Pū Kāea 1992 Hongoingoi-Hereturikoka by Te Runanga o Ngāti Awa

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Feature: Ex Aotearoa TV Dkector Tells His Story - Pg 16

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Whiirangi 2

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As 1he mon1h of "old-women-warming-their- just lo dam small to be divided (kind of like splitknees" ("here-turi-koka") freezes our waler pipes, ting the atom), and really depressing - that hiding makes it impossible to start our cars in the morn- that we got in rugby from Whakarewarewa 1he other ing, gives us the flu and sends the Okiwa wind day. whistling along the valley straight under the door and right down the bed sheets causing you to have Then you gel a slap in the face and maybe gel hard to go for another mimi just when you thought you or maybe remember 10 take your sense of humour were comfortable, it is easy lo let all the negative out with you in 1he morning, or maybe somebody things that go down around here gel on top of ya: else 's situation and the way they handle it reminds leaders who couldn't lead their way out of a paper you of just how lucky you are. bag (although with the size of some their egos how could you fit them in a paper bag anyway), the For instance the optimism and grace with which annual spate of beautiful young Maori people kill- Karen Brown (the partner Tame Iii for many years) ing themselves, ongoi ng rip offs of putea by 1he handles the heal and hassles oflife with Aolearoa's same people who were ripping off putea last year most wanted and vertically challenged revolulion(or the fact that we keep returning those people 10 ary. Dealing with a household that is the focus for 1he position of treasurer of our kohanga reo, marae the hostility of so many, but that daily becomes a etc.). ill informed racism coming from the mouths marae for the many more inspired by Tame's mesof our own, violence at every turn, childish divi- sage. A house which is a home for their baby Te sions wi1hin our own Maori communities that are lkaroa, but in which the phone will ring at any

Tena Kou1ou, The baule beiween urban and tribal authorities over Maori fisheri es and the rif1 ii is causing must not be allowed to go on. The only winner in 1his unseemly affair is 1he legal fraternity: As an urban Maori, I acknowledge that it was our tupuna living on our tribal estates that signed the treaty and that mana remains with the tribe.

Conversely lhoug'1 tribal leadership must ackn owledge urban M:iori authorilies as those who

II 's that sort of ability that Karen, Tame and others have to draw on reserves of energy that transcend the every day hassles of life, and focus on what is really important that gives me a buzz. Or maybe just being surprised by something you thought was familiar - the clearness of the stars at night at this time of year, coming around a comer 10 the sight of Maungpohatu with a glistening potae of snow, the miracle of life and 1he love of a good woman or coming back to a warm bed after that one last mimi at night. And maybe all that negative stuff is what makes the positive s1uff so good. \ '\"' \ Like a Buddhist monk once said: '"Ther~ than enough wonders in this world just not enough wonderment". na 1imoti

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H-€ WH-~Ki\RO I TUKU MAI Kl As on Urban Miiorl

time with the news ofTame's next arrest.

have sought lo fear the brunt of work at the naxroots of maoridom majoriry now resident in urban centres. And therefore urban authorities should be seen as primary core providers and contracted out when 1his matter is settled.

Ratou Taonga Katoa

And lets get on with 1he real business at hand helping our people advance onwards and upwards into the new millinieum.

The ethos of kaitiatanga must be taught to all in New Zealand before valuable resources are depleted and spoiled. It Is time for the Government to address it's treaty responsibilities with regard lo ratou taonga katoa. Strategic planning must have full consultation with hapu and iwi and Maori conservation practises observed.

"Ano te pai ano te ahuareka o IC nohoanga o nga

Megan Simmonds

tuakana o nga teina i runga tp whakaaro kotahi".

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PU KAEA THESUN. F.M

KAUMATU,VKAIMAIII Onehou Ph illis Rangi Koopu KAIMAIII

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HE MIHI TENEI Kl A Layne Harvey David Kiel Mr Mahiti Wilson Bevin Marriner Irene Jobe Roben Pouwha re

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TE REO PANUI O TE WAKA MATAATUA

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........Wharangi 4

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NGATI WHARE HUI-A-IWI Venue: Murumurunga Manie Date:

,:, July 1997

...&iEf:mA Mihl

2 Visit by CFRT Olflclala 3 Clalme Committee Report

Ngatl Whare Runanga \

a Approval of cfaWfor AGM and Election of Board Members

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b Structure

Nomination forms are available at the: Ngatl Whare C/a/me Offlc. POBox63 Murupa.ra Ph: 07 366 5690 Fx: 07 366 5176

ANNIVERSA

TE TOI MANA GALLERY Grace Vc:,ller

J Goldsmith CHAIRPERSON .

NOTE; Nominations ere called for Board Members to the Ngatl Whare Runanga. Nominations close on the ,:, July 1997.

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Electorate Office Te Tairawhlti Hon Tuarlkl John Delamere

HAKATANE

HU\A SHORT STOR)'

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eopy your old . photos

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Whiirangi 5

Two New Positions For The Salvation Army Libby said she will look forward .to each new challenge in the future. 'The support from Management, Staff, Learners and Support Team makes my job that much easier and enjoyable", says Libby. 1n 1982 Emma went to work as Community

Skills Supervisor for the Salvation Army Training and Employment Programmes. During 1985 until 1994, as the Catering Tutor, she saw the many changes come and go . of various Government Programmes. First there was S.T,E.P.S and T.A.P.S. Then ACCESS and now T.O.P.S All of which have naa tnetr own value ana yet eacn as important as the next in terms of Education. From 1994 saw yet again another move to Theory Assistance Tutor until her most recent promotion to Kai tohutohu Awhfna I te Iwi R~gatahi - Community Youth Advisor. hR Riria Mo,ngaroa Fairll• & Ngahuia Emma Ranapia

The Whakatane branch of the Salvation Anny has awarded new positions to two employees. Riria or Libby as she is affectionately known as, began with the Salvation Anny in 1993. From Literacy and Theory Assistance Tutor, Cultural Advisor to Kaiwhakahaere A Rohe o nga Take Maori - Regional Mllori Advisor. Libby says lhat the holistii: approaches to the teaching melhod.s have been of tremendous .value in the outcomes of OW' Learners, where you can see and monitor their progress. This will cer-

tainly be of benefit to the Learners, as her role and responsibilities are more pro-active in the decision making areas. Along with the new position, Libby also assists those Learners on the Automotive Bridging Course with their Interpersol)lll Communications Skills and their Number Units. The worlcload and responsibilities that agree with the new position certainly have increased yet

Hone Macke (Ngati Porou) = Mariana Tuiuru (Ngai Tui) Kamureti Reginald Moelce

Riria (Libby) Moengaroa Fairlu

"Tungia le unuua, kia tipu whalcaritorilo o te luuakeke"

Ngati Whakaue - Te Arawa Anaro Andrew Tc Hcke Kaiawba

The highlights of working for the Salvation Army are: to see the joy and pride on the young people's faces when they have gained employment or just simply mastering sub-

jects that they had difficulty attending. Watching at the end of the term when lbose young folk who may have dropped out of school standing tall with pride and con.fi- , 1 !e W"~u_'?{aaka (Pllkcko) =_Wbalcati Hiki (Tuhoe) de ; ' tile • ·r:•·• ,, ,. at pnzegiymg~• ..,,,. ., , · Mcrania WbaJcati Waaka

Ngali-He Ngai Tc Rangi Emdara Tc Hcke-Kaiawba

In all her years in association with the Salvation Anny Training Programmes, Emma said the professional level of teaching standards that are the policy of management, is of a high standard. Through these policies, she has endeavoured to maintain the standards with her approaches to the Rangatahi who are predominantly Maori.

Rangiwewehi- Te Arawa Tuitimu Emma Maxwell Towbairiri Letticia Topsell

Ngahuia Emma Ranapia

Hutia Te Rilo o Te Harakeu Kei hea Te komako E lcoe E ko Ki mai lcoe lei ahau He aha le mea nui o le ao Malcuelciatu He TangaJa He TangaJa He TangaJa Pull out the centre of the flax Where is the bell bird, the song you ask me What are the important things of the world I reply forcefully ii is the people, ii is the people, ii is the people

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Emma says she is saddened by the high" number of tnunee's who have<li/eiacy and numeracy problem,. That is a cballenge she finds she loves to help with the of all. When you really gain the trust and confidence of these young people, you can usu-

most

ally get them to talk about what they would like to do, many are very talented. Emma has found lhat the

rangatahi are very artistic with styles lhal are sometimes a reflection of what they feel. Sometimes the frustration is written or drawn onto paper, or they just love the feel of paint lover paper, but at the end of the day, employment is all that is needed. They have gained confidence, ability and a po~itive attirude. • Pu Kaea wish both Libby and Emma well in · their new positions.

rWharangi 6

't1DE IIE1l'I' IS f)N! Action Alert, Police vs Tuhoe Kia ora Koutou Katoa, This is to infonn you of the various acts which constitute grave indigenous and human rights violations on a well known Maori activist and Independence Advocate in Aotearoa, Tame lli of the Tuhoe Nation. Tame lti was arrested on Friday 20 June and charged with kidnapping, a~sault (of a police officer), and possession of firearm s.

"his ow11 home and other homes i11 the area were va11dalized" These charges were brought against Tame lli after his own home and other homes in their area were vandalised and burgled by a few youth. Tame lli held a meeting with these youth to educate them and then escorted them (kidnapping charge) lo return various stolen ilems to the people that they burgfcd. This process is considered to be a recognised cultural intervention strategy amongst Maori communities. The Police charges seem to be in relatfon to his use of cultural protocols rather than him commilling

~•~rime

. ·

His arrest is no surprise given that a painting worth about I million dollars was stolen in the area days before the arrest of Tame. The Police and media have blamed Maori activists as the culprits. Tame sees the charges as "outrageous" and his lawyer views them as "overkill". Timing and circumstances of these events strongly suggest that the arrest of Tame Jti is one of being a Political Prisoner in his own lands, his own Nation.

On Monday 23 June 1997 bail was set and Tame is currently under house arrest, confined to his home from 6pm - 6am. His trial date is set to take place at the Whakatane District Court on July 18, 1997. Send letters of support and/or send a cheque lo help his legal defence fund to: The Tuhoe Embassy, 57 Tuhoe ... Street, Taneatua, New Zealand. Or fax 07 312-9669,

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"Political prisoner in his own land"

THE IMPACT, OF ,,,[.,,, COLONIALISM -A THEORETICALPERSPECT-IVE . ,,, !

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Ko te waka /iei lwehoenga ino' koutou i,mun i alrau, ko te Tur~, ma!~ T~;i ~~;;,e Tur~ •·a,ke

The canoe for you lo paddle after me'is the Law. Only the La~ ca~ be pitched against the Law .;~

Te Kooti Arikirangi Te.l'uruki 189~

Introduction

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When Te Kooti lay dying (o116~inii~i{a~cidenlal injury by a cart he ~hc;ecl th~se wor,ds, ' They have remained one of his mcisi e'natnbg i ayings confirming his belief that only by working within the framework of the law coulcl the law itself be resisted and.'i>erhaos' ultim~telv 'defeated.' For' mu~h of his life, he \\'.as .constantly at ?\1d~ w,ith the law, which was used against him on many occasions in the mqs_t iniqui\ou,s 'inaiinet, frequently to achieve political ends and fo settle old scores. PeHy rivalries' and jealous\es were of/en the start of more direct and personal action. He always maintained that he himself had broken no laws when he was first falsely accused of being a Paimarire sym'pathiscr a1d then unjustly impJjsoned on Wharekauri . For many years foUowing his escape he waged a successful guerrilla campaign against the Crown and its supporters during their vain attempts to pursue and capture him. Only when Te Kooti made peace with Tawhiao in 1873 did he finally agree to abandon armed action and work within the boundaries of the law. One of the difficulties with this concept however is that sometimes the law can be used by Maori themselves to achieve political outcomes that are the antithesis of the whanaungatanga and kotahitanga that are so often cited as being some

TEAOTURE a column by Layne Harvey of the paramount guiding principles, The rules can be applied selectively and inconsistently to achieve desired outcomes that-can frequ'ehtly' have their origins in the same petty rivalries and jealousies encountered by Te Kooti' and no doubt many others before and after him. The rules can be cited chapter_ and verse to support a process, yet they can be ignored when ,they do not suit a particular purpose: ;i;h.~ s)lpJ'Ari'is ofinclus(o~ _ and togetherness can frequently emanate from those who in reality practice exclusion and . • , ..r; , . •;1 ..,... . 1 ·.') .. ~· divisiveness for the)., gwn.petty er;ids, J!}fonna~here ,\h~ truth does not conform to the new tion can be shared to enlighten and raise awaretheorv. ness, then be used to justify the unjustifiable, Thus after a tortuous self fulfilling process of The rationale for the irrational is then ,qgjckly 1 • . iU11gic, the theory is then characterised by its foisted as a theory of traditional practices upon a inherent shallowness, absence of substance and transparent framework of misinfonnation, halflack of understanding or comprehension of the truth and selective· interpretation. Arguments, no most elementary and fundamental facts. Astonmatter how facjle and empty are paraded as truth ishingly, even the most obvious reaJities are which are used to remedy the theorists' terminal ignored if they do not conform to the theory: myopia. realities do not matter, it is the theory that counts. The theory must then be given a name to disguise The theory is then usually half-baked with oral its intent if it is to achieve its true purpose. A accounts that need to be at the very least contra- .. standard disguise title is "inclusion" or "unity", dictory, although this is not an essential ingrediThese sound noble and idealistic and are likely to ent. Where realities do not confonn to your conceal the real purpose quite effectively proversion of the world, you then attempt however vided no-one scratches the surface beneath the unsuccesstully to discredit them. In some consuperficial veneer of empty slogans and rhetoric, texts, mindless persistence no matter how futile The perverse and inexplicable irony is that the can be a virtue, although ultimately is likely to apostles of these practices will then argue to the fail. The facts may be presented and can be ends of the Earth (or to the ends of other peoples' presented time and time again. However, if they lands) with the utmost sincerity that these tactics do not accord with the new theory of how Maori are employed to achieve greater unity. underarc and were, then these realities are ignored. No standing and co-opcrat_ion, How different is amount of infonnation will ever change a closed theory from reality? mind that refuses to accept the truth. particularly

7 Wharangi 7

Jl Te Hotu Manawa Maori Jl l~ Successful Programme Sees 12 Graduate l~

Te Mapu Anne Smith

Graduates of a course in nutrition aim to ensure Maori in the Bay of Plenty will have a healthier outlook by the year 2000. 1\velvc women participated in the Tc Hotu Manawa Maori Nutrition course (see Pu Kaea May Issue 97). Completing the course they are determined, and committed to teaching and promoting proper steps in nutrition - statistics show the real need to improve healthy eating habits. Despite the cold chill, there was a good turnout at the graduation which was held at Rangataua Marac, Poroporo. Representatives from East Bay Health, Toi Te Ora, Plunket, Wairaka MWWL, local kaumatua, friends and family came in full force.- Romana Kingi (local kaurnatua) gave a delightful speech of and made mention of his 'bad habits'. Smoking was one of these habits but he has now given up. ·There was plenty of humour from all those who got up to speak. Each graduate received a certificate, plus a bag of 'goodies' an apron, flowers and nutritional information packages. A highlight of the ceremony was the entertainment provided

