Rmrdc handbook

Foreword...............................................4 Preface.................................................. 5 RMRDC Vision & Mission,...............10 Anthem................................................ 14 Profile of RMRDC..............................15 RMRDC Organogram......................18

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Activities of Departments,............19 Divisions & Units RMRDC Governing Board.............34 D.G/C.E.O’s profile...........................40 Profile of RMRDC Directors.......... 41 Profile of Heads of Divisions....... 46 & Heads of Units Addresses & Telephone.................68 numbers of RMRDC Liaison Offices.

RMRDC HANDBOOK is a publication of the Raw Materials Research and Development Council RMRDC Abuja.

Produced by its Public Affairs Unit.

All rights reserved. Copyright 2014.

First published: December 2014 ISBN: xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

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FOREWORD

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he Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC), a parastatal under my supervision as the Honourable Minister of Science and Technology was established with a mandate to promote, support and expedite industrial development and self-reliance through optimal utilization of local raw materials as input to the nation’s industries. This task conforms perfectly with the transformation agenda of the President Goodluck Jonathan administration. The efforts of RMRDC in promoting industrialization in Nigeria are highly commended and I call on the Organized Private Sector (OPS), local and international investors to join hands with the RMRDC in transforming these raw materials to useful products in order to make profit, and in the process, grow our economy significantly and create employment opportunities for our teeming youths.

As a convention, the first point of consideration by any industrialist in setting up a manufacturing industry is the quality and quantity of the raw materials to be processed I am glad to note that this information handbook has made the task easy by not only informing the investors on the uses of these raw materials, but also their quantifications and occurrences. It is my belief that the information contained in this book will further support investment and policy decision by both public and private sectors.

Permit me to call on our industrialists to key into the transformation agenda as it applies to the RMRDC by investing in these raw material resources. On our part, we shall endeavour to make your investment painless and fruitful by making available to you through some government agencies such as: Nigeria Investment Promotion Council (NIPC), Nigeria Export Promotion Council (NEPC), Ministry of Trade and Investment and Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency (SMEDAN), Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel Development (FMSD) and Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) among others, the incentives the Federal Government has provided for industrial revolution of Nigeria which Mr. President launched recently.

DR. ABDU BULAMA Honourable Minister Federal Ministry of Science and Technology Abuja RMRDC RAW MATERIALS

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PREFACE

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ver the years the RMRDC has created a formidable data bank on raw materials availability, uses and relevant technologies for the use of investors/industrialist at national and international levels in order to promote the establishment of resource based industries. In view of the present Transformation Agenda of the Government, the nation’s Vision 20: 2020 as well as the prevailing economic challenges, there was need to streamline the activities of the Council for better service delivery. Thus, the current Strategic Plan has necessitated the need for increased awareness on local raw materials and investment potentials which this handbook is set to achieve.

The Raw Materials Research and Development Council (RMRDC) is canvassing for increased investments by the private and public sectors, both at the national and international to take advantage of our raw materials resources as expressed in this handbook. To this end, the RMRDC has just created an investment arm named Techno Innovation and Investment Limited (TIIL) tasked with sourcing for partners through equity participation on the development of raw materials available in Nigeria. We are also soliciting for support from local and international development agencies for the development of our cluster programme. We are soon to hold a National Summit on Raw Materials Clusters for Industrial Development for the purpose of promoting the establishment of raw material SME clusters and partnership in cluster development.

It is noteworthy that many of our successful research and development projects are ready for commercialization by our prospective investors and we are ready for further negotiations on how this can be achieved. It is in this light that I am using this medium to particularly call on our major stakeholders in the Organized Private Sector (OPS) such as National Association of Small Scale Industries (NASSI), Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN), National Chambers of Industries Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA), Bank of Industry (BOI), Bank of Agriculture (BOA), National Association of Small and Medium Enterprises (NASME), Small and Medium Enterprise Development Agency (SMEDAN), e.t.c to form a strong partnership with the RMRDC to promote local content of our raw materials resources and import substitution for the growth of the economy.

DR. HUSSAINI DOKO IBRAHIM Director-General/Chief Executive Officer Raw Materials Research and Development Council RMRDC Abuja December 2014

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ABOUT RMRDC

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VISION TO BE AN INDISPENSIBLE CATALYST FOR INDUSTRIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA.

MISSION TO PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMAL UTILISATION OF NIGERIA’S RAW MATERIALS FOR SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH.

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The Council Was Established At A Time When 55% Of Nigeria’s Foreign Exchange Earnings Were Expended On Importation Of Raw Materials And Products Which Are Available Locally

The Council Occupies A Cardinal Position In Ensuring That The Federal Government Is Well-Advised On The Tactical Revenue Advantages And Implications Of Raw Materials Resources Depletion, Conservation Or Stockpiling

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RMRDC CORPORATE ANTHEM

We are on a mission, yes!

We have a vision, hope For this great nation, RMRDC...

We have a quest to build our nation To be self-reliant To improve on our resources Preserve our minerals and agro For the growth of our industries And pride of our Nation RMRDC...

Adding value to the nation’s raw materials.

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PROFILE

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he Raw Materials Research and Development Council, RMRDC, was established by Decree (now Act) 39 of December 17, 1987 to develop local raw materials and coordinate research efforts especially in relation to raw materials acquisition, utilization, conservation and development. She also provides information, which have continually enabled government to formulate appropriate policies for local raw materials development and utilization. The Council operates under the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology.

The creation of RMRDC followed the organization of a conference by the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN), the then Federal Ministry of Industry, and the Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research (NISER). RMRDC commenced operations on February 10, 1988.

One of the primary projects was to conduct a techno-economic survey to determine the status of Nigeria’s natural resources. The major goal of the study was to determine their occurrence, development and utilization.

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MANDATES: • Draw up policy guidelines and action programmes on raw materials acquisition, exploitation and development; • Review from time to time, raw material resources availability and utilization with a view to advising the Federal Government on the strategic implication of depletion, conservation or stock-piling of such resources; • Advise on the adoption of machinery and processes for raw materials utilization; • Encourage growth of implant research and development capabilities; • Advise on and devise awards or systems for industries that achieve any breakthrough, or make innovations and inventions;

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PROFILE

• Organize workshops, symposia and seminars from time to time designed to enlighten he public on new developments and solutions discovered; • Consider and advise on special research grants for specific objectives; and • Consider and advise on any other issue(s) capable of enhancing the objectives of the Council.

• The Council executes her mandates through the following broad programmes: • Techno-economic surveys of Nigeria’s raw materials and technologies; • National Raw Materials Information System; • Local raw materials development; • Research and pilot plant development to commercialize research and development results;

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• Promotion of raw materials processing clusters.

• These programmes have impacted positively on Nigeria’s research and industrial sector as evidenced by the numerous technologies developed by the Council, and deployed widely to small- and medium-scale enterprises, SMEs, across the coutry. Also, the number of large-scale raw materials processing factories catalysed and supported by her operations.

These broad programmes encapsulate the Council’s core objectives of developing the nation’s raw materials for sustainable development and its rapid industrial transformation.

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ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE & GOVERNANCE

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RMRDC ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE

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C0NTENTS

MINERAL RAW MATERIALS IN NIGERIA

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Aluminum……………............….................. 18 Asbestos…………………............................. 19 Baryte……………………............................… 19 Bentonite…………….............…..............… 20 Brine (Salt)………………………................ 20 Chromite………………................................ 21 Coal………………………................................ 22 Cobalt………………………..........…............... 23 Columbite-Tantalite…......................... 23 Copper…………......................................… 24 Diatomite…….......................................… 25 Feldspar……………................................... 26 Flouspar…………….................................... 27 Gemstones…………................................. 28 Gold…………………….................................. 28 Graphite………………................................ 29 Gypsum………………................................. 30 Ileminite………………................................ 30 Iron ore………………................................... 31 Kaolin………………...................................... 31 Lead/Zinc………………….......................... 32 Limestone/Marble…............................ 33 Lithium…………………….........................… 34 Manganese………………….....................… 35 Mica……………………………..........................35 Molybdenum…………..........……............. 36 Nickel…………………………......................... 36 Phosphate………………….......................... 37 Quartz/Silica………………........................ 37 Rutile/Silica……………….......................… 38 Silver……………………...............…............... 39 Sulphur………………………......................... 40 Talc………………………...............…................ 41 Trona………………………...........…............... 42 Uranium……………………......…...............… 43 Wolframite……………….......…................. 44 Zircon…………….....................…................ 45

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Aluminium/Bauxite Aluminum is the most abundant metal element in the Earth’s crust.

