibles?

© R. I . C.Publ i cat i ons 4. (a) Why was Bradman such a hero for the (b) Why do you think he wasn’t so popular with •f orr evi ew p ur p osesonl y• Australian people? his team mates? (b) Why were they given that name?

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5. (a) Why do you think Bradman was so keen to improve his batting average during his last test innings? (b) Explain what happened.

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Bradman was preparing to return to Australia when he was diagnosed with appendicitis. He became very ill and was not expected to live. The hospital called for blood donors and was totally overwhelmed by crowds of volunteers. 96

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Modern Austr alia

What makes a hero?

1. Think about the heroes you read about on page 95. Although there were obvious differences, there were also many ways in which these two sporting heroes were alike. Write your ideas in the table below.

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Similarities between Dawn Fraser and Don Bradman

2. Plan a character profile about one of the two sporting heroes. There are some headings below for you to use, but add some of your own and try to make it more interesting.

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Appearance: Personality: Interests: Talents:

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Achievement: Remembered for:

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3. Write and present your character profile in an interesting way on a separate sheet of paper. Add a photograph or drawing and think about appropriate colours and decoration to use. As a child, Bradman spent hours hitting a golf ball against a tank stand with a wicket. The ball came back quickly from many different angles, which made it even harder to do. His incredible hand-eye coordination is often attributed to all the practice he had. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Australia’s war against terror Modern Australia

Time line

Indicators

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

• Reads and comprehends information about Australia’s experiences of terrorism. • Writes arguments for a debate about immigration and border security.

1988

21 December A bomb explodes on Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing 270 people. World Trade Centre is bombed, killing six people and injuring over 1000.

1998

7 August

US embassies are bombed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Nairobi, Kenya, killing 225 people and injuring more than 4000. Al-Qaeda claims responsibility.

1999

20 April

Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold kill 13 students and a teacher and wound 24 others at Columbine High School.

21 July

Bombs in Bali bombs kill 202 Western tourists and local people.

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Bombs explode on a double-decker bus and three London Underground trains, killing 56 people and injuring over 700.

29 June

• Three bombs—a backpack carried by a suicide bomber, a car bomb and a smaller bomb—exploded in the nightclub district of Bali, Indonesia, and outside the US consulate in Denpasar. Over 200 people, including Indonesian citizens, were killed and hundreds more were injured. Members of an Islamic group (Jemaah Islamiyah) were convicted of the crime. • Terrorist acts have increased racial and religious tension around the world. • Quiz questions relating to this section can be found on page 114.

Answers Page 100

1. See table. Answers will vary World Trade Centre

Bali

• 11 September 2001

• 12 October 2002

• 4 hijacked planes — 2 crashed into the two towers of the World Trade Centre, one caused damage to the Pentagon and another crashed into a field in Pennsylvania

• bomb exploded in nightclub in Kuta • 202 people killed — 88 Australians • young members of football team killed and injured

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Bombs explode in three London Underground stations and on a double decker bus causing only minor injuries.

• terrorist attacks

• buildings may collapse • thousands killed

2.–4. Teacher check

2007

• On 31 March 2007, strict cabin luggage restrictions on international flights to and from Australia came into force.

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2002

7 July

• The events of 11 September 2001 led to dramatic changes in airline security, border security, immigration and the operations of law enforcement and intelligence agencies throughout the world. They directly led to a international military force against the Taliban regime harbouring al-Quaeda.

2001

11 September Hijacked airliners crash into the World Trade Centre (New York) and the Pentagon (Virginia). A fourth plane crashes in Pennsylvania, after a revolt against the hijackers by the passengers. Instrumented by Al-Qaeda, the attacks result in nearly 3000 deaths and an unknown number of injured.

2005

• The suicide terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 have become known as ‘9/11’. Nearly 3000 people died, including over 200 people on the aircraft, 19 terrorists and people on the ground below the buildings including firefighters, paramedics, police and ambulance officers, as well as those in the buildings.

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1993

26 February

Worksheet information

Seung-Hui Cho kills 33 people, including himself, at Virginia Tech—the worst case of mass murder in US history since 11 September 2001. A car rams the terminal at Glasgow Airport causing injuries and starting a fire (explosives fail to detonate).

Further exploration

• Debate the topic ‘Terrorist suspects should be detained for questioning no matter how trivial the evidence against them seems’. • Discuss what Australia may be like in the future regarding aspects such as transport, architecture, the environment, communications, water conservation issues, terrorism etc.

27 December Pakistan Opposition leader Benazir Bhutto assassinated in Rawalpindi.

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Australia’s war against terror – 1

Terrorism is defined as the use of methods to cause terror, especially violence to achieve political ends. These are two diary entries written by people following two major terrorist attacks in the 21st century.

11 September 2001 Morning

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Two tall buildings were billowing smoke. I thought I recognised the city as New York as there were lots of skyscrapers. The news presenter came back on the screen and started to talk.

‘If you have just joined us, you may be mistaken for thinking that you are looking at a scene from a movie — a horror movie. Believe me this is the real thing! This morning, two hijacked commercial airliners have crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Centre. The south tower has already collapsed. Thousands of workers are believed to have been killed. There are also unconfirmed reports that another plane has crashed into the Pentagon and another into a field in Pensylvania. Terrorists are believed responsible.’

13 October 2002

I arrived at school at 8.30 today to teach a Year 3 class as the regular teacher was sick.

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As I watched the news report in the peace of my home here in Sydney, I could hardly believe my eyes. I thought I was imagining what I was seeing. Scenes of devastation and grief.

When I walked into the staff room to say ‘Hi!’, I was expecting a cheerful reply but everyone was so quiet. ‘What is it? What’s wrong? What’s happened?’, I whispered to the nearest teacher.

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The world has gone mad! Why can’t we all live together in peace and harmony, respecting one another’s views? Where will it all end?

‘Yes! Of course I remember! Jane was saying how Molly, his sister, complained that she should be able to go away with her friends too! Jane even worried that he was too young to go away. He is 18 after all — the same age as my daughter.’

o c . c e her r Evening o t s super I feel numb. Thousands of people have been killed, including Australians. The families of those killed will be in complete shock. The awful thing is, you just don’t know when it might happen. It could be anywhere at anytime.

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‘Last night, a bomb exploded near the nightclub in Kuta where they were having a drink. Two hundred and two people were killed — eightyeight of them were Australians! Kyle was killed! Kyle’s dead!’ I dropped down on the nearest chair in shock. What a waste! A young man with so much going for him was dead! Someone the same age as my daughter! It could have been her! How could someone do something like this! Poor Jane! She must be devastated! Primary Australian history

Modern Austr alia

Australia’s war against terror – 2 Use the text on page 99 to complete the following. 1. Write details about the two terrorist events including a date and a description of the event.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

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World Trade Centre

2. Describe the character relating each event and his/her reaction to the event. (a) 11 September 2001

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3. List two other recent acts of terrorism which you may have knowledge of from newspaper articles or news or current affairs programs.

•

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•

4. Give your own opinion about people who use violence to achieve some political purpose.

On 13 February 1978, a bomb exploded outside the Hilton Hotel in Sydney where the Commonwealth Heads of Governments Meeting was taking place. Three people died and eleven more were injured. No-one claimed responsibility for the bombing. 100

Primary Australian history

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Modern Austr alia

Are we too secure? Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in New York, fears about the same thing happening in Australia resulted in stricter restrictions and regulations regarding immigration. Tighter border controls were set in place to combat illegal immigrants, including ‘boat people’, and careful monitoring of refugees accepted for humanitarian reasons was instigated, often with public disapproval.

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

1. Use bullet points to write notes for and against the topic:

No-one should be allowed to enter Australia except through the correct legal channels. For

Against

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2. Choose one argument (bullet point) to expand below. Use full sentences and emotive language to try to persuade your audience.

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The Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO), Australia’s national security service, was established in 1949. It is the only Australian intelligence agency that collects and assesses security intelligence. www.ricpublications.com.au

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Primary Australian history

101

The first

Quiz questions

pages 2–5

Austra lians

1. During the last ice age, great amounts of water were stored in polar ice caps causing the sea level to be ...?

4. The Torres Strait Islands are part of which Australian state?

(a) Queensland

(a) higher than today.

(b) the same as today.

Teac he r

(b) New Guinea

3. For how many years is it believed Indigenous Australians have lived on mainland Australia?

(a) 70 000

(b) 50 000

(a) 10 000

(b) 8000

6. What is one way we have learnt about Aboriginal Australian history?

(a) Storytelling and songs

(b) Personal diaries (c) Newspaper articles

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(a) China

5. How many years ago did the land bridges connecting Australia to New Guinea disappear?

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2. Which country do scientists and historians believe Australia was once joined to?

(b) Western Australia

7. People may have migrated to Australia in watercraft made from what?

(a) Timber

(b) Grasses and reeds

Quiz questions

pages 6–9

ast

(a) 1766

(b) 1768

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2. Which planet was Cook assigned to observe in Tahiti?

(a) Venus

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(b) Saturn

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3. Which land was Cook asked to determine the exact location of?

(a) Plymouth

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1. In which year did Endeavour depart from Plymouth, England?

(b) Tahiti

4. Who was the botanist on board Endeavour?

(a) Lieutenant Zachary Hicks (b) Joseph Banks

5. Which area did Cook believe would be suitable for a settlement?

(a) Port Jackson

(b) Point Hicks

6. To lighten Endeavour so it would float off the reef, items discarded were:

(a) all food rations

(b) sails

7. Cook claimed Possession Island and New South Wales in the name of:

(a) King George I

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Primary Australian history

(b) King George II

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Quiz questions

Norfolk Island — ‘ pages 10–13

1. What was the name of the British lieutenant who took a group of settlers to colonise Norfolk Island?

(a) Philip Gidley King

(b) Arthur Phillip

Hell of th e

Pacif ic’

4. One punishment given to convicts on Norfolk Island was:

(a) solitary confinement

(b) working in the kitchen (c) no water

5. What did the British want to make from the pine trees and flax that grew on Norfolk Island?

(a) 1780 – 1801

(a) boats and clothing (b) furniture and flags

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (b) 1788 – 1814

3. During which settlement did Norfolk Island gain the nickname ‘Hell of the Pacific’?

(a) first settlement (b) second settlement

6. What destroyed the settlers’ crops on Norfolk Island?

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2. During which years did the first settlement on Norfolk Island exist?

(a) drought (b) rats and parrots (c) convicts

7. Which group of islanders settled in Norfolk Island in 1856?

(a) Pitcairners (b) Polynesians (c) Norfolkers

1. What did female convicts in Australia usually work as?

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(a) nurses

(b) nannies

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(a) wood

5. Many convicts working in construction were those who had:

(a) committed crimes in Australia

(b) building qualifications

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2. What material did convicts make Richmond Bridge from?

pages 14–17

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Quiz questions

(b) sandstone

3. Some convicts working in road gangs had to wear:

6. Fremantle prison was built by convicts in the:

(a) 1790s

(b) 1820s

(a) leg irons (b) arm irons

7. Male convict labour was used for construction in Australia from the:

(a) early 1800s

4. The convict-built Old Great North Road is found in:

(a) WA

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(b) NSW

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(b) mid-1800s

Primary Australian history

103

Quiz questions

pages 18–21

Encounters with Abo riginal A ustral ia

1. After his death, Aboriginal warrior Pemulwuy’s head was pickled and:

(a) sent to England

(b) returned to his people (c) buried

2. One place Pemulwuy led raids on was:

(a) Perth

(b) Parramatta

3. British colonists referred to Aboriginal Australians as:

(a) Aussies

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (b) natives

4. Pemulwuy’s escape from hospital was so amazing because he:

(a) was wearing leg irons

(b) could not see

(a) 1788

(b) 1797

6. Some colonists tried to harm Aboriginal Australians by feeding them:

(a) fresh meat

(b) rotten fruit

7. In 1801, Governor King offered a reward for Pemulwuy’s:

(a) photograph

(b) death or capture

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5. Pemulwuy was shot to death in:

Quiz questions

nts

pages 22–25

(a) 1864

(b) 1824

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1. In which year was the present site of Hobart settled by the British? 2. What was the name of the first site chosen for the new British settlement in present-day Queensland?

(a) Oxley

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(b) Redcliffe

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3. On which river would you find the city of Hobart?

(a) Tasman

(b) Sullivan

4. Free settlers weren’t allowed to live in Brisbane until which year?

(a) 1842

(b) 1822

5. Approximately how many convicts were first brought to Hobart?

(a) 30

(b) 75

6. In which year did Brisbane become the capital of Queensland?

(a) 1823

(b) 1859

7. Who were the original inhabitants of the Brisbane area?

(a) Bowen people

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Primary Australian history

(b) Mouheneer people

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Quiz questions

William

pages 26–29

Bligh

1. The number of men in the boat Bligh sailed to Timor was:

(a) 19

(b) 16

2. Cook chose Bligh to be his sailing master because he was:

(a) his friend

(b) a good cartographer

3. Bligh had to sail to Tahiti to collect:

(a) breadfruit

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (b) crew members

4. The Bounty crew stayed in Tahiti to:

(a) have a good time

(b) get to know the Tahitians

(a) stay in Tahiti

(b) go to the Caribbean

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5. The crew of Bounty wanted to:

6. Bligh was a good captain because he:

(a) whipped his crew

(b) sailed to Timor

(b) the governor

7. The rum trade was run by:

(a) soldiers

Quiz questions

ior

pages 30–33

1. One reason for seeking a transcontinental route from south to north was to: (a) build cities

(b) build a telegraph line

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2. Burke hurried ahead of his party because he:

(a) learnt of Stuart’s plans

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(b) wanted to avoid rain

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3. When Burke, Wills and King returned to Cooper Creek they found:

(a) the rest of their party

(b) a message on a tree

4. King survived because he:

(a) trusted Indigenous people (b) found water

5. Stuart had been on an expedition with:

(a) Burke

(b) Wills

6. A place that is almost at the geographical centre of Australia is called:

(a) Central Mount Stuart

(b) Central Mount Sturt

7. Stuart succeeded in crossing the continent on his:

(a) first attempt

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(b) second attempt

Primary Australian history

105

Quiz questions

Gold: The Eu r pages 34–37

eka St

ocka d

1. The Eureka Stockade rebellion took place in which state?

(a) New South Wales

(b) Tasmania

2. In which year did the Eureka Stockade uprising occur?

(a) 1854

(b) 1845

3. On which goldfield did the Eureka Stockade rebellion occur?

(a) Ballarat

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (b) Bendigo

4. The diggers were obliged to pay a licence fee each:

(a) week

(b) month

(a) Eureka Hotel

(b) Gold Hill

6. The Governor of Victoria at the time was:

(a) Robert Rede

(b) Charles Hotham

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5. What was the name of the location where the miners held their meetings?

7. How many of the diggers were in the stockade at the time of the attack?

(a) all of them

(b) none of them

Quiz questions

tr y

pages 38–41

(a) snail

(b) oyster

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2. The mother of pearl inside layers of the shell are:

(a) strong and iridescent

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(b) soft and sinewy

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3. Boats used by the pearlers were called:

(a) dredgers

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1. Australia’s pearling industry began with the shells of which mollusc?

(b) luggers

4. Divers wearing suits were called:

(a) harpoon divers

(b) hammer divers

5. The bends occurred if a diver in deep water surfaced:

(a) too quickly

(b) too slowly

6. Which nation perfected the art of culturing pearls?

(a) Australia

(b) China

7. Which town is the centre of the Australian pearling industry?

(a) Darwin

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Primary Australian history

(b) Broome

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The story of A

Quiz questions

pages 42–45

ustralia n

whea t

1. Which inhabited continent is the world’s driest?

(a) Asia

(b) Antarctica

2. James Ruse is remembered because he:

(a) was a convict

(b) grew wheat

3. Harvesting machines were needed in Australia because:

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

(a) people were too slow

(b) people were lazy

4. The stump jump plough was important because:

(a) more land was cleared

(b) it jumped over roots

(a) 1899

(b) 1900

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5. Federation wheat was released in:

6. William Farrer wanted to develop wheat that:

(a) grew quickly

(b) didn’t need lots of water

7. Other countries like Australian wheat because it:

(a) is cheap

(b) is clean, dry and insect free (c) tastes good

Quiz questions

pages 46–49

ent

(a) the Overland

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(b) the Ghan

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1. What was the name of the first interstate rail service between Adelaide and Darwin? (c) the Indian Pacific

2. When did the Indian Pacific begin service?

(a) 1870

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(b) 1926

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3. Most of the first trains in Australia were powered by:

(a) electricity

(b) diesel

4. What was the former name for the Overland?

(a) Intercolonial Express

(b) Transland Express

5. How many different railway gauges have been used in Australia?

(a) one

(b) two

6. The transcontinental railway connects which two places?

(a) Port Augusta and Adelaide (b) Perth and Kalgoorlie

7. ‘Ghan’ is short for:

(a) Ghanian Express

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(b) Afghan Express

Primary Australian history

107

Quiz questions

Federation: The fi rst Prim e

pages 50–53

Minis ter

1. Edmund Barton’s first political appointment was in:

5. The referendums for Federation were held in:

(a) June 1898 and June 1899

(b) June 1998 and June 1999

(a) 1879

(b) 1897

2. Australia’s first Prime Minister was:

(a) Henry Parkes (b) Alfred Deakin

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

6. The Duke of York was:

3. In order for Australia to become a Federation, support needed to be gained from the:

(a) the King of England’s brother

(b) the King of England

(b) Australian public, Australian government officials and the British parliament

7. Western Australia:

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(a) British parliament

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4. The free trade policy was brought in to reduce:

(a) never agreed to Federation

(a) transportation of items between colonies

(b) the number of items allowed to be transported between colonies

(b) was the last colony to agree to Federation

Quiz questions

pages 54–57

(a) 70 hours per week

(a) they were lazy

(b) 48 hours per week

(b) of the oppressive climate

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2. How many people were responsible for the design of the Australian flag?

(a) one

(b) three

(c)

five

3. The first Australian notes were printed in:

(a) Australia

(b) Britain

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5. British workers in Australia fought for reduced working hours because:

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1. At the time of Federation, Australians were working:

6. The Immigration Restriction Act was designed to:

(a) reduce the number of immigrants coming into Australia

(b) stop work on the sugar plantations

7. The Defence Act was responsible for:

4. The first Australian note ever printed was:

(a) uniting the defence forces of each colony to a federal system

(a) ten shillings

(b) recommending changes to the Australian government

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(b) one pound

Primary Australian history

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Quiz questions

pages 58–61

World War I: Gallo poli and Anzac Day

1. In which country is the Gallipoli peninsula found?

(a) Turkey

(b) India

2. On which date did the Anzacs land on the Gallipoli Peninsula?

(a) 25 April 1916

(b) 25 April 1915

3. By which decade had Anzac Day become a public holiday in all Australian states?

(a) 1910s

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (b) 1920s

4. Which is the name of one piece of music played at the Anzac Day dawn service?

(a) ‘The ode’

(b) ‘Anzac’

(a) several weeks

(b) several days

6. Approximately how many Australians were killed at Gallipoli?

(a) 80

(b) 800

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5. How long did it take to withdraw the Anzacs from Gallipoli?

7. What was wrong with the site where the Anzacs landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula?

(a) it had wild and steep terrain

(b) it was muddy

Quiz questions

ion

pages 62–65

1. Which employment project was in Tasmania? (a) The Pinnacle Road

(b) The Great Ocean Road

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2. In which employment project did 16 men lose their lives?

(a) The Pinnacle Road

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(b) The Great Ocean Road

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3. Who funded the employment projects during the depression years?

(a) Private businesses

(b) The government

4. Which project did 3000 returned soldiers from World War I work to construct?

(a) The Pinnacle Road

(b) The Great Ocean Road

5. All three employment projects were officially opened in which decade?

(a) The 1930s

(b) The 1940s

6. Albert G Olgilvie was the premier of which state?

(a) Tasmania

(b) Victoria

7. How much did men average per week working on the Sydney Harbour Bridge?

(a) Two pounds

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(b) Three pounds

Primary Australian history

109

World War II: The bat tl

Quiz questions

e that sav

pages 66–69

ed Aus tr

alia

1. Which two allied forces were involved in the Battle of the Coral Sea?

(a) America and Japan

(b) Australia and America (c) Japan and Australia

2. In which year was the Battle of the Coral Sea?

(a) 1940

(b) 1941

3. The battle occurred off the shores of which Australian state?

(a) Victoria

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (b) New South Wales

4. What type of navy ship can have aircraft land and refuel on it?

(a) Aircraft carrier

(b) Cruiser

(a) Coral Bay

(b) New Guinea

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5. The allied forces were trying to defend which town from a Japanese invasion? (c) Port Moresby

6. HMAS Australia was joined by which other Royal Australian Navy ship?

(a) HMAS Canberra

(b) HMAS Hobart

7. The Americans knew of the intended invasion by Japan because of:

(a) a leaked newspaper article (b) ships being spotted

1. The White Australia policy was officially scrapped in Australia in which year?

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(a) 1962

(b) 1972

2. When did a new Communist government take control of Vietnam?

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ti o n

pages 70–73

5. Cambodians fled their country and waited in refugee camps in:

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Quiz questions

(a) Australia (b) South-East Asia

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(a) Before the Vietnam War

6. The Woomera Detention Centre can be found in this Australian state.

(b) During the Vietnam War

(a) Western Australia

(b) South Australia

3. The first Cambodians came to Australia:

(a) to study

(b) with their Australian husbands

7. The number of Cambodian-born people in Victoria by 1986 was:

4. The first boat of refugees from Vietnam reached Australian shores in which year?

(a) 1956

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(b) 1966

Primary Australian history

(a) less than 2000

(b) between 2000 and 4000

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Quiz questions

The $20 pages 74–77

bank n ote

1. In which year was the current Australian $20 note issued?

(a) 2005

(b) 1994

2. For which crime was Mary Reibey transported to Australia?

(a) forgery

(b) murder

3. What was Royal Flying Doctor Service founder John Flynn’s occupation?

(a) doctor

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (b) pilot

4. Which of these is a security feature of the $20 note?

(a) a portrait of Mary Reibey

(b) raised printing

(a) Victory

(b) Flynn

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5. What was the name of the aeroplane that flew the first Flying Doctor mission? (c) Outback

6. Which of these images related to Mary Reibey appear on the $20 note?

(a) her husband

(b) a schooner she owned (c) a church

7. Which of these images related to John Flynn appear on the $20 note?

(a) his portrait

(b) a doctor

Quiz questions

i ng

pages 78–81

1. What was one of Bob Hawke’s election slogans? (a) ‘Economy comes first’

(b) ‘Workers unite!’

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2. What was Paul Keating’s occupation prior to becoming Prime Minister?

(a) Federal Treasurer

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(b) trade union leader

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3. Which Prime Minister introduced the Native Title Act?

(a) John Howard

(b) Paul Keating

4. To which political party did both Hawke and Keating belong?

(a) Australian Labor Party

(b) National Party

5. Which of these world events did not occur during the time of the Hawke government?

(a) September 11

(b) New York stock market crash

6. One of Keating’s goals as Prime Minister was to promote the idea of Australia as a …?

(a) monarchy

(b) dictatorship

7. The Hawke government was responsible for establishing the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander …? (a) Authority (b) Commission (c) Organisation www.ricpublications.com.au

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111

The Korean an d Vietn

Quiz questions

pages 82–85

am w ars

1. The Korean War took place between:

(a) 1950 and 1973

(b) 1954 and 1959

2. The North Vietnamese allies were:

(a) Australia and France

(b) USSR and China

3. The north/south border in Korea occurs at the:

(a) 38th parallel

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S (b) 17th parallel

4. Selective conscription in Australia for the Vietnam War was enforced using a/an:

(a) age ballot

(b) birthday ballot

(a) Vietnam War

(b) Boer War

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5. The Battle of Long Tan took place during the:

6. The prime minister at the start of Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War was:

(a) Gough Whitlam

(b) Harold Holt

7. The armistice to end the war in Korea was signed in:

(a) Australia

(b) the United States

Quiz questions

pages 86–89

(a) Western Australia

(b) England

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2. The goldfields pipeline takes water from:

(a) Perth to Mundaring

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(b) Mundaring to Kalgoorlie (c) Perth to Fremantle

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3. The length of the pipeline is about:

(a) 590 km

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1. CY O’Connor was born in:

(b) 760 km

4. O’Connor had his plans checked by engineers in:

(a) England

(b) Sydney

5. Many of the people in Perth were concerned:

(a) the dam would break

(b) they’d run out of water (c) O’Connor would go

6. The pipeline was completed:

(a) before O’Connor died

(b) after O’Connor died

(b) less than anticipated

7. The pipeline cost:

(a) more than anticipated

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Primary Australian history

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Indigenous Austr

Quiz questions

pages 90–93

alian po liticia ns

1. The first Indigenous Australian to be elected to Parliament was:

(a) Ernie Dingo

(b)

Neville Bonner

soccer

2. Charles Perkins enjoyed playing:

(a) netball

(b)

3. When Neville Bonner ‘crossed the floor’, he voted against:

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(a) his own political party

(b)

the Labor Party

4. A referendum in 1967 gave Indigenous Australians:

(a) the right to vote

(b)

the right to discriminate (c) land rights

(a) Indigenous food

(b)

Indigenous rights

6. Carol Martin was faced throughout her life with:

(a) politics

(b)

protests

7. The Freedom Ride travelled through rural:

(a) New South Wales

(b)

Victoria

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5. Neville Bonner and other Indigenous politicians have worked for:

Quiz questions

pages 94–97

1. Sir Donald Bradman was known as: (b) The Don (b) was noisy

2. He wasn’t always popular with other players because he:

(a) was the centre of attention

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(a) Bradman

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3. The strategy called bodyline was used against:

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(a) Donny

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(b) the English

(b) bodyline cricket

4. The Invincibles played:

(a) in Australia

5. Dawn Fraser was the first woman to win gold:

(a) in three successive Olympics

(b) for Australia

6. Dawn Fraser held a world swimming record for:

(a) freestyle

(b) breaststroke

7. She was banned from swimming in:

(a) 1960 in Rome

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(b) 1954 in Australia

Primary Australian history

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Quiz questions

Australia’s wa r pages 98–101

agains t terr or

1. The terrorist attacks on the twin towers of the World Trade Centre took place on:

(a) 11 September 2001

(b) 1 September 2006

2. The damage to the twin towers of the World Trade Centre was caused by:

(a) explosives

(b) hijacked planes flown into the buildings

(d) missiles fired from aircraft

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3. The planes involved were:

(a) military aircraft

(b) private planes

4. The bombings in the Kuta nightclub area of Bali took place on: (a) 13 October 2002

(b) 12 October 2002

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Teac he r

5. Most of the people killed in the Bali bombings were:

(a) Australian tourists

(b) Indonesian citizens

6. Some of the people killed in Bali in 2002 were members of a:

(a) hockey team

(b) football team

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Quiz answers The first Australians........................... 102 1. (c) lower than today 2. (b) New Guinea 3. (c) 40 000 4. (a) Queensland 5. (c) 6000 6. (a) storytelling and songs 7. (c) bamboo

Exploring the interior......................... 105 1. (b) build a telegraph line 2. (a) learnt of Stuart’s plans 3. (b) a message on a tree 4. (a) trusted Indigenous people 5. (c) Sturt 6. (a) Central Mount Stuart 7. (c) third attempt

Federation: Changes.......................... 108 1. (b) 48 hours per week 2. (c) five 3. (a) Australia 4. (a) ten shillings 5. (b) of the oppressive climate 6. (c) keep Australia as British as possible 7. (a) uniting the defence forces of each colony to a federal system

r o e t s Bo r e p ok u S

Norfolk Island — ‘Hell of the Pacific’ .......................................................... 103 1. (a) Philip Gidley King 2. (b) 1788–1814 3. (b) second settlement 4. (a) solitary confinement 5. (c) ship masts and sails 6. (b) rats and parrots 7. (a) Pitcairners

Gold: The Eureka Stockade................ 106 1. (c) Victoria 2. (a) 1854 3. (a) Ballarat 4. (b) month 5. (c) Bakery Hill 6. (b) Charles Hotham 7. (c) a few hundred

The Australian pearling industry .......................................................... 106 1. (b) oyster 2. (a) strong and iridescent 3. (b) luggers 4. (c) helmet divers 5. (a) too quickly 6. (c) Japan 7. (b) Broome

World War I: Gallipoli and Anzac Day .......................................................... 109 1. (a) Turkey 2. (b) 25 April 1915 3. (b) 1920s 4. (c) ‘Last post’ 5. (a) several weeks 6. (c) 8000 7. (a) It had wild and steep terrain.

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James Cook: Charting the east coast .......................................................... 102 1. (b) 1768 2. (a) Venus 3. (c) New Zealand 4. (b) Joseph Banks 5. (a) Port Jackson 6. (c) guns and ballast 7. (c) King George III

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6. (c) kept his crew healthy 7. (a) the soldiers

The Great Depression: Employment projects.............................................. 109 1. (a) The Pinnacle Road 2. (c) Sydney Harbour Bridge 3. (b) The government 4. (b) The Great Ocean Road 5. (a) The 1930s 6. (a) Tasmania 7. (c) Four pounds

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Encounters with Aboriginal Australians .......................................................... 104 1. (a) sent to England 2. (b) Parramatta 3. (b) natives 4. (a) was wearing leg irons 5. (c) 1802 6. (c) poisoned food 7. (b) death or capture

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World War II: The battle that saved Australia............................................ 110 1. (b) Australia and America 2. (c) 1942 3. (c) Queensland 4. (a) aircraft carrier 5. (c) Port Moresby 6. (b) HMAS Hobart 7. (c) secret codes being deciphered

Vietnamese and Cambodian immigration .......................................................... 110 1. (b) 1972 2. (c) After the Vietnam War 3. (a) to study 4. (c) 1976 5. (b) South-East Asia 6. (b) South Australia 7. (c) More than 4000

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Hobart and Brisbane settlements .......................................................... 104 1. (c) 1804 2. (b) Redcliffe 3. (c) Derwent 4. (a) 1842 5. (a) 30 6. (b) 1859 7. (c) Jagera and Turrba people William Bligh...................................... 105 1. (a) 19 2. (b) he was a good cartographer 3. (a) breadfruit 4. (c) wait for plants to grow 5. (a) stay in Tahiti

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The story of Australian wheat............ 107 1. (c) Australia 2. (b) grew wheat 3. (a) people were too slow 4. (a) more land was cleared 5. (c) 1901 6. (b) didn’t need lots of water 7. (b) clean, dry and insect free

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Convict constructions........................ 103 1. (c) domestic servants 2. (b) sandstone 3. (a) leg irons 4. (b) NSW 5. (a) committed crimes in Australia 6. (c) 1850s 7. (a) early 1800s

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Federation: The first Prime Minister .......................................................... 108 1. (a) 1879 2. (c) Edmund Barton 3. (b) Australian public, Australian government officials and the British parliament 4. (c) the taxes on items being transported between colonies 5. (a) June 1898 and June 1899 6. (c) the King of England’s son 7. (b) was the last colony to agree to Federation

The $20 banknote.............................. 111 1. (b) 1994 2. (c) horse stealing 3. (c) religious minister 4. (b) raised printing 5. (a) Victory 6. (b) a schooner she owned 7. (a) his portrait Bob Hawke and Paul Keating............ 111 1. (c) ‘Bringing Australia together’ 2. (a) Federal Treasurer 3. (b) Paul Keating

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Quiz answers 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b)

Australian Labor Party 11 September republic Commission

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CY O’Connor’s pipedream.................. 112 1. (c) Ireland 2. (b) Mundaring to Kalgoorlie 3. (c) 550 km 4. (a) England 5. (a) the dam would break 6. (b) after he died 7. (c) what they’d anticipated Indigenous Australian politicians....... 113 1. (c) Charles Perkins 2. (b) soccer 3. (a) his own political party 4. (a) the right to vote 5. (b) Indigenous rights 6. (c) racism 7. (a) New South Wales

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Sporting heroes................................. 113 1. (b) the Don 2. (a) was the centre of attention 3. (c) the Australians 4. (c) 1948 5. (a) in three successive Olympics 6. (a) freestyle 7. (c) 1964 in Tokyo Australia’s war against terror............ 114 1. (a) 11 September 2001 2. (b) hijacked planes flown into the buildings 3. (c) commercial airliners 4. (b) 12 October 2002 5. (a) Australian tourists 6. (b) football team

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