5. WAVES OF REVOLUTION THE REVOLUTIONOF 1820 AND 1830 -The Congress System established in Vienna was challenged in the 1820s and 1830s, by number
of 1. -
revolutions. They were based on two principles:liberalism and nationalism. Liberalism Liberals wanted to bring an endto absolutism through constitutions and parliaments. They called for census suffrage, which excluded anyone not registered in the census of taxpaying property owners. 2. Nationalism - Nationalists demanded freedom and independence for their nations: - To unite those which had been separated. - To freethose that had been subjectedto the ruleof foreign monarchs. - Revolutions in Spain and Naples were put down through the intervention of the great power. - In Greece, the nationalist movement achieved independence from the Turkish Empirein 1832. - The July Revolution of 1830 removed the Bourbons from power and appointed Louis-Philippe of Orleans as king of the French. He supported the interests of the bourgeoisie, but did not do away with absolutism. - 1830s revolutions in other parts of Europe were not assuccesful. The only exception was Belgium, which gained independence from the kingdom of the Netherlands. It had been united with the Dutch Republic by the Congress of Vienna.
5. WAVES OF REVOLUTION -
-
THE REVOLTIONS OF 1848 A new wave of revolutions swept across Europe in 1848. In France, the monarchy of Louis-Phillippe fell. The Second Republic was proclaimed, with Louis-Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, as president. Some revolutionaries were motivated by nationalism. There were attempts to unify the Italian and German states, which had been separated by the Congress of Vienna. In other parts of Europe, revolutionaries made liberal claims (demanding universal male suffrage).