Table 5-1 – Summary of Project Information and Costs

5.3 Implementation Costs and Potential Funding Sources

The UEP is an advisory document owned and administered by the Municipality and the main responsible authority for its future implementation. Similarly, the Municipality is responsible for agreeing appropriate funding from the County budget, as well as seeking any additional funding from IFI, donors, and/or private sector to support the implementation of the VC and climate-resilient infrastructure projects.

Table 5-1 summarises the implementation costs and delivery for the VCs, and infrastructure projects across the main sectors and the Municipality. Each project is considered by its sub-components, delivery partners and funding sources, capital costs and key cost elements, expected benefits to be realised, and timescale. This brings together the project information set out in section 4.

It is important to note that these costs do not include various cost items including land acquisition, design and planning (unless stated, where this could reflect 10% to 30% of the CAPEX costs). Inflation and optimism bias have not been included at this stage, where this would uplift the cost estimates. There will also often be sizeable operational expenditure which will need to be factored-in. At a development concept level, the project implementation is summarised below.

Table 5-1 – Summary of Project Information and Costs

Total estimated CAPEX for the UEP: 15.771 billion

Agriculture and Livestock Sector: CAPEX: KES 5.961 billion

Agri-processing and Manufacturing Sector:

Markets, Trade and Services Sector: CAPEX: KES 469 million

CAPEX: KES 2.677 billion

Cross–sector projects: CAPEX: KES 5.714 billion

VC projects: CAPEX: KES 950 million

In terms of the funding scale between private (PPP), public and other sources, the following is provisionally estimated: 40% public sector led (County, GoK, providers and donors), 16% private and PPP, 44% IFI and donor funding.

In terms of the cost scale over time, the following breakdown is estimated given the individual project schedules:

Total estimated CAPEX for the UEP: 15.771 billion

Short-term CAPEX: KES 8.554 billion

Medium-term CAPEX: KES 1.743 billion

Long-term CAPEX: KES 5.474 billion

Table 5-1 – Summary of Project Information and Costs

# Project title Project Location Project sub-components

Priority VCs

VC1 Juice bottling/ canning VC Focus area 2 This VC project is for a mixed fruit juice and pulp facility, sourcing fresh produce across the County and neighbouring region and supplying both the bulks and retail markets. The VC could build on the Makueni Fruit Processing Plant at Kalamba, expanding the range of produce and developing the marketing and sales capabilities, or be a separate additional processing facility. Makueni County SUED programme with potential for other public and private funding involvement. 150,000,000 Short-term

VC2 Solid waste management VC Municipality/ County wide This VC aims is for the establishment of a commercialised solid waste collection and processing service, that improves collection across the municipality, maximises the recovery and production of useful materials and minimises disposal. Makueni County SUED programme with potential for other public and private funding involvement. 800,000,000 Short-term

Agriculture and Livestock Sector

1 Aggregation Accessibility Network Model Focus area 3 and County wide › Improvement of network to provide all weather access. › Improvement of 100 km of earth roads. › Improvement of 50 km of paved roads. › Upgrade of 100 km of earth roads to low volume sealed roads. › Assessment performed based on spatial analysis of network, and would need to be validated through community prioritization. › Key stakeholders impacted by road improvements that need to be consulted include. › Farmers and farmer cooperatives, businesses and local communities. › IFI/Donor and Public Sector › Funding through development partners › County budget allocations and relevant road authorities. › Maintenance through Kenya Road

Board – Road Maintenance Fuel

Levy Fund (RMLF).

Implementation agency and stakeholders Potential sources of financing/funding and delivery mechanisms

2 Targeted Rural Access Interventions - River Kaiti Crossing Municipality/ County wide › Construction of two bridge crossings (each 100m long) over Kaiti River. › Assessment performed based on spatial analysis of network, and would need to be validated through community prioritization. › Key stakeholders impacted by road improvements that need to be consulted include. › Farmers and farmer cooperatives, businesses and local communities. › IFI/Donor and Public Sector › Funding through development partners › County budget allocations and relevant road authorities. › Maintenance through Kenya Road

Board – Road. › Maintenance Fuel Levy

Fund (RMLF).

