2. POLITICAL CHANGE -
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THE RISE OF THE MONARCHIES In the 15 th and 16 th centuries European monarchs reinforced their autority. Their kingdoms became like modern states. They imposed their autority in several ways: They unified the teritories of their kingdoms,which were considered to belong to the royal family. They established a bureaucracy of royal officials They created a taxation system which produced regular incomes They set up a permanent army and in this way,they reduced the reliance on the nobility. They creaed a diplomatic service. Some ambassadors represened them in other countries. Power became concentrated in the hands of the monarchs In this period, the court was established in cities that became the political capitals of their kingdoms.
2. POLITICAL CHANGE THE GREAT EUROPEAN MONARCHIES
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About 1500, several kingdoms consolidated their power and expanded their territory through matrimonial alliances or conquest. The most important kingdoms: 1. France: After the Hundred Years’s War, the English no longer held a significant territory in France. Kings Louis XI and François I strengthened the power. 2. Spain: There had been many small kingdoms in Spain, but he Catholic Monarchs, Isabel and Fernando, united most of the Iberian Peninsula. Their occupation of Granada in 1492 completed the Reconquest. 3. Russia: Ivan III the Great, the ruler of Moscow, defeated the Republic of Novgorod in Northern Russia and He adopted the tile of Tsar (meaning Caesar or Emperor). 4. England: The Tudor Dynasty took power after a long civil war between rivals for th throne and reinforced the royal authority. 5. Holy Roman Empire: The territories of the Habsburg Dynasty stretched across Central Europe. But many of the states that owed allegiance to he Holy Roman Emperor were independent. -In some parts of Europe (England, Spain, France…) these monarchies were precursors of modern European states. - In Germany and Italy, there were many small states and national unification only happened in the 19 th century.