Disaster Preparedness Guide 2021 by The Garden Island Newspaper

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2 // DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 2021

Natural disasters can hit at any time, and with few buffers between our island chain and the larger landmasses surrounding it, Hawaii is at especially high risk for potential destruction. By Kyle Galdeira

awaii serves as an ideal place for visitors and kamaaina to live, work and play, and yet the state’s location in the middle of the Pacific — where calm conditions often lull both residents and tourists into a false sense of security — puts the islands in the direct path of nature’s fierce wrath. The warm waters and steady stream of trade winds that create Hawaii’s favorable climate also serve as feeders for tropical storms and hurricanes. Natural disasters can strike at any time, and with few buffers between the islands and surrounding landmasses, Hawaii is at high risk for potential destruction.

While the state was fortunate to emerge relatively unscathed following the catastrophic earthquake and resulting tsunami that ravaged Japan in 2011, the same could not be said for residents of Hilo on the Big Island’s eastern shore in 1946. An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.8 spawned in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands had generated massive walls of water, which crashed into the unsuspecting town and killed 159 people. Many curious bystanders, including school children, ventured into the exposed reef area, unaware that the receding water would soon give way to a tsunami, which are known to travel at speeds up to 500 miles per hour. Hurricanes are regular threats, as the large storms churn over warm Pacific

waters, growing in size and strength until breaking apart or, in rare cases, making landfall. Hurricane Iwa in November 1982 was a Category 1 storm and was the first hurricane to strike Hawaii since statehood. On Sept. 11, 1992, Hurricane Iniki earned the distinction as the most powerful hurricane to hit Hawaii, as the Category 4 storm passed over Kauai and caused six deaths. Hawaii is a hotbed of volcanic activity, as active volcanoes like Kilauea continuously churn up new land on the Big Island’s southeast coast — especially with the destructive lava flow two years ago. Earthquakes have resulted in severe damage throughout history, as was the case with a 7.9 magnitude quake in April 1868,

which killed 81 people and destroyed more than 100 homes in Hawaii. Hawaii’s rains make the islands rich in lush vegetation and agricultural potential, but can also prove hazardous when flash floods result from severe downpours. In October 2004, a flash flood made its way through University of Hawaii at Manoa’s Hamilton Library and damaged 60 homes. Two years later, six weeks of steady rain caused flooding across the state, including on Kauai where the raging water broke the Ka Loko Dam and resulted in the deaths of seven people. This guide is designed to equip readers with helpful information and tips ahead of disasters. Taking the time to prepare can make a difference when Mother Nature strikes.

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By Diane Peters-Nguyen, CEO of the American Red Cross – Pacific Islands Region

s we enter the 2021 hurricane season, American Red Cross urges everyone to prepare. This year is predicted to have fewer storms, but it only takes one to have a powerful effect. 2020 brought with it a record 30 named storms that were responsible for 450 deaths and more than $51 billion in damages. Preparing early is your best defense. Here are five steps you can take to be prepared.

local shelters, register family members with special medical needs as required and make plans for pets.

include a mask for everyone in your household. If you already have a disaster kit, make sure the food and water are still OK to conBUILD AN EMERGENCY sume, and that copies of KIT important documents are Include a gallon of water up to date. per person per day, nonperishable food, a flashlight, NOTE: HOMEOWNERS battery-powered radio, first INSURANCE DOESN’T aid kit, medications, sup- ALWAYS COVER FLOODING plies for an infant or pets if It’s important to have applicable, a multipurpose protection from the floods tool, personal hygiene associated with hurricanes, items, copies of important tropical storms, heavy papers, phone chargers, rains and other condiMAKE AN EVACUATION extra cash, blankets, maps tions that impact the U.S. PLAN of the area and emergency For more information on Plan multiple routes to contact information. Also flood insurance, please visit

