The Breeze Volume 30, Issue 3

Vol. 30 Issue 3

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Letter From the Editor At the Breeze, our editorial team values providing a news publication for Chaffey students by Chaffey students. In the age of deep fakes, skepticism and a global shift to digital mediums, journalism is an ever-evolving craft. This edition is a testament to not only the survival of journalism, but to its continued growth. Our design creates the best visual experience possible for our readers. A special thank you to Katie Priest for leading our design. Without this team, there would be no magazine worth reading.

The Breeze gave me hope. It’s my hope that this magazine brings our readers a piece of what it has brought me. Thank you for reading.

Ryan Gibson Editor-In-Chief (print edition)

Staff Kenya Staley Editor-in-Chief (Breeze News Source)

Lee Carrillo Culture Editor

Ryan Gibson Editor-in-Chief (print)

Tori Malley Life & Style Editor

Raylene Camerano Editor-in-Chief; The Baseline

Brody Salazar Opinion Editor

Katie Priest Chief Content Officer

Charles Okpala Sports Editor

Kiara Jerez Audience Engagement Director Editor-in-Chief of The Morning Breeze

Mikayla Lewis Spellchecker

Alaast Kamalabadi Director of Design of the Baseline Joshua Gutierrez Photo Editor Giselle Martinez News Editor Lila Cano Features Editor Nadia Castro Arts & Entertainment Editor

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Jazmine Martinez Copy Editor Brody Salazar General Manager Michelle Dowd Faculty Advisor Neil Watkins Journalism Coordinator Hector Solorzano Castillo Journalism Program Assistant

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Volume 30 Issue 3

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In This Issue

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Breezing Through San Francisco

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A-Z Zines

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Our Fascination With Serial Killers

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The Democratic Delegate System

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Understanding Climate Change

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Bernie Sanders is My Choice See More at

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Breezing Through San Francisco

By Mikayla Lewis @sendcaffeineplz Design by Kiara Jerez On Feb. 26, eight journalists for The Breeze flew to San Francisco to attend the Associated Collegiate Press (ACP) College Journalism Convention.

Guest speakers and young journalists from around the country all gathered to share their skills and knowledge over the three day span of the convention.

Workshops and panels featured a variety of topics -- from business and leadership in college newsrooms, to photojournalism and graphic design.

The Breeze’s own Katie Priest spoke in a session on Saturday, Feb. 29. She showcased the work being done here at The Breeze alongside fellow community college newsroom Mt San Antonio College.

Beyond the convention, the students also spent much free time exploring San Francisco. Students utilized the Muni Metro to get around the area and immerse themselves in the city’s culture. The group visited Dolores Park for a picnic on a bright and sunny morning. Another evening, the trek was made to Pier 39 for a team dinner.

Before heading home on Feb. 29, The Breeze participated in The Best Of Show awards ceremony. The Breeze placed third in “Best Website” for a two-year school and seventh for “Best of Show” newspaper/magazine for a two-year school. In addition, The Chaffey Review placed second for best literary arts magazine.

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An Illustrated, Alphabetical Dive Into Zines.

Z

ines: independently published booklets or pamphlets of appropriated text and images for limited circulation.

through the concerted efforts of its maker(s). It manifests as a small, unerringly portable object. And it brings people together.

So you’re curious about what makes a zine tick. Maybe you’re a seasoned zinester looking for inspiration or for a zine fact you’ve never heard.

Maybe you’re a neophyte wondering if a zine is the same thing as a magazine. Look no further; here is a comprehensive, alphabetized, and illustrated list on how to craft, appreciate, distribute, collect, and study zines.

Honorable mentions: Activism, Art , Alternative

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Assembly The first thing to know about a zine?

It’s all assembly—materially, a zine is a piecemeal affair, gathered from clippings and pastings and bric-abrac. It unites its elements, gathered from eclectic sources, into a brand new creation. It comes together

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B Bricolage bricolage[ bree-kuh-lahzh, brik-uh- ] *** ### noun, plural bri·co·la·ges [breekuh-lah-zhiz, ‐lahzh] , bri·co·lage. a construction made of whatever materials are at hand; something created from a variety of available things.