Total Estimated Costs (KES) Timescale

5,135,000,000 Short, medium and long-term

650,000,000 Short to medium-term

# Project title Project Location Project sub-components Implementation agency and stakeholders Potential sources of financing/funding and delivery mechanisms Total Estimated Costs (KES) Timescale

3 Solar Refrigeration Systems Municipality/ County wide › Establishment of needs for solar refrigeration systems. › Preparation of design brief for refrigeration systems. › Development of procurement and deployment plan. › Develop training plan, for management, operation and maintenance. › Site selection – Municipality with assistance from national agricultural specialists. › Equipment selection – Municipality with assistance from cold chain specialists. › Construction and implementation - Municipality. › Operation and maintenance – responsibility of Municipality. › IFI/Donor and Public sector › Donor funding is available from numerous sources, including Self

Help Africa and AGRA. › Public sector funding may be available from the central government via the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries

4 Solar Irrigation Municipality/ County wide › Mapping of ownership of all local agricultural and livestock holdings and their irrigation needs, current status of their irrigation facilities. › Review of abstraction volumes from each borehole to ensure sustainability of water resources. › Establishment of needs for solar irrigation and borehole systems. › Preparation of design brief for boreholes/sand dam/irrigation systems. › Development of procurement and deployment plan. › Preparation of a Maintenance plan. › Site selection – Wote Municipality with assistance from national agricultural specialists. › Equipment selection, construction and implementation – Wote Municipality with assistance from irrigation specialists. › Operation and maintenance – responsibility of the smallholder recipients. › IFI/Donor and Public sector › Donor funding is available from numerous sources, including small-scale irrigation and value addition project run by the

Global Agriculture and Food

Security Program. › Public sector funding may be available from the central government via funding from the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation

Agri-processing and Manufacturing Sector

5 Industrial Access Road Upgrade: Road Upgrade and Junction Improvements Focus area 2 › Upgrade of 2.2 km of roads from earth to all weather bitumen surface. › Provide for storm water drains along the road. › NMT facilities provisions i.e., walkways. › Junction improvements at the intersection with C99. › Partnership between Kenya National Highway

Authority (KeNHA) and County Government of

Makueni to improve the road condition. › Provision of NMT facilities could be done by County Government of Makueni in partnership with different development partners i.e., World Bank. › IFI/Donor and Public Sector › Funding through Development

Partners and/ or through County budget allocation. › Maintenance by the

County Government.

26,250,000 Short to medium-term

150,000,000 Short to medium-term

364,000,000 Short-term

# Project title Project Location Project sub-components Implementation agency and stakeholders Potential sources of financing/funding and delivery mechanisms Total Estimated Costs (KES) Timescale

6 Improved Water, Wastewater and Drainage for Agri-processing at Kalamba Focus area 2 › Water supply: Borehole, pump and treatment system › Wastewater treatment plant › ESIA including hydro-geotechnical investigation › The implementation agent would be Municipality with the aid of the SUED programme. › The stakeholders would include local businesses and SMEs for the operation and maintenance of services and employees of the industrial zone. › IFI/Donor › Funding through development partners like World Bank or Water

Sector Trust Fund. › Or local government for capital investment.

7 Solar Power for Agri-processing at Kalamba Focus area 2 › A pre-feasibility study to determine preferred potential locations, required size including phasing, technical arrangements including preferred technology, and local network connections, commercial arrangement options › Outline design of solar park. › Development of procurement and deployment plan. This will include: › Procurement route – best options or engagement with solution providers/ contractors. › Deployment plan – upskilling of local marginalised groups to work as contractors. › Development of maintenance plan, focusing on upskilling of local marginalised groups to work as maintenance staff. › Implementing agency will be the Municipality. › They will complete the pre-feasibility study and provide the land to the developer. › Private sector › Solar power plants are typically financed using a Build, Own

Operate model. › Companies such as Globeleq provide finance and construct utility scale projects, whereas specialist impact investors such as Empower can finance smaller scale projects.

Markets, Trade and Services Sector

8 Wote JuaKali Market Improvements Focus area 1 › Total Built Up Area › Total Built Up Area - Bridge › Green Roof › Public Plaza - Green Space › Road Shared Surface › Public Plaza - Paved Surface › Trees › Municipality. › BID (Business improvement district):

Localized areas, public realm and animation. › Maintenance responsibility of Municipal

Government for public areas and owners for private. › Employ local SMEs for waste services. › Light touch maintenance and animation:

NGOs and CBO. › Public-Private Partnership › Typically, Public funded projects. › Potentially: In partnership with local business. › Private sector funding for development and operation of market.

25,400,000 Short-term

80,000,000 Short-term

825,250,000 Short-term

# Project title Project Location Project sub-components Implementation agency and stakeholders Potential sources of financing/funding and delivery mechanisms Total Estimated Costs (KES) Timescale

9 Kaiti River Linear Park Focus area 1 › Riverside Regeneration (X2) › Walking Trail › Planned Parks › Sports Zones › Plaza › Municipality or Private. › BID (Business improvement district):

Localized areas, public realm and animation. › Maintenance responsibility of Municipal

Government for public areas and owners for private. › Employ local SMEs for waste services. › Tree planting, maintenance, environmental education and signage: NGOs and CBOs. › Public-Private Partnership › Typically, Public funded projects. › Potentially: In partnership with local business. › Private sector funding for development and operation of market.

