Figure 5.3 Sagana Focus Area Overview

Figure 5.3 Sagana Focus Area Overview

5.2.2 Preparation of the Site

The KC Government has recently obtained title deed60, for the contested 254-acre land. This designates Sagana Industrial Park in line with the Mountain Cities Blueprint 2032 proposal and therefore a suitable location for the selected VC projects described in Section 4.2. However, the site will require some level of preparation to be ready to receive investment. Some of the immediate tasks include:

> Appropriate demarcation of the site in line with the title deed. The KC news articles suggest the site is 254 acres (100 ha) whilst the site boundary provided indicated 150 ha61; > Site investigation survey and technical studies to determine baseline and identify site constraints and opportunities; > Site clearance; > Feasibility study report; > Development of a detailed master plan to guide the development of the site; > Development of an Environmental and Social

Impact Assessment and Environmental and Social

Management Plan; > A Resettlement Action Plan also needs to be developed in order to relocate individuals who are currently settled at the site and farming activities within the site to allow room for the industrial park; > Provision of enabling infrastructure i.e. Access road, improvements to the bridge over River Ragati.

Site investigation survey and technical studies: A walkover survey should be carried out to identify if there is any particular area of environmental sensitivity and ecological value within the site, if any hazardous waste has been dumped there in the past, and to remove it before main site preparation. Although the site is relatively flat, a topography analysis, geotechnical and hydrogeological studies as well as flood risk assessment (described above) should be carried out to identify the characteristics and properties of the soils and ground conditions, and drainage patterns, to support the future infrastructure.

Site clearance: Vegetation of no biodiversity and ecological value should be cleared from the site and could be composted or used for charcoal or briquettes rather than sent to the dumpsites. No waste is to be burned or buried on site or dumped in the rivers. Any other waste or materials identified could be used in construction of the industrial park, such as bricks and rubble that can be crushed and used as aggregate.

Feasibility study: This should be carried out to include a market demand analysis, a conceptual master plan, an economic impact assessment, a financial model, a Strategic Environmental Assessment (see below) and any other applicable regulation or guidelines including SEZA regulations if required62 .

Detailed master plan: This should include key ancillary facilities and land uses, buildings layout, plot sizes, utilities provision, parking and loading bays, GBI including buffer zones to protect rivers Ruguti and Saga bordering the site, with a phased action plan to guide the development of the site. This may be accompanied by a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in line with the local regulations.

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA): To be developed in accordance with the local regulations. This should include an assessment of the activities as well as provision of management, mitigation and minimisation of potential adverse environmental and social impacts, such as pollution control systems to mitigate industrial production and operation, or communication strategies to avoid negative impacts on the lives and economic activities of the local community. Consultation with stakeholders needs to be described and properly communicated. The ESIA process will also identify the requirement to obtain the respective environmental licensing and permits for the park to operate.

The displacement of communities and economic activities should be avoided whenever possible. When resettlement is unavoidable, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) should be prepared to mitigate adverse socio-economic impacts and the disruption of social safety nets. This plan should, at a minimum:

> Identify affected populations and potential negative impacts associated to the displacement through a census survey.

Identify groups who may be particularly vulnerable to displacement and consider specific measures to support them (e.g.: PWD, the elderly); > Determine and communicate the cut-off date to receive compensation/assistance and the implementation schedule in an accessible and timely manner.

Clearly indicate the valuation methods utilised to determine compensation/assistance; > Consult affected populations about the relocation site/alternatives, the implementation schedule and compensation and assistance measures. Relocation alternatives should at least be comparable, and preferably improve, the livelihoods and standards of living affected populations had before the displacement; > Implement a grievance redress mechanism for disputes that might emerge during the resettlement process; > Monitor and evaluate the resettlement process and the adequate implementation of compensation/assistance measures.

60. http://kirinyaga.go.ke/governor-waiguru-receives-title-deed-for-repossessed-250-acres-county-land/ 61. 150 ha site is the size calculated based on the KML file shared by the Municipality 62. SEZ Authority website, accessed at: Developer-Road-Map | Special Economic Zones Authority (sezauthority.go.ke)

5.2.3 Development Guidelines for the Green Industrial Hub

Climate resilience and social inclusion considerations are not only a core focus of this UEP but also critical for the development of KKM and Sagana green industrial park as sustainable, resilient and inclusive places. Moreover, the social inclusion and climate resilience consideration would be complemented with sustainable design and cleaner production principles in line with the GBD approach. Key climate resilience and social inclusions consideration for Sagana site are listed below.