L-R (slandlng) Jocelyn Hohepa (Tounurro),Allson Collier (A'.owtT1Ju);Kalhlttn Wbaruabi (Rotorua), Ptart1 SuW.. n (Toroo TKR), Ivy Mumrai (Poroporo), Dulcle Ward (11uuvnro Plunlut), seated -Te Mapu Anne Smith (Motal:ano lslan4), Christina McKercbar (Coordinowr), Judith Ka'al (Coonlinolor), Kathlttn S12wart (Wlu,kalant), Tncey Hllliu (Opotiki).

by the graduates - harmonious singing showing other talents they have. Co-ordinators Judith Ka' ai and Christina McKerchar were excellent teachers, they instilled enthusiasm for the subjects involved. It has led to a better way of thinking and living which included reducing fat, salt and sugar without sacrificing too much the taste of traditional Maori meals. For Judith & Christina, it means another journey to another area to teach, they have thoroughly enjoyed teaching these ladies, making new friends and opening other avenues. They are off to Papatoetoe to teach at a local Kobanga Reo. All Judith asks is "/,e kind to the ladies, use them well to teach". Na Tauira Clay

.,. L-R (seated) I")' Murlwal, Kathleen S12wart, Jocelyn Dulcie Ward. With some oi' the mm,ben from the Walarlld MWWL, local and Toi 12 Health

KAI O TE HAUORA Ka pai kia tika le kai

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Whiirangi 8

Moko -Te Kanohi Kuia Whatever the reason for the revival of the Moko, I doubt if the different generations can ever come to an agreement on its significance. As "About Face" set out to portray, it has many faces - to some it is merely an ornamentation, to some it is the face of activism, to others there is a deeper meaning to the interpretion of his own moko, take for example the face of Pouroto Ngaropo, who willingly gave his interpretation of his own Moko in our October 1994 publication of Pu Kaea. He also gave the history of how the

Moko was brought to earth by Mataora. Immediately after the screening of 'About Face', I heard a statement made by a kaumatua of the ao kohatu, which gave me food for thought. It was a statement which had merit. "Mai i au e pakeke haere ake ana, ka kite au i nga kuia mau moko, ka mau tonu ki toku whakaaro, koira le kanohi o tenei mea o te kuia. Ka kite atu au i nga wahine e noho mai ana i te whare mate,

karekau e uru mai te whakaaro ki au, he kuia ratau. Ki au, kua ngaro te kanohi kuia i te matenga atu o nga kuia mau moko." Obviously to him the absence of the chin moko from the faces of the present women does not give them the status of being a kuia. Imprinted in his mind and to his sight is the face of the women with a moko. That, to him, is the 'face of a kuia.'

UTU! - "HE TANGATA TE UTU MO TE TANGATA" Koianei te kupa korero a ngii upuna i roto i ta E boa ma, kua mohio to matou motu inaianei ki ratau reta i tuhi atu ai ki te Tari o Te a koutou mahi, kia rongo mai, ka hopu koutou i Kiiwanatanga i Akarana i le tau 1865; i muri mai nga Maori, ka patu oki ahau i nga Pakeha ka i te kohurutanga o Te.Wlikana: Ka kitea ai a Ripeka koutou i nga Maori, ka Ripekahoki ratau whakahi! i tera 'Wli ki ngii ture ,taall_!i ate ahau i nga Pakeha, inaianei tukua mai a Hori Kiiwana i a taua i te Ml!ori. E haere,tonu nei a Tupaca me ona boa, ka tukua atu hoki a Te tiiua whakahe i tenci ra:-E whai akc nci taua reta. Kcrehi, ka putitia mai ·a Horl'i'upaea me ona .,,. ' ' boa; ka puritia ho~ 'a1:'c ~rchi - ki te pal . , Opotiki, W~i o Kan'ana' koutou, .ki talfu lrupu tukua kite Htirai naita Maehc 6, I ~65 . , · k)lwe m~. aka hol!.fu. ho!d a Tc Kerchi. · Heoi Kl TE TARl-O TE.KAWANATANGA I, ano te Kupu Na Te-Komiti o Ngatiawa o te AKARANA, · · :Whakatohea, o Te Urewcra, 0 Taranaki. E boa ma! he kupu atu tcnci kia kouto\!,.kua mate ! " · a Tc Whukana Minita, kua Ripckatia i-runga i • ; (TRANSLATION) nga ture Q tc Kcnana Hou,',pena ho~ me ta tc . , Opotiki, Place of Canaan Pare mete o lngarangi i ;ii kia Ripekatla te ! IMaich '6ili;- 18651 r, · c: ' r' ' 1 tangata hara. Ko Tc Kcrehl miniia i hopukia kei; TO Tii1H:)FFICE10F THE GOVERNMENT, le Whare herehe::e-o le ~ 'ole ~nana'Hoir, ii:"~ AUCKtAND L. "I ' L, I ' ' C whakaritca"c matou, hoki-mc ta i ~matcf~ ' Frieirds';-iJtsTs wonHocyoo. Mr: Volkner, . 1 o Ingaran~i l mca ai kia hcrea ' Mirus!er, is''cl'eiid ' He hlis1been cntcificd 'ac= boa ma, lcci mea koutbu, he aba' te take'o taua .he '"' ' corlling to'the-laws of the New Canaan, in the heoi ano te take, ko IC tinihanga a te Hahi i to same'llfanner it has been ordained by the matou motu, i me tana Hahi, na te Atua ratou i Parliament of Erigland, that the guilty man be tono mai ioaianci, kuamohio matou, na !C Komiti crucified. Mr. Grace, Minister, is captured, and mohio o tc' Hahi o lngarangi, te tuarua, ko tc h~ o · is in the prison house of the law of the New Te Kawana ki Rangariri ko uu;il.kohuru kua maie 'Canaan, which was arranged by us in the same nga wahinc,,tt'tuaforu. Ko Rangiaohia, i puhia .,. maimer as that which the Pru-liament of Engnga Wahi!1~ tapu tcna na Te Ka':Van'"i\ _:J land instituted, that the guilty man be inaianei, kua m~ hio' mat011, kiana ture, he niea - -" !imprisioncd. hanga, na le Komiti pehi ~ana lngarangi. __ Heaha Te Kawana.tc whakama ai iJe .tini o ana _ . Friends, do not you say, "What is the origin of ture pehi mana, tang<iwl!cnua,,tiajhanga') o ~-i , , that sin?" Thi~_alone was the origin the ~ecepmatou tinana, ki mai ano koutou hoaiu alhf ":" tion practised upon our lsland·by the Church. pu, me aku paura, i mea pea koutou kia penatia 11 That C~urc)I said that they were sent hither by matou me tc pqalta i mea !lC!' J{outou kia boatu • God; but now we life aware that they were sent nga pu kei puhia koutou? If ki·~ ·koutou ckore hither by the knowing society of the Church of e mate tc tangata ki le rakau? .,,!., : ' Englan<I~' l!i .the SCC;<?Dd-placc, the sin of the

pena

tliat'gaialia'fa.-Ji.i-.

te•ture

,kia

Ill ,.-..,

Governor at Rangiriri - his cruelty - the women are dead. Thirdly, Rangiaohia, the women were shot - that is a sacred law of the Governor's.

We are now aware, with regard to those laws, that they were made by the authority - suppressing committee (Parliament) of England. Why is not the Governor ashamed at tlie great number of his autliorities suppressing (laws) laws, practising deception upon our bodies? You say, again, to me that I must give up my guns-and my powder-to you. You perhaps· thought to treat us like pigs - you perhaps wished us to give up our guns · lest we shoot you. You perhaps think it not ,. possible to kill men with wooden •weapons. '~J'

Friends, our island now is aware of your doings. Listen. You catch the Maories; I also lcill the Palicbas. You crucify the Maofies, and I also, • crucify the Pakebas. But now relca.se (onto us) !,, Hori Tupaea and his companions and we will then let go Mr. Grace; but if you withold Hori Tupaea and his companions, we will also withhold Mr. Grace. If you are pleased with my word* give the reply to the Jew. He will bring it to me, and we will also give up Mr. Grace. That is our word. The Committee NGATIAWA, WHAKATOHEA,

UREWERA, TARANAKI

di is obvious our tipuna developed a strategy of their own to deal with the injustices of the day as they saw it)

KO TE REO MAORI

•

1· .( I~/F il

Whiirangi 9

' . retaliatory remarks toward abusive~dc.n'tic;ilelders;theylearnt •. . to look · more at each other for 1, moralsup~rtfrom~ycontinu. . ous thumpmg on their errors, . . .' however small, they might be. On some of these young men's faces, were ,.. · . written the signs, that they were genuinely i:_: · The message at the first session, seeking to improve on what little they knew of about discipline, is now getting through. Discitheir Mlioritanga, feeling confident that this was pline is 'number one!' all others will follow. I where it might be. If anyone thought this was was now putting it into practice with a capital going to be an easy ride, the first session issued Pl They began to feel closer to each other, a dire warning. With Tai Mamaku and Mike discovering that each others support can help Heihei taking turns at leading, the learning of relieve the frustration and anger at not being words, and rhythm on the seats continued for able to please the tutor enough, and slowly, but exactly 3 hours non stop, and when time out surely, their thoughts of the day they arrived at was called, there were bodies strewn everyPukeko Marae, were dominated by one of where, going through the pains from continuous togetherness. movement in one spot Lunch took half an hour, then another 3 hours on the fonns conThe realisation that, together as a unit, they can cluded the first training of the crew of Mataatua. tolerate these harsh disciplinary methods,

Nga Ka1hoe O Te Toi o Mataatua

At the second session, a few failed to attend, some of whom were never seen again. With every training session came the change to these young men, who underwent demands they usually take retaliatory action against, in normal circumstances; they were subjected to discipli_nary reprimands, they had to withstand the stricter methods, that I used, and to withhold

',,

became evident, as shown in the way they encouraged each other, helped each other through some problem, even sacrificing what little rest time they had, to help those who were having some difficulty with some part of the exercise. Then came the message for Ngaiterangi, that 'Te Awanui' do anything they wish.

From it's shelter, the Kaihoe pushed Te Awanui the 1/4 mile to the ramp, karakia was performed, then into the water. The first crew selected, settled into the hull, and all was ready, Jim Takotohiwi at the rear, and Jack Thatcher at the front. Excitement was high, a large crowd had gathered to watch the Mataatua Kaihoe at their first real exercise, the spare crew very envious at missing out on the selection, the waka was sitting calm alongside the ramp, the muruka karakia began, then the kaihoe inoi, then - Turuki, Turuki! Paneke; whoa! stop! - Te Awanui suddenly found itself sitting on top of the ramp! It had moved exactly 2 feet! Let's try again. The next time was a success, though short-lived. As the waka headed towards the middle, Jim called a huri matau (right tum), and in dug, the paddles, but, on the forms, there was no current to deal with, hold on boys, watch it! we're sitting broadside! watch it! and that was the fm;t of three occasions the waka rolled over at Tauranga. The second crew had no rolling mishaps, only. in trying to turn, they drifted about a mile with the current, eventually doing so well out of sight of the onlookers, but they managed to get it back to the wharf, a tired and wet crew on their first day on the water. Ben Marnaku

HUI-A-TAU TE RUNANGA O NGATI AWA He lino maha ngli tlingata i te Hui-a-Iwi a Te Rilnanga o Ngliti Awa i te marama kua pahure ake nei. Purutiti ana le tipuna whare a Oruatauparc, mahana ana le noho a te iwi i tae ki te whakarongo ki ngii nekeneke a Ngiiti Awa He maha ano hoki ngli kaupapa i tutuki i te tau, e ai ki le whakamlirama a ia ropu a ia ropu i raro i te mana o le Riinanga. Kei le pai katoa te ncke whakamua o nga whakariterite. · He torutoru nei ngli rtlpu kci te horiri kia tutuki nga whakahaere i mua i o rlitau aroaro. MATMTUA WHARENUI.... Kei raro i a Te Hliwiki Ranapia nga whakah'aere. Kii nui le pai o ngli mabi ngli kaiwhakairo me le hunga waihanga i ngii tukutuku. Ko le whenua e biahiatia ana kei le haere tonu ngii whakarilerile i waenga i le Rilnanga me le Kaunihera o Whakatane.

TE KOMITI TAIAO.... Kei tcnei ropu, ngli mlingai mo ngli tautohetohe kia kaua tukuna a Ohiwa kia tukinotia e tauiwi, te taumahatanga i tenei wii. He maha ngli ropu tautoko i le kaupapa. Ko le koanga ngakau, ko etabi tonu o ngli rtipu o tauiwi kei te tautoko mai.

Mangai Paho i whakarite ai. Kua waimarie kua whai huruhuru ano hei kawe i le mabi. TE WHAKAEMI, WHAKAHUINGA KORERO, TUHITUHINGA O NEHE. Kei le whakatakoto kaupapa ngli kaitiaki, kia ahei ai nga hapu, ngii iwi.ki le_tuku mai i a rlitau korcro, i ngli tuhituhinga, i ngll taonga a ngli komlti, a ·nga tipuna ki te wharc whakemi korero a Ngati Awa. Arohatia mai, manaakitia le kaupapa.

NGA KAIHAUTO I NGA TONO A NGATI AWA (NEGaI'IATION TEAM) Kei le titiro whakamua ki le wa e hoki mai ai ngii tono a le iwi, ko te whakatalcoto kaupapa hei whakapakari i nga hapil i le iwi, kia kaua e loh/pa ngii whakaaro o tetahi i tetabi kia kotahi te

whakaaro.

TE KUPENGA A TAMATEAREHE (POLICY SETILEMENT COMM) Ko rlitau kei waenga i ngii Kaihautu me le Iwi,

---

Ko etahi katoa o nga ropu kei le pai ngli nekeneke. TE WHARE WANANGA O AWA-NUI-ARANGI Kua whakamanatia kia rite atu ano ttina tatai ki nga Wh::rewananga o te motu. TE MANUKA TU-TAHI Kii nui te pai o ngli nekeneke i raro i a Eddie Pryor, te rangatira hou. Kei a ia te reo, ko tana ko te biki i te wahanga ki to tatau reo kia tae ki ta le

kei le whakaae kei le whakahe ki nga nekeneke a nga Kaihutu.

TE HUINGA RANGATAHl Kei te kaha rawa tenei ropu ki te wero mai i nga nekenekc a Te Rtinanga. Ko nga rangatira ra enei mo apopo, a, e ai ki tetahi korero mai na Nulru Kaitangata, "Kia tika le whakamoe m:ti i taku ika, hei tlipikitanga mo taku kiikabu" Ko nga ripoata mai a ngli rt!pu e wh:ti ake nei, kei le p:ti te haere o nga mahi. FINANCE COMMrITEE Ngati AWA FARM COMMITTEE Ngati AWA PRIVATE TRAINING ESTABLISHMENT COMM. Ngliti AWA FISHERIES COMM Ngliti AWA IIDUCATION COMM Ngati AWA SOCIAL & HEALTH SERVICES COMM LOUVAIN INVESTMENTS & AWATORU TRUST TE KAHUI KAUMATUA

Wharangi 10

"'Tasman Pulp & Paper: Profiles of Tasman Employees I

MACKIE KAIPARA

"You m~an, you've just sat there and waited" said Fred Marshall.

