5. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE URBAN CULTURE - In the 11 th and 12th centuries new cathedrals schools were created in cities like Paris or Chartres. - These schools trained members of the clergy and future royal officials. - The first universities: - They were created in the 13 th century, under royal, aristocratic or religious patronage. The most important European universities were Paris, Salamanca, Bologna, Oxford and Cambridge. - Students studies subject such as Theology, Law and Medicine.
- In the early Middle Ages, nearly all literary works had been written in Latin. But from the 11 th century onwards: - works like The Song of Roland (written in Old French), and the Poem of the Cid (written in Old Spanish)helped to create national literatures. - These anonymous epics were inspired by real incidents that were transformed into heroic stories.