Climate Resilience Considerations

The key climate risks for the Sagana site relates to flooding, with the site being bounded in the south and the east by Ragati and Saga rivers. Flood frequency and magnitude is expected to increase, although there is uncertainty over the size of increase63. Flooding not only affects the boundaries of the site itself, but can potentially impact on access to the site, for example the Ragati River Bridge. To ensure that flooding does not affect the functioning of the site there is a need for a full flood risk assessment to be carried out. This assessment needs to include increases in flood size arising from climate change and should not simply be based on historical flood data. It should include both the site itself, but also key access routes.

In addition to river flood risk, site drainage needs to take into account the likely increases in heavy rainfall in order to reduce the disruption on the site during extreme rainfall events. To mitigate this risk and build resilience, a range of SuDS features such as detention ponds, swales and bio-retention systems can be used to collect and slow the runoff in addition to providing storage and treatment. Maximum temperatures will increase, as will the incidence of heatwaves. Where possible, shade is to be maintained, or enhanced as below. As there will be a need to reserve some land adjacent to the rivers, to ensure that infrastructure is not built in areas at risk of flooding, there is an opportunity to turn these riparian areas into attractive green spaces on the site, which could be used by site workers on breaks. These areas could not only provide recreational space, but also useful shaded areas to reduce exposure to high temperatures. The area would also benefit from the provision of litter bins and awareness campaigns so people avoid throwing litter into the river or flood zone areas. Allowing space where the river can safely flood will also have the benefit of reducing downstream flood risk. These areas, if designed in a flood-sensitive manner, could also form a part of the overall GBI network for KKM and KC.

Social Inclusion Considerations

The new green industrial park will provide an opportunity to support the local economy by creating new jobs and businesses opportunities. To be an inclusive green industrial park, it should:

> Communicate in a timely manner with local residents and adjacent businesses about the implementation schedule of the project to mitigate the disruption of traffic and transport services, everyday life, and economic activities.

This communication should be in a format and language accessible for all; > Provide social infrastructure e.g. Accessible toilets and infrastructure, childcare services and mother’s rooms, and follow social performance standards in relation to social inclusion, gender equality, labour conditions, and community dialogue64; > Ensure a good relationship with the community.

Develop programmes to improve social aspects within the local community and provide accessible communication platforms; > Ensure adequate working conditions in line with national and local laws and standards. Guarantee equal working opportunities for all people, e.g. Respect the 5% quota for

PWD’ inclusion; > Provide accessible infrastructure and equipment; > Maintain health and safety at working spaces and implement regular training and audits; > Provide opportunities for skills development, particularly for the youth and PWD i.e. Technical and vocational training (TVET) and apprenticeships. > Develop users’ satisfaction and complaints forms as feedback mechanisms for stakeholders within the park and for the local community, such as complaint boxes or hotlines.

63. Global Climate Change - HypeWeb (smhi.se) 64. See The World Bank, An International Framework for Eco-Industrial Parks (2017)

Sustainable Design and Cleaner Production Principles

A well-planned and organised green industrial park is defined by a set of principles that should guide the planning and design, construction, operation and maintenance of the park. These principles are grouped under a) sustainable design principles and b) resource efficiency and cleaner production.

Sustainable Design Principles to guide future on-site infrastructure, utilities and building facilities.

Climate resilience and passive design principles

> Promote tailored strategies for the industrial park in order to take advantage of its unique characteristics and to address local climatic conditions, such as mitigating climate change effects like flooding; > Promote the design of passive buildings to reduce electrical cooling, heating, ventilation and lighting while guaranteeing comfortable conditions for all users; > Integrate greening and landscape as a key element to help improving the air condition and pollution.

Low carbon or carbon neutral principles

> To use locally sourced and sustainable construction materials; > To reduce carbon footprint. Shared utilities and logistics

> The clustering of business and industries within the park promotes the shared use of facilities such as warehouses and logistics, training and meeting facilities, and parking areas. This allows the park to benefit from economies of scale and achieve efficient infrastructure services and economic gains by reducing overhead costs; > To foster the implementation of smart technologies to achieve a good and efficient management of the shared facilities, such as providing sustainable public transport for employees.

Circular economy and zero-waste

> Rethink the waste management system to turn waste into resources such as the husk products VC. To minimize the generation of waste by reorganizing industries in a way that one could use the waste from another as an input into a process or as a source of energy; > Accommodate remanufacture, restore, or repair shops to rescue waste and support a circular economy. Water management

> To promote sustainable urban water cycles by implementing rainwater collection, storm water retention and harvesting techniques and wastewater recycling; > To promote the efficient use of water resources and ensure good water quality while protecting environmental assets.

Sustainable transport

> To design an urban layout which optimises the network infrastructure, reducing vehicle movements while promoting walking and cycling and the use of electric vehicles within the industrial park; > To encourage sharing facilities resulting in a reduction of private car usage; > The urban design needs to focus on improving the public space network with a streetscape which promotes healthy and active lifestyles where residents and workers are encouraged to walk rather than travel by car; > To promote the use of smart technologies to digitalise transport infrastructure allowing the exchange of information in between vehicles, drivers, passengers and transfer hubs. An example of these are streetlights capable of monitoring parking spaces as well as traffic patterns.

Local and inclusive community employment to enhance the social performance by:

> Creating local jobs; > Providing better working and labour conditions; > Fostering gender, age and (dis)ability sensitivity in the green industrial park’s operations; > Providing better security by embedding security features in the park’s design; > Providing social infrastructure to the workers and community; > Improving occupational health and safety.

Cleaner production guidelines and principles to be followed by industries and businesses on the site during the industrial process, products and services:

Renewable energy and energy efficiency

> To use renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind power, biomass or hydroelectric power; > To identify opportunities for common energy and heat exchange networks. For example, at some point in the future this area could be a potential location for an incinerator that would reduce miles that waste is transferred from the industrial park as well as providing heat and electricity, if it is a combined heat and power incinerator. Resource efficiency and circular economy

> To encourage the use of smart technologies and automation to achieve an efficient use of natural resources and industry outcomes; > To foster industries which reduce industrial environmental footprint by minimising waste and emissions; > To encourage industries to reuse and recycle water to reduce water consumption; > Waste generated in the production to be recovered when possible through sorting, cleaning, conditioning, that can be used as raw material for other industries and businesses; > To re-use the by-product from one industry as an input for another.

Clean air and low pollution

> To support industries which minimise emissions; > To encourage industries to generate as little as possible of hazardous materials; > Waste to be appropriately disposed and treated.

Case Study: Hawassa Industrial Park in Ethiopia was designed, constructed and operated as a Green Industrial Zone

Hawassa is a large industrial park (1.3 million sq ft) developed 200 miles south of the Addis Ababa with a specialisation on textile and apparel.65 The park has been designed to be environmentally friendly and limit its impact on the local ecosystem.

For instance, textile activities tend to be water-intensive and generate large amounts of wastewater that is polluted with chemicals and is too often unsafely released in the environment. At Hawassa, 85% of sewerage disposal water will be recycled through their Zero Liquid Discharge programme.

What is interesting with this case study is that the design of the park and its infrastructure is directly driven by the activities that are planned to take place on the site, making sure that the right type of sustainable approach is adopted.66

65. Making Industrialization in Africa Sustainable | United Nations 66. Hawassa Industrial Park goes fully operational as Ethiopia pushes to become manufacturing hub | Embassy of Ethiopia, London (ethioembassy.org.uk)

5.2.4 Phase 1 Development of Pilot Site

The pilot site for Phase 1 is located 2.3 km from the railway station and B25, on a relatively level site. This site has been chosen due to its location away from the seasonal streams that lie to the south of the axial road. It is also not occupied by any farms or locals and will not require immediate consultation. The site has scope to expand further northwards in the immediate future (identified as future development in Figure 5.4). The pilot site will also accommodate the two shortlisted VCs of husk products (lumber and tableware) and banana flour and allow for future expansion of these VCs.

The Phase 1 as development identifies land requirements for utilities such as wastewater treatment, power and waste collection and outline infrastructure requirements to support the operation of the VCs including the upgrade of the access road and Sagana railway station upgrade. 5.2.4.1. Project 1: Sagana Green Industrial Park

The Sagana industrial site takes advantage of its strategic location which lies along the east-west B25 corridor that connects to Kagio, Kutus and rest of the County and north-south A2 corridor linking to Nairobi. The site is also located at a 10-minute drive to and from the Sagana Railway station, which connects to major urban centres north and south of KC. This proposal includes the upgrade of the access road F2174 (shown in Figure 5.3) which runs through the central axis of the site and connects to B25 and the railway station. It also proposes the upgrade of the railway station to complement the industrial development.

The remainder of the pilot site (beyond the banana flour and husk processing sites) is split into 7 industrial units of 1200 sqm and 1 unit of 2000 sqm and is reserved for future industrial development, KIDA VC opportunities or co-location of other shortlisted VCs described in section 4.2. There is scope for future expansion all around the site, however, the area north of the site does not host any existing settlement so it could be prioritised. A loop road and a water treatment plant for industrial effluents will add to the immediate and inherent attractiveness of the site for businesses to locate there.