Mackie Kaipara has worked 41 years at

"Yes" replied 'Mackie.

Tasman, he started on the 6th March 1956, he is also · the younger brother ·of Dovi

So because of th~ strong will Mackie had shown

Kaipara (June issue Pu Kaea). lie is of

he was rewarded by being given the chance to work

solid b~iJd, .kind natu,re~ · and ~cry

as a cleaner. Toe· astonishing thing was Mackie

humourous. His r:nemories are of workers

lasted only 2 hpurs in this position, then an

been and gone. He came to Tasman after

opportuf\ity arose in the Saw Mill and he became

the shove from his· mother, to find a job.

an operator. So coming from meager beginnings to working in the Saw Mill was a fluke, and he

"My mother told me to .g o look for work,

stayed there for 10 years before being transferred

so I came here, and Fred Marshall asked

to another department and position in 1966.

Mackle Kalpara with his older brother Dovie

me what I was doing here. I said I want a job, he s~id how old are .you? I told him

"Lois of workers started after me, the old saw mill workers were, Ciary Gears, Turei Kohonui, Harry

I'll be 16 next week", says Mackie.

Atarau, Georgi: Moses and Mita Malcia to name a He was made to sit in a comer and wait.

few" . These people have passed on now, but

Mackie wait~d, he never moved not even

Mackie has great memories of them all, even Fred

to ~ ieve h_i'llself. , !he hou~ went by, but enthusiastic about the possibility of

Marshall, who was the first to test Mackie's • ' pissistance' at Tasman.

work, Mackie s,t ayed. persistant. Fred Marshall returned 1&~1 afternoon, and

Being transferred-meant a new position to learn

shocked to see Mackie still w;iiting, asked I ,1 •

and coping with shiftwork.

him if he had been there all day.

went to batch milling.

Mackie replied "Yes".

"It's no more now" says Mackie.

Karahipi ~ahine Maori 1997 Glenis Philip-Barbara has been awarded the 1997 Karahipi Wahine Maori scholarship which is awarded by Te Ohu ' Whakatupu, Minitatimga Mo Nga Wiihinc, Ministry of Women's Affairs. ·' Glen is says receivingthe·award "is a cdllective celebration to be shared wilh my children, my • partner, the whanau, nanny and everyone eise - ' they all contribu'ted. I was interested in the way in which the scholarship was into Maori women and whanau and was not solely'liased on aca' demic achievements". Of Ngati Porou descent, Ngati Rangi is her hapu Glenis is living at Linton Camp where her tane Nick Barbara is a Sergeant, They have three tamariki,Jory (11), Khali (.7) and Hiria (I) and a fourth due.in Juiy. • · "' Judy Lawrence, Chief Executive of the Minis-. try of Women's Affairs says 'Karahipi Wiihine Maori is a small way for the Ministry to acknowledge and foster the significant skills and talents developing amongst Maori women and encourages them to C!)nsider a career in public policy development'.

The scholarship includes the opportunity to work in Te Ohu Whakatupu and to network with other women working in similar areas. ·

sionaries and the dri:amers have always been women - it's what we are".

Karahipi Wiihine Maori is worth $3,500 and is intended to assist a Maori woman through her final Paula Snowden, Manager, Te Ohti Whakatupu says ·' year of study, and to encourage Maori women to "In the thtce years Karahipi Wiihine Maori has been· consider career in public poljcy development in in place we have been privileged to award the the Ministry ofWom~n's,Affairs. scholarship ti> some outstanding Maori women. These women give us great hope for the fuiure Maori women as leaders in their areas of expertise and in their whanau, liapu and iwi.

We want to encourage Maori women to use their skills for Maori development and to consider policy analysis as a career option" says Ms Snowden. Glenis is in her final undergraduate year of a full time degree in Maori studies and Sociology at Massey University. She's one of two Maori women student officers on the campus and co-chair woman of Te Awhina Kohanga Reo. The next plan on Glenis' agenda is to do a Masters Degree on Maori women's role in sole parenting to help give them a voice to tell their own stories. Something she stresses is vital for all Maori women. 'We need our voices back! The thinkers, the vi-

Wbarangi 11

THE CLAIMS OF NGATI AWA - PART 1 "A hapu or iwi must have a long demonstrable association with the land" Introduction Ngati Awa claim to the land between the Rangitaiki River and Otamarakau is based on ancestral occupation from the time of the eponymous ancestor Toi and on the grounds of "te ringa kaha" (the strong arm) of Tc Rangihouhiri and his descendants including the hapu Ngati Irawharo, Ngati Hikakino and Ngai Tc Rangihouhiri II and Tc Tawcra. There has been continuous occupation of the area interrupted only by the Nga Puhl raids and the raupatu. Residence or occupation has long been considered crucial in detennining land tenure. That factor alone however is not sufficient to secure mana whenua. A hapu or iwi must have a long, demonstrable association with the land to be able to claim ancestral rights. An example is Toi who built a pa at Whakatanc. His son was Awanuiarangi I, the founding ancestor of Ngati Awa. There are two factors here: residence and lengthy historical associations. Similarly, ringa kaha, or military strength, determined who held the mana, the political and economic power in the region. Therefore the battles between Th Arawa and Ngati Awa in the western area of the claim were an indication of who held political power in this region. Like the almost continuous disputes with Whakatohea over Ohiwa and with Tuhoc over the Thncatua region, the conflict between Ngati Awa and Te Arawa over the western part of the robe ofNgati Awa has a long history of animosity, antagonism and hostility. There is however. no evidence of any such historical conflict bclwccn Ngati Awa and Tuwharetoa lei Ka:werau that is documented or referred to in any substantive manner by Crown officials, pakeha traders and historians.

island called Omarupotiki and follows up the river Tarawera (including all the said islands) and bounded on the west by the ridge of mountains called Whalcapaukorero taking in all the sulphur t,e<Js and the mountains and the lakes called Rotoiti an6 Rotorua also Tamurenui bounded on the south by the land called Takaua i ocpa [Tukanga o Apa near Putauaki], Punokc, Waiueruatuwaki, Teau, Ka:karake, Tuwata, and bounded on the north by a sand bank called Tarauiuturangi [Te Tara o Muturangi] and the sea beach ... " This transaction was later investigated both at the Compensation Court, after receiving a claim from Harata Paraone or Brown, a granddaughter of Te Rangitakina and then again by the Native Lands Commission, who eventually dismissed the claim. Harata Paraone was also an original grantee of Matata Lot 39 in 1868. The important point to note here is that Te Rangitakina, a well-known chief of Ngati Awa, was approached to sell the land that extended down the Tarawera River. There was no consultation with any group known as Tuwharetoa or Tuwharetoa ki Ka:werau nor were there any protests lodged either then or later by claimants under that name. Ngati Makino or Ngati Pikiao were not involved either. In any event Te Arawa would subsequently be catered for, as the Crown official J A Wilson would later note:2 ".. the whole of the dry lands of these tribes [Ngati Rangihouhiri, Ngati Hikakino and Te Patutatahi/ Taiwhakaca] have been given to the hapu of the Arawa for military service rendered in 1865 .. " The Land Dealings of Hans Tapsell

Other sales were less well documented but again dealings were with Ngati Awa chiefs and hapu. The trader Tapsell bought land off Te Patutatahi, a hapu of Ngati Awa, near Matata in December 1839 through " the authority of the senior Ngalj Awa'cbief Apall'li .Tc Hamaiwaho.lAgaiii ihiieYs •ii'Mdrifu..rto this ! ~II was only after Te Kaokaoroa that Ngati Awa ~ Ngati Awa. political power in the west began lb Folfuwing - belonging to anyone other tii.;:.il. It is important to note that the' iand was subsequently the raupatu, the awards of the Compensation Court repurchased in 1859, according. i'c!'re P;ll'utatahi ~hief and the Native lJand Coult then pcmiancndy instituWiremu Te Whatapapa during die Compensation tionalised the defeat of Ngati Awa with the award of Court hearings in 1867. Te Patutatahi is now known their lands to the Crown's loyalist suppotters. After as Ngai Taiwhakaca II. the punishments of the Crown, some groups found that it was to their advantage to deny affiliation to I Wai-46, G4 Ngati Awa and emphasise some other whakapapa 2 1 A Wilson to native Minister 29 March 1872 connection such as Tuwharetoa or Te Arawa. RDBat9991

me,

The awards of the Coutts during that period confirmed that if you were Ngati Awa and claimed the return of ancestral land from that perspective you were unlikely to succeed. The long absence of Ngati Awa from the "occupied lands " has helped the other claimants and that is evident today.

George White and Tc Rangitakina

AN important indication of the ownership of the lands at Matata and along the Tarawcra River prior to the Treaty of Waitangi was the sale of land by the N~ai Tc Rangihouhiri II chief, Te Rangiiakina. In 1842, Edwanl Shordand described Te Rangitakina as "the chief of Ngati Awa who lives at Matata. "' In January 1840, George White, a trader at Matata, completed a Deed of Sale for 9,600 acres with Te Rangitakina for land along the western bank of the Tarawera River. The b_Jock is described as follows:

Beginning with the river Te Awa le Atua the main entrance and takes in all that l>arcels of land namely Otamaroroa, Kiwaenga, Te Puru, Terauatiti, Oheu, Th Matapihi, Wangatanc; bounded on the east by the

Rev Thomas Grace The Missionary Thomas Grace also had land or propelty at Matata from 1855 which he claimed he had arranged with Te Rangiipaia, another chief of Ngati Awa. Te Rangiipaia was a chief of Ngati Hikakino who was killed at Te Kaokaoroa and he is referred to by Valentine Savage. Grace was later awanled sections in the Township of Richmond at Matata totalling approximately 2 acres.

Edward Shordand, Protector of Aborigines Edward Shordand was appointed Protector of Aborigines at Maketu in March 1843. His letters and diaries, extensively examined by David Alexander, give a view of the tribal situation between 1840 and 1860. Shortland was an independent Crown official who kept extensive records of what he witnessed at the time the events occurred. He would have no motive to embellish or fabricate his reports in any way during this period. In the submission of Ngati Awa therefore, his evidence is an essential part of the historical record that the Waitangi Tribunal needs to consider in the context of the status of Ngai Te Rangihouhiri II and Ngati Hikakino as hapu of Ngati Awa. Shortland travelled throughout at least the western extent of the robe of Ngati Awa. It is important to note that he does not mention the existence of a group Jiving in the Ka:werau area under the name of Tuwharetoa and in fact makes frequent reference 10 the Tarawera and Matata region as belonging to Ngati Awa. He similarly no reference to these hapu as hapu of any iwi but Ngati Awa.

makes

Shortland also notes the chiefs of the area. At Te Kupenga, Shortland recorded that [Rangi] Tu Kt:hu was the chief, while at Matata the chiefs were Te Puehu of Ngati Hikakino and Te Rangitakina of "Ngatirangiowiri" [Ngali Rangihouhiri]. Again, it should be noted that he docs not mention a chief of Tuwharetoa living in the area or indeed of the existence of a Tuwharetoa presence.

"He would have no motive to embellish or fabricate his reports in any way" It should be noted here that Te Puehu, who is used as the basis for the Otamarakau claim area, is regarded by Shordand as a·Ngati .4,;jl- chief anil'not Npti Makino as later claimed by them. In the submission J of Ngati Awa ii' is therefore clear that Te Puehu regardecfhi~i!il,iili.;ry as a chief of the Ngati Hikakino hapu of NgaifAwa. It was cidy following the losses sustained at 'le Kaolcaoroa and after the . raupatu that the son of Te Puehu emphasised his Ngati Makino whakapapa during the Compensation Coult hearings in 1867. In this context'it is also impottant to consider that Te Puehu himself did not give such evidence and further that he was subsequently buried at the Ngati Awa settlement of Umuhika. With reference to Ngati Hikakino and Ngai Te Rangihouhiri II hapu, Shortland regards them as hapu of Ngati Awa and records them thus in his table of · hapu and iwi of the region. Similarly, Alexander, in his repolt to the Waitangi Tribunal, notes that in 1843 the mouth of the Awa o tc Atua was "indisputably Ngati Awa territory". Te Rangitakini as referred to previously, is described by Sho1tland as "the chief of Ngati Awa who live at Matata •.

Thomas Smith, Civil Commissioner Reports of Crown Officials

AN important source of information for the period leading up to the confiscations is the correspondence of various local Crown officials based in the Bay of Plenty area. The Crown presence in the western Bay of Plenty at Tauranga and later Maketu offers a wealth of evidence for the status of the hapu and iwi leading right up to and including the confiscation period.

Arguably, the most knowledgeable Crown source at the time was Thomas Smith, initially appointed as Protector in Maketu in June 1845 following the departure of Sboltland and then later as Civil Commissioner. Like Shortland, Smith would report on what he saw and what he knew. He would have had no motive or reason to falsify his reports and can therefore be relied on as an independent witness (independent of any of the claimants) to accurately describe events and cin:umstances that he wimesscd or was aware of as they unfolded.