10 Wote Bus Park Rationalisation and Relocation Options Focus area 1 › Shade structure › Bus Circulation › Bus Parking › Built up Space - Mixed Use Blocks › Green space › Shops › Paved Surface (Footpaths/Permeable Paving) › Municipality or Private. › BID (Business improvement district):

Localized areas, public realm and animation. › Maintenance responsibility of Municipal

Government for public areas and owners for private. › Employ local SMEs for waste services. › Light touch maintenance and animation:

NGOs and CBO. › Public-Private Partnership › Typically, Public funded projects. › Potentially: In partnership with local business. › Private sector funding for development and operation of market.

11 Urban Centre Transport Network Improvements and Management Focus area 1 › Paratransit operational and management plan to support new bus parks. › Improvements to NMT network to enhance access. › Bus park operators, matatus, taxis, retailers. › Formal business in the surrounding park. › IFI/Donor and Public Sector › County budget allocations and relevant road authorities. › Development partners.

12 Streetlighting Focus area 1 and Municipality wide › Review current implementation plan. › Review current commercial and technical arrangements. › Design study to ensure suitable coverage of target area. › Equipment review and selection. › Development of new commercial plan (procurement, deployment, implementation, maintenance). › Site selection – Wote Municipality. › Equipment selection – streetlighting design specialist. › Construction and implementation –

Wote Municipality. › Operation and maintenance – responsibility of Wote Municipality. › IFI/Donor and Public Sector › Financing can be sourced from a number of options, including World

Bank funded Kenya Urban Support

Programme, which has funded streetlighting in Thika, Ruiru and Limuru. › The World Bank also offers advice, sample legal documents and further reading on using a Public Private Partnership route for streetlighting, detailing projects completed in Brazil,

Mexico and India.

1,323,000,000 Short to medium-term

338,800,000 Short, medium and long-term

115,000,000 Short to medium-term

50,000,000 Short to medium-term

# Project title Project Location Project sub-components Implementation agency and stakeholders Potential sources of financing/funding and delivery mechanisms Total Estimated Costs (KES) Timescale

13 Accessible Public Toilet Blocks Focus area 1 › 3 accessible public toilet blocks. › The implementation agent would be WOWASCO water company whereas the stakeholders would be local businesses, women and girls, elderly people and PWD’s. › The toilet blocks could be run as a small business therefore a private sector partner could also be considered as a stakeholder. › IFI/Donor and Public Sector › WOWASCO water company through the Water Sector

Trust Fund.

Cross Sectoral / Wote-wide

14 Improved Linkage to Northern Corridor and Key Urban/Market Centres Municipality/ County wide › Upgrade of 35km of road to bitumen (factors upgrade of missing links). › Drainage facilities provision. › Provision of safe NMT considerations along the corridor. › Partnership between Kenya National Highway

Authority (KeNHA) and County Government of

Makueni to improve the road condition. › Provision of NMT facilities could be done by County Government of Makueni in partnership with different development partners i.e., World Bank. › IFI/Donor and Public Sector › Funding through Development

Partners and/ or through County budget allocation in partnership with Highway Authority › Maintenance through KRB’s road maintenance fuel levy (RMLF).

15 Decentralised Wastewater/ Sludge Treatment Facility

16 Water Supply for Low-income Households and Rural Communities Municipality wide › Feasibility study for the facility, transport infrastructure and potential future integration with the WWTP. › Decentralised treatment facility, capacity of 25m3/day. › The implementation agent would be Wote Water and Sanitation Company (WOWASCO). › The stakeholders would include WOWASCO as well as the people who utilise the services provided by the STF. › IFI/Donor › The project should be financed through IFI/Donor.

Municipality wide › Household connections for 1,000 households. › Rolling loan fund to support the connection for 1,000 low-income households. › 5 accessible water kiosks. › The implementation agent would be WOWASCO with the support of Wote Municipality to help identify the most appropriate sites for the accessible water kiosks. › The stakeholders would include WOWASCO, Wote

Municipality, low-income households, and private accessible water kiosk business owners. › IFI/Donor › IFI/Donor through the Water

Sector Trust Fund. › The accessible water kiosks could be run by private businesses.

25,500,000 Short to medium-term

5,640,000,000 Short-term

20,000,000 Short-term

53,500,000 Short to medium-term

5.4 Scheduling

This section sets out the timeframe for the delivery of each climate resilient infrastructure project for the respective sector action plans. The synergies for each sector action plan are also described in relation the whole development framework.