Bauxite is a naturally occurring, heterogeneous material composed primarily of one or more aluminium hydroxide minerals, plus various mixtures of silica, iron oxide, titanium, alumina-silicate, and other impurities in minor or trace amounts. The principal aluminium hydroxide minerals found in varying proportions with bauxites are: gibbsite Al(OH)3 and the polymorphs boehmite AlO(OH), and, diaspore, AlO(OH). Bauxite is the primary ore of aluminum.

Bauxite formation Lateritic bauxites are found mostly in tropical countries. They were formed by lateritization of various silicate rocks such as granite, gneiss, basalt, syenite, and shale in a wet tropical or subtropical climate.. The formation of bauxites demands intense weathering conditions in a location with very good drainage.

This enables the dissolution of the kaolinite and the precipitation of the gibbsite.. The aluminium hydroxide in the lateritic bauxite deposits is almost exclusively gibbsite.

Location: Bauxite is found in Adamawa, Benue, Taraba, Kebbi, Sokoto, Ekiti and Cross River States.

Uses: Used as an aluminium ore and in the manufacture of refractory products, automobiles, airplanes, packaging, transportation, bottling and canning, building, electrical and electronic components, industries etc. It is the main ore of alumina to make aluminum and also used in the production of synthetic corundum and aluminous refractories.

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MINERAL RAW MATERIALS IN NIGERIA

Asbestos Asbestos are a group of silicate minerals that can be readily separated into thin, strong fibers that are flexible, heat resistant, and chemically inert. Fibers are however dangerous when breathed, so uses must protect against fibers becoming airborne.

Location: Niger and Katsina states Uses: Asbestos minerals are used in fireproof fabrics, yarn, cloth, paper and paint filler, friction products, asbestos cement, pipes and sheets, coatings and compounds, packing and gaskets, roofing and flooring products, paints and caulking, chemical filters etc.

Barytes Barytes is the main source of Barium element. Barytes is a sulphate of barium metal, represented by the formula BaSO4, and found in nature as tabular crystals, granular or massive deposits. It has a high specific gravity. It is usually white, yellow, blue, red, or colourless and often occurs in veins with lead and zinc minerals. It is insoluble in water and in all the usual chemical reagents. under ordinary conditions.

Locations: Occur in parts of Plateau, Nassarawa, Benue, Adamawa, Yobe, Enugu, Taraba, Cross Rivers and Sokoto State.

Uses: Barytes is used to make a thixotropic mud for sealing oil wells during drilling.

Ground barytes is found useful in the manufacture of white pigment or extender in paints, glass, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetics industries and as a weighted filler linoleum for paper, cloth leather and plastics. It is also used as a commercial source of barium metal and many of its compounds, alloy in vacuum tubes, deoxidizer for copper, lubricant for anode rotors in X-ray tubes, spark-plug alloys.

Reserve: Barytes has an estimated reserve figure of 700 million tonnes.

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MINERAL RAW MATERIALS IN NIGERIA

Bentonite Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and aluminium (Al). Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial problems with the classification of bentonite clays. Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, has been used to describe clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium and calcium bentonite. In stratigraphy and tephrochronology, completely devitrified (weathered volcanic glass) ash-fall beds are commonly referred to as K-bentonites when the dominant clay species is illite.

Location: Occurs in Borno, Abia, Edo, Anambra, Kogi states etc.

Uses: The main uses of bentonite are for drilling mud, binder (e.g. foundry-sand bond, iron ore pelletizer), purifier, absorbent (e.g. pet litter), and as a groundwater barrier. As of around 1990, almost half of the US production of bentonite was used for drilling mud. It is also used as desiccant and base for various medical formulations;;filtering agent for clarifying wine, beer and treating waste water; colloidal fillers for paints, carrier for insecticides/ pesticides, coating for coating on some types of Computer papers, and non-carbon required multiple copy papers; Reserve: An estimated reserve of 700 million metric tones.

Brine (Salt) Natural Brines are waters with very high top extremely high concentrations of dissolved constituents-elements, ions, and molecules. Brines are commonly considered tpo be those waters that are more saline, or more concentrated in dissolved materials than sea water(35grams of dissolved constituents per kilogram of sea water). Brine can contain salt concentrations more than five times greater than the salt content of average sea water. Due to high concentrations of dissolved components such as sodium and magnesium brines are of commercial interest, especially in the production of table salt.

Locations: Is found in Benue, Nasarawa, Anambra, Imo, Cross River, Ebonyi, Kebbi and Plateau States.

Uses: Used in the human and animal diet, as food seasoning and preservative. It is also used to prepare sodium hydroxide, soda ash, caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, chlorine, and metallic sodium, and it is used in ceramic glazes, metallurgy, curing of hides, mineral waters, soap manufacture, home water softeners, highway de-icing, photography, and optical parts.

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MINERAL RAW MATERIALS IN NIGERIA

Chromite The name chromium was derived from the Greek word chroma which means color, in reference to the fact that chromium is known to cause a number of colors in a variety of materials.

Chromite is an iron chromium oxide: FeCr2O4. It is an oxide mineral belonging to the spinel group. Magnesium can substitute for iron in variable amounts as it forms a solid solution with magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4); substitution of aluminium occurs leading to hercynite (FeAl2O4). Chromite is found as orthocumulate lenses of chromitite in peridotite from the Earth’s mantle. It also occurs in layered ultramafic intrusive rocks. In addition, it is found in some metamorphic rocks such as serpentinites. Ore deposits of chromite form as early magmatic differentiates. It is commonly associated with olivine, magnetite, serpentine, and corundum. The vast Bushveld igneous complex of South Africa is a large layered mafic to ultramafic igneous body with some layers consisting of 90% chromite making the rare rock type, chromitite. The Stillwaterstrand igneous complex in Montana also contains significant chromite.

Geologists estimate that there are about 11 billion tons of chromium ore (chromite) in the world that could be mined. Most of these resources are found in southern Africa. This is enough chromium ore to meet world demand for hundreds of years into the future.

Location: Reported chromite deposits are found in Jitiya and Ruma in Katsina, Okoluke in Ondo, Kigom, Plateau and Talata Mafara and Bagega, Zamfara States.

Uses: As a major source of the metal chromium, the extracted chromium from chromite is used in chrome plating and alloying for production of corrosion resistant superalloys, nichrome, and stainless steel, radio equipment, tool steels, cast irons, automotive parts, construction equipment, gas transmission pipes, chemical industry paints etc. Chromium is also used as a pigment for glass, glazes, lubricants,and paint, and as an oxidizing agent for tanning leather and as filament supports in light bulbs, etc.

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Coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. It is one of the most important sources of energy for mankind providing an easy way to generate energy in a cheap manner. Coal is a very complex and diverse energy resource that can vary greatly, even within the same deposit.

In general, there are four basic varieties of coal, which are the result of geologic forces having altered plant material in different ways. These varieties descended from the first stage in the formation of coal: the creation of peat or partially decomposed plant material. The four varieties are: i.

Lignite, is a brownish-black coal with generally high moisture and ash content and lower heating value. However, it is an important form of energy for generating electricity.

ii.

Subbituminous Coal is a dull black coal with a higher heating value than lignite that is used primarily for generating electricity and for space heating.

iii. Bituminous Coal has a higher heating value than either lignite or subbituminous, but less than that of anthracite. iv. Anthracite is sometimes also called “hard coal,� anthracite forms from bituminous coal. when great pressures developed in folded rock Anthracite has the highest energy content of all coals and is used for space heating and generating electricity.

Location: The sub-bituminous coal occurs in Benue, Edo, Anambra, Gombe, Kogi and Imo, while Lignites type occurs in Delta, Ogun, Ondo, Bauchi and Adamawa.

Uses: Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through combustion. Coal is also used in production of metallurgical coke which is used in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Coal can also be converted into synthetic fuels equivalent to gasoline or diesel by several different liquefaction processes. Coal is used extensively as feedstock to produce chemicals and foundry sand.

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Cobalt Cobalt was named after the German word kobald which means goblin or evil spirit believed to cause health problems for silver and copper miners.

Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol (Co) and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth’s crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.

Location: Bauchi and Plateau states; Uses: Used in superalloys for jet engines, chemicals (Special steel and automotive parts production, paint, driers, catalysts, magnetic coatings and electroplating, pigments, rechargeable batteries), magnets, and cemented carbides for cutting tools.

Columbite Tantilite Group Coltan (short for columbite–tantalite and known industrially as tantalite) is a dull black metallic ore from which the elements niobium and tantalum are extracted. The niobium-dominant mineral in coltan is columbite (after niobium’s original American name, columbium), and the tantalum-dominant mineral is tantalite

Columbite-tantalite group is a natural oxide of niobium, tantalum, ferrous iron, and manganese. Some tin and tungsten may be present in the mineral.