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By Dennis Hwang, faculty, University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program

here is more risk from hurricanes than residents of Hawaii realize. In 1992, Hurricane Iniki struck Kauai and destroyed 6,200 homes, causing $3.1 billion in damages. In 2018, Hurricane Lane threatened Oahu, which has eight times more structures than Kauai. In the last year, there were two more important reminders of the risk. Last July, Hurricane Douglas triggered an official warning and narrowly missed Oahu. Another reminder relates to the vulnerability of older woodframe homes. In January,

a roof blew off a home in Maunalani Heights. While the sustained winds were only 25-30 mph, gusts of up to 50 mph coupled with localized topographic speedup of up to 40% demonstrated how older homes would perform during a weak hurricane. There are many things Hawaii residents can do to prepare. Some are quick fixes, while others, such as home strengthening, may take time to complete.

er’s Handbook to Prepare for shelter-in-place table in the Natural Hazards at hawaii- handbook). If your house is seagrant.org. not wind resistant or suitably located, go to a friend CREATE A PLAN FOR THE or relative’s place (house/ TRIPLE THREAT OF A high-rise condo) that can HURRICANE withstand the triple threat. • Waves: Check if you are A public shelter is the last in storm surge zone at nhc. resort. Wait for instructions noaa.gov/nationalsurge. from local emergency Consider if your property management before you has flooded, even if it is not evacuate. in a high-risk zone. • Water: Check the Hawaii ALMOST EVERY HOUSE DLNR flood hazard assess- CAN BE STRENGTHENED ment tool at gis.hawaiinfip. • Prevent wood rot and org/fhat. termite damage. • Wind: Only shelter • Add hurricane clips to BE PROACTIVE in place if your house is help keep the roof on the Get the free Homeown- strong enough (see the wall. Generally, houses built

after 1988 on Oahu, after 1990 on Maui and Kauai, and after 1994 on Hawaii County have them. This simple retrofit can be done with guidance of a licensed architect or structural engineer and $300 in material costs. Or, hire a qualified licensed contractor for under $2,000. • Consider protecting your windows with plywood, a storm panel system or impact-resistant windows. No masking tape or opening windows. See the handbook for more than 10 options for window protection.

• Strengthen your home continuously over the long term, regardless if it is an active hurricane season. It is a great investment and will protect the most important asset — you and your family.

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Food for thought Before a disaster strikes, it is vital to know what kinds of foods and drinks you should store at home. Without proper preparation, a fully stocked kitchen could quickly turn into a collection of inedible and undrinkable items. The adequate amount of food and water to have ready in a disaster should last 14 days, including 1 gallon of water per day per person.

For safe drinking water, add one drop of mild liquid bleach per gallon of water, then cap and store in a cool dark place — and if storing for four weeks or longer, add one half cap of mild liquid bleach per gallon of water. Hawaiian Electric also recommends ways to sanitize water through boiling, disinfecting and distillation. Do not drink or treat water from streams, rivers, ponds or similar places, as they may contain heavy metals, pollutants, bacteria and/or viruses. More information on safe water storage can be found at boardofwatersupply.com/community/ emergency-preparedness.

FOOD

For food, nonperishable items are a no-brainer, but the best piece of advice is to stock up on things you normally eat, such as dried fruits, crackers, peanut butter, jelly, dried corn, rice and dry pasta. This makes it easier to rotate the items so they don’t sit and expire. Additionally, make sure to keep it to foods that don’t need to be cooked. After all, fuel and power may not be available during emergencies. Long-lasting, nonperishable food items that require no heating are best, such as Spam, Vienna sausages and sardines. However, stocking up on propane tanks and gas stoves are nice-tohave commodities, though not necessary.

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There are a number of optimal ways to store drinkable water, including purchasing bottled water and/or filling clean containers with tap water. Other ways also include ordering water storage units online. If you plan to use recycled containers, the Board of Water Supply reminds residents to be sure to clean them thoroughly and rinse with a mild bleach solution, recommending just one capful of liquid bleach to 1 gallon of water. Board of Water Supply also informs residents that when filling containers, be sure to fill them to the top, keeping a minimal amount of air in the bottle.

‘Be Ready’ for anything

Generally, the Hawaii Department of Health says that food in the fridge and freezer should be safe for up to four hours after the power is out, and it is best to keep the refrigerator door closed as much as possible. Despite Hawaii experiencing various natural disasters in the past, not everybody is always prepared for the mischance of a hurricane or tsunami. As soon as a disaster is forecast, most general goods stores and markets will find themselves swamped with customers. Therefore, to avoid the stress of long lines and low inventory, start stocking up before the next emergency situation arises.

atural disasters big and small surround us. In Hawaii, we are vulnerable, dependent on others without having a way to escape. How long should we prepare for? What types of supplies should we get? What companies can we trust? How often do we rotate? These are common questions that arise, but there is not one answer that fits for everyone’s situation. We recommend water treatment/storage, long-term freeze-dried food, solar generators/ power sources and bug-out kits. We also suggest preparing for a minimum of three months. Six months is comfortable, a year is best. What prevents people from preparing? Often, it’s space, time, energy and money.

Fortunately, tecŸology has increased to the point where these items take up little space. There are also professionals around the state who can guide you to the best answers for your family. We encourage you to research and find the correct resources and information. Then, as you find good information, retain it and share it with others. As we say here at Be Ready Hawaii, “The hana (work) you put in today, determines the aloha you can give tomorrow.” For 30 years, Be Ready Hawaii has been helping locals prepare for troubling times.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 2021 // 9

By The Garden Island staff

hile Kauai hasn’t been hit directly by a major hurricane since Iniki in 1992, the risk remains. In May, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicted between two and five tropical cyclones in the Central Pacific hurricane region in the upcoming 2021 hurricane season, which runs from June 1 through Nov. 30. NOAA released its annual hurricane season prediction, stating there is an 80% chance of near- or below-normal tropical cyclone activity during hurricane season this year. Predicted tropical cyclone activity includes tropical depressions, named storms and hurricanes. A near-nor-

mal season has four or five tropical cyclones. The annual outlook is a general guide to the overall seasonal tropical cyclone activity in the Central Pacific basin, and does not predict whether, or how many of, these systems will affect Hawaii. The Central Pacific Hurricane Center continuously

monitors weather conditions, employing a network of satellites, land- and ocean-based sensors, and aircraft reconnaissance missions operated by NOAA and its partners. The CPHC issues a hurricane or tropical storm watch when a hurricane or tropical storm-force winds are possible within 48

hours. A hurricane or tropical storm warning is issued when a hurricane or tropical storm-force winds are expected within 36 hours. “In the event of a tropical cyclone, preparedness is crucial for you and your family. If your home is safe to do so, sheltering in place is usually the best option. However, if you must seek shelter outside of your household, following COVID-19 guidelines is

recommended,” says Elton Ushio, Kauai Emergency Management Agency administrator. “This year’s outlook is around normal; however, we remind the public that it just takes one storm to adversely affect our community, even without a direct hit.” Ushio adds that disaster kits should include at least a 14-day supply of nonperishable food, 1 gallon of water per person per day,

a battery-powered radio, flashlight, an extra supply of prescription medicines, and other items specific to individual and family needs. It is also recommended that face masks and hand sanitizers be included in disaster kits due to the ongoing pandemic. County planning and preparation is available at kauai.gov/kema, or the CPHC website, hurricanes. gov/cphc.

Evacuation shelters

t’s important to know where your nearest evacuation center is. Here’s a list of shelters on the Garden Island:

• Wilcox Elementary School, 4319 Hardy St. • Kauai Humane Society (pets only), 3-825 Kaumualii Hwy.

CENTRAL • Kauai Community College, 3-1901 Kaumualii Hwy. • Kauai High School, 3577 Lala Road • King Kaumualii Elementary School, 4380 Hanamaulu Road • Chiefess Kamakahelei Middle, 4431 Nuhou St. • Kauai War Memorial Convention Hall, 4191 Hardy St.