Written Writtenby:by:Alaast AlaastKamalabadi Kamalabadi Illustrations by Illustrations byAlaast AlaastKamalabadi Kamalabadi Design by: Katie Priest Design by: Katie Priest @AlaastChen @AlaastChen (in art) a piece of makeshift handiwork. the use of multiple, diverse research methods.

Zines may consist of: Magazine cutouts, newspapers, photos, poster cutouts, comics, images, text, books, printouts, markers, pens, pencils, tape, paint, cardboard, stickers, sketches, drawings, musings, polaroids, scrap paper, lined paper, ink, textures, textiles, manifestos, scrapbooking scraps, poetry, prose, pencil shavings, gum, glue, glitter, hair, lint, tampons, yearbook photos, your old fursuit, your family’s heirloom cookbook…

Honorable mentions: Bitch, Boing Boing

(in literature) a piece created from diverse resources.

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Counterculture The zeitgeist of the 60s and 70s was the counterculture—subcultures running parallel, or in opposition, to the mainstream, dominant culture, often flourishing in small enclaves comprised of groups of individuals with shared interests who enable your immersion in these cultures. Think of the punk movement, second-wave feminism, or the free love movement. Think of the marches, the protests, the demonstrations that became so ubiquitous. Was it any wonder that zines began to flourish during this period?

Honorable mentions: Circulation,

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Collage, Comics

may vary):

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DIY The DIY ethos is intrinsic to the zine. DIY stands for “Do It Yourself”. Pretty self-explanatory. To put it simply, it’s a can-do attitude: handcrafted, homemade, made with your own two hands.

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Easy Here’s a quick and easy way to make a zine template out of a letter size sheet of paper (you may also do this with tabloid, A4, or even origami paper, though results

Fanzine Fanzines—where zines meet fandoms. The first media fanzine ever to be circulated was purportedly a Star Trek fan publication called Spockanalia.

Honorable mentions: Fringe, Fold, Factsheet Five

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Graphic Zines often have some graphic components. Comics, perhaps, or abstracted shapes, or the cool geometry of design.

Whether this graphic component derives from collaging or illustration or some other mode of image-making is entirely up to its maker.

Honorable mentions: Grunge

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History Now that we’ve established a few key features of the zine, here’s a brief overview of its history: Pre-1930: Leaflets and monographs have always been in existence in some form, often as firebrands’ or artists’ tools for disseminating radical views or ideas. Late 19th century saw the advent of the amateur press movement.

1930s: First zine happened roughly here!

The amateur press movement collided with the science fiction fandom subculture of the 1930s. The Comet is often named as the first zine, and credited with launching a number of sci-fi zines, most notably Fantasy Commentator (1943 - 2004).

1955: The World Science Fiction Convention establishes Best Fanzine as a Hugo Award category. (Zines then were generally

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narrower in scope and referred to as “fanzines”.)

1967: Spockanalia. Kirk/Spock slash shipping fanzines soon follow.

1960s onwards: Music subcultures like rock and roll, punk, and riot grrrl hit the zines. Cumulative developments in printing technology and the early internet each lead to rises in zine circulation, as production costs drop and technology grows ever more accessible.

Honorable mentions: Handmade

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Zines are often a vehicle for common interests. They can be shared among family, friends, or circulated even more broadly for myriad purposes: to inform, to organize, to document, to teach, to respond, or to communicate.

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Janus/Aurora The most prominent science fiction feminist zine of its time, Janus—later renamed Aurora—stood as one of few safe havens for women writers in an excessively male-dominated field.

Created and edited by Janice Bogstad and Jeanne Gomoll in 1975, Janus featured short stories, essays, artwork, articles, reviews, and letters of comments from a number of notable women figures in science fiction. Among its contributors were authors such as Octavia Butler, Ursula K. Le Guin, and Joanna Russ.

Janus/Aurora was nominated for the Hugo Award for “Best Fanzine” three consecutive years beginning 1978, until its dissolution after 1980, five years after its conception.

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Keepsake The Chaffey College Rancho Library maintains a zine archive of its own, where you may submit a photocopy of your creation for posterity.

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Q

Quee

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wrought with your own two hands. Guard your zines with your life.