Location: Kaduna, Kano, Plateau, Nasarawa, Ekiti, Bauchi, Kogi, Kwara, Taraba, FCT Uses: Used primarily as an additive in steel making and super alloys, stainless steel and electromagnetic conductors, heat-resisting and combustion equipment, jet engine, rockets, cemented carbides, and in superconductors, air and land based turbines, etc. Tantalum from coltan is used to manufacture tantalum capacitors, used in electronic products.

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Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu. It can be found as either native copper or as component of other minerals. Economic copper mineral ore deposits are usually found in nature as sulphide, carbonate and oxides of copper.

Copper was named from the Greek word kyprios, that is, the Island of Cyprus, where copper deposits were mined by the ancients.

It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; a freshly exposed surface has a reddish-orange color. It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys.

The amount of copper believed to be accessible for mining on the Earth’s land is 1.6 billion tons. In addition, it is estimated that 0.7 billion tons of copper is available in deep-sea nodules. Mineral-rich nodules of magnesium, copper and other metals are known to form as a product of deep-sea volcanic activity.

Retrieving these nodules from the sea floor is presently too expensive to allow this to be a major source of copper.

Location: Copper deposits are in Rishi, Bauchi State, Zakare and Banko in Kano State, Nasarawa state etc.

Uses: Copper is used in electric cables and wires, switches, plumbing; heating, electrical, and roofing materials; electronic components; electroplated coatings; industrial machinery and equipment; transportation; consumer and general products; coins; jewellery and decorative hardware, ammunition and communication industries. It is also used as an alloy with tin, zinc, lead, etc. (brass and bronze). Copper is also an essential micronutrient used in animal feeds and fertilizers.

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Diatomite Diatomaceous earth is a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. It has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. Depending on the granularity, this powder can have an abrasive feel, similar to pumice powder, and has a low density as a result of its high porosity. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide. Diatomaceous earth consists of fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of hard-shelled algae.

Location: Is found in Yobe and Borno States.

Uses: Diatomite is primarily used for filtration of drinks such as juices and wines; as filler in plastics, rubber, paints and pharmaceuticals; as mild abrasive in products like toothpaste, as absorbent in environmental cleanup technologies in oil industry. It is also used as porous support for chemical catalysts, as mechanical insecticides cat litter, as activator in blood clotting studies, a stabilizing component of dynamite, and as a thermal insulator.

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Feldspar The name feldspar is a contraction of the longer name fieldspar, some early specimens were found in fields. The term spar is a generic term used by geologists to refer to any non-metallic mineral with a glassy (vitreous) luster that breaks on distinct flat surfaces (planes).

Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8 are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up as much as 60% of the Earth’s crust.

Feldspars crystallize from magma as veins in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock.[3] Rock formed almost entirely of calcic plagioclase feldspar (see below) is known as anorthosite. Feldspars are also found in many types of sedimentary rock.

Feldspar is the mineral name given to a group of minerals distinguished by the presence of aluminum (Al) and the silica ion (SiO4) in their chemistry.

This group includes aluminum silicates of soda (sodium oxide), potassium (potassium oxide), or lime (calcium oxide). Feldspar is the single most abundant mineral group on Earth. Together, the varieties of feldspar account for one half of the Earth’s crust. The minerals included in this group are orthoclase, microcline, and the plagioclase feldspars. They are formed in a variety of thermal environments, during the crystallization of liquid rock (magma), by metamorphism of rocks deep in the earth, and in sedimentary processes.

Feldspar is mined from large granite bodies (called plutons by geologists), pegmatites and from sands composed mostly of feldspar.

Because feldspar is such a large component of the Earth’s crust, it is assumed that the supply of feldspar is more than adequate to meet demand for a very long time to come.

Location: Ogun, Ekiti, Osun, Plateau, Niger, Kogi, Nasarawa, Borno, Adamawa, Edo, Kebbi, Katsina, Taraba states etc.

Uses: It is used in glass making and ceramic industries; pottery, porcelain and enamelware; soaps; bond for abrasive wheels; cement; glues; fertilizer; and tarred roofing materials and as a sizing, or filler in paint, plastics, rubber textiles and paper applications

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Flourspar When found in nature, fluorspar is known by the mineral name fluorite. Fluorite is the mineral form of calcium fluoride, CaF2. It belongs to the halide group of minerals. It crystallizes in isometric cubic habit, although octahedral and more complex isometric forms.

The purest grades of fluorite are a source of fluoride for hydrofluoric acid manufacture, which is the intermediate source of most fluorine-containing fine chemicals.

Fluorspar is relatively soft, number 4 on Mohs’ scale of hardness. Pure fluorspar is colorless, but a variety of impurities give fluorite a rainbow of different colors, including green, purple, blue, yellow, pink, brown, and black.

It has a pronounced cleavage, which means it breaks on flat planes. Fluorite crystals can be well formed, beautiful and highly prized by collectors.

It is found in a variety of geologic environments. Fluorspar is found in granite (igneous rock), it fills cracks and holes in sandstone, and it is found in large deposits in limestone (sedimentary rock). The term fluorspar, when used as a commodity name, also refers to calcium fluoride formed as a by-product of industrial processes.

Uses: Used in production of hydrofluoric acid (HF) which is used in the electroplating, stainless steel, refrigerant, and plastics industries. It is also used in production of aluminum fluoride (AlF3), which is in turn used in aluminum smelting, Fluorspar is also used as a flux in making steel, glass, enamel, and other products. It is used in production emery wheels and welding rods. The gem quality of fluorides is used as jewelry. Despite its beauty and physical properties, fluorspar is primarily valuable for its fluorine content.

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Gemstones A gemstone or gem (also called a precious or semi-precious stone, a fine gem, or jewel) is a piece of mineral, which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments. However certain rocks (such as lapis lazuli), or organic materials that are not minerals (such as amber or jet), are also used for jewelry, and are therefore often considered to be gemstones as well.

Most gemstones are hard, but some soft minerals are used in jewelry because of their luster or other physical properties that have aesthetic value. Rarity is another characteristic that lends value to a gemstone as well, e.g. emerald, aquamarine, sapphire, garnet, topaz, tourmaline, and amethyst.

Location: Occurrences are in Bauchi, Kaduna, Plateau, Nassarawa, Kogi States, etc.

Uses: Gemstones are used in making necklaces, beads, bracelets, pendants rings and earrings. Apart from jewelry, from earliest antiquity engraved gems and hardstone carvings such as cups were major luxury art forms. The carvings of Carl FabergĂŠ are significant works in this tradition.

Gold Gold is a soft, precious metallic chemical element with the atomic number of 79 and the chemical symbol of Au. It has characteristic golden yellowish colour and is highly malleable and ductile. It occurs principally as a native metal usually as sizeable nuggets, grains or flakes in alluvial deposits, or as grains or microscopic particles in veins embedded in other crystalline rocks. Occurrences as compound are comparatively rare but can occur in chemical composition with other elements including calaverite, sylvanite, nagyagite, petzite and krennerite. Primary Gold occurs as trace metal in the basement complex of Nigeria. These are concentrated in secondary sedimentary of environment as placer deposits.

Locations: Economic deposits of gold is found in Sokoto, Niger, Kwara, Kogi, Osun, Zamfara & Kebbi states.

Uses: Gold is used in dentistry and medicine, jewelry and arts, medallions and coins, and in ingots. It is also used for scientific and electronic instruments, computer circuitry, as an electrolyte in the electroplating industry, and in many applications for the aerospace industry. Also as article of wealth. Apart from jewelry, from earliest antiquity engraved gems and hardstone carvings such as cups were major luxury art forms..

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Graphite Graphite is one of the three allotropic forms in which the element carbon exists in nature, the other two are coal and diamond. It crystallizes in hexagonal system in platy form but it is rare that perfect crystals of graphite have been found. Like coal, graphite is formed from decayed plant and animal matter buried by sediments. These are gradually transformed by heat and pressure into peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, anthracite and diamonds. Graphite formation happens only after diamonds are formed and then broken down to this softer form. The process is usually spanned over millions of years.

There are three principal types of natural graphite, each occurring in different types of ore deposit: Crystalline flake graphite (or flake graphite for short); Amorphous graphite; Lump graphite (also called vein graphite) Graphite occurs in metamorphic rocks as a result of the reduction of sedimentary carbon compounds during metamorphism. It also occurs in igneous rocks and in meteorites. Minerals associated with graphite include quartz, calcite, micas and tourmaline. In meteorites it occurs with troilite and silicate minerals.] Small graphitic crystals in meteoritic iron are called cliftonite.

Location: Niger, Gombe, Taraba, Adamawa and Katsina states Uses: Natural graphite is mostly consumed for refractories, batteries, steelmaking, expanded graphite, brake linings, foundry facings and lubricants.

Graphite is also used as a dry lubricant and steel hardener and for brake linings and the production of “lead� in pencils.