The priority VCs for both the Agriculture and Livestock, and Agri-processing and Manufacturing sectors are scheduled to be delivered in the short-term (0-3 years), in order to support the economic growth of the Municipality through the implementation of the remainder of the sector action plans, anchor projects and climate resilient infrastructure projects discussed in the UEP. These VCs should be supported by the development of the aggregation centre and any supporting climate resilient infrastructure, including the improvement of water, wastewater and drainage services, and solar power for agri-processing at the Makueni fruit processing site. This will enable the VC activities to operate at high efficiency and build resilience into the systems. Due to the strong interlinkages between the priority VCs and the aggregation centre, whereby primary resources are collected at the aggregation centre, later these are sent for processing at the juice bottling/canning VC and any waste produced during this processing can be dealt with under the solid waste management VC; the in-unison development of these will be beneficial to improving their individual success.

The climate resilient infrastructure projects under the Agriculture and Livestock sector should be implemented over the short to medium-term with the aggregation accessibility network model running into the long-term as expansion of the aggregation network occurs over time. The delivery of the aggregation centre will be supported by the targeted rural access interventions which will help to move agricultural product to and from the aggregation centre. Furthermore, the implementation of solar refrigeration on the site will help to extend the shelf life of products before they are sent off for further processing at the Makueni fruit processing facility, solar refrigeration should then be implemented in other sites across the municipality in the short to medium-term. Finally solar irrigation should be implemented over the short to medium-term in order to improve the output of the agricultural hinterlands and farmers who may not feel the benefits of the sand dams along the river Kaiti or the 4th phase of the Thwake dam once it is fully funded and completed. This will improve the volumes of agricultural products that would be available for processing via the juice bottling/canning VC.

The juice bottling/canning VC and associated climate resilient infrastructure projects under the Agri-processing and Manufacturing sector would be implemented in the short-term. As stated previously, the juice bottling/canning VC would be supported by implementation of climate resilient infrastructure projects for improvements to water, wastewater and drainage, and solar power for agri-processing at Kalamba. Therefore, these should be delivered in the short-term alongside the VC. An upgrade to the industrial access road as well as link to the northern corridor will help to improve the transport infrastructure provisions to the site. The sector would also be supported by the solar refrigeration and solar irrigation climate resilient infrastructure projects as these will help to improve the productivity of the hinterlands in the Municipality and the County. Finally, the sector would be supported by the solid waste management VC which would deal with any waste produced as part of the juice bottling/canning VC.

The solid waste management VC, anchor projects and climate resilient infrastructure projects under the Market, Trade and Services Sector would mainly be delivered in the short to medium-term with some phases of the Bus Park relocation occurring in the long-term. The solid waste management VC should be delivered in the short-term in order to reduce the amount of litter present in and around the Municipality as well as reduce the amount of dumping and burring of waste. This will also support the juice bottling/canning VC as well as the anchor projects found under the sector.

The Wote jua-kali market improvement should be implemented in the short-term in order to alleviate some of the issues facing traders and market users. The Kaiti River linear park should be implemented over the short and medium-term with activities such as design and feasibility occurring immediately and implementation soon after. The Park would be implemented in phases due to its size.

The final anchor project, Wote bus park rationalisation and relocation options, would be split into 4 main phases and spread over the short, medium and long-term, with activities such as site selection, design and land aquation occurring immediately with construction beginning soon after. In the long term the current Bus Park site should be repurposed to provide other needed facilities and services in the CBD. The climate resilient infrastructure projects under this sector should be completed in unison with the anchor projects in order to support their development and improve the quality of the public realm and public service provisions through the upgrade and improved of transport infrastructure, and the implementation of streetlighting and accessible public toilets at each of the anchor project sites.

The cross-sectoral/Wote wide climate resilient infrastructure projects should all be implemented in the short-term with the water supply for low-income households and rural communities extending into the medium-term as an ongoing project to support the water company with increasing the number of water connections in the Municipality. The link to the northern corridor should be implemented in the short-term to support the movement of products to and from the aggregation centre, Kalamba and Wote Town as well as improve the travel time and conditions for people using the link. Finally, the decentralised wastewater/sludge treatment facility should be implemented in the short-term to improve the sanitation in Wote Municipality before the work on the bulk sewer and WWTP begins, the decentralised facility can be incorporated into the WWTP to provide further capacity and resilience for the future.

Figure 5-1 demonstrates the full set of proposed VCs and climate resilient infrastructure projects, and how projects are linked, showing where implementation would suitably begin.