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R

Magazine

Riot G

What differentiates a zine from a magazine? Despite the superficial similarities of these two terms, they are rather different creatures.

Labor of love

Zine vs. Magazine

Zines are always labor of love. They are flesh and blood, sweat and toil. They are

zine: Niche

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mag: Popular zine: Low-circulation

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mag: Comparatively high-circulation

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zine: Periodical or one-off

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mag: Generally periodical zine: Personal mag: Commercial zine: Lo-fi

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Many zines address a niche (see Q. Queercore and R. Riot Grrrl)—a specific, tailored area of interest common to the people who create, circulate, and collect these zines. Are you a fan of vintage cheerleaders? Maybe it’s time to start a zine publication on those hairsprayed, black-and-white babes. Maybe you’re obsessed with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) babyfaces turned heels.

Try getting your wrestling club to make a zine on your all-time top ten heel-turn moments in wrestling history.

Zines you create are always going to be one-of-a-kind, because all your life you have been amassing experiences and developing likes and dislikes and idiosyncrasies no other person shares exactly, and because with such a colossal pool of raw materials to make your zines from, no two zines will end up looking quite the same.

While all zines are to some extent personal, a perzine is a zine that describes your own experiences, opinions, musings, internal monologues—a hyperpersonal breed of zine.

Almost like a blog in zine form.

Niche

Original

Perzine

Honorable mentions: Punk, Politics, Photocopy machine

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Queercore An offshoot of punk, queercore began in the mid ’80s. Queer sensibilities and discontent with heteronormative society abound. Magazines, music, writing, film, and of course, zines.

R

Riot Grrrl Bitch magazine was a zine at its conception. Bikini Kill, the fanzine circulated by the prominent riot grrrl band of the same title, broke the Riot Grrrl Manifesto. Riot Grrrl Press was founded by zinesters Erika Rienstien and May Summer. The riot grrrl subculture was composed of tons of zine-compatible things in a time when these subjects were hardly broached in the mainstream: music, feminist thought, scrapbooking, and progressive women-geared health pamphlets.

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T

U

Zines are self-published, so no, you don’t have to go looking for a literary agent to represent you, or cast all those cold call pitches, or slave ten years to get that book deal, or send off all those painstakingly culled art portfolios just to suffer thirty consecutive rejections.

Not sure where to start zining? Here’s a list of topics to get you started:

Zines feed on the need to circumvent the commercial realm. Freed from the restrictions of that realm, one could easily piece art, politics, culture, and activism into one eclectic publication, negotiating its dissemination on one’s own terms. Zines are practically a guerilla movement, passing outside the jurisdiction of conventions and regulations.

Self-published

Honorable mentions: Small press, Subculture, Scrapbooking, Spockanalia

Topics

Art & design, poetry, politics, fanfiction, ephemera, personal journals, horses, music, social theory, feminism, single-topic obsessions, comics, porn.

Underground

Honorable mentions: Text March 11, 2020

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Voice Zines have always been allied with the counterculture, fringe, marginalized, and unheard. They give powerless voices a forum for self-expression.

Speaking of voice, make sure you’re pronouncing the word correctly. It’s “z-EE-n”, not “zyne”, you philistine.

W

Writing Just as graphics may play a part in zines, text may also play a part—prose, poetry, or typographical elements, all is fair game.

X

X-perimental There are no hard, fast rules here. Go out and x-periment.

Honorable mentions: Xerox printer Y. Youth Culture “Killed my dog and I don’t think it’s fair.”

OK Boomer. Make a zine about it.

Z. Zine Now you know your ABCs, next time won’t you zine with me?

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The Breeze Radio Hour

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Men’s Basketball Rolls Into the Post-Season

By Ryan Gibson @RyGibSports Design by Kiara Jerez

The Panthers are coming off a 17-game winning streak led by Darren Williams, Emmanuel “Manu” Kehasson Oulai and Aaron Johnson.

On Friday, Feb. 21, Chaffey College’s Men’s Basketball hosted Victor Valley for their last match-up of the regular season. The Panthers went into the match up boasting an overall record of 22-5 all while averaging 79.2 points per game.