Natural graphite is an important industrial mineral which finds applications in many manufacturing industries including refractories, Electrodes for electric arc furnaces, Carbon brushes, lubricants and Battery production. Others are school Pencils, graphite foil used in high temperature gaskets and packages, cathodic materials, automotive, marine and aerospace components, high performance braking systems, hot-pressed dies, heating elements and turbojet engine parts.

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Gypsum The mineral name gypsum is so old that it is not known who originated its use.

It was derived from the Greek word gypsos which means plaster.

Gypsum is a hydrated sulphate of calcium, usually found in clays and limestone, sometimes associated with sulphur. It is the principal commercial form of hydrated calcium sulphate (CaSO42H2O). It is usually formed by either the evaporation of salt in shallow inland seas or by the decomposition of pyrite (FeS) in the presence of calcium carbonate.

Location: Occurs in many locations in Nigeria. The most notable localities are Sokoto, Potiskum, Egoli, Guyuk, Anambra, Ewekoro Uses: Processed gypsum is used in production of prefabricated wallboard or as industrial or building plaster, cement manufacture, and for agriculture. The main ingredient in the production of chalk and POP.

Ileminite Ilmenite is a weak magnetic titanium-iron oxide mineral which is iron-black or steel-gray. It is a crystalline iron titanium oxide (FeTiO3). Ilmenite is commonly recognized in altered igneous rocks by the presence of a white alteration product, the pseudo-mineral leucoxene. Often ilmenites are rimmed with leucoxene, which allows ilmenite to be distinguished from magnetite and other iron-titanium oxides. The example shown in the image at right is typical of leucoxene-rimmed ilmenite. In reflected light it may be distinguished from magnetite by more pronounced reflection pleochroism and a brown-pink tinge.

Ilmenite is weakly magnetic, with a weak response to a hand magnet.

Location: Occurs in alluvial deposits of Jos Plateau tin fields, volcanic rocks of lower Benue Trough, Nasarawa, Bauchi and around Abakaliki in Enugu State.

Uses: Ilmenite is one of the most important ores of the metal titanium. It is mined as an important industrial mineral in several deposits throughout the world. Ilmenite is used in the production of titanium dioxide pigment which is extensively used in the paint and paper industries and in steel manufacturing.

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Iron Ore Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted.

The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red. The iron itself is usually found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4), hematite (Fe2O3), goethite (FeO(OH)), limonite (FeO(OH).n(H2O)) or siderite (FeCO3).

Indeed, it has been argued that iron ore is “more integral to the global economy than any other commodity, except perhaps oil”.

Location: Found in Itakpe, Ajabanoko, Chokochoko, Agbaja, Toto-Muro in Plateau State, Egenege in Benue State etc.

Uses: Iron ore is used to manufacture steels of various types and other metallurgical products, such as magnets, auto parts, and catalysts and in engineering works. Iron is the world’s most commonly used metal - steel, of which iron ore is the key ingredient, representing almost 95% of all metal used per year. It is used primarily in structural engineering applications and in maritime purposes, automobiles, etc. general industrial applications (machinery).

Kaolin Kaolin is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina octahedra. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay.

The name is derived from Chinese Kao-Ling a village near Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, China. The name entered English in 1727 from the French version of the word: kaolin, following Francois Xavier d’Entrecolles’s reports from Jingdezhen. In Africa, kaolin is sometimes known as kalaba (in Gabon and Cameroon, calaba, and calabachop (in Equatorial Guinea).

Kaolinite has a low shrink–swell capacity and a low cation-exchange capacity (1–15 meq/100 g). It is a soft, earthy, usually white mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicate clay), produced by the chemical weathering of aluminium silicate minerals like feldspar.

Location: Good kaolin clays are known to occur in many localities in Nigeria, e.g.

Ozubulu, Umuahia, Giri, Illo, Kankara, Itu, Ibuzo, Minjibir, D/Tofa Tsanyawa, Major Porter, Naguta, Darazo, Elefun, Osi-ele, Ado-awaiye etc.

Uses: Ceramic wares, fillers and extenders in paper, paint, cosmetics, rubber and pharmaceutical industries etc. Kaolin is also used in as a food additive in toothpaste, as a light diffusing material in white incandescent light bulbs etc.. It is generally the main component in porcelain.

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Lead/Zinc Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc ore deposits are important and highly valuable concentrations of lead and zinc sulfide ores hosted within carbonate (limestone, marl, dolomite) formations and which share a common genetic origin.

These ore bodies range from 0.5 million tonnes of contained ore, to 20 million tonnes or more, and have a grade of between 4% combined lead and zinc to over 14% combined lead and zinc. These ore bodies tend to be compact, fairly uniform plug-like or pipe-like replacements of their host carbonate sequences and as such can be extremely profitable mines.

Locations Lead-zinc deposits are widespread in cretaceous sediments of the Benue Trough. Lead/Zinc deposits occur in Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Benue and Cross River states. Other states of lead/ zinc occurrence include Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo, Kano Nasarawa, Plateau, Taraba and Zamfara States. The belt extends for over 560km from Ishiagu in Imo state in the South, through Ebonyi Benue Taraba to Bauchi states in the North. Specific centres of major occurrence include Ameka, Ameri, EnyigbaArufu and Zurak. A total proven reserve of 711,237 tonnes has been established. Presently, there is no large scale smelting of lead in the country. Processing of Lead/zinc ore in Nigeria has been on small scale level.

Uses: Zinc is used as protective coating on steel, die casting, alloying metal with copper to make brass, and as chemical compounds in rubber and paint. Additional uses include galvanizing iron, electroplating, metal spraying, automotive parts, electrical fuses, anodes, dry-cell batteries, nutrition, chemicals, roof gutters, cable wrapping, pennies, medicine, paints, vulcanizing rubber, and sun-block lotions.

Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shots, weights, as part of solders, pewter, fusible alloys and as a radiation shield.

Also, it is used in television tubes, nuclear shielding, ceramics, weights alloying and tubes or containers.

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Limestone/Marble The main difference between limestone and marble is that limestone is a sedimentary rock, typically composed of calcium carbonate fossils, and marble is a metamorphic rock. Limestone forms when shells, sand, and mud are deposited at the bottom of oceans and lakes and over time solidify into rock. Marble forms when sedimentary limestone is heated and squeezed by natural rock-forming processes so that the grains recrystallize. If you look closely at a limestone, you can usually see fossil fragments (for example, bits of shell) held together by a calcite matrix. Limestone is more porous than marble, because there are small openings between the fossil fragments. Marble is usually light colored and is composed of crystals of calcite locked together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Marble may contain colored streaks that are inclusions of non-calcite minerals.

Location: Prominent limestone deposits include: Nkalagu, Ashaka, Yandev, Ewekoro, Shagamu, Kalambaina, Mfamosing. Marble deposits are found in Edo, Kwara, Benue, Oyo, Plateau and Kaduna States.

Uses: Limestone/marble are the major component in cement manufacture. It is also used in the production of lime, fertilizers and to a lesser extent in glass making. chemicals and other industrial applications, construction, refractories, rubber, paper, insulation, animal feed, and environmental industries.

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Lithium iThe name lithium comes from the Greek word lithos which means stone because lithium was first discovered in rocks and other two alkali metals were first discovered in plants. Lithium was first found in the mineral called petalite (LiAl(Si2O5)2, lithium aluminum silicate). Some lithium is recovered from the mineral spodumene. Commercial quantities of spodumene are in a special igneous rock deposit that geologists call a pegmatite. In pegmatites, the liquid rock (magma) cools so slowly that crystals have time to grow very large. Most lithium is recovered from brine, or water with a high concentration of lithium carbonate. Brines trapped in the Earth’s crust (called subsurface brines) are the major source material for lithium carbonate. These sources are less expensive to mine than from rock such as spodumene, petalite, and other lithium-bearing minerals.

Location: It is found within the pegmatite bodies in Ekiti, Plateau and Nasarawa states Uses: Lithium compounds are used in ceramics and glass, in primary aluminum production, in the manufacture of synthetic rubber, lubricants and greases, rocket propellants, vitamin A synthesis, silver solders, underwater buoyancy devices, batteries Lithium is mixed with other light metals such as aluminum and magnesium to form strong, light-weight alloys (an alloy is a mixture of metals). Some lithium, in the form of lithium carbonate or lithium citrate, is used as medicine to treat gout (an inflammation of joints) and to treat serious mental illness.

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Manganese Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature (often in combination with iron), and in many minerals. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Manganese ore naturally occurs as Manganese dioxide (MnO2) in mineral pyrolusite which serve as a major source of manganese metal for metallurgical use.

Locations: In Nigeria, deposits of manganese can be found in the older granite terrain of Plateau, Nassarawa, Bauchi, Katsina, aaaaaaaakebbi and Zamfara states.

Nodules of manganese ore have been reported in Bayelsa and Cross River states.

Exploitation is crudely done by artisanal miners in Zamfara states with virtually no value addition.

Uses: Essential to iron and steel production,. Special Steel alloy, abrasives industrial chemicals, etc.

Mica Micas commonly occur as flakes, books, or sheets. The name mica was probably created from the Latin word micare meaning to shine in reference to the shiny luster of the micas. Muscovite is very resistant to heat and electricity. As a result, it was commonly called “Muscovy.�

Locations: Cross River, Niger, Plateau, Kogi, Gombe, Bauchi, Borno, Katsina, Kebbi, Osun, Ogun, Ekiti, Benue states.

Uses: Mica minerals commonly occur as flakes, scales, or shreds. Sheet muscovite (white) mica is used in electronic insulators, paints, as joint cement, as a dusting agent, in well drilling mud and lubricants, and in plastics, roofing, rubber, and welding rods.

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Molybdenum Molybdenum is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals have been known into prehistory, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele. The metal was first isolated in 1781 by Peter Jacob Hjelm.

Molybdenum does not occur naturally as a free metal on Earth, but rather in various oxidation states in minerals. The free element, which is a silvery metal with a gray cast, has the sixth-highest melting point of any element.

It readily forms hard, stable carbides in alloys, and for this reason most of world production of the element (about 80%) is in making many types of steel alloys, including high strength alloys and superalloys.

Most molybdenum compounds have low solubility in water.

Location: It is found in Kigom, Plateau, State and Ondo States.

Uses: Used in special and stainless steel, radio equipment, chemical industry paints etc. Molybdenum is used in stainless steels , tool steels, cast irons, and chemical lubricants. Automo, ive parts, construction equipment, gas transmission pipes, as filament supports in light bulbs, metalworking dies, and furnace parts because of its high melting temperature (2,623 0C).

Nickel Nickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile. Pure nickel shows a significant chemical activity that can be observed when nickel is powdered to maximize the exposed surface area on which reactions can occur, but larger pieces of the metal are slow to react with air at ambient conditions due to the formation of a protective oxide surface.

Location: Deposits are in Rishi, Bauchi State, Zakare and Banko in Kano State.

Uses: Vital as an alloying constituent of stainless steel, plays key role in the chemical and aerospace industries. It is also used in production of coinage, rechargeable batteries, electric guitar strings, microphone capsules, video cameras and green tint in glass.

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Phosphate A phosphate (PO43−) as an inorganic chemical is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid.

Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry or ecology.

Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry. At elevated temperatures in the solid state, phosphates can condense to form pyrophosphates.

Locations Phosphate beds have been confirmed to occur in Sokoto and Ogun States.

Uses: Used to produce ammoniated phosphate fertilizers, feed additives for livestock, phosphoric acid, elemental phosphorus, and a variety of phosphate chemicals for industrial and home consumers..

Quartz/Silica Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth’s continental crust, after feldspar. It is made up of a continuous framework of SiO4silicon–oxygentetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall formula SiO2. Quartz occur in four different polymorphs namely; low (α) quartz, high (β) quartz tridymite, and cristobalite.

Because of its piezoelectric properties quartz is used for pressure gauges, oscillators, resonators, and wave stabilizers; because of its ability to rotate the plane of polarization of light and its transparency in ultraviolet rays it is used in heat-ray lamps, prism, and spectrographic lenses. Used in the manufacture of glass, paints, abrasives, refractories, and precision instruments.

Location: Quartz occur abundantly in various forms in Nigeria. It occurs as quartz veins in association with pegmatites and other igneous and metamorphic rocks. These can be found in Plateau, Kano, Ondo and Kaduna states. Metamorphic grade quartz known as quartzite can be found in Oyo, Osun, Ondo and Kaduna states. Sedimentary variety- Silica-sand can be found along the coast in Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Delta, Rivers Bayelsa and Akwa Ibom States. Piles of sand stones also occur in all inland sedimentary basins including Sokoto, Nupe, Anambra and chad basins as well as Benue through.

Uses: Quartz is used for pressure gauges, oscillators, resonators, and wave stabilizers.

Quartz is also used in the manufacture of glass, paints, abrasives, refractory, and precision instruments. Silica is used in the manufacture of computer chips, glass and refractory materials, ceramics, abrasives, and water filtration; and is a component of hydraulic cements, a filler in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, paper, and insecticides; as an anti-caking agent in foods; a flatting agent in paint, and as a thermal insulator.

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Rutile & Thorite Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide (TiO2). It is the most common natural form of TiO2. Two other rarer polymorphs are Anatase a tetragonal mineral of pseudo-octahedral habit and an orthorhombic mineral- Brookite.

Rutile has among the highest refractive indices of any known mineral and also exhibits high dispersion. Natural rutile may contain up to 10% iron and significant amounts of niobium and tantalum.

Rutile is a common accessory mineral in high-temperature and high-pressure metamorphic rocks and igneous rocks. Thermodynamically, rutile is the most stable polymorph of TiO2 at all temperatures, Consequently, it is generally the primary titanium bearing phase in most high-pressure metamorphic rocks, chiefly eclogites. Rutile is a common mineral in the alluvial sands that are dredged for magnetite and ilmenite. It also forms as slender crystals within quartz and micas.

Location: Deposits are found in Plateau, Nasarawa, Bauchi, Kogi and Kaduna States.

Uses: Stainless and special steels for military hardware; airplanes and also used as fillers. Titanium dioxide is also used for electrodes in arc lights, to give a yellow color to porcelain and false teeth.

It is also used in the manufacture of refractory ceramic, as pigment in paint, plastics and paper and for the production of titanium metal- a metal used where light weight and high strength are needed. It is also widely used as coating for welding electrodes.

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Silver Silver was named from the Old English (Anglo-Saxon) word seolfer. This name is related to the German word silber and the Dutch word zilfer.

An early Latin name for this mineral was Luna which means moon, an allusion to its striking, bright luster.

Silver is found in lead, zinc, and copper ore deposits. A full two-thirds of the silver resources in the world are found in association with these other metal ores. The remaining third is found in association with deposits of gold. The most important ore mineral of silver is argentite (Ag2S, silver sulfide).

Location: Nasarawa and Plateau state Uses: Used in photography, jewelry, in electronics because of its very high conductivity, as currency - generally in some form of an alloy, in lining vats and other equipment for chemical reaction vessels, water distillation, etc., catalyst in manufacture of ethylene, mirrors, electric conductors, batteries, silver plating, table cutlery, dental, medical, and scientific equipment, electrical contacts, bearing metal, magnet windings, brazing alloys, solder.

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Sulphur Sulfur (also spelled sulphur) is derived from the Latin name for this element, sulphurium. It means “burning stone” in reference to its source from volcanoes and that it burns so easily. Mined sulfur is mostly from salt domes or bedded deposits. The vast majority is produced as a by-product of oil refining and natural gas processing.

Sulphur is a chemical element with the symbol S and atomic number 16. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow crystalline solid when at room temperature. Chemically, sulfur can react as either an oxidant or a reducing agent. It oxidizes most metals and several nonmetals, including carbon, which leads to its negative charge in most organosulfur compounds, but it reduces several strong oxidants, such as oxygen and fluorine.

Sulfur occurs naturally as the pure element (native sulfur) and as sulfide and sulfate minerals. Elemental sulfur crystals are commonly sought after by mineral collectors for their distinct, brightly colored polyhedron shapes. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, mentioned for its uses in ancient India, ancient Greece, China and Egypt.

Location: Deposits found in Birili, Bauchi State and Bende and Ameki in Imo State.

Uses: The principal use for Sulphuric acid is in the extraction of phosphate ores for fertilizer manufacturing. Other applications of sulphuric acid include oil refining, wastewater processing, and mineral extraction. It is also used in the large-scale sulphur chemicals e.g. carbon disulphide, Sulphur is widely used in vulcanization of rubber, bleaching of paper and as preservatives in dried fruit. Fine chemicals like Organo-sulphur compounds are used in pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs, and agrochemicals contain sulphur, It is also an important ingredient in manufacture of Fungicide, pesticide, bactericide, winemaking and food preservation.

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Talc Talc is an hydroxide of Magnesium Silicate with Chemical formula Mg3Si4O10(OH). It is essentially a secondary mineral formed by the hydrothermal actions and regional metamorphism of magnesium rich rocks like dolomite, pyroxenite, amphibolite, serpentine, dunite and chlorite.

It occurs as foliated to fibrous masses, and in an exceptionally rare crystal form. It has a perfect basal cleavage, and the folia are non-elastic, although slightly flexible. It is the softest known mineral and listed as 1 on the Mohs hardness scale. It can be easily scratched by a fingernail. It is also sectile (can be cut with a knife). It has a specific gravity of 2.5–2.8, a clear or dusty luster, and is translucent to opaque. Talc is not soluble in water, but it is slightly soluble in dilute mineral acids. Its colour ranges from white to grey or green and it has a distinctly greasy feel. Its streak is white.

Soapstone is a metamorphic rock composed predominantly of talc Location: Deposits of Talc are located in Nasarawa, Kogi, Niger, Kaduna, Osun and Oyo States. Some of the specific locations are Isanlu, Ejiba, Abuja, Ilesha, Tegina and Okolomi. They are mostly low grade thus suitable for industrial applications such as filler in fertilizer industry. However, they will require quality upgrading before being put into advance applications such as in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Uses: The primary use for talc is in the production of paper. Ground talc is used as filler in ceramics, paint, paper, roofing, plastics, cosmetics, and in agriculture. Talc is found in many common household products, such as baby (talcum) powder, deodorant, and makeup. Very pure talc is used in fine arts and is called soapstone. It is often used to carve figurines. Cosmetics, Paint and Ceramic industries.

Talc is also used as food additive or in pharmaceutical products as a glidant.

In medicine talc is used as a pleurodesis agent to prevent recurrent pleural effusion or pneumothorax.

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Trona Na3(CO3)(HCO3)•2H2O is a non-marineevaporitemineral It is mined as the primary source of sodium carbonate in the United States, where it has replaced the Solvay process used in most of the rest of the world for sodium carbonate production.

Trona has also been found in magmatic environments formed by autometasomatic reactions of late-magmatic fluids or melts (or supercritical fluid-melt mixtures), with earlier crystallized rocks within the same plutonic complex, or by large-scale vaporunmixing in the very final stages of magmatism.

Location: Occurrences of Trona are known in the northern arid zones of Nigeria particularly in Bornu, Yobe and Jigawa States.

Uses: Trona is a common source of soda ash which is a significant economic commodity because of its applications in manufacturing glass, chemicals, paper, detergents, textiles, food and conditioning water.

• • •

It is used to remove sulfur from both flue gases and lignite coals.

It is a product of carbon sequestration of flue gases.

It is also used as a food additives

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Uranium Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. Uranium is weakly radioactiveand the most common isotopes of uranium are uranium-238 which has 146 neutrons and accounts for almost 99.3% of the uranium found in nature and uranium-235which has 143 neutrons, accounting for 0.7% of the element found naturally. Uranium has the second highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements, lighter only than plutonium. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, but slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. It occurs naturally in low concentrations in soil, rock and water, and is commercially extracted from uranium-bearing minerals such as uraninite.

Uranium decays slowly by emitting an alpha particle. The half-life of uranium-238 is about 4.47 billion years and that of uranium-235 is 704 million years, making them useful in dating the age of the Earth.

Location: Found in Jos, Plateau and Sokoto States.

Uses: Uranium is used as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and as a colorant in uranium glass producing orange-red to lemon yellow hues. It is also used for tinting and shading in early photography. Another use of uranium is in nuclear weapons industry which is currently being discouraged.

It is also used in dating the age of rocks and earth. It also used in nuclearmedicine x-ray machines, atomic dating, and electronic instruments.

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Wolframite Wolframite, (Fe,Mn)WO4, is an ironmanganesetungstate mineral that is the intermediate between ferberite (Fe2+ rich) and huebernite (Mn2+ rich). Along with scheelite, the wolframite series are the most important tungsten ore minerals.

Wolframite is found in quartz veins and pegmatites associated with graniticintrusives.

Associated minerals include cassiterite, scheelite, bismuth, quartz, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite.

This mineral was historically found in Europe in Bohemia, Saxony, and Cornwall.

China reportedly has the world’s largest supply of tungsten ore with about 60%.

Other producers are Portugal, Russia, Australia, Thailand, South Korea, Rwanda, Bolivia, the United States, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Wolframite occurs in high-temperature hydrothermal veins; greisen, granitic pegmatites, alluvial and eluvia deposits.

Major Tungsten ores are wolframite ((Fe,Mn)WO4, iron-manganese tungstate) and scheelite (CaWO4, calcium tungstate) A significant amount of tungsten is recovered through recycling of scrap tungsten products.

Location: Deposit is found in Banki, Kaduna State.

Uses: Tungsten is used in steel production, metalworking, cutting applications, construction electrical machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, light bulbs, carbide drilling equipment, heat and radiation shielding, textile

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Zircon Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. Its chemical name is zirconium silicate and its corresponding chemical formula is ZrSiO4. The natural colour of zircon varies between colorless, yellow-golden, red, brown, blue, and green. Colorless specimens that show gem quality are a popular substitute for diamond and are also known as “Matura diamond�.

Zircon is a common accessory to trace mineral constituent of most granite and felsic igneous rocks. Due to its hardness, durability and chemical inertness, zircon is concentrated and persists in sedimentary deposits and is a common constituent of most sands.

Zircon forms economic concentrations within heavy mineral sands ore deposits, pegmatites and some rare alkaline volcanic rocks, The principal commercial source of zirconium is the silicate mineral, zircon (ZrSiO4), which is found primarily in Australia, Brazil, India, Russia, South Africa and the United States, as well as in smaller deposits around the world.

Occurrence in Nigeria: Zircon is associated with tin deposits of the younger granite terrain of Nigeria. These are found in the Plateau, Bauchi and Nasarawa states.

Uses of Zirconium: Zircon is refractory, hard, and resistant to chemical attack hence it finds many applications in ceramic and foundry. Zirconium carbide is used to make drilling tools; abrasives, such as grinding wheels, sand paper and instruments with sharp edges. It is also an alloying agent, light filaments and watch cases, space vehicles. From its hydride, hydrogen is produced. Zirconium serves as catalysts in the paint, dye, plastics and textiles industries. Flashbulbs of cameras, tracer bullets, filaments, explosive primers and even fireworks, make use of zirconium. It is used to remove the residual gases from electronic vacuums. The metal is also used for toughening glass and even for optical property control.

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CONTENTS

AGRICULTURAL RAW MATERIALS IN NIGERIA

RMRDC RAW MATERIALS

African serendipity berry................. 48 Bamboo and Rattan.......................... 48 Cashew ...................................................48 Cassava................................................... 49 Cotton..................................................... 50 Gum Arabic........................................... 50 Groundnut (Peanuts)......................... 51 Jathropha................................................ 51 Livestock and Fisheries..................... 51 Maize........................................................ 52 Moringa................................................... 52 Oil palm................................................... 53 Rubber..................................................... 53 Sesame seed......................................... 54 Sheanut................................................... 54 Sorghum................................................. 54 Soya bean.............................................. 55 Timber...................................................... 55

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African Serendipity Berry Thaumatocuccous danielli

It is known for being the natural source of thaumatin, an intensely sweet protein. Intermediate products produced locally. Thaumatin is a natural sweetener used in foods and beverages. It is ideal for diabetics. The leaves are used in wrapping food. Leaf sap is used as antidote against venoms, stings and bites. Leaf and root sap used as sedative and in treating insanity.

Already thaumatin is being produced locally. As the plant grows extensively in the country, opportunities exist for its processing at industrial scale.

Location: The plant grows in the wild around the South Western areas and Cross River State.

Bamboo & Rattan Bamboo and rattan are complementary raw materials that are fast replacing wood in most applications. Although the Nigerian bamboo industry is still at its infancy, a number of investors have started producing exotic products such as floor tiles and bamboo furniture from indigenous species. Currently, bamboo grows in 23 states of the federation and latest estimate show that more than 230,000m3 of bamboo are available for industrial processing locally.

Although rattan is being extensively processed in Nigeria, investment opportunities exist for production of exotic rattan products for the export market.

Cashew Anacardium occidentale Nigeria is a major grower of Cashew. The crop is hard and drought resistant.

Since the beginning of the last century, it has grown into an important commercial crop and a foreign exchange earner. This is due to the various uses of the apple and nuts. The major product produced is the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL). It is the oil content of the nut shell which may constitute about 15 to 30 percent of the weight of the shell. CNSL is used in plastics, printing ink, insulating varnishes, wood preservatives, insecticides, water proofing compounds and anti fade agents in motor brake linings producing industries.

Location: Imo, Anambra, Kaduna, Kano, Bauchi, Abia, Taraba, Enugu and Jigawa States.

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Cassava Manihot Esculenta Cassava is a root crop which has its origin in Eastern Brazil and may have been generally accepted and cultivated in Nigeria in the late 1890s. It is used primarily for food and starch: starch in textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, paper, and food industries and production of ethanol.

The extraction of starch from cassava relies on the use of centrifugal force to separate granules from the water suspension.

Location: The crop thrives in all parts of the country. Nigeria is currently the largest producer in the world with an annual production of over 34 million tones.

Cocoa Theobroma cacao Cocoa is extensively grown in Nigeria. A cash crop, cocoa is mostly grown in the southern parts of the country for export purposes, despite the huge industrial potentials. The semi finished products obtained after processing raw cocoa include Cocoa butter, liquid, cake and powder. It is a very important raw material for the chocolates, biscuits and pastries industries. Shells of roasted cocoa beans are also very important raw materials for livestock feeds preparation, while cocoa liquid waste estimated at 300,000 tonnes per annum can be converted into industrial alcohol of 90% strength.

Location: Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Ekiti, Imo, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo and Taraba.

Coffee Coffea Coffee and Tea are principal sources of beverage drink across the globe. The consumption and subsequently, the demand for both are increasing in Nigeria and other parts of Africa. Various ecological zones in the country are suitable for coffee and tea cultivation, most especially the cooler regions of Plateau, Taraba and Adamawa States. The processing of coffee and tea are quite straightforward with main output being the beverage drinks.

Location: Adamawa, Cross-River and Kwara

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Cotton Gossypium Spp. Nigeria cotton is white in color and is handpicked. It has advantage over cotton grown in other countries. It is characterized by high cleanliness. In year 2013, 1000 480lb Bales of cotton was produced in Nigeria. The sub-optimal performance of the textile mills in the country ensures high level of investment opportunities in cotton production and processing. Cotton has diverse uses. It is used in the Food, Chemical, and Textile, Weaving apparel, Medical, Livestock Feeds, Soap and Cosmetic industries.

Location: The major producing states are: Katina, Kaduna, Zamafara, Kano, Jigawa, Bauchi, Gombe, Plateau, Yobe, Borno, Taraba, Adamawa, Kwara, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Ekiti, Kebbi.

Cotton is cultivated in Nigeria on 0.6 to 0.8million hectares annually.

Groundnuts(Peanuts) Arachis hypogaea This is an important industrial raw material extensively cultivated in Nigeria.

Groundnut is a veritable raw material for production of various edible products such as in shell groundnuts, shelled nuts, roasted nuts, butter and groundnut confectionery. Although these products require specific processing equipment, certain industrial operations are common to all of them.

Another product of interest is Lactone with a formula of protein isolate from groundnut (which replaces imported milk powder), glucose and vitamins. In a number of industries, groundnut oil is preferred to other types of oil, although expensive.

Location: Oyo, Kwara, Benue, Kogi, Plateau, Niger, Kano, Bauchi, Adamawa, Yobe, Sokoto, Borno, Taraba and FCT.

Gum Arabic Acacia senegal A naturally occurring polymer, gum arabic grows wild in the contiguous states of Borno, Bauchi, Kastina and Sokoto. It is used in the production of flexographic ink, glue, and binders in immobilization of industrial enzymes. It is also used in the textile, paper, food and brewing industries. It is an important material for preparation of wood finishes. Other potentials uses include immobilization of herbicides, and other pesticides and growth stimulants and as control release agents.

Location: Borno and Yobe States.

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Jatropha Jatropha curcas(L) This is a drought resistant shrub that can grow a height of six meters. It is extremely hardy and would thrive on land that will not support food crop. The semi-arid region of Nigeria is characterized by the presence of vast quantity of marginal lands especially in the northwestern states of Kano, Sokoto, Zamfara and Katsina that can be used to plant Jatropha curcas extensively. The recent interest in alternate energy sources has placed J. curcas in the forefront of any discussion on biofuel production. Apart from biofuel, J.curcas wood can also be used for cooking, animal feeds, blue dye and wax from the bark of J.Curcas, medicine, organic fertilizer from the pressed cake. A lot of investment opportunities exist in J.curcas plantation establishment and production of biodiesel in Nigeria. This is more so as hydroelectric power generation and generation of power from gas is far below national demand.

This coupled with availability of a wide expanse of land make J. curcas production a very good investment in the country. This is more so as the National Energy Policy stipulated an energy mix for the country.

Location: The plant thrives in any part of the country.

Livestock & Fisheries This category of agricultural produce available in Nigeria includes terrestrial, freshwater and marine resources. These comprised of rabbit, poultry, cattle, sheep, goat, pig, fish, shrimp, crabs and tuna. Potential industrial materials from these include: milk, meat and oils. As Nigeria presently depend mostly on imported milk, a lot of investment opportunities exist in the production of milk from local cattle, sheep and goats. A substantial portion of fresh milk emanates from nomadic pastoral rearers of animals. During the unorganized collation system, a substantial portion of the milk is lost. This accounts for the high level of powder milk importation.

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Maize Zea mays Maize also called corn in the United States is believed to have originated from Mexico. It is the most efficient plant for capturing energy of the sun and converting it to food. It is therefore a major source of calories in Nigeria as well as other parts of the world. Aside food, it is used in making starch, flour and animal feeds.

Two major processes adopted for maize processing are dry and wet milling; both of which yields a variety of products such as coarse grits, brewers grits, corn, flour bran and offals.

Location: Grown in Adamawa, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Jigawa, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Sokoto, Taraba, and Yobe States.

Estimated national production is about 7.1 million tonnes.

Moringa

Moringa oleifera

Is used in seed, oil and powder forms. It contains high concentration of 18 vitamins, 8 minerals and 47 antioxidants. It prevents malnutrition in plants, animals and humans cancer and ageing. It assists in lowering blood pressure and stabilizes blood sugar. It is a strong immune booster, resists infection, and balances hormones. It is antiseptic and anti-inflamatory which heals burns, bruises, rash, cuts insect bites. Scrapes wounds, boils, pimples, diabetes, fibroids and prostrate problems. Also it is important in the treatment of chronic peptic problems, recurrent malaria, stomach and other ailments. It improves fertility and increases libido. It is also used for water purification.

Location: The plant grows in all parts of the country but more predominantly in the northern part.

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Oil Palm Elaeis guineensis Oil palm production in Nigeria has increased extensively in the last sixteen years. The area under cultivation increased from 241,000ha in 2008 to 362,000ha in 2010. Replanting of oil plant has been relatively slow but a significant amount of seedlings are being distributed to farms on annual basis for replanting and plantation establishment.

Oil palm produces palm wine, palm kernel oil, palm kernel cakes, bunch waste, oil palm storage and palm press fibre. Palm oil is an important industrial raw material. It is satisfactory oil for blending in substantial amounts in margarine, and shortening for domestic uses and also for commercial baking and biscuits manufacturing. The edible uses include cooking/frying oil, shortening and cooking fats, condensed milk and cocoa butter substitutes. Non-edible uses include soap production, tin plate industry, cold rolling process, cosmetics and production of lubricating oil.

Enormous investment opportunities exist in both cottages, small, medium and large-scale palm oil processing in Nigeria.

Also, palm kernel oil with a high saponification value can be produced from the kernel. It makes easily soluble soaps and increases the leathering power of detergents.

Location: Oil Palm producing States are: Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Anambra, Oyo, Rivers, Abia, Osun, Ogun, Ondo, Benue, Delta, Edo and Kogi.

Rubber Hevea brazilensis Rubber is extensively grown in plantations in Nigeria. Natural rubber, on which the technology of the Plastics and Rubber industry was built, is obtained by the coagulation of the milky aqueous dispersion of rubber called latex. Rubber is sold in bales of convenient sizes and stabilized to permit stock piling for several years.

Natural rubber remains very competitive in application where heat built up properties are needed such as in truck tyres. To turn rubber into finished products, some other inputs, largely chemicals and processing oils must be available. Among these inputs are vulcanizing agents, activators, accelerators and retarders.

Rubber seeds also yield oil, which could be used for animal feed. Other uses include putty manufacture, liquid detergent, shampoo and alkyd resin production.

Location: Rivers, Cross River, Ondo, Edo and Delta States.

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Sesame Sesamum indicum Sesame Seed is grown widely in Nigeria. It is mostly grown in the northern part of the country. It is used extensively in the edible oil, confectioneries, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and soap industries. It is also edible in form of snacks, soups etc.

Location: Nigeria is one of the most major world producers of sesame seed.

It is produced in over 21 states of the federation, predominantly in Benue and Jigawa states.

Sheanut Vitellaria paradoxa Although growing in the wild, sheanut is extensively available in Nigeria. It is of tropical origin being particularly restricted to few African countries. Shea butter is extensively used in the cosmetics industries.

Location: Adamawa, Borno, Kastina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Niger.

Nigeria is the largest producer in the world.

Sorghum Sorghum is a major agricultural commodity in Nigeria. In the last few years, sorghum extract (82% solids) has been used as part of replacement of malt extract in the manufacture of bournvita, a malt cocoa based beverage manufactured by Cadbury Nigeria Limited and recently, Food Specialties Nigeria Limited. It is also extensively used in corn syrup (glucose) in confectionery. It is also used to produce high fructose syrup for soft drink industries. Grain sorghum has been identified as alternative source of malt for the brewing industry. In addition to malt, suitable recipes have also been developed for non-wheat bread with 70% cereal based flour comprising corn, sorghum or millet and 30% cassava starch.

Location: Jigawa, Kogi, Kaduna, Kano, Plateau, Kwara, Oyo,Taraba and Adamawa States.

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Soya bean Glycine max Soyabean is extensively planted in Nigeria. It is an oil seed crop that has been recognized as an important raw material for the food and beverages industry.

Whole soyabean consists of 40% protein, 34% carbohydrate and 21% oil. It is a good source of protein and oil for various industrial uses.

After drying, the beans are usually processed into oil and meal. Three methods are used for oil extraction; namely hydraulic press, screw press and solvent extraction. The refined oil is used in the manufacture of cooking oils, drying oils, salad dressing and ice cream. Milk of high nutritional properties compared to cow and human milk are also produced from soyabean.

Location: Soyabean is grown in most States in the South West, South East and North Central region.

Timber Nigeria forest reserves consist of more than 650 wood species of various industrial potentials. While about 10 of these have been termed economic wood species and have been extensively exploited, a variety of lesser-known wood species are also widely available. The industrial properties of these species are being investigated and results have indicated their possible utilization in various industries such as in construction, building, furniture and pulp and paper industries. This indicated that Nigeria forests presents enormous investment opportunities that are ready to be tapped in these industries.

Location: Anambra, Edo, Delta, Imo, Oyo, Ondo, Abia, Benue, Taraba, Cross River, Ogun, Lagos and Enugu States.

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DIRECTORY ADDRESSES & TELEPHONE NUMBERS OF RMRDC LIAISON OFFICES ABIA

BORNO

ENUGU

71 Aba Raod, Abia Stat Office, Opp. Total

NACRDB Building, Shehu Laminu Way, P.M.B.

Federal Secretariat Complex, Rooms

Petrol Station, P.M.B. 7264, Umuahia.

1022, Maiduguri

71-73, Independence Layout, P.M.B.

08035866150

08069548033, 08053012425

02001, Enugu

abiarmrdc@yahoo.com,

muhdishakuganu@yahoo.com

08033279414

anosikekingsley@yahoo.com

fichima@yahoo.com CROSS RIVER

ADAMAWA

3rd Floor, Federal Secretariat Complex,

GOMBE

No. 2 Moh’d Tukur Road, Off Ahmadu Bello

Murtala Mohammed Highway, P.M.B. 1108,

Ministry of Works and Housing

Way, Old GRA, P.M.B. 2215, Jimeta – Yola

Calabar

Premises, Bauchi Road, P.M.B. 17,

08039722980, 08054499186

08033855044

Gombe

ibsabba@hotmail.com

adiejo82@yahoo.com

08026723462

ANAMBRA

DELTA

State Secretariat Complex,Jerome Udoji,

Victor Anen Bossua St. Behind State High

Phase II, P.M.B. 5093, Awka

Court, Central Core Area, P.M.B. 95075, Asaba

IMO

08036740344, 08053906843

08056320430, 08068874961

Federal Secretariat Complex, (Rooms

daraohamadike@yahoo.com,

deltarmrdcoffice@yahoo.com

101-103) P.M.B. 1607, Owerri

mailabari_111@yahoo.com, rmrdcgombe@yahoo.com

ucheobianuko@yahoo.com

08033898343 EBONYI

abhermis@yahoo.com

AKWA IBOM

44 Ogoja Road, behind UBA, Abakaliki

Aka-Offort Industral layout, P.M.B. 1174, Uyo

08033534692

JIGAWA

08139092755

chiabiaeye@yahoo.com

Federal Secretariat Complex, Kiyawa

ekaetteebonginuen@yahoo.com

Road, P.M.B. 7065, Dutse FCT

08038549241

BAUCHI

No. 4 Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala Way, Utako, Abuja

lamidogajo@yahoo.com

No. 2 Rimi Close, GRA, P.M.B. 0200, Bauchi.

08036784831, 08077530629

08032223492

siskalihu@yahoo.co.uk

KADUNA

ahmedmusawaziri@gmail.com

Federal Secretariat, Kawo, P.M.B. 2364, EDO

Kaduna

BAYELSA

Federal Secretariat Complex, Blk G1, 3rd Floor,

08033876277

Flat 1, Block 5, Phase 3, Civil Servant/Road

Aduwawa, Benin City

rmrdckd2007@yahoo.com

Safety Road, Yenegoa

08035975773

08033400021

andyoloton@yahoo.com

KANO

okene_dave@yahoo.com

Social Insurance Road (Close to Trade EKITI

Fair Complex), Off Zoo Road, P.M.B.

BENUE

Permanent Trade Fair Complex, Iyin Road,

3531, Kano

Block E, Old Min. of Finance, P.M.B. 102118,

P.M.B. 5396 Ado-Ekiti

08035900285, 07029622946

Makurdi

08023449692, 07068590522

wele64@gmail.com

08103405541

fagbemi2@yahoo.com KATSINA

alaku4life@yahoo.com

Federal Secretariat Complex, Rooms 327/340, 3rd Floor, P.M.B. 2040, Katsina rmrdckatsina01@yahoo.com

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DIRECTORY ADDRESSES & TELEPHONE NUMBERS OF RMRDC LIAISON OFFICES KEBBI

NIGER

RIVERS

3rd floor (Ministry of Commerce and Industry),

Niger State Display Centre, Old Ministry of

State Secretariat Complex, Ministry of

Old Block, State Secretariat Complex,

Commerce, Industry & Cooperatives, P.M.B.

Commerce and Industry, Block B, 5th

Gwadangwaji, Birnin-Kebbi

145, Minna

Floor, Port Harcourt

08036056625 08025165560

08036003174

08033419728

lgsuraj@yahoo.com,

jon.amadu@yahoo.com

dumafelly@yahoo.com

lgsuraj83@gmail.com OGUN

SOKOTO

KOGI

Parastatal Building, Okemosan, P.M.B. 2085,

Waziri Junaidu History Bureau

Km. 4, Ganaja/ Ajaokuta Road, Opposite

Abeokuta

Building,

Confluence Beach Hotel, PM.B. 1123, Lokoja

08023601555

Unguwar Rogo, Sokoto

08036095018

abiolarmrdc@gmail.com,

08080878596

rmrdckogistate@yahoo.com

kayodeabiola2005@yahoo.com

rmrdc_sokoto@yahoo.com

KWARA

ONDO

TARABA

Lajonrin Street, Ministry of Commerce & Industry

Rooms 212-217, Federal Secretariat Complex,

Kato Street, Near State Secretariat,

Premises, P.M.B. 1565, Ilorin

Igbatoro Road, P.M.B. 656, Akure

P.M.B. 2194, Jalingo

08066487335

08057346565

08035970750

kwarastatermrdc@yahoo.com,

owolabioluyinka@yahoo.com

ahmed_jalingo@yahoo.com

he_isenough@yahoo.com OSUN

YOBE

LAGOS

State Ministry of Commerce & Industry,

Federal Secretariat, Rooms 307 &

Plot 13&14, Northern Business District, Victoria

Abere-Gbogan Road, P.M.B. 4462, Osogbo

308, 2nd Floor, Gashua Road, P.M.B.

Arobieke St., off Admiralty Way, Lekki Penninsula

08154863259

1078, Damaturu

Phase 1, P.M.B. 12873, Lekki, Lagos

felixawopetu@yahoo.com

08036549233

08035922652

rmrdcyobe@gmail.com

tokshabeeb@yahoo.co.uk

OYO Rooms 5-7 (Basement) Federal Secretariat

ZAMFARA

NASARAWA

Complex, Ikolaba, P.M.B. 003 Secretariat Post

Mallam Yahaya Gusua Secretariat

Investment House Opposite Mechanic Village,

Office, Ibadan

(ZACAST), Sokoto Road, P.M.B. 01101,

Bukan Sidi, Jos Road, Lafia

08033311981

Gusua

08036003174

isholaolufolake@yahoo.com

08065378377, 08086543839

yusufsule@gmail.com

yauhayatu@yahoo.co.uk PLATEAU Plateau Supplies Building, No. 3 Dogon Dutse, P.O. Box 6753, Jos 08055404558, 08039130278 ekwaghe@yahoo.co.uk

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Raw Materials Research and Development Council RMRDC No. 17 Aguiyi Ironsi Street Maitama Abuja NIGERIA P.M.B. 232 Garki Abuja Nigeria +234 (0) 709 821 3090-91, 92 +234 (0) 709 880 5375 ceo@rmrdc.gov.ng

ISBN: xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx

www.rmrdc.gov.ng