WEST • Kekaha Elementary School, 8140 Kekaha Road (not suitable for tsunami) • Waimea Canyon Elementary and Intermediate School, 9555 Huakai Road • Waimea High School, 9707 Tsuchiya Road NORTH • Kilauea Elementary School, 2440 Kolo Road

• Kilauea Neighborhood Center, 2460 Keneke St. SOUTH • Koloa Elementary School, 3223 Poipu Road • Eleele Elementary School, 4750 Uliuli Road • Kalaheo Elementary School, 4400 Maka Road EAST • Kapaa Elementary School, 4695 Mailihuna Road • Kapaa High School, 4886 Kawaihau Road • Kapaa Middle School, 4867 Olohena Road

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ADDITIONAL AARP TIPS COMMUNICATIONS by Keali‘i Lopez, AARP Hawaii state director

o matter the disaster — hurricane, tsunami or earthquake — planning and preparation are essential. Kupuna and caregivers are especially vulnerable and have special needs. A basic emergency kit should have at least a two-week supply of food, medicines and other essentials. These days, you may still want protective masks, alcohol wipes and gloves. Include medical alert bracelets, eyeglasses, hearing aids, oxygen, extra batteries and a cell phone charger. Put copies of important documents like wills, power of attorney and bank account information in a waterproof container or on a thumb drive. Make sure to include a description of medical conditions, list of medications and allergies, what to do in an emergency and emergency contacts.

If your loved one is in a long-term care facility, ask to see its disaster and infection control plans. Make sure you have a detailed plan that includes a support network. Caregivers may not be able to reach a loved one in an emergency, especially during an evacuation. You’ll want someone you can rely on to help if you can’t be there in person Caregivers of people with dementia will need help to keep them calm and make sure they don’t wander away. Don’t assume an emergency shelter will open near you. Sheltering in place or at a friend or relative’s home in a safe area could be a better place to stay in a disaster. Check to see if your home is engineered to survive a severe storm and if it is in tsunami and flood zones. If you

live in a concrete building on an upper floor, you may be better off at home during a storm or tsunami. To help caregivers and the community, AARP Hawaii will be holding a series of workshops on preparing for disasters at 2 p.m. Wednesdays starting July 21. Go to aarp.org/nearyou or our Facebook page.

A disaster plan includes communications and an emergency meeting place where families can go for protection or to reunite. Keep an old analog phone that can work when digital phones lose power. Teach the person you care for to text message and use social media to stay in contact.

DEMENTIA During an evacuation, a person with dementia may become anxious. The National Institute on Aging offers this advice: Remain calm and supportive; they are likely to respond to the tone you set; do not leave them alone; and make sure the person is wearing an identification bracelet and identifying tags are sewn into clothes.

FIRE SAFETY/ESCAPE ROUTES Plan two ways out of every room in case of a fire or other emergency. Check for items like bookcases that could fall and block an escape path.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 2021 // 15

By Jessica Tronoski, communications manager at Hawaiian Humane Society

ets are integral parts of our family and as you prepare for hurricane season, your pet preparedness disaster plan should include knowing the location of your nearest evacuation shelter and having a pre-packed emergency pet kit ready to go at a moment’s notice. Hawaiian Humane Society staff and volunteers help run the pet side of shelters that the City & County of Honolulu opens during a disaster. At these shelters, American Red Cross helps with the care of people, while our focus

is on pets or stray animals in need. All emergency shelters opened by the city’s Department of Emergency Management are pet-friendly, but you should not expect any of them to stock pet supplies. Your pre-packed emergency pet kit should include the following for each pet: • A 14-day supply of food and water in sealed containers along with food and water bowls • A crate or carrier for each pet in which they can stand up and turn around in, with an ID card attached

• Your pet’s leash and collar with an updated ID tag. Be sure that your pet’s microchip is updated with your current contact information before the weather report spells trouble. • Bedding, towels, and your pet’s favorite toys and treats • Medications, hygiene and grooming supplies, as well as cleaning supplies for crates and litter boxes • Your pet’s vaccine records and other veterinary information such as medication and dosage/administration instructions • A pet first aid kit

• In case of separation, have photographs of your pet(s) on hand. In an emergency situation, listen to your local radio stations and check other news outlets to stay updated on weather conditions and shelter locations. If you evacuate, take

your pets with you. Do not leave them at home. Stay tuned to our social media channels (@hawaiianhumane) for updates on closures, preparedness tips and which shelters will have a Hawaiian Humane presence. We

rely on volunteers at these shelters. Visit hawaiianhumane.org/volunteer. For those on the neighbor islands, check with your local animal shelter for updates and information, and visit hawaiianhumane.org/disaster-ready.

Stay safe during hurricane season by following a few simple steps: BEFORE THE STORM: • Make sure your portable propane tanks are full and in good working condition. • iV Ì Ãii v Þ ÕÀ «À «> i Ì> Ã >Ài wÀ Þ ÃiVÕÀi`° • -V i`Õ i > Àiw v > «iÀ > i Ì Þ ÃÌ> i` «À «> i Ì> À VÞ `iÀ v ÌÃ lower than 30% full.

DURING THE STORM: • ii« > iÞi > ` Ãi ÕÌ v À « ÃÃ L i }>Ã i> Ã° i> } }>Ã Ã i Ã i À ÌÌi i}}Ã° / iÀi >Þ iÛi Li }>Ã LÕLL iÃ Ì « v ÃÌ> ` } Ü>ÌiÀ° • ii« Þ ÕÀ }>Ã iµÕ « i Ì Ü iÀi Ì Ã° Ì Ûi ÃÌ> i` }>Ã V> ÃÌiÀÃ] tanks or cylinders.

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BEFORE A TSUNAMI • Make sure you have multiple ways to receive warnings. • Make an emergency plan that includes plans for family communication and evacuation. • Map out evacuation and traveling routes from home, work, and other places you visit often to safe places on high ground or inland and outside the tsunami hazard zone. Plan to evacuate on foot if you can. • Practice walking your escape routes, even in darkness and bad weather. This will ease evacuation during an emergency. • Make a portable emergency kit that’s easy to grab when on the go. • If you have children in school in a tsunami hazard zone, find out the school’s plans for evacuating and keeping children safe.

sunamis are not that common, according to the National Weather Service, but when they do hit, they can cause major damage to coastal communities, particularly those in the Pacific. Here in Hawaii, it’s important to be aware of the damage they can cause. Sometimes, there may not be time to wait for an official warning. NWS states a natural tsunami warning may be the only signal. Natural warnings include a strong or long earthquake, a sudden rise or fall of the ocean, and/or a loud roar from the ocean. Unlike hurricane season, there is no set time frame for tsunamis to hit, but there are things you can do to keep yourself and your family safe in case one does approach the islands.

DURING A TSUNAMI • Stay out of the water and away from beaches and waterways. • Get more information from radio, television or your mobile device. • If officials ask you to evacuate, go quickly to high ground or inland. • In case of an earthquake, protect yourself. Drop, cover and hold on. As soon as you can move safely, go quickly to high ground or inland. • If there is earthquake damage, avoid fallen power lines and weakened structures.

“The hana (work) you put in today, determines the Aloha you can give tomorrow.” - Be Ready Hawaii

“We need to prepare smart and early so we have a peace of mind and security for ourselves and those we love.”

AFTER A TSUNAMI • Stay out of the tsunami hazard zone until officials say it is safe. The cancellation of a warning does not mean the danger has passed. • Stay out of any buildings with damage or water around it until a professional or official says it is safe. • Get updates and safety instructions from radio, television or your mobile device (text or data). • Contact your family and loved ones. Let them know you are OK. Visit weather.gov/safety/tsunami.

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awaiian Electric works hard year-round to provide safe and reliable electric service to customers across its five-island service territory, but emergency situations such as a storm or hurricane can cause power outages — and the company wants customers to be prepared. To support individuals and communities, Hawaiian Electric offers a number of free resources to prepare you and your family for an emergency, including:

HANDBOOK FOR EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS Produced by Hawaiian Electric in cooperation with city, county and state emergency management agencies, this 72-page guide is full of useful information. Learn the warning

signals and alerts; plan and prepare for storms, floods and tsunamis; learn the basics of electrical safety; get food safety information and sample meal plans; and find important reference contacts, phone numbers and websites. This handbook is available in English, Cantonese, Ilocano, Korean and Vietnamese. Printed copies are available at public libraries across Hawaiian Electric’s service territories and all eight City Mill locations on survival kit, first aid kit and Oahu. You can also down- home evacuation. A helpful communiload a copy at hawaiiancation tab ensures your electric.com/prepare. personal information and emergency contacts are EMERGENCY in one place. This is availPREPAREDNESS QUICK able in English, Chinese, TIPS & CHECKLIST This simplified version Hawaiian, Ilocano, Japaof the handbook features nese, Korean, Spanish and important electrical and Tagalog. Download a copy food safety information, at hawaiianelectric.com/ and checklists for a home stormcenter.

MAKA, THE SAFETY SUPERHERO This is a children’s version of the Handbook for Emergency Preparedness, featuring a wise cartoon owl who helps start the conversation and planning process early for everyone in your home. Maka, from the Hawaiian word for “eye” or “sight,” also symbolizes the wisdom, knowledge and enlightenment of owls, so it’s fitting that the avian superhero helps keiki in grades 3-6 learn what to pack in a ready-to-go bag and ways to stay safe during a storm or power outage. Download it at hawaiianelectric. com/prepare.

flashlights, lanterns and batteries. Be prepared to monitor communications over emergency broadcast radio stations. • Turn off and unplug all unnecessary electric appliances and equipment during a storm or a power outage. When power comes back and is stable, plug in the equipment one at a time. • Shut off your electricity at the main breaker or switch if you need to evacuate. • Consider having a backup generator if you are dependent on an electrically powered life support system. Or, make plans to go to an alternate MORE ELECTRICAL location where electricity SAFETY TIPS will be available. • Gather supplies, such as • Be prepared to take a battery-powered radio, your medical equipment

and medications with you. • To report a power outage or downed lines on Oahu, call 855-304-1212. Always treat downed power lines as energized and dangerous, and stay at least 30 feet away. • Call 911 to report sparking electrical equipment because of the potential risk of fires. If you lose power, it’s easy to get information through mobile devices at hawaiianelectric.com, or download Hawaiian Electric’s app through the Apple Store or Google Play. Also check facebook.com/ hawaiianelectric, as well as Twitter (@hwnelectric for Oahu, @mauielectric for Maui, and @hielectriclight for Hawaii Island).

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS 2021 // 19

AMERICAN RED CROSS redcross.org AMERICAN RED CROSS, HAWAII STATE CHAPTER redcross.org/hawaii AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DISASTER PREPAREDNESS avma.org/disaster AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS aspca.org/pet-care/ disaster-preparedness BOARD OF WATER SUPPLY hbws.org

CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT honolulu.gov/dem FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY fema.gov ready.gov FEMA’S “FAMILY EMERGENCY PLAN” ready.gov/make-a-plan FLOOD SMART floodsmart.gov HAWAII COUNTY CIVIL DEFENSE hawaiicounty.gov/ civil-defense

CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION emergency.cdc.gov/disasters

HAWAII COUNTY EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM hawaiicert.org hawaiicounty.gov/ departments/civil-defense/ hawai-i-county-cert HAWAII EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY ready.hawaii.gov dod.hawaii.gov/hiema HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS hawaiianelectric.com/ prepare HAWAIIAN ELECTRIC OUTAGE MAP hawaiianelectric.com/ safety-and-outages/ power-outages

HAWAIIAN HUMANE SOCIETY hawaiianhumane.org/ disaster-readiness JOINT TYPHOON WARNING CENTER www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/ jtwc.html KAUAI COUNTY EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM kauai.gov/cert KAUAI EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT kauai.gov/kema MAUI COUNTY EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM mauicounty.gov/1899/ community-emergencyresponse-team

MAUI COUNTY EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS RESOURCES mauiready.org

MAUI EMERGENCY OAHU EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ALERTS mauicounty.gov/70/emerhnl.info gency-management-agency THE PACIFIC DISASTER CENTER NATIONAL FLOOD pdc.org INSURANCE PROGRAM fema.gov/flood-insurance THE PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HONOLULU tsunami.gov FORECAST OFFICE weather.gov/hawaii NOAA’S NWS “TURN AROUND DON’T DROWN” weather.gov/safety/floodNATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CENTRAL PACIFIC turn-around-dont-drown HURRICANE CENTER nhc.noaa.gov/?cpac UNDERWRITERS’ LABORATORIES NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ul.com ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION UNITED STATES noaa.gov GEOLOGICAL SURVEY usgs.gov

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