Wharangi 12 Smith made regular detailed reports of the Bay of Plenty area especially around the early 1860s, noting where iwi were living, their chiefs, tribal affiliations and general status. Not once in Smith's detailed observations is a group living under the name Tuwharctoa mentioned, nor is there reference to any other groups living in the area claimed by Ngati Awa except those recognised as Ngati Awa. Examples of this arc numerous. Smith reported in May I 862 that he had met with the "Ngatiawa tribes residing in the eastern portion of this district on the Awa o tc Atua, Rangitaiki and Whakatane rivers" He met firstly: "the three principal tribes residing at the various settlements on that river [Tarawcra]; the Ngatirangi[houhiri], Ngatihikakino and Te Tawera". No reference is made to any other iwi group apart from Ngati Awa. It is clear that Smith, like Shortland, regarded these hapu as part of Ngati Awa. If occupation is an important indicator of mana whenua then clearly these hapu held mana whenua as confinned by two independent Crown officials. It is also important to note that the list of Ngati Rangihouhiri, Ngati Hikakino and Te Thwera Runanga representatives, Assessors and Karere recorded by Smith is described as "The List of Native Officers nominated by tne Ngatiawa Tribes as members of the local Runanga, Assessors, Wardens and Karere" [Emphasis added]. TI-IE list of representatives is given below: Ust of Nati,•e Officers nomintated by the Ngatiawa tribes as members of the local Runanga, Assessors, Wardens and Kartre.

from their correspondence. For example, those persons listed in the Warrant issued by Thomas Smith to Retreat Tapsell were primarily members of those three hapu, including the chiefs Te Hura, Tc Aka, Hawera and Hepeta. Given the wcll-infonncd nature of these officials and the c_losc contact between them and the Arawa, it is highly unlikely that they would have made the mistake of confiscating land from Tc Wilson's Census 1867 Arawa or any other iwi. Indeed. the confiscation boundary was later shifted following consultation The first comprehensive survey of the population in the area claimed by Ngati Awa was that carried out by between Crown officials and Tc Arawa representatives . J A Wilson, Crown Agent, in preparation for the sitting of the Compensation Court in 1867: Wilson The Tairawhiti Force and Tc Kaokaoroa makes careful note of the numbers, location and affiliation of each of the groups living within the In examining the participation of Tuwharctoa lei Ngati Awa area. Wilson's census lists the hapu Kawerau in the attempted passage by the Tairawhiti present at Te Awa o te Atua as Ngati Rangihouhiri force to Waikato, Luiten notes that there docs nol and Ngati Hikakino being divided further into Ngati seem to be any evidence of any involvement of any Rangihouhiri and Ngati Hamua and Ngati Hikakino Ngati Tuwharctoa in the battles. According to Luiten and Nga Potiki respectively. The Rangitaiki hapu arc the only involvement of Tuwharctoa is limited to the listed as Pahipoto, divided into Pahipoto, Nga involvement of the Ngati Hikakino and Ngai Te Tamaoki, Nga Maihi and Ngati Ahi. There is no Rangihouhiri II hapu, which this document clearly mention of a Tuwharctoa grouping within the area. demonstrates are not hapu of Tuwharetoa. Without The census is reproduced below: these hapu there is no evidence of the existence of a Ohiwa NgatiAwa Ngati Hokopu 44 separate group aligned to Tuwharctoa. Luiten subsequently notes that: Ohopc NgatiAwa Ngati Wharepaia 45 " it is clear that the relationship between Ngati Ngati Pukeko Ngati Patutahqra I II Tuwharctoa [presumably Tuwharctoa ki Kawerau] and Ci~il Commissioner Smith was all but destroyed Whakatalle Ngati Pukeko Ngati Rangataua 36 [as a result of Te Kaokaoroa). Communication beTe Patuwai 40 tween them was never subsequently restored. " Ngati Maumoan~ 25 However, as the earlier examination of Smith's Ngati Hore 9 correspondence shows, it is equally clear that there Ngati Paeko 17 Ngati Whakapoi was never any communication between himself and 3 any group known as Ngati Tuwharctoa in the Bay of Orini Te Patutatahi Ngai Tapiki 22 Plenty region. Invasion Rangitaiki TeWhanauo Nga.Ii Makarehe

Irate at Tauranga in I 860. He is another Crown official independent of the claimants who would have recorded what he saw and what he knew. In reporting to the Government in October I 861, Clarke notes "the country between these two rivers [Tc Awa o le Atua and the Whakatanc- is occupied by the Ngatiawa. "

Taiwhakaea Ngai llunarahui

MEMBERS OF RUNANGA Hunia Tunu of Urnuhika Paora Patu Tc Watcnc Tc Apakura

Tribe - n Tawcra

Pctera Rangitakina of Tc Awa o le Atua Tc Kanapai Moungarangi Kaperiere Rangitakina

Ngati Bina

Ngati Hinanoa

Ngati'Kaiha

Te Awa a Atua

Tribe - NgatJrangjhouhid and Ngalibikakjno Tiopira Te Hukiki of Rangitaiki Te Tancti Tc Hinurewa Hohepa Tc Manaha

Tribe - Te Pahjpoto and Te Patutatahi ASSESSORS

Tc Hura of Tc Awa o tc Atua Raharuhi of Umuhika Wiremu Tc Whatapapa of Rangitaiki

WARDENS

Te Makarini Te Uhiniko of Te Awa o te Atua Hoani Matenga Paruhi of Rangitaiki

KAREBE

Tc Meihana Te Tawa Utiku Te Rangi Tc Wetini Te Amamako Eruera Whaikorero Topia Tc Mai A number of those named including Wiremu Tc Whatapapa, Te Hura and Hoani Poururu, referred to in similar lists, would later confinn in evidence that they were members of Ngati Awa. Te Hurn and Hoani Poururu in particular during the Supreme Court trials and in subsequent correspondence would confinn their Ngati Awa lineage. Indeed, Hoani Poururu would later become an historical infonnant for Ngati Awa to Percy Smith. Henry Clarke, Resident Magistrate HENRY CLARKE was appointed Resident Magis-

Rangiiaiki

Ngai Ngati Harnua Te Rangihouhiri II Ngai Te Rangihouhiri II Ngati Hikakino Ngati Hikakino NgaPotiki Te Pahipoto Ngai Tarnaoki NgaMaihi NgatiAhi IQTAL

13 27 30 IO

19 30

21 21

64 29 19

Census figures taken in I 878 and 1881 confinn this. A detailed study of the individual names listed in these census reports also confirms that the descendants of those persons identified in the Ngai Tc Rangihouhiri II and Ngati Hikakino lists arc registered as beneficiaries with Tc Runanga o Ngati Awa on the lists relevant to these two hapu. NGATI AWA WAS THE TARGET OF TIIB CONFISCATION The period 1864-65 saw conflict between Ngati Awa on the one hand and the Crown and Tc Arawa forces on the other. The result of this conflict was the confiscation of Ngati Awa land. Again throughout the period there is no reference made to Tuwharctoa living in the Bay of Plenty area However, there arc references made to Ngati Tuwharctoa from Taupo on a number of occasions and the references arc clear that this is the case. A further pGint to be made is that the target of the confiscations was clearly those hapu of Ngati Awa deemed to have been involved in the killing of Fulloon, namely Ngai Te Rangihouhiri II, Ngati Hikakino and Tc Patutatahi/Ngai Taiwhakaea II. The Crown officials arc all clear on that point as is evident

The correspondence between the Crown officials responsible for the issuing of the warrant for the arrest of those suspected of the killing of Fulloon and for organising the invasion of Ngati Awa territory, shows clearly that the target of these actions was Ngati Awa. Examples of that correspondence me given below. Captain William Mair Mair was placed in charge of the Arawa force. He corresponded regularly with Smith as to his progress. Prior to setting out along the Tarawcra River with the inland portion of the Arawa force he stated that he regarded the people at Tc Teko as "Ngatiawa". He also related to Smith the apparent location of any settlements along his path. He noted that the only sign of "the enemy" he had seen was a small fire "between Tc Ahiinanga and Putauaki". The fact that Mair docs not encounter any groups at Kawcrau or clsewhcn: along that river until the pa at Parawai, nor any group claiming to be ofTuwharctoa indicates, it is submitted, an absence of such groups. Mair is clear that his actions were directed against Ngati Awa and not other iwi. In his report to Smith of the taking of Tc Kupenga, Mair noted that: "'The Ngatiawa arc fairly crushed and will never give any more trouble •. Henry Clarke Clarke as the nearest official to the 'rebellion', sent numerous commentaries to Smith. On 10 August I 865, he noted that he rel! 'particularly sanguinary against the Ngatiawa just now". In the same letter he further elaborates on his 'desired outcome': "Ifthc Ngatiawa get a thundering good thrashing it will have a good effect on these fellows [other Pai Marircl. " [Emphasis on original I] Earlier he had written to his brother noting that: "There is no immediate prospect ~f hostilities here but the -rawa arc very sore and "13Y seek to avenge

Whiirangi 13 themselves on our next door neighbours the Ngatiawa•. Once again, there is no reference to Tuwharetoa living in this region at that time. In the same vein his letter of IO August. Clarlce writes to Smith noting: "I hope the Arawa will not trifle. I want to bear that they, the Ngaliawa. get a thorough good · hammering. • Another letter of note from Clarke to Smith in August 1865 notes the "Ngatiawa • tosses at Pllrawai. ·

Thomas Smith

the coast has had serious repercussions for Ngati Awa. Smith also noted the advantage of having friendly settlements located on Ngati Awa land between Maketu and Opotiki "thus preventing any reoccupation by an enemy. "

"It is distinc~y proved by other evidence that the block lying lo the north of the boundary line which is in dispute between Ngati Awa and Ngati Rangitihi was obtained by Ngati Awa by conquest and has ever since remained in possession of that tribe. •

Smilh ;,iso makes the point that the Arawa iwi involved in the invasion had an input into Crown policy, making it unlikely that they allowed their own land to be confiscated: "[The view of the -rawa- is that the Ngatiilwa countiy has beeh taken by conquest. "

As for Takapou's case the Court found that his case was based on both Aotahi and Ngati Awa whakapapa and ordered that his name be included in the list of owners. The Court found in favour o(Ngati Awa and awarded the block to Ngati Awa.

Pokohu As Civil Commissioner at Maketu, Thomas Smith was probably the Crown Agent most familiar with the location of various iwi. Smith is also clear that the iwi tmgeted by the actions of the C~wn was Ngati Awa. He no1e3 in a letter to the Native Secrelaly: "by occupying the attention of the Ngaliawa at home they [Te -lrawa- prevented the latter from rendering assistance to the Wbakatobea at Oootiki. •

Native Land Court Hearings BY the early 1880s, those land blocks immediately

outside the confiscation line were being heard by the Native Land Court. The Otamarakau, Pokohu, Putauaki and Matahina block hearings are examined below. During these hearings there was dearly an effort made by some claimants to distinguish themselves Land ConfiscaJe4 from Ngali Awa fro~ Ngati Awa. At the time the confiscations would still be a vivid memory and the implications of being As stated earlier all the Crown officials involved in associated with •rebels" would not be lost on claimthe invasion were clear that the Ngati 'Awa was the ants. It can be argued that groups distanced themtarget of their actions. They are therefore unlikely to include the land of their allies in the confiscation. The selves by using whakapapa from other than Ngati Awa ancestors and thereby set the scene for the Crown and Te Arawa had ample opponunity to alter situation today. the line after the confiscation if they felt there had been a mistake. This did not occur. . . , This can be demonstrated both in the southern blocks While the gautte notice of the confiscation does not and in the 'western' lands wh~re groups stressed aclU~!Y mention ~gati A'1'3;, the µitent o_f the <;0nfis1 cation was to punish not only the hapu involved in the ~!11,bpapa linb to Tuwlimtoa and Te Arawa (hence Te Arawa and therefore loyal) respectively and not to ,'~bellio1q,ut,l~e ~hole tribe - therefore Nl!"li ,Awa,, Ngati Awa. As the previous Compensation Court --n\'osc sent to jail were Ngati Awa men. There were 'no 'n.;.h~io.. Ngati Makino 6r'Ngati Ptl<iaci among :iie:irings had 'den\dnsirateil, claimants-emphasising tlie'ir'Ngad 1Awa'conncctilins would'nol succeed in • them: By th~irown 'ailmissilms dining "!heir S~pn!lne obtiliniriglland grants'.- " ·, .11 · ,, Court itials they c6nfirineifihey Ngati l\..ia, i;-:' 1} /iJ\lj . , _,I. f There·is 110 ~ment ·more convincing than tlie fllcl •. Despite this change in emphasis of whakapapa links that Ngati Awa were tried by Court Martial and later by the Supreme Court. II was N'gati Awa that suffered the·Court.he,uing the s9uthem blocks ~till found predomi_llanUy,Jn favour of l'\gati Awa. It was only 1tlie .humiliation of the raupatu. after political pressure had been brought to bear that these decisions were r~_'::efSed. Military Awards

'were

~• •

I')..._,

. :

•

·•

Smith in a report IQ the Native Secretary on 12 March 1 \"866. Outlillcs ~e ·genesis Of the1~ 'to tlit d · confiscated lands of Ngati Awa to Te Arawa:

"Iu~cl -1 Yi,1 O-,• .n;.

JU '

THE Putauaki Block ':"as 1/ronght before the Court iri September 1881 by Penetilo Hawea on behalf of "ln connection-wilh the q~ upi\_p fiemiliieration, I " ~ gati•Awi'aoo1'1'gil'Maihf<on'the'basis.of'lncestry;""would suggest-> setting af>art~porti'ons of.the recently conquest, burial rights and occupation. Fourcrossconfi scated-ieiritory for the A,i;°wa, J believe that · claimants were-also i resent. Te Waru (Urewera), many of the inland tribes would gladly come to the Kaipara (Rangitihi); Rawiri (for his wife) and coast if they could obtain land there'.:'. TheTaupo .and Takapou (Aotahi). After hearing the claims the Court Tarawera i,c.ople especialiy anxious to obtain a threw out the claims of the first three, noting in the location on ihe coast • case of the Ngati Rangitihi claim that:

THE divisions that had appeared between the hapu of Ngati Awa as a result of the raupatu are clearly demonstrated by the hearing over the Pokohu block. The block was brought before the Court by Ngati Rangitihi on 29 September I881. The claim was objected to jointly by Ngati Awa. Nga Maihi and Ngati Pou, Ngati Pukeko and Ngati Awa. Subsequently however, the block was reheard with Ngati Rangitihi again as claimants. It was at this hearing that the cracks in the unity of Ngati Awa appeared. Raimona Petera. a beneficiary of the Loi 39 award, claimed the whole block on behalf of Tuwh;irctoa. while Penetito Hawea claimed part of the block on behalf of Ngati Awa. Ngati Pou again .claimed but this time separately from the rest ofNgati Awa. Petera later joined his claim to that of Ngati Awa. The Court finally awarded half the block to Ngati

Rangitihi and a quarter each to Ngati Awa and Ngati Pou. The reason for the separation of Ngati Pou from the rest of Ngali Awa ha., already been explained. Separation from Ngati Awa was seen as one way to ensure a favourable finding for a case. Hamiora Tumutara Pio, an acknowledged expert on Ngati Awa history noted in hearings for the Putauaki block that: "I belong to the Ngati Awa tribe and the Ngati Pou hapu ... I claim on behalf of Ngati Awa, Ngati Pou and Ngati Pukeko (Ngati Pou and Ngati Pukcko are hapu _of Ngati Awa) •-[Emphasis added] 1

-_._

. ~:-• .. Kl le rere 18 puananl, ka11ohla'. i Kl 18 r8re 18 manuka, tomokla • Kl te puta te tomalrangl, manaaklUa He maha nga putanga o le aroha

Clearly, Smith's idea for re-establishing these iwi on

1996 Population Census • Iwi membership grows Seventy four percent of all people of Maori descent reported belonging to at least one iwi in the 1996 Census. Between 1991 and 1996 the proportion of people of Maori descent who reported belonging to at least one iwi went from 71 to 74percent. • Ngapuhi largest iwi The Northland-based Ngapuhi remains the largest iwi with 95,451 members. Other iwi with populations of more than 40,000 were Ngati Porou with 54,219 members and Ngati Kahungunu with 45,26 I. • Ngai Tahu records greatest increase The South Island iwi, Ngai Tahu, recorded the largest absolute increase in total mein bership between the 1991 and 1996 censuses. The increase of 43.5 percent brought the total number of affiliates for this iwi to 29,133. • Top nine iwi by size remain unchanged Over half of all responses given to the question on iwi affiliation indicated member ship or one of the largest nine iwi. The same iwi were in the top nine by size in both 1996 and 1997. • Iwi not known by one in five Maori Nineteen percent-of people of Maori descent indicated that they did not know the name of their iwi at the 1996 census. This compares with 22 percent in 1997. /

_ _ ___ .....,_..,:;

Wharangi 14

Iv'.l[JiJn1g~iJn11uui Minginui-Te Whaiti Sportswomen In the last issue of Pu Kaea we contributed an article on Rose Meihana and her recollection of the social work performed by the women of Ngati Whare for the whanau during the last four decades, through the Maori Women's Welfare League. In this issue our focus is on the sporting women of Minginui and Tc_Whaiti in the 90's. There is at least eighty families living in Minginui village and most of the whanau members are very young. The kuia and koroua you can count on one hand and even then I think I am over estimating the number of our old people, living there. For a small, mega isolated village tucked away in the Whirinaki forest you wouldn't credit the amount of sporting talent that's to be found there. And I'm only talking about the wahine here. One of them, Nonie Eketone showed me all the trophies that she won playing golf, netball and eight ball. She is the daughter of Katerina Mary Lou Mason and the late George Mason. Nonie: "I know we're only a small place and Minginui is so far away from anywhere, but that doesn't really phase us. When we want to do something we do it. We've been travelling to Rotorua to play netball since 1995. As you ia'i'ow finance is tight here in the village, but WC fund raise all the time to buy uniforms, hire of a bus to get Q!l! learns to Rotorua, paying for

7["~

subs and everything else that goes with playing a sport. The whole village supports us by selling hangi, raffles, holding socials and a whole Jot of other things to get m_oney.

