3.THE RISE OF THE MONARCHIES THE MONARCHIES - Monarchies built up their power in different ways: - The bourgeoisie were an alternative source of power to the feudal lords. - Economic growth allowed the monarchs to collect higher taxes and finance their own armies and officials. - They expanded their territories through conquest and matrimonial alliances.
3. THE RISE OF THE MONARCHIES THE EMERGE OF PARLIAMENTS - Representative assemblies were established in different countries: - They were called: -
Estates General in France The Cortes in Spain Parliament in England The Die in Germany
- These assemblies were no democratic institutions as we understand today. - They were formed of the nobility, the Church and the leaders of the bourgeoisie. - The monarchs used them to raise taxes and provide financial assistance. - But the assemblies could present their petitions to the king.
3, THE RISE OF THE MONARCHIES -
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WARS BETWEEN KINGDOMS There were many wars between kingdoms in the Middle Ages. The longest was the Hundred Years’ War which England and France fought for over a century. Through marriages and inheritance, the English royal family ruled parts of France as well as England, and claimed the French throne. There was also economic rivalry between the two kingdoms. Battles were followed by truces, but the English were finally defeated in 1453.
3.THE RISE OF THE MONARCHIES THE PAPACY 1. -
Conflicts with rulers: The Pope was considered the religious leader of Christian Europe, but there were several conflicts to establish if the Papacy had autority over secular rulers. Several disputes were with the Holy Roman Empire, which ruled many parts of Germany and Italy. One important dispute called the Investiture Controversy centred on who had the authority for appointed bishops, the Ppacy or the Emperor. The Investiture Controversy was resolved at the Concordat of Worms (1122): The Pope appointed bishops but in the Emperor’s presence. 2. Quarrels within the Church: There were divisions within th Catholic Church because there were different candidates to be the Pope. The seat of the Papacy were moved from Rome o Avignon (France) where it was under the influence of he french monarchy. After 1378, there were rival Popes, one in Avignon and one in Rome and a third candidate in Pisa. This fact receive the name of the Western schism (Cisma de Occidente) lasted nearly 40 years nd harmed the prestige of the Papacy.