2. POLITICAL CHANGE -
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
-
THE RISE OF THE MONARCHIES In the 15 th and 16 th centuries European monarchs reinforced their autority. Their kingdoms became like modern states. They imposed their autority in several ways: They unified the teritories of their kingdoms,which were considered to belong to the royal family. They established a bureaucracy of royal officials They created a taxation system which produced regular incomes They set up a permanent army and in this way,they reduced the reliance on the nobility. They creaed a diplomatic service. Some ambassadors represened them in other countries. Power became concentrated in the hands of the monarchs In this period, the court was established in cities that became the political capitals of their kingdoms.