Led by Sophomore Guard, Emmanuel “Manu” Kehasson Oulai, Sophomore Point Guard Darren Williams, and Sophomore Forward Aaron Johnson.

Victor Valley managed only one lead throughout the game in the early minutes to go up 18-16. Chaffey would immediately tie the game and the rest is history.

It wasn’t long before Chaffey’s Darren Williams hit his second three-pointer of 11 March 11, 2020 The Breeze Vol 30 iss 3 v1.indd 12

the night to put the Panthers up 21-18. The Panthers put the score at 33-19 going into halftime with a 14-point lead. Any hope Victor Valley had, was gone by the second half. The Panthers went on to win by a score of 82-59.

regarding the team’s mindset going into playoffs. “We take nothing for granted, [especially] over these next two weeks.

We want to win these next two [games] to make it the state championships, like we did last year.”

“That’s been all year,” Panthers’ Head Coach, Jeff Klein, explained. “Games have been close, then right before half time we start pulling away and in the second half we just seem to [not let up.]”

After Wednesday’s rout over the College of the Desert (87-55) along with Friday’s win over Victor Valley, Klein assures “[we’re] definitely not overconfident, but we’re a confident group.”

Last season, the Panthers were knocked out of the CCCAA State Quarterfinals by a score of 68-56. Klein credits the maturity of this years team to the leadership that the team’s three returning players bring out on the court.

“What we try to emphasize is, not so much [what the opponent is doing,] it’s what we’re going to do,” explained Klein

“They’re just so good in the locker room.

They love their teammates, they help their teammates,” said Klein. “They’re all very selfless, they’re great in the classroom, they’re great role models, so for me, at this level to coach three guys like Aaron Johnson, Darren Williams and Manu is

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Manu is the leading rebounder in the state of California, averaging 12.6 boards a game alongside 16.1 points per game on 52.7% shooting. As a freshman, Oulai led the team in points and rebounds earning him a spot the CCCAA AllState team. “[Last year] we weren’t shooting [well.] Right now, we are shooting at an elite level” said Oulai. “Right now, we’re averaging fifteen [three point shots] per game. It’s hard for people to guard us man to man, but now that [we’re shooting well] it opens everything. The game [is] easier for us because we shoot better.”

“It’s a lot of work,” said Manu when asked about the team’s improvement. “We were the first team starting the season and we’ll be the last team finishing the season.” The Panthers are coming off of a 17 game

winning streak entering this Wednesday’s playoff game.

Sports

“We want the State Championship, we don’t want [anything less.]” Manu explained heading into playoffs.

The Panthers will play against Irvine Valley College on Wednesday, February 26th, at Chaffey College for their first matchup of the 2020 post-season.

“And [we’ll] keep working.

Right now we have a week to prepare against anybody that we [are] going to play against. We’ll be ready. We’re locked in.” The Panthers will play against Irvine Valley College on Wednesday, February 26th, at Chaffey College for their first matchup of the 2020 post-season.

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Spotlight: A Look at the Women Who Spoke at the Bryant's Memorial Service Sabrina Ionescu and Diana Taurasi spoke at the memorial for Gianna and Kobe Bryant. Here's why.

Written by: Caitlyn Pfau @ChaffeyLc Layout Design by: Katie Priest

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obe and Gianna Byrant’s celebration of life reflected the impact sports makes in the world. The person that wears the jersey is so much than the jersey itself. Out of those attending the memorial, there were two women that were hand-picked

by Vanessa Bryant who deserve more than 60 seconds of fame.

Sabrina Ionescu and Diana Taurasi were given the stage to highlight their personal relationships with Kobe and Gigi while also shining a light on the women’s basketball industry.

For Ionescu, it all started with a friendly competition of 3 on 3 against strangers in the park, the loser(s) had to buy the winning team Slurpys from the local 7/11. Ionescu’s team typically consisted of her two brothers -- Eddy and Andrei. Ionescu recalls playing with the boys forced her to think about the game strategically. Rebounding, and being the first and fastest to the jump became Ionescu strongest technique to being such an aggressive player. In her interview with Damian Foley -- The Gospel of Sab -- Foley highlights Ionescu’s recruiting process and why she ultimately chose to play for The University of Oregon. “...Such legendary programs as UConn and Duke had been recruiting her since her freshman year,” Foley stated before shining a light on the perfect storm that came about for Oregon and Ionescu.

