Unit 9 Lesson Planning
Unit i 9 it Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Planning lessons Should we plan lessons? There are various schools of thought on this issue. Some theorists suggest that lesson planning is not a good idea as it creates a more fixed, teacher centred lesson. It is true that too much planning can make lessons rather rigid and stop the teacher being flexible to the needs of the students. However, it is very difficult for inexperienced teachers to be able to be as flexible as this would require. The teacher is expected to let the students decide what to do in the class but an inexperienced teacher would find great difficulty in being able to conduct a lesson in such a way, as he/she wouldn't be prepared to deal with some of the language problems that may arise from such a lesson and lessons, therefore, may well lack direction. Most teachers will find themselves somewhere between these two extremes. They will make notes, or complete lesson plan forms, but will build in flexibility. The writing of lesson plans has a number of important functions: 1 An aid to planning Writing down what you expect the students to achieve by the end of the lesson, and how you intend to make that possible, helps you to think logically through the stages in relation to available time. 2 A working document A lesson plan helps you to keep on target and gives you something to refer to during the lesson. However, it should not stop you from being flexible and responding to the needs of the class. For example, if the class is really enjoying a particular activity, the teacher will probably want to extend the time allocated to that task and maybe postpone other tasks until a later lesson. 3 A record A lesson plan acts as a record of what a class has done and which materials have been used. Are you likely to remember what each class did six months ago if you haven't made a record of it? Recording class content will also help if you are ill and another teacher has to cover your classes.
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 1
Unit i 9 it Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
How should a lesson plan be written down? There is no special way in which a plan must be written. Some teachers write formal plans, some jot notes, some log details into class notebooks. Each teacher has to find their own way. If you have to change your plan during the lesson for whatever reasons you should also make a note of those changes so that you will have an accurate record. Basic principles of lesson planning are:
Keep it simple. You may need to refer to it during a lesson. Do not try to script the lesson. Structure it and maintain the same structure. Write the anticipated time for each activity in the margin. Check for balance of skills. Try to make sure activities fit together to give the lesson a smooth flow. Keep it flexible and open to adaptation.
Being Organised Before you start the lesson there are a number of practical things you can do to make sure your lesson goes smoothly.
Check that you have your lesson plan. Run through your lesson plan and make sure you have all the necessary aids and materials needed. Check that the equipment works! Lay out materials and aids so that you can easily find them. Arrange the seating as desired. Make sure that the board is clean. Be ready to chat to the students as they come into class. This will help break the ice with the students and get them in the mood to learn.
What should be included in a lesson plan? What you include in a lesson plan is very much up to the individual. You will see a sample lesson plan form later. This doesn't mean that you have to use that exact same form, though you are welcome to copy and use it if you wish. Many experienced teachers just write a few brief notes on a piece of paper. At the start of your teaching careers you are probably going to want to structure your plans more, so that you have a clear guide as to what you want to achieve and how you are going to do it. We recommend including all of the following in your plan: Learner objectives
This is what you want the students to be able to do by the end of the lesson.
Personal aims
What you as a teacher wish to achieve. This is usually an area of your teaching that you would like to improve.
Unit 009 ©These materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 2
Unit i 9 it Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Context
This shows the theme around which your lesson is based and also how it fits in with past and planned future lessons.
Teaching aids
Materials and other aids (cassette player etc) that you will need in the lesson. This will help you quickly check if you have everything at the start of a lesson.
Anticipated problems (for the students and the teacher)
It is very important to try and anticipate any particular problems that the students (or the teacher) may have with the lesson. Anticipated problems are of no use though unless you have thought of a solution for these problems if they arise!
Procedure
The activities used to achieve the learner objectives.
Phase
Engage, Study or Activate (refer to unit 3 for clarification).
Timing
It is vital to plan how long each activity is expected to take. You should then be able to see if you have too much content or not enough. Be realistic and flexible with your timing. If not, you will have to either make up for lost time or fill in extra time. This is one of the most difficult areas for inexperienced teachers. How long will it take your students to read a text? Only experience and a sound knowledge of your students will tell you this.
Interaction
Who will be interacting at each stage of the lesson. Will it be teacher – student (T-S), student – student (S-S) or students working alone?
Class level
The level of ability that the class has with the English language.
Number of students
You may wish to anticipate how many students will attend to make sure that your activities are suitable for the class size.
Date/time
This will allow you to keep a historical record of what you have done with a class and when. It will also help teachers who may teach the same class at a later date.
Teacher's and observer's names
May be useful if the class is being monitored. An example of a standard lesson plan format is shown on the following page. One is completed and the other is blank for you to print and use should you wish.
Unit 009 ©These materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 3
Unit i 9 it Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Lesson Plan Teacher: Peter Smith
Observer: n/a
Date and time: 15/02/02
Class level: Beginner
Room: 8
Expected number of students: 12
Context: revision of animal vocab from previous lesson to bring out new grammar Teaching aids: pictures of animals, drawing paper, board and pens, exercise sheets Learner objectives: For the students to be able to accurately produce can and can't when talking about animals, and to use animal vocab appropriately
Personal aims: To improve my instructions by demonstrating rather than using verbal instructions
Anticipated problems for students: Pronunciation of can't.
Anticipated problems for teacher: Getting students to participate actively.
Solutions: Drilling and mouth diagrams
Solutions: Fun activate phase activity
Procedure
Phase
Timing
Interaction
Engage
5 mins
T-S
10 mins
T-S
7 mins
T-S
Drill pronunciation.
3 mins
T-S
Fill in the blank activity (in pairs)
5 mins
S-S
Feedback from above activity.
3 mins
T-S
Look at typical verbs of movement for animals (e.g. fly/swim/jump, etc) that weren't known. Use mime and drill for pronunciation. Check comprehension by asking students to mime.
5 mins
T-S
2 mins
T-S
Ask students to create a fantasy animal (demonstrate with one I prepared earlier by asking students what it can and can't do). In groups students think of, draw and name fantasy animal.
15 mins
S-S
Students show the animal to the class and describe what it can/can't do.
5 mins
S-S
(back up)
S-S
Quick review of animal vocab
– using pictures and drawings
Ask students questions eg where can you see these animals? Do you have these animals in your country? What are your favorite animals? Why? Etc. What can your favorite animal do? What can't it do? Use the answers on the board to show difference in meaning and spelling. Highlight contracted form of can not = can't.
Put students into groups of three. Hand out blank sheets.
Study
Activate 1
Back up activity if time allows: Students draw animal word from a container, they describe abilities of the animal to the class. The student who guesses it first gets a point (can be done in teams if time allows).
Activate 2
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 4
Unit i 9 it Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Lesson Plan Teacher:
Observer:
Date and time:
Class level:
Room:
Expected number of students:
Context: Teaching aids: Learner objectives: For the students to be able to
Personal aims:
Anticipated problems for students:
Anticipated problems for teacher:
Solutions:
Solutions: Procedure
Phase
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Timing
Interaction
Page 5
Unit i 9 it Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng Procedure (continued)
Phase
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Timing
Interaction
Page 6
Unit i 9 it Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Monitoring your lessons A good teacher will want to monitor the quality of his/her own lessons. As teachers we are continually striving to improve our skills and make our classes as enjoyable as possible. An effective way of doing this is for the teacher to evaluate his/her own lessons and make notes of what went well and where the lesson could have been improved. By focussing on each lesson's strengths and weaknesses teachers will be helping themselves to develop. Sample self-evaluation form:
Self Evaluation Form Name:
Class level:
Date:
Number of students:
Extent to which the learner objectives and personal aims were met
Accuracy of anticipated problems and solutions
Modifications made to the lesson procedure; reasons for them and how effective were they?
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 7
Unit i 9 it Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Effectiveness of Engage phases
Effectiveness of Study phases
Effectiveness of Activate phases
Strengths and Weaknesses of Lesson
In Retrospect / Areas for Improvement
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 8
Unit i 9 it Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Planning a sequence of lessons Planning a sequence of lessons is more or less the same as planning for a single lesson, but there are a number of special issues which we must consider:
Flexibility – we will often need to make changes to plans during lessons. This can throw out our sequence of lessons, so we will continually need to update our plans and modify our aims. Therefore we have to be flexible in our approach, and not just stick blindly to our planning. Goals – an experienced teacher will build goals for the students into a sequence of lessons. This will give both the teacher and the students something to aim at, whether they are endof-week tests, or major revision lessons. Revision – lesson content needs to be continually reviewed over a sequence of lessons to ensure students retain this information. Variety and balance – when planning a sequence of lessons we want to make sure all skills are included and given equal treatment. We will also want to incorporate a good variety and mix of activities.
Unit 009 ©These materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 9
Unit i 9 it
tas k2
ma ter ial s
Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Where have you been? Questionnaire: Places you have been and things you have done When someone asks you “Have you ever been to London, England?”, do you say “Yes I have, I went there five years ago?” Or do you say “Yes I have, I saw Big Ben, the Millennium Eye, the Tower of London and the London Dungeon. It rained every day and people on the trains were upset because they were late?” Some people like to talk about places they have been and some need more questions for details. Try the questionnaire and find out how many things you have done and where you have been: Answer Yes or No, and give details where possible. Yes with a full explanation = 2 points, Yes with some detail = 1 points, No = 0 points. 1. Have you ever been to the capital of your country? y? 2. Have you ever travelled to another country? 3. Have you ever flown on a plane? 4. Have you ever been ski-ing? 5. Have you ever been to Japan? 6. Have you ever been to America? 7. Have you ever eaten the national dish of another country? 8. Have you ever eaten frog, dog, shark or ostrich? 9. Have you ever cooked food for somebody else? 10. Have you ever been ill after eating food?
Unit 009 ©These materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 10
Unit i 9 it
tas k2
ma ter ial s
Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
11. Have you ever shared your food with a pet? 12. Have you ever been to a major sports event? 13. Have you ever played a sport for your school? 14. Have you ever met a famous sportsperson? 15. Have you ever played tennis? 16. Have you ever run longer than 10km? 17. Have you ever been to a gym? 18. Have you ever won a medal or sports trophy? 19. Have you ever suffered a sports injury? eam? 20. Have you ever scored the winning goal for your team? 30 to 40 points: You have been very lucky to see and do such a variety of places and things or you are very adventurous. You also have a healthy sporty nature. Maybe you should make a photo collection of places you have visited and share it with others who have not been as lucky as you! 10 to 30 points: You have already achieved a long list of adventures and seen interesting things in your life. You have possibly been involved and succeeded in some way through sports. If you want to be in the 30 to 40 points category you will have to plan some more trips and sports matches! Fewer than 10 points: Maybe you aren't interested in some of the places and activities you have been asked about, or perhaps you are but haven't had the time or opportunity to do them. You still have plenty of time to do something new, so don't worry!!
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 11
Unit i 9 it
tas k2
ma ter ial s
Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Grammar
Present perfect simple - experiences The present perfect simple is used to talk about actions which happened in the past at an indefinite time. Often, it is used to describe experiences using ever and never. Have you ever visited the City of London? ( = Do you have any experience of visiting London) Yes, I have. ( = Yes, at some indefinite time in my life and the specific time is unimportant.) No, I haven't. I've never visited the City of London. ( = At no previous time have I ever visited the City of London) Note! When you ask for and give more information about these experiences such as how, when, why and how long, you use the past simple. When did you visit the City of London? In 2001. Has/have + past participle = present perfect simple. Have is often contracted to -'ve or –'s I've eaten octopus. He's played football. Negative ( - ) I haven't had any problems. I've never had any problems. Question ( ? ) Have you ever had any problems?
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 12
Unit i 9 it
tas k2
ma ter ial s
Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Exercises Present Perfect Simple
A
Write the past participle of the following verbs:
Example:
eat = eaten
play
wear
love
think
sell
visit
meet
work
eat
drink
try
know
wear
live
win
be
have
teach
swim
see
understand
B Example:
Rewrite the following sentences using the past simple or the present perfect of the verb in brackets: (see) you ever the Pyramids in Egypt? HaveyoueverseenthePyramidsinEgypt?
1. (buy) you ever flowers for someone else? 2. What (eat) you for breakfast this morning? 3. (meet) a famous sports-star? 4. (eat) you ever Spaghetti Bolognese? 5. (go) you ever to Tokyo, Japan? 6. When (be) the last time you (go) to the cinema?
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 13
Unit i 9 it
tas k3
ma ter ial s
Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Grammar
Possibilities Might and May – expressions of possibility Might and may are modal auxiliary verbs. These take the same form for all persons and don't use the auxiliary do in question and negative forms. Possible future events are expressed by using might or might not + base form. It might snow tomorrow. There might not be any rain. May or may not can also be used and may is slightly more certain than might. It may snow tomorrow. There may not be any rain. Note! You should use will or won't to predict the future. It'll be windy and cloudy in the North of the country. There won't be much sun.
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 14
Unit i 9 it
tas k3
ma ter ial s
Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
Exercises Might and May
A Example:
Choose the correct form of the verb: I'm going to/I might win the lottery. I bought a ticket this morning.
1. I'm coming/I might come home on 24th October. It's your birthday, so it's very important! 2. I'm going/I might go to the Czech Republic next Tuesday. I've got my plane ticket. 3. I'm going to/I might go to the beach for a swim today or perhaps I will go to work, just to please my boss. 4. I'm going/I might eat lunch with the Prime Minister today. I accepted the invitation and reserved the table a month ago. 5. I'm going to/I might save some money this month. I am not going to buy anything because my boyfriend will pay. 6. I've booked/I may book tickets for the big football match next week. I've promised my son I would take him for his birthday.
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 15
Unit i 9 it
tas k3
ma ter ial s
Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng
B
Imagine your friend would like to visit your country, but needs some advice. Use because and might with the following sentences: Drink lots of water – because it might be very hot every day.
Example:
1. Wear gloves, scarf hat and thick jumper 2. Bring medicine for snake bites 3. Wear mosquito repellent 4. Buy lots of sun-tan lotion
C
Look out of the window, and describe what the weather may, may not, might or might not be like: In two minutes' time there might be a storm with lightning.
Example: 1. Tomorrow 2. Next week
3. In 100 years' time 4. Next Friday 5. Next month 6. In an hour's time
Unit 009 ŠThese materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 16
Unit i 9 it Lesson Lesso on Pla P nning n ng Task sheet Check your knowledge before attempting the unit test. Please note that this task sheet is solely for checking that you have understood the course unit content. You do not need to submit this task sheet – just use it to check you have understood the major points. Task 1 – Why do teachers plan their lessons? Why is planning important?
Task 2 – Using a blank lesson plan similar in format to the lesson plan form on pages 5 and 6 of this unit, plan a straight arrow ESA lesson from the materials on pages 10 to 13. The materials are entitled ‘Where have you been’. You should include your aims, context, expected number of students, and all the other boxes at the top of the blank lesson plan form, as well as the procedure.
Task 3 – Using another blank lesson plan form, plan a patchwork style ESA lesson using the materials on pages 14 to 16. The materials are entitled ‘Possibilities’. Again, include your aims, context, expected number of students, and all the other boxes at the top of the blank lesson plan form, as well as the procedure.
Unit 009 ©These materials are copyrighted. All rights reserved. No part of this course may be reproduced or published without express written permission from the copyright owner.
Page 17