Murupara Netball Association. Minginui were always the first club to be at the courts. We travelled in two vans back then. We were runner up in the overall competitions in I 992 the first year we started, not bad eh?

We spend long hours on the road during the weekends because we take our children to the JAB in Rotorua too. But its worth it because our netball teams and our kids get to be exposed to strong competition and that means we get to improve the way we play.

In I 994 the Tuna Kapakapa netball team was formed. The players were former members of the Minginui Social Netball Club and they named their team after one of the local streams in Minginui. The two teams were:

After the games everyone gets to do their bulk shopping at the big supermarkets and other things that can only be done in Rotorua. When did netball start up here? Well I'm not sure but I remember in 1992 Netball Revived Tracey Hune came back into the village after Jiving in Opotiki for a while and decided to start up netball again because it had been in recess she said for 3- 4 years. At the AGM of the Minginui Social Club a committee was formed,' followed by the selectio!l of two teams. The colours selected for our uniforms were green skirts and gold shirts with green bands, that was for the A team, those are still our colours. Our B team had yellow skirts with the same shirts as the A team. The bibs were pink and white, gee! ! talk about great colour co-ordination, but hey, we were just starting out and money was ultra limited. 1992-1994 Murupara Netball Association Our two teams started off playing with the

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Tuna Kapakapa Minginui Social Netball Club K Karepe T .M atapuku R Araroa C Taramai L Roberts R Matekuare M Tararnai K Matekuare E Roberts T lraia - Captain N Eketone - Captain K Matekuare B Roberts G McMillan S Roberts S Matekuare K Haira M Matekuare

1995 The Move To Rotorua Netball Association We decided that we needed more competition and Rotorua was where it was all happening. So every Saturday come rain, hail or shine our two teams travelled into Rotorua for netball. L Christy and J McMillan joined the Minginui Social Netball Club adding extra players to the club.

M Taramai from Tuna Kapakapa made the under I 7 year olds Bay rep team. That was pretty choice for a small place like Minginui to come up with a rep the first time our teams played in the Rororua Association. Our teams didn't do too badly either,

Whiirangi 15

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Tuna Kapakapa won the Banner . round and Our rangatahi w.e nt straight into the A grade, not Minginui Club lost only 3 games out 'of 7. ' . long after they got promoted to Senior A. In the · grading rounds they won all their games convincWe felt pretty choice about our efforts for 1995 ! ! ingly. In A senior they have been beaten only once by their own college ~am. Rangitahi.

1996 The Minginui Social Netball Club went from strength to strength. They became more competitive and was definitely more experienced. The club won the B Reserve ~ • s Champion of diampion round, and moved to B grade.

Couldn'.t complain about our progress, it was acc. Yep there was plenty of celebrating a~ the end of that season. J. . 1997 A Third Team- Nga Tafuanki O Tc Kohu

Our college rangatahi decided to form their own team this year. They wanted to play with their own age group rather than with the senior teams. They couldn't play for their college Rangitahi, because · it meant a lot of travelling to and fro from Minginui to Murupara for practice. The kids would have been tired out by the time it came to play 'their games in · the weekend, not to mention the money spent on gas getting them to practice. So for convenience, finance and whanau support's sake they decided to put together a local team of their own. They. practice here in the village and travel 'together with their mothers to Rotorua, who also play in the Minj:inui

Jenn~ Mason got pick~ for the Rot~rua under 17 year old's rep team. She bas been selected with some other players from the Rotorua rep team to trial out for th!) under 17 year old's Bay rep team. Last year Jenny made the Waiariki under I 5 year old's rep team and travelled to Gisbome to play in the Aotearoa Tournament, where reps for the Aotearoa Maori Women's netball team are selected. The reasons our kids gave for wanting to play in Rotol'Wl was so that they could get good competition and be available to be selected into rep squads. Primary School Level We had one'Minginui Primary School Team and one Te Wbaiti Primary School in 1995 but in the last two years the two schools have combined to make.up netball teams. In 1995 players from both schools were selected to represent The Urewera Schools. Our little ones have always played in Murupara. Again the whanau raise the necessary funds to ensure they get their uniforms and transport and that their subs get paid. Golf

teams

Well they formed their team, then they approached us the Minginui club for assistance in the way of raising funds for their uniforms, transport, subs and to ask for a coach. We agreed provided they bad one hundred per cent support from their parents. My husband Robert Eketone was approached to be their coach, cause with our teenagers they won't listen to us girls, but with a male we thought it might be different. Anyway, Robert must be doing something right as a coach because their record of achievement to date is pretty amazing. Well we all got behind the new Nga Tamariki O Te Kohu (Children of the Mist) team, and man its been worth the effort.

There used to be a local golf club here in Minginui, which opened irr 1972. There were about thirty members. They used to travel out and play tournaments throughout the Bay. I started out as a caddy for my boyfriend then, Robert Eketone, who is now my husband. 1989 was the year I decided to give golf a go. I used to say 'gee! people must be stupid for chasing a little white ball around the golf course'. Eventually when I got a taste for the game, you couldn't keep me off the course. In 1990, Tina Mason, Missy Hansen and myself went to Waihi to play Regionals at the NZ Spalding competitions. From that competition -we got picked to represent the Northern Zone of

New Zealand. The three zones competed at the Wairakei golf course in Taupo, where we broke three records that day. The record that was set in the previous year we broke on the I 0th hole. We set a new record and birdied the last hole, which had never been done in that competition before. Missy Hansen fielded a women's pennant team for the first time in 1991. The senior team was myself and Tina Mason. Intermediates were S. Roberts and H. Hansen. Juniors were T. Iraia and R. Taramai. The three classes won the zone final, which was also held in Taupo at Tauhara Golf course. I made it into the Bay under 21 year old's rep team. We played against Auckland at Ariki Kapakapa golf club in Rotorua, where we lost. But the experience of making it into the national competition is a memory never to be forgotten. We had no tutoring, we learned by watching and doing it, but we got great support from the whole village and especially the golf club. My father took care of the children while I practised and played tournaments, which is the best support anyone could ask for.

It made us proud being Maori and our golfing achievements put our little village back on the map". Where have I heard the saying that the backbone of any society is its women. Well after listening to Rose Meihana recount the work of the women of her generation and now Nonie Eketone talking about the sporting achievements as well as the work that the women of Te Whaiti-Minginui have to do before they even get to play their games, tends to re-confirm the truth of that saying in my mind. But then I would, I'm a female too!!!! The bus driver who drives the bus to Rotorua every Saturday for the girl's games is also a woman by the name of Harai Martin, who also happens to be the daughter of Rose Meihana. Oh well, as Nonie says, This is a whanau thing.' Kia Ora Te Whanau, Ana Fanene

Wharangi 16_

After A:TN - Maori Want Separate Television Network The following is a submission delivered by Robert Pouwhare at Hoani Waititi Marae, Auckland on the 27th June 1997.11 is a response to a discussion document on Maori television policy produced by the Ministry of Commerce, Te Puni Kolciri and the Prime Minister's Department A response to this document was sought at a number of consultation hui held throughout the country during the last two weeks. At a hui held at Hoani Waititi Marru Robet1 Pouwhare said there was a unanimous demand/or a separate channel/or Maori. Also disconcerting was the fact Maurice Williamson stated funding for Miiori television will be tahn out of Maori education and health areas. In SUIIUIIIU] it was felt by Roftet1 that it seemed as if Maori were being pushed into a deal by the government.

Whakangarongaro te tangata Ko nga taonga ia AKo1oma ANuima .' Tu Tonn! TutTonu! Tu Tonn! I

The Budget was announced yesterday

billion. The Trcaswy officials, Office

them?

of Treaty Settlements and other Government agencies had quite a

In the High Court judgment in the

different definition of consultation to

Wellington Airport case; consultation

the Maori Iwi. Maori had to consult

is defined -"Consultation must be

with every Iwi in the robe, gain

allowed sufficient time and genuine

mandates and reach consensus. The

effort must be made. It is to be a

Crown's verged on the farcical.

reality not a charade...To consult is

Brown asked the late Ernie Leonard

not merely to tell or present. Nor at _ what his Maori i?epartmeni ~ould de In The Crown's Policy f'.roposals o~ · the other extreme ts i; to ~gree.;

and for Maori - what a h11ge

disappointment an extra $1 million to In once established. Ernie replied that

T~eaty Claims Involving Public

the Waitangi Tribunal to deal 'wlth a

Works Acquisition" ..... Ngai Tahu ' involve

the first thing he would do is conduct 1 a SU[Y~Y. to find out what Maori

backlog of 500 or more c~s~s/ f:J be heard - is that a sign _of this 1coalition

government's commitmentto settling Maori claims? •

. -

: •

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,.. .,

,·I.I . ' ' •

•'

. I

negotiation

towards

agreement. Although the latter not

people wanted t? s;~, f:J~ ! elf;vision. , _c~!'1'11ents made to the,Crown on this

uncommonly can follow as the

The Judge quip!dy interrupted _an_d.. s.':'.bject w_ill b<; sqiously considered.

,tendency to consultatlon-is,to seek at -.

said "B'ilt' Mr I;eonard; don't ,y(JUJi·

Jfeast 'conl'en·sos ....lmplicit in" the !

1 .-

reniailis'· \J°nccinviriced that any

Consultation does not necessarily

thihk

IL,..

lt,

.1 • ' ; . ;,. ·: -•,

the'risk "of para'iy~ bt"- ' It

);

Ll •7 ,·

lip~ars-11\at ihc'1Crowh's -~o~cipl ...co1J!{p1\"l ."i .'re9uf€fu"'i1J.1 thJ(iii~' ll

1..r~,? 1-.~~r-u ul1 1\'f.YIJ ""-b.""Jnvn~LJ.C")]l '·~ ·

1<' .ehr '.,,, .. ,,,);,T-,i1 f?y"I partly, c.Ql)SU{ted w;n be, (or . ""." be '.,;'• 1 1.1v~J ~ -.;.. ..... :r~

-Q~l0,:WJ O'plGr( 1

0 Maori health•has always•·'-· been .a hu e , 1· analysis~. after n1all •11: these vears. ilon't or . consul1a11on wnn 'Maori has not - ' ...... b ., ,.,.,,. oJ ~ n, )(J .11..J ,1 I>:11 1..·r ~rJUu&mtl.:tJq'J'l '.''oiO

problem - $'7 million of the $5 billion I I you think tliat ~ijori.and p~ul.~y -,,~Er,l!/,~~-~Y,.,W'!-YJdespite the made) adequately infonned so as to has beer\ devbted fu 'iid<frtssingltigh l1 Mao'li in" television ' know ·already15urecent:,ex.petience, of\.the'' fiscllf ' be able' to make mlelligenfliifd i'.isefut-" J • mortality rates. morbiditykd health

what we want on television? '

envelope fiasco and the clear '' ' ~nses. It is also implicit thi t the "'i

•

_,I ,

1'"0 ,, .• • , ,,... "

statements of the C_ourts as to what

as a result of inadequate housing, only. has a familiar fl~your of 'p~; sis by

comptjses and adequate ~onsultation

Corp,· ana11sis'; · The Judg~ was right - we

process ... Once again policy appears

one 'person within· Housing

based in Manukau City h~ndl"es

Maori do know what we want. We

!' -;,

,~ '••

programmes. O_urc!,iiJdrenaredying ,Tpe •current round of 'consultation'

to have been formulated and

,•

, '~JI'~ Jl'e need is a Miwri . Television ChanneUNetwork by Maori/or all Maori lwi."

Papakainga housin~ through ~ut tlle ' ~ant a stand alone - (separate) Maori

,presented to Ma~ri as fa}t ac_compli'.~

country - any mention of Maori

television Channel - forget the

Inherent in the approach adopted by

party obliged to consult'while quite

housing in the budget?

defuiitions and the semantics. Even

the Crown is the presumption that the

entitled to have a working plan

$4 million to establish4 commissions

the Government knows what we want - on page 6 of this discussion document they confirm that

Crown has got policy right at the already in mind, must keep it's mind outset. The burden is on the Maori to ,ope~ and be read)! to change ~d start displace that presumption, an almost afresh."

throughout consultations over the last 6 years, a strong and consistent theme

impossible task given the lack of time

$ IO million in the area of education and training - at

expressed by Maori has been that

"Is the Godfather (the Grown/

least Kohanga Reo and Kura

Maori television services must be

Kaupapa will gain and the

established - so why procrastinate?

Government) offering us a deal we cannot refuse?"

marae will be developed with

Why the delay?

- any funding to implement their recommendations?

a $6 million injection. A total of $28 million specifically targeted at Maori - out of $5 billion. That represents less than 0.56% Very

The writers of this discussion document . have

never

been

representative of Maori interests quite the opposite - they take their mandate front the State not from Iwi

and resources available to the Maori

"Even the government knows . what we want''

• ;,

Treaty partner...."

- they are agents of the Crown, an arm of government and serve the State' s interest over and above Maori.

Is this what we have here - in this

disappointing. All this and still no

Is it because we Maori, Government

consultation round? Do we have

mention of how the Maori television

and its officials have different

another Sealord's or Fiscal Envelope?

issue is going to be resolved.

definitions of consultation? I am

ls the Godfather (the Grown/

reminded of a recent consultation

Government) offering us a deal we

Paralysis by Analysis

round in the sale of the Forestry

cannot refuse? Is the Government

Many years ago, at a Broadcasting

Corporation of N.Z for the cutting

simply calling the people together to

Commission hearing, Judge Mick

rightsoftheKaingaroaForestfor$2.2

tell them what has been decided for

It seems to be that this discussion document is short on discussion about the stand alone or separate option, particularly funding details, and inexorably driving us to a conclusion Continued pg 17

·"

Wharangi 17 Continued from pg 16 that Maori television could belong to

importance. At a recent meeting , a high ranking Treasury official

is room for negotiation, I suggest that

result of including Maori language

a public broadcasting model, where

remarked to me - "Why should the

legislation should be much more

programmes on the prime time

Mii.ori television aspirations arc

Government be in the business of

prescriptive to limit Government

schedule, then this lll.!!il.Jl.Ql be

subsumed by other imperatives.

television?" - his justification for the

ownersliip and control to allow

considered an option. Clearly the

When in fact, Maori for years have

sale of one of the channels.

greater autonomy for Maori.

main networks do not want us, the

is a

For me ownership and control of

Other models exist like the Royal new

Maori language - then why force the

Maori Television Channel/Network

Maori Television is critical. It should

Zealand Ballet, where a trust exists

issue?

by Maori for all Maori I wL

be free from Government and

with a limited liability company

political interference. Sir Kingi Ihaka

operating

in a submission at a similar

Governrhcnt yet the Government

consultation round said " Maori

docs not own it.

consultation or fait accompli'I U lhere

been advising the Government that what Maori want, what we

"There will always be a tension between Maori language programming and · mainstream commercial ,

wider viewing audience don't want

funding

from

"the near absence ofMiiori on television posed a problem to democracy in this country."

control is also an important feature

Funding

Te Mangai _?aho

Mii.ori ". In the words of an honoured

The current equation of funding from

The fundamental problem of TMP is

documentarv maker John Pile:er - a free people deserve a truly free

the public broadcastine: fee for Maori broadcasting needs to be revisited and

that its board members are politically

I was fortunate to be part of the discussions the Joint Working party

media". Afterall,televisionisnotjust

increased.

The funding for a

television culture in which we work.

on Broadcasting had with TV3. and

simply a mirror of 'reality' it is a

television network must be realistic

Ultimately television is a multi

TVNZrecently. Atthosediscussioos

selective, highly constructed and

and not funded to fail. A network

million dollar business with a

both the networks were vehement in

based on formulae.

It is about

needs to be adequately resourced.

potential to generate many more

their rejection of Maori language

knowledge and power. The power to

Given that TVNZ has made huge

millions of dollars. TMF is pe_rceived

programmes on at prime time. In fact

retain, maintain and protect our

profits for its major shareholder, the

as a group of people lacking business

the previous head of programming for

language, values and culture. Maori

Government, each year some of that

skills, who meet periodically, some

TVNZ, Mike Lattin, was adamant

must develop a TV channel into a dynamic unique business, owning the

profit could be diverted, not only to

say "part time", to deal with a multi

Maori broadcasting but increasing

million dollar business. No other

cultural and intellectual property.

local production. However I am

business docs this.

be Mii.ori

language programmes on TVNZ in prime time. Their excuse - Maori language would drive audiences away, ratings would plummet,

"a free people deserve a truly free media".

advertisers would take their dollars

with

of Maori broadcasting ..... Maori by

that there will

f '

osses trom the Government as a

appointed, with little regard for the

greatly attracted to a visiting media specialist's formula on funding.

Television is a highly specialised

Graham Murdock, from London,

business which requires specialist

commented that the near absence of

skills. The main criticism ofTMP by practitioners is that they lack

elsewhere. Clearly there is a massive

Options

Maori on television posed a problem

resistance on the ,part of these

to democracy in this country.

television skills and therefore lack the

networks to include Maori except in

Clearly 2-3 hours on TVNZ is not enough, and 2-3 hours on a public

the ghetto times of Sunday mornings.

broadcaster would not be sufficienl

When asked bow could New 2.ealand

ability ~ ·:iialcc informed decisi;;'n.s. I 't,!,i!.. Since its inception TMP has been

So if the wider viewing audiences

However if the 'public broadcasting

afford Maori· television his formula

plagued with problems and even

turn off, and the networks resist, why

model is chosen, then the funds

was to secure funding by posing a

today is undergoing audits and

bother giving them the funding? It

should com_e out of the public purse

special tax on advertisers ~n every

reviews, which begs the question is

would be best if all the funding were

to achieve the objective of public

advertisement that appeared ·on each

this structure the appropriate vehicle

diverted to a dedicated Mii.ori

broadcasting·, ie, to promote the

network. This wo~ld supplement the

to deal with this highly complex

television service. There will always

public good'.

Governments funding.

technology?

be a tension between Maori language

For me there is only one option - a I am in no position to comment bow

programming and mainstream

separate Maori channel - a stand alone

My final point in this area is that the

commercial networks. It is what the

channel for Maori. Io terms of a

question of funding should be seen

it is best suited to serve its political

structure I envisage that the structure

in. the context of how much money

master, the Government, but I can·

of the channel would be owned by ovct the last 36 years has been poured Maori Iwi, under a trust representative . i\Jto 'g~tting TVNZ operational and

comment that a Maori fuodine; ae;ency is needed. The mix of board members

of all Iwi.

W clsh and the Irish experienced in Britain. the Inuits in Canada and th" Aboriginals in Australia had to confront.

the

BBC

finally

relinquished control_, and today the W clsh and the Irish own and control there own television networks with funding from the govemmcnl The Inuits have TVNC (Television Northern

Canada)

neighbours,

the

and

our

Australian

Aboriginals, have a successful station in Yuendumu.

Ownership and Control Control and ownership of a Maori television channel is of paramount

The recent ATN · j'itsuring its success. We as Maori

should be carefully assessed to ensure

experience as a privately owned

should be allowed to make a few

a wide range of skills, including

limited liability company has proven

mistakes. After all TV I and TV2

television experience and political

problematic. Although, under the

underwent many structural changes to

impartiality. My own involvement in

trust, the new television channel must

metamoparise into the golden goose

the past is similar to many of my

operate as a business whose objective

that it is today - paying huge

independent colleagues. Although I

is to make profit to sustain it's

dividends to its shareholders.

operations. The Governments role

must confess that at least with the new executive director he has been a little

should be restricted to funding only

Mainstreaming

and not to ownership. I note with

As mentioned before the dialectic

more accessible than in the pasL

interest that nowhere in this document

between cultural/language and

I envisage a structure which is

is there discussion of the broadcaster

commcrcfal imperatives remain

accountable to its stakeholders - the

owned by the Government or by the

problematic on the main networks. U

Government and Maori jointly. Is this

the network operators seek IQ recover

Continued pg 18

. Wharangi 18

Continued from pg 17 Government, the television industry, practitioners, and the Maori viewing audiences. Past dealings with ATN has shown a unifonn inconsistency. Some behaviours displayed by_ both staff and board members have been cause of alarm. TMP should be an organisation devoid of political manipulation and of individuals with particular personal agendas. It should serve the Maori community with

much dedication

as it does the Government in its endeavours to develop Maori socially, politically, economically and above

"Radio, the poor cousin, is a classic case offunding for failure." all to promote and protect the Maori language.

Issues for Discussion In answer to questions on page I 6. The government should and must be encouraged to be more proactive in promoting Te Reo Miiori through broadcasting, although this may be a little late as no specific detail has emerged in the latest budget addressing this issue. In the deal world, equal emphasis should be given to both television and radio. Radio, the poor cousin, is a classic case of funding for failure. People work on a voluntary basis, and a limited budget means limited

outputs. In the ATN model I was

Some Final Thoughts

satisfied with the 50% Miiori

An analysis of the outputs of the pilot

language requirement at this point in

cha1111cl ATN reveals substantial

time.

Although from a purists

programming so on that level ATN

its downfall. Having key people with agendas

recking . of avarice , political opportunist and cavalier disregard for

perspective I would welcome a total

could be described as a success. In

those who brought the project to

Miiori language television service.

comparison

fruition

Maori

programme outputs could be

problems further. The sordid details

concentrated in a separate television

described as spectacularly low in

channel. All other efforts smack of

of this grubby debacle have affected

relationship to the amount of money

all Maori throughout the land. ATN

tokenism, given the resistance

expended in the production of those

displayed. Fragmenting efforts like

and its managers continue to

programmes. This could well be

dominate the headlines and television or news even today. Clearly there is

language

should

TVNZ's

Maori

this further fracture the funding

because TVNZ absorbs so much of

equation. For example, a third of the

the funding into its own coffers

funding given to TVNZ, ATN

leaving

produced over 400 hours of new

programming. The current programming falling instead into a

programming over a three month

little

for

creative

compounded

ATN's

"The sordid details of this grubby debacle have affected all Miiori throughout the land."

period. Ultimately the Government

predictable routine.

would have to weigh up its return on

The question for TMP and - - - - - - - - - - - - Government to analysis is the return much we can learn from the ATN on investments arc they getting value model.

investments. There is only one answer to this question. A Maori channel must be owned by Maori. Government's role

out of the dollars expended on TVNZ's product?

is funding. To develop Maori television services

Another positive impact ATN has had

on a nationwide basis, is absolutely

is that it broke TVNZ's monopoly and

imperative.

stranglehold on the airwaves and on

Not to do ·so is

tantamount to political suicide for any

Maori television funding.

Government Already there is a huge

Clearly ATN demonstrated that

expectation by all Iwi that they will

Maori can produce programming cost

be included in any future broadcasting equator. The ATN pilot has raised huge expectations, questions and doubts.

efficiently even though the young staff were not paid at times. However lack of management ex perience, a dearth of business skills, spending excesses, a •lack of planning,

I think this qu,e stion should be addressed once the Serious Fraud

production inefficiencies, robust

Office, The Companies Office and the

structures missing and unrealistic

current review ofTMP have reported back.

time frames to establish a channel

But let us not be sidetracked - let's not be diverted from the main Qbjective it's our basic right to have communications network. It is our basic right to have access to our Reo, our values and our culture guaranteed under the Te Ttriti o Waitangi and enshrined in the Maori Language Act, I 987. It is incumbent on our Treaty partner to do the honourable thing, to provide a ·1e1evision nctworlc for all Maori. Not io do so would force more of us to subscribe to the American journalist, I.F. Stone's view, that "all governrnents arc liars and 7 they say should be believed".

were elements which contributed to

H£ POROPORONa : l+O~ TIOPRJ\ He P.Oroporoaki tenei ki a Hohua Tiopira i mate i le 1 o nga ra o Hune, 1997. I tanumia ki le urupa o Motutawa kai Mourea. Ono tekau ma iwa Iona pakeke. Hikohiko te uira, papa te whatitiri ki runga i a Te Mauku, ki le Kakiitarahae ki Owhakatoro, ki le nohonga o le tipua, le nohonga o nga tokotoru a PaeY(hiti. Kai le tangi te ngiikau kua ngaro atu koe Hohua i te tirohanga kanohi. Kua whaia atu i o koroua i a Hori m(i, i o papa i a Tamarau i a Mita ma. Haere atu ra ki o ku.ia lei a Ihipera mii, ki o koka ki a Te Neehi raua ko Hine-i turama, ratau ko o tuakana, tuahine. No reira e le rangatira haere atu ki a ratau kua riipeke atu ki tua o le arai, ki le huinga o le kahurangi kai tua kai Paerau. Haere whakaoti atu ra! He kauhau ariki, he kauhau taniwha Ko Hape, ko Tarnarau, ko Te Hoka-o-terangi! Ka puta ra koe ki le whaiao, ki te aomarama

Ka ngarue i le whenua, ka ngaoko i le rnoana takahia ai o koroua. Ka Iii ki Te Papakainga Tangi ai, e te rangatira, o iwi i a koe, ko Hori Mautaiaha, ka Iii ki Te Riihui ko Ka riro atu na koe i ohou tipuna Tiopira, ko Hakeke, ka whiti atu lei a I a Mate, i a Pirau. i a Ngaro-ki-te-Po Tamarawaho ki Huria ko to koroua ko I a Tu-hikitia, i a Tu-hapainga Ranginui Te Kaponga, ka hokikomuri mai Tu-rnarere i runga, Tu-marere i raro ki le papatapu .ici Puhirua ko Te Rangi teKia riri te tapuwae whata, e ko Wiremu Kingi. Haramai le mate hai kai e i E le papa takoto mai ra i a Te Arawa mangai Tipia! Tipi nuku, tipi rangi, nu.i, i o karanga maha, i a Te Ropere i a Tihini ma. Ko koe kai tipia noatia E houhou nuku, e houhou rangi Hinga atu, hinga mai Hoki wairua atu ki nga uru rakau, ki nga Takoto i Pipi, takoto i Waimana maunga kua hipokina nei e to tipuna a Hinepiikohurangi. Takahia atu i o whenua, Aue e te rangatira! Ma wai ra hai kawe i nga ioawa. korero mote tvhare o Tamaikoha. Karangahia to whanau he kaumatua hai kawe i nga take No reira e te rangatira, Hohua, kare e taea e ko koe ra ka tae mai. au le whakapuaki i nga korero mo to painga engari kai te mohio e lino aroha ana koe ki No reira e le papa takoto rnai ra, moe rnai ra. to hoa wahine a Hinepae me nga tamariki, Kai te tangi o karangaranga hapu a Ngati mokopuna hold i atawhaitia e korua. Koura, a Ngiii Tama, a Te Whakatiine mohou. Te rnoumou ra koe kia mate wawe ai. Moe mai ra i nga manakitanga a le Runga Rawa. I tu rangatira ai koe ki runga i o waka a Mataatua me Te Arawa, ara, i nga papa i Hoiano na to iramutu, na Robin Hakopa .

Wharangi 19

"TAKO WHAWHAI I TE RATONGAMANENE" My fight with the Immigration Service By Hone Mahiti Wirihana (JM Wilson)

It all started this way .... I am a Kaumatua: for the New Zealand Head Injwy Society and my wife Christine'ls also an Executive Member arid practises as a Consultant in brain injwy rehabilitation. We have many years experience in acquired brain injury services because our son·' Antony was injured by a cattle truck crushing his head when he was seven years of age and he will be 30 on the 8th August this year. We have attended to his rehabilitation over all those years since his accident. As well, my wife and I, are connected in a voluntary way with the Headstay Maungarongo Trust which caters for brain impaired persons. The Trusf manages livein properties in Rot'orua, Ta'u ranga, Takanini, Hamilton and Gisbome and functions in a holistic way observing the Maori· perspective in ·accordance with 'Treaty principles. '· . On the 24th January I 997, with my·wife anii son

sufferers

· rAiitony"& Jaitooir Sofia Khan

- J,

.•

,,.

Before we left New Zealand for Fiji, my wife and I had secured assurances from the Immigration Service in Manukau City and in Suva that a visitor's visa would be issued to Jaitoon to enable her to travel to New Zealand to participate in the muslim mourning and prayer ceremonies for the dead grandmother_; We had allowed four days for our Fiji' visit. However as it turned out we had to spend an extra 6 days there awaiting•the issue of the visa for Jaitoon. At first the Suva Branch Manager of ·the Immigration, Service· Mr Grant Mudgway, had indicated he had second thoughts about issuing a·visa to Jaitoon. When questioned why? He said "Because my staff have told me that sbe 1is a mental,defective.~ Wt, told him that Dr It was during this visit that we met Jaitoon Sofia Jude's letter to him dispelled this' assertion wberes Khan. a 28 year old Fijian Indian lady who .was·a upon be undertook to read the letter and other dOCIJ'patieilt at· St Giles, and •her parents Hamid and meniation and would be ready to see us.again .at Safeena Khan who were visiting their daughter that 2.30 that afternoon, When confronted· again at day. Jaitoon, although not suffering from any men- 2.30pm, he shifted his ground and now said that be ta! infinnity, had received a brain injwy through ,_,would.notissue a vi_sa because.b~_was susl!,i<;ious falling bead-first from a first storey balcony when that Jaitoon would not return to Fiji upon the exonly 3 years of age. She had been confined to this piry of the visa. When my wife and I (who had psychiatric hospital for almost 17 years because assumedtheroleofsponsorshipbeforeweleftN.Z. there was no other institution in f,iji to which, sbe ,i n co111pliahcC'with the requireip~nts of the lmmi,, could be admitted as a brain injured patient. ·gration Service) assured Mr 'Mudgway that vie would ensure Jaitoon returned to Fjji, he refused We returned to Fiji on the 9th April 1997 with two to accept our assurances. We decided that his actions amounted to unfair discrimination particularly missions to accomplish: · ' when no question had arisen about issuing permits a. To continue the briefing exercises with medi- to the other members of the Khan family and they cal and health officials about setting up facilities were already in New Zealand. for brain injured personnel in Fiji, and b. To uplift Jaitoon Sofia Khan and take her to So I enlisted the support of persons in New ZeaNew Zealand to join her father, mother an~ two land to approach the Minister of Immigration the sisters who had flown to New Zealand in February Hon. Max Bradford to overturn Mr Mudgway's to be with Mr Khan's mother who was then termi- decision and instruct him to issue the visa. Those nally ill, but who died on 2nd April 1997 before asked to intercede on our behalf were: Jaitoon could obtain a passport and secure a visia. Sir PeterTapsell, ex Speaker of the House of tors visa. Representatives, in his capacity as Patron of the

Antony, we travelled to Fiji for° a holiday 6ufone of aims was to brief the members'of the Medical fraternity in Suva on the way that the Maungarongo Trust tackles the problems and deals with the issues attending the care and 'rehabilitation of the brain injured. Fiji has no siinilar organi• sation and is not at present set up-to prov1cie· the necessary services for its brain injured anci naturally the doctors and associated heallli mem: bers were keen to a:bsom -ideas provided by other organisations. One such doctor was Jude Ohaeri, Medical Superintendent at theSt Giles Psyclilatric Hospital in Suva, who left his native country Nigeria to take up this medical appointment in Fiji.

our

N.Z. Head Injwy Society. b. Rt. Rev. Manu Bennett. formerly Maori Archbishop of New Zealand c. Mr Leith Comer of Rotorua, prominent businessman, (Te Arawa/Mataatua Forestry Accord) d. Hon. Tuariki John Dclamere, Tc Tairawhiti M~ • They all made representations to i,on. Max Bradford with the result that the Minister approved as a special case that a visa should be issued to Jaitoon Sofia Khan allowing her to be·in New.Zealand until the 14th May 1997 subject to two conditions vii:

a. An affidavit was to be furnished by me personally undertaking that I would ensure that she returned on or before the expiry of her visitor visa and · b. A similar affidavit was to be furnished by . the father Mr Hamid Khan guaranteeing that be and his family would return to Fiji on or before the expiry of their visas. While waiting for the Minister to carry out his deliberations and issue instructions to Mr Grant Mudgway, my wife and I and Antony were invited to move from our hotel accommodation into Jaitoon's Aunt's house to lessen the financial burden the extra 6 days sojourn in Fiji entailed. It was while we were guests in Jaitoon's Aunt's house that a relationship apparently developed between our son Antony and Jaitoon. My wife and I were so busily engaged in dealing with the matter of Jaitoon's visa that we failed to realise the interaction which was going on between these two brain injured people. Well the upshot is that very shortly after our return to New :lealand.Antony and Jaitoon announced that they were in love and wished to marry. Such a significant announcement left us of

Wharangi 20 . both families flabbergasted, completely overwhelmed but nevertheless overjoyed for them both. We assisted them in every way to achieve their ambition and so 9 days after we landed back in New Zealand, (that is on 27th April 1997), Ibey were legally married by a marriage celebrant in a civil ceremony complete with exchange of wedding rings and marriage vows. Because I had previously undertaken to the Minister of Immigration that I would ensure Jaitoon's return to Fiji upon the expiry of her visa and because my wife and I and Antony bad earlier made arrangements to attend an International Head-Injury Conference in Canada, I wrote immediately to the Hon. Max Bradford infonning him that because of the very unexpected change of circumstances which bad arisen and which had taken us all by surprise, I was unable to send Jaitoon back to Suva as she was now my daughter-in-law and I could not agree to any arrangement which meant that my son would be forcibly separated from his wife. I asked the Minister for his support and as·sistance in facilitating the issue of the necessary permits to allow Jaitoon and her sister Sofia as a support person to accompany us to Canada. My wife and I also visited the Auckland office of the immigration Service to apply for a visa to enable Jaitoon to travel out of and return back to New Zealand. Mr Dave Curtis of the Auckland Office declined to grant a visa even after I had said that if it were so important that Jaitoon had first to re·turn to Fiji; I would take her there to comply with my prorpise but that she would have to be able to leave Fiji to return again to New Zealand to join ber husband The Hon. Max Bradford in response to my letter to him about Antony and Jaitoon's marriage, replied 16 days later that be expected me to "honour your personal guarantees and the.undertakings given in the form of affidavits in respect of Jaitoon Khan and her family to return to Fiji when their visitor's permits have expired. Your honour is at stake here." It is obvious that the fact that·tbcse two brain injured young people had fallen in love and married, carried no weight whatsoever in the Minister's deliberations. We have also received a letter from an official in the Manukau Immigration Service that removal proceedings will be instituted against Jaitoon. Before the receipt by me of the Minister's letter, I received disgustingly offensive letters from Mr Leith Comer and the Hon. Tuarild John Delamcre.

Both letters were written, obviously after being provided with information by the Hon. Max Bradford or through his office, but without first discussing their concerns with me. They reached their conclusions therefore after having heard only one side of lb~ story. I am thoroughly surprised that persons of standing in the New Zealand Maori Community can castigate one of their fellows after having been provided with only one hearsay version of the incident I have always admired the way that Maori discuss and probe each facet of a problem or event and engage in full and frank korero before reaching a conclusion. I am disappointed that in the present instance both Leith Comer and Tuarik.i John Delamere failed to discuss the matter with me before reaching their separate conclusions which I regard as totally unreasonable. If they had adopted the normally expected approach of first ascertaining the full facts, I am sure Ibey would not have used such vitriolic language to me as the following extracts from their letters indicate:-from Leith Comer ''Waiho ma te whakama e patu", and from Hon Tuariki John Delamere "You are a disgrace to your whanau, hapu, iwi and in fact the whole Maori race! "

them in every way to achieve their ambition and so in our lounge at 103 Symonds Street, last Sunday night the 27th April 1997, before a crowd of about 60 family and friends, this amazing couple were legally married by a Marriage Celebrant in a civil ceremony complete with exchange of wedding rings and marriage vows. The readers of this article are entitled to come to their own conclusion regarding the attitude adopted by the Immigration Service. All I know is that I have a clear conscience. As I wrote to Leith Comer, "Ehara ahau I le whakama". And to Tuarik.i John Delamere I have written, "To label my actions as disgraceful and shameful to my whanau, hapu, iwi and indeed to all Maori is laughable. I categorically deny that I have blatantly abused my position within Ngati Awa and I really fail to understand why you hold that opinion." The Minister has said that Jaitoon is expected to leave New Zealand in compliance with my original guarantees and the guarantee given by her father. Kia tupato!!!

I had sent a letter to the Hon. Max Bradford which contains the following paragraphs: During the period we were waiting for the decision regarding Jaitoon's visa, we were invited to stay at one of the Khan family homes in Fletcher Road, Vatuwaga, Suva. During that time a relations)iip w~ dpvel!)ping ~tween Antony and Jaitoon. We were all so busy working to get her a visa to travel to be with her,fatber and mother and sisters who were already in N .Z., that we didn't realise the interaction between those two brain injured people. Because of our long experience with brain injured people, we are aware. of .w hat in tikanga Maori is known as the "Wairua connection" which exists between people with acquired brain injury. It has also been documented that people who have suffered a severe.brain injury have also experienced a near-death encounter and these individuals possess an increased spiritual ·awareness and perception. Well the upshot is that very shortly after our return to N.Z., Antony and Jaitoon announced that they wished to marry. Such a significant announcement left us ~bcrgasted, completely overwhelmed, but nevertheless overjoyed for them. We have assisted

All tangata whenua in New Zealand will realise from this episode that the Immigration Service will disregard affairs of the heart when genuine marriages take place between a New Zealand citizen and a foreigner who is visiting this country on a visitor's visa. Instead of regarding the importance of the sanctity and preservation of the family as paran:ioun_t, the Immigration Servi~ in it's bureaucratic manner applies a cold and clinical approach by insisting that the foreigner must return to his/ her p~vious place of residence on or before the visitor's visa expires, despite the fact Iha! a genuine marriage bas taken place in the meantime. The sanctity of marriage, the welfare and support of the elderly, of children and those v,,ith disabilities, have alv,,ays been foremost in Maori lore as witness the whl!katauki "He aha te mea nui? He llylgata, 1he tangata, be tangata!" Because of the Maori attitude towards these principles, it would by well nigh impossible for breaches of human rights to occur in any Maori Community. Nol so however so far as the New .Zealand Immigration Service is concerned.

My fight with the Immigration Service will continue if removal proceedings are instituted against Jlljtoon.

Keri Hulme to Judge Maori Literature Awards Writer Keri Hulme is breaking a seven-year vow against judging competitions, to judge this year's Huia Short Story Awards. Hulme was enticed to take part in the Awards by the prospect of seeing the writing o f' new Maori writers. "I've had experience in judging and assessing creative writing, but I'd really like to judge this Award because I want to know just what young Maori writers are passionate about now," says Hulme. Hulme is judging the category for the best short story by an unpublished Maori writer, one of four Awards in the competition. Other judges include Patricia Grace, Miria Simpson and Dick Grace.

The 1997 Huia Awards, launched this week, follow on from Ilic success of the inaugural awards held in 1995, which generated huge interest in Maori literature and produced up and coming writer Phil Kawana (Dead Jazz Guys). The Huia Short Story Awards are organised by Huia Publishers, one of only two Maori publishers in the country. The aim of the biennial awards is to identify and encourage Maori fiction writers, and thereby develop Aotearoa's indigenous literature. There are four categories in this year' s Short Story Awards: Toi Aotearoa Award for best short story for adults in Maori by a Maori writer;

Te Puni Kokiri Award for best short story for chidren in Maori by a Maori writer; Telecom Award for best short story in English by a previously published Maori writer; and GP Print Award for best short story in English by an unpublished Maori writer. Closing date for entries is 15 August 1997. the finalists in each category will be announced in rnidOctober, with an awards ceremony planned for the end of October. First prize in each category is a computer package worth $3000. All finalists will have their stories published.

Whiirangi 21

a review of-

directions dimensi·o ns

"Awesome work", "Excellent and Brilliant Art", "Kia ora, kei te pai". These were just some of the responses the recent exhibition at the Whakatane Museum and Gallery received. Entitled 'Directions, Dimensions' it included work by both tutors and senior students form the Visual Art School at Waiariki Polytechnic, Rotorua, and displayed most forms of New Zealand art with contemporary Mliori art being the main focus. All artists showed extreme talent in their chosen fields, Pauline Borell's works were based on harakeke paper and had strong Maori influence, however the colours she used in her art were very "out there" and using face masks with a 3.D effect moulded from harakeke paper she created something defiantly original. Aroha Ruha had some beautiful weaving. I was surprised at the colours she chose to use in her work as well as the formation of her weaving, which had a sculptured appearance. ,So very different from tradi. , . tional.Mliori weaving'i._ . ' · · · "·. Tutor Lyonel Grant'fakes a break from ~lioiw bone, to create this stunning.bronze;wahaika, ·' · ' . Photo courtesy or·the Beacon

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Alex \Y"tlson y,-as ~otJi~; artist .~ hoS;C "'."Or~ _,. , .'_; All iri all ari e~~eii~n't, inte~_!ing and_ Next exhibition: Whakatane Society of Arts and caught my cy~, he had l/,i;ather ;\l.D~Ut\! ~ .,t . ._ .11presented exhibition which was well w6rili ' • .Crafts · interesting way of showing his talent at Ph9tOgf11a.;i seei~g. ¥Y Q1\h1g7I give it two and a .. _, , . Datesi ,. 3 July - 29 July 1997 phy, my personal fav being the "packing crates thWilbs lip, keep up the excellent work V.KS • ,., · Place: . Wbakatanc Museum and Gallery, from Palme~tynJio!!h.:'. P!!~toJ":au!i('u!Jy_cap__ .students andtutots!!! _ _ by.Lciannc Wana -tured in black-and white.

SANDRA SAYS BUDGNT AN INSULT TO MAORI,· .

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Alliance deputy leader Sandra Lee said. today that the Treasurer's claim that what the budget was delivering to Maori was so comprehensive it couldn't be covered in the speech was an insult to Maori. "In fact what has been delivered to Maori in this budget is a better blow given the mandate New 2'.ealand First had from Maori."

Ms Lee said the MlioriAffaiIS vote was reduced in real terms and the other no-departmental votes were not incr~d by.one dollar. Maori Affairs funding reduced from $38 million to $36 million, with the only additional funding $4 million for a Maqri Development Commission. "Maori don' t need any more bureaucracies. Te Puni Kokiri is responsible for providing advice to government. New commissions will achieve nothi~g for Maori," she said. · "Where is the funding for specific Maori education initiatives like Kohanga Reo, Kura Kaupapa Maori and the resources for training competent Maori language teachers and where arc the initiatives specifically targeti ng Maori heath problems, like hepatitis B, diabetes and rheumatic fever?"

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DISPLAYS_ofthe history anfCW°"fnment ofthearea. ARCHIVES: community, local governrnen(ano personal rccords,'maps and photos:. RESEARCH LIBRARY of hooks on historical, cultural and cinvironmehtal topics. EXHIBffiONS in the gallery changing every monih. EVENTS, such as p~ews, workshops &·demonstrations. ·,

JULY EXHIBITIONt Wbakatane Arts & Crafts Society Annual Exhibition HOURS: Mon to .Fri: 10 - 4.30. Sat: I 1.00 • 1.30. ,_ Sun & Public Holidays: 2 - 4.30. Inquiries welcomed: Mon to Fri: 10am - 4.~0pm, or by appointment. CHARGES: Admission: Adults $2 or less, School children_50c, Pre-schoolers FREE. Discounts for booked parties. No charge for using research area. Photocopies and copy photographs available:_ at reasonable charges.

Ms Lee said the budget offered nothing to address the Maori housing crisis at a, time when market rentals would continue and .;,kcd wh~re was the promised tunding for a~eq_uatc '}'f3I h~using . . ,, , ,

forego their benefits if those children fail to attend school.''

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Ms Lee it was ironic today's.budget speech was. ., ' silent on increased funding of the Waitangi Tribu"At a time when Maori unemployment is betwee_n nal. 16 and 17 percent, this· ~udget has nothing l1> provide the real jobs needed to get Maori people out "Id like to know where the New Zealand First MP's . of the poverty trap. Rising unemployment will were when this budget was cobbled together", she ensure that pqverty trap _coptinucs into the 21st said. "Obviously not in the caucus room". century. Na Sandra Lee . · "On top of that the Treasw-er has the gall to 3!)· nouncc a big-brother 'code of social responsibility' demanding that families who have children , struggling in a school which is' faiiing them will '•ii

Wharangi .22 .

HE POROPOROAKI MO KURU WAKA Last month, people from far and wide gathered at Tc Pakira Marac, Whakarewarewa, to mourn the loss of a respected Te Arawa Kaumatua. On June 8th, Kuru (fc Kuru-0-TcMarama) Waaka, died in the Whare Tionga in Whakarewarewa, the place he was born, aged 82. Among those at his tangi were Dame Te Atairangikaahu, Professor Sir Hugh Kawharu, Chief Judge Eddie Durie, Professor Mason Durie, Api Mahuika, Professor Wharehuia Milroy and members of the 28th Maori Battalion. Daughter Ani remembers her father as a selfless man, generous with his knowledge, who preferred to see the good in people. She speaks of a disciplinarian father who expected the same of his family, .of a man strong in his religion and uncompromising in his tikanga.

struction of the first main buildings - the carving, administration and souvenir blocks, and repalisading of the model Pa.

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" Kuru set the canoe so to speak and my job was lo follow the course he set, " says Stuart Harris, (Tuhourangi), a former director of the Maori Arts and Crafts Institute and assistant to Kuru for nine years. "Kuru had a vision for the betterment of Maoridom (sic)," Mr Harris says "not only to be seen from within New Zealand but by visitors overseas as well.

From left: daughter Mahora, wife Rangitamoe, daughter Yonine and Te Kuru-O-Te Marama Waaka.

" Dad was a visionary, a lateral thinker who firmly believed that to forward Maori would be to further the wider community," she says.

Mataatua veterans chose to furnish a high school with equipment and Tc Arawa sponsored the educati,on of a young Cretan student, Rita . Vrondalakis, who went on to become a top architect and kept close tics to Kwu Waaka and his wlianau ov~r the years.

Kuru Waaka was born on November 27 1914 to ·. Anglican minister Tc Rohu Waaka (Tuhourangi) Lieutenan't Kwu Waaka was ~valjded ho~ with and his wife Ani Parcraututu (Ngati Wahiao). The youngest of 13 children, he was named after his great Tuhourangi ancestor, Te Kuru-0-TeMarama, tortured and killed during the Ngapuhi siege of Mokoia last century. Though Kuru was educated at Whaka Native School, Whakatanc District High School and Te Aute College, his real education probably began as a 12 year old, driving his father around the Bay of Plenty.

" He set the stage for the development and appreciation of Maori Art today." Kuru was chairman of the Aotearoa Miori Festival of the Arts, and from 1984, the South Pacific Arts Council. He was a member of the QED Arts Council, the Arts Council of the Pacific and the projects development team for the Museum of Wellington.

"Dad was given special dispensation to drive, and had to prop himself up on top of an apple box to see," says Ani. "He attended a lot of church services and hui and it gave him early exposure to iw\ affairs," she says. In the same year, Kuru accompanied Te Arawa to the coronation of King Koroki laying down his korowai on behalf of his people. It was a proud moment for the young boy, though the whereabouts of the cloak is still a mystery, says Ani. She thinks it may have been buried with King Koroki.

In I 937, Kuru married Rangitamoe Bradley, (Ngati Wahiao) and had three children. In 1940, war beckoned the 28th Maori Battalion to Europe. With members of Te Arawa and Mataatua of 'B' company, Kuru set sail for Europe on May I . On Crete he was assigned to the hills to train Cretan villagers in the art of war and according to his family, narrowly avoided capture by Germans following the evacuation of the island in May, 1941. Many soldiers, including Kwu, owed their lives to the villagers who smuggled them out to the coast. Friendships with many of the Cretans endure today. The Crete Veterans Association undertook to repay the impoverished Cretan villagers. Association president Sonny Sewell says

Te Kuru•O-Te-Marama Waaka with the Governor General Sir Michael Hardie-Boys at Government House. Last year Kuru was made a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to Miiorl. tuberculosis in 1943. Ani says his illness was hard on the whanau, with trips to and from Waipukurau for treatment. She speaks admiringly of her mother Rangilamoe - resourceful during those hard times and of her strength throughout his working career. Rangitamoe died last year. Kuru was the second director of the Maori Arts and Crafts Institute from 1966, after serving as secretary to the inaugural director, Pakake Leonard. The achievements of Kwu at the institute included establishing the carving school in 1967, the women's craft section in 1969, con-

In 1978 he was made a Companion of the Queen's Service Order and last year be was made a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to Maori.

His legacy may well be that which daughter Ani says inspired him most: "the advancement and future betterment of Maori as a people," And though his koha is well documented, to his wbanau he will always be just "our dad." Na Bevin Marriner (Ngliti Tuwharctoa, Ngliti ' Manunui) and David Kiel (fe Arawa), students Waiariki Journalism School.

Wharangi 23

What'is the:me"aning .o f the marae? TenaKoutou Ko Putauaki me Tuwatawata oko maunga Ko Ohinemataroa me Whirinaki oku awa Ko Mataatua te waka Ko Ngati Patuwai, me Ngati Whare oku hapu Ko Ngati Awa me Tuhoe oku iwi Ko Colleen Yates toku ingoa Tekau ma wha oku tau

cheek. Right then I wished I could be with her to have a korero with her, just to sec her chest rise and fall as life would flow through her veins. Your marae is your standing place. If you belong to a marae, nobody can tell you other wise, because your marae is part of you and you a part of that marae.

Kia ora. Marae - are they still important? That's just like saying is our language Te Reo Maori of our tipuna still important. Of course they are, what a stupid question to ask. To Maori people, the marae is the core of our Miioritanga, it is the pivotal place for our people, where we can return to find our identity to affirm who we are as Maori people. My marae, Tehiinga o te Ra stands proudly on Motiti Island. The wharenui sits up a little form my Nanny's old cottage. Inside are carvings of my ancestors, when I look around at the faces of my tipuna I see me and the generations before I was born.

To me a marae holds within itself love, a love so great for its people, its hapu, it can't contain it so out from softly throbbing core sprouts fl ax which we use to weave our mats, tukutuku and kite. Through the fax , our marae gently remind us of a feeling words can only describe as aroha. This is how I explain my feelings my marac conveys to me, through love. aroha. To me my marae is a place to share my thoughts, good or bad with my tipuna, it relieves my mind of stress as I let my thoughts free and somehow an answer to my problems, always appears. though some times disguised.

Nanny Whauhuia Akubata, and .her two na~esakes (taken In 1992) The urupa lies on a knoll overlook.mg the lapping . . What I'm trying to put across to you is our marae th seas of Aotcaroa and the pounding wa~es !)n _e On the frtp overl )Vatched the .sea, blue, green on one level are physically important, but on a rocks send a fresh spray of sea salt up mto the ·. -and beautlfui~, r;ould almost-~ nailny's smildeeper, spiritual level they are imponant also. air. It is here that I feel at peace, it is here that I "' ihg. rieacefuff~ce painted on thc;shiµmiering feel a sense of belo~ging. -- '.~ a~-; I smiled back, though sadly.' • This 1s the place, where my family return for ·:.- ~- ,- _ ____ . _ __ Ma le m3r.ae. ka ora ake!te reo, nga tikanga, me te ~gihana, unveihngs, b1rtbdays_and othe_r occa ~c(.~~c;:me ~ -c~ipg,'the -=·-:-· :_ '~ ~ "l~~-m_ao~. 'f1!!".9~gh the marae, our language. 1 s1ons. Here we know we have a name, a name to wharenw fillechv1tH·flniiiilfr faces. M~ 'rr:lilny" .,altas~c_ts of,ou.i;_M_a!'mtanga and also our wairua be proud of and know that we are an important !ay in her coffin., For the first time I saw death in maon will be revived. part o~ our hap_u. We can stand tall and know Its true state and I hated it fot tal<lng my nanny No reira te·na koutou, tena koutou, tena koutou tharlhis place 1s our turangawaewae. I remember away, but she looks so peaceful, so tranquil, I'm ' katoa. a ume on the island, it was my nanny's tangi. -lr ~onfused, I don't know what to do. Tears overwas a sad time for all and noi onc; ofus liad a1<1ry wheltn my ey:5 and _falf~oftly oil Iiailny's cold · · . , c1 •• _,. 1 , '"lt..." 16"••• !. ":"•.._ ..n-: , , r. ,.:. : .. Na CoUeen Yates - ~;---· ~'l ,_..,., r., r .-, .. •. ·•1.. • eye. ...., 'J..;;~•l ·(:"'- /-'> J f,. ·,-,r_r

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There are many different perceptions of Hinetilama and the affects of what had happened to her. • -

One day I asked Tana who my father was. He , Everyday we make CHOICES - decisions that would not answer me directly saying only, "Put effect our lives either positively or negatively. your question to the posts of tl)e house: ft was then that I knew that Tana, my husband, was·. You have the free will in any given situation. also my father. I was bone of his bone and yet I You are responsible for the value that is put on was wife to him. these decisions. I was angry and shamed because. of this, and For every cause there is an effect. In suicide it decided that I could not continue either to be is always seen as the last and only choice left. wife to Tane or earthly mother to our children. But is it? So I left the world of light, telling Tane not to Was the choice that Hine-litama made suicide? You follow me. I told him to remain with our children decide. and to care for them In the world of light. "I will go on to the dark world," I said, "where I will

TEAWAHOU Whanau Suppon Abuse Prevention Supervised Access Conflict Resolution . Counselling ( An :u•ocialctl Olt'llllwt nfTc- Kornw.\i /1,rohll - Aolcn.rna )

Annstrong House, Whakatane ph. 07 308 4898 Hours IO - 2pm

Wbarangi 24 ·

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L-R Jlmi Mclean, Annie Rodgers and three students from Paroa School displaying their certificates Senior pupils from Paroa School have just completed a ten week drug education programme. Police education officer Annie Rogers said the programme gives the students skills and knowledge to handle difficult situations and make the right choices. At the completion of this programmeAnnie bas seen every child grow in some way and is very proud of them. All children who participated completed an unfolding story on their lives. I was amazed Iii the artistic ability in their work. As well as ihis all students completed a huge workboolc i.iihich were also on display. Their reward for participating and competing was a DARE Tena Kowhiria T.shirt which all children wore with pride. DARE aims to build self esteem, assertiveness and decision making in eight to twelve year olds. The children learn to feel good about themselves and confident that they can handle drug related problems. They are taught how to resist pressures to misuse drugs, bow to make the right choices and responsible decisions reg~g _the aPp!OJ>!"iate use of iegal drugs. It prepares them for the challenges ahead. DARE stands for Drug Abuse Resistance Education and on the original T.shirts the message read, "DARE to keep kids off Drugs" but with the rising gun violence in America and bullying in New Zealand the logo has

" . ~n c~ged to DARE to keep kids off drugs and violence · Wbarebuia Milroy gave the DARE programme its Maori name ''Tena Kowhiria" meaning ''A Challenge". At every stage of a childs life they will be challenged eg schoolwork, sport, home etc. ''Atetctia te puroi me tc mahi Tultino" meaning to resist Drugs and violence. The guardians of this programme are the police, and the children in being presented with their T.shirts are also guardians. Annie is in charge of 26 schools and is thankful to Tama Herewini for allowing "Tena Kowhiria" to be a part of the school programme. Paroa is the first school to run Tena Kowhiria in the Eastern Bay of Plenty. It has been adapted to suit Kura Kaupapa Maori and schools contact Annie on 307 0249 to make enquiries.

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lated by the Police throughout New 2.caland and relies to a large degree on fundraising by committees made up of local people to help keep it resourced. According to Nina Shaw a supporter of this committee, it costs approximately $1200 per class to acquire all the resources needed. We are constantly seeking funding , so, if anyone in the community would like to help we would be very grateful. Generous sponsorship from TELECOM allows us to purchase the workbooks and Annies wage is paid for by the Police force, but we still have to fund the T.shirts, pens, rulers etc.

As each of the 60 pupils received their DARE certificates Jim Mclean in his opening speech said his pupils were excited and very interested in what they learnt and had put more effort into this work then the whole of the fust term.

DARE is an American initiative that bas been adapted to suit our Kiwi way of life. It is facili-

Annie Rodgers with a delighted crowd or Paroa students, full or smiles and confidence

Wharangi 25

D.A.11.E Dinrng AlblUL§te Rce§ii§ttcenccce lE<ClhuLccca1ttiic0>1m Extra awards went to Beanies:

Cups: Water bottles:

Sharon Kristen Tauroa, Marahia McGarvey, Robert Jobe, Mele Ngauamo, Michelle Smith, Jovaan Taia Roslyn McMahon.Casper Tarau, Maia Amai Hoani Savage, Dominick Warren, Phillipa Wirangi

For Erueti Korcwha the output from this term has doubled. Extra awards went to Beanies:

Cups: Bottles:

Haruru Copeland, Maia Wlkaira, Te Ringakaha Harawira,Riini Jobe, Tupaea Tutua, Ngaau Maunsell, Tiaki Sullivan, Ngairo Peterson, Vrnce Marlene Mahuariki, Sharelle Rota, Sharon Delamere,

Extra awards: Corrina, Ramari, Dorwhi, Whata, Hinepare,

The next awards were given to parents who had attended the Dare to support your kids workshops. In her closing speech constable Rogers spoke of children who had inspired her so special awards were preseqted to Ngawai Hinga, Jonelle Main, Aileena Hall, Davidson Taane, Lua Fiaui and Peter Mcgarvey a DARE cardphone attached to their certificates. Special thanks to Lydia Marshall, Erueti Korewha, Jim and Janet Mclean. In my career as a health worker I am constantly bombarded with the reality and statistical data regarding Maori. eg highest rate of lung cancer,high youth suicide, highest head per population in prisons, hospitals, mental institutions etc , etc, etc. BUT...... today at Puawairua marae amidst the Whanau of Paroa school with the rain drumming on the roof outside I was amazed at the power, strength, pride and confidence shown in the Waiata and Haka of our young maori children ..... so where does it start to turn sour. Maybe Erueti summed it all up in one sentence. We dont just translate the DARE programme into Maori with Tena

To Wbaea Rodgers "we think your choice" a token of appreciation, flowers from the

Paroa students Kowhiria 'IT IS BASED ON WHANAU' . As a health worker I like to believe that if the Whanau is strong and supportive then the challenges that face each of these youngsters as they move through life will be a small step and not a giant leap or brick wall. As parents, guardians, grandparents and caregivers we have opportunity to nurture these future Zinzan Brookes, Noeline Taurua-Barnetts, Shaun Hoppes and Emma Paki by seeking help when you need it, providing a supportive and caring home. being positive role models, having a listening ear. A bumper sticker from the Warehouse sums it all up,

"THE BEST THING YOU CAN SPEND ON YOUR CHILD IS TIME" Na Irene Jobe, Toi te Ora

1ena KOwhiria Above - Paroa students proudly display their beanies, certificates and T. Shirts.

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SMO_KEFRE.E Right - Nga tama toa o te kura o Paroa, they performed with 'kaha' making parents very proud.

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