“I think there are a couple of players who could play in the NBA right now honestly.”

In 2014 the Ducks had locked in a contract with head coach Kelly Graves, the previous coach from Gonzaga, who had lead his team to Elite 8. In 2015, Graves promoted Mark Campbell to Assistant Head Coach. Campbell had been the first college coach to see Ionescu play back in 7th grade, and began the process of recruiting her.

“Every other program that was in the running ( to recruit Ionescu ) harped on Oregon being a losing program, and what a mistake signing for them would be. And that ended up being probably the biggest ‘pro’ for her. She would get to blaze her own path; she wouldn’t be following in anybody’s footsteps,” Ionescu’s long-time coach Kelly Sopak stated.

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Sports Ionescu was awarded the John R. Wooden Award, which is given annually to the most outstanding male and female collegiate basketball player that year. She was also recognized as the Pac12 player of the year for three years in a row.

Since Ionescu’s first year at UO, it had been noted the extreme growth in fans. When she began playing in 2016, the team only filled about 19% of attendance. Fast forward to 2020, the team is now responsible for 58% of attendance.

“The popularity of women’s college basketball games is surging this winter,” The Wall Street Journal reported.

Ionescu soon caught the attention of Kobe Bryant. Bryant met Ionescu at one of her away games in California and soon began publically praising her skills and ability to read the game.

“I thought it was important for another generation of players to be able to see how she thinks the game. I haven’t seen somebody be able to approach the game the way that she approaches it on a collegiate level. How she handles the ball and facilitates opportunities for her teammates, I haven’t seen that. Her competitive spirit and her toughness reminds me a lot of Diana Taurasi,” Bryant had stated in regards to Ionescu three days before his passing.

player there to total 2,000 points, 600 assists and 600 rebounds in a career. In 2004, Taurasi entered the WNBA as the No. 1 draft pick. During her 16-year professional career, Taurasi has won the WNBA Rookie of the Year, three WNBA championships, one WNBA most valuable player award, four Olympic gold medals, played in nine All-Star WNBA games, became the WNBA all-time leading scorer and was voted by fans as WNBA’s 15 Top Players of All Time. Her penchant for scoring in crucial situations has earned her the nickname “White Mamba,” first coined by Kobe Bryant.

“I think there are a couple of players who could play in the NBA right now honestly. There’s a lot of players with a lot of skills that could do it. Diana Taurasi, Maya Moore, Elena Della Donne.

There’s a lot of great players out there so they could certainly keep up with them.” Bryant had stated in one of his final interviews.

For most of his life, Kobe Bryant was reconized for being the face of the NBA. Throughout his final years playing he started to use his creditbility to the grow of women’s basketball. By Vanessa choosing to have these influentical women speak at the Bryant celebration she continued to honor her late husband’s passion by bringing attention to the WNBA aswell as women’s sports.

Before she became a three time WNBA champion, Diana Taurasi was just a girl who wanted to play basketball. The Southern California native’s love for the sport continued to grow at UConn, which was the dream school of both Taurasi and Gianna Bryant.

Diana Taurasi grew up in a farm town outside of Los Angeles with older sister Jessika, to parents who were immigrants from Italy and Argentina. Despite her love of basketball, soccer was the favored sport in her household because of her father’s culture and love of the game, but Taurasi and her father knew that she had more opportunities in basketball.

“The popularity of women’s college basketball games is surging this winter,” UConn fit seamlessly with Taurasi’s future. She became the first March 11, 2020 14 The Breeze Vol 30 iss 3 v1.indd 15

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ac-12 football ended the 2019 season with seven teams qualifying for bowl games. Six of those teams finished ranked in the AP Top 25. The Pac-12 will see changes in personnel going into 2020.

University of California Berkeley: Going into 2020, UCB will have to adapt to losing players to the NFL Draft. This includes Pac12 Defensive Player of the Year, Evan Wheeler, Safety Ashtyn Davis and Defensive Back Jaylinn Hawkinds. The Bears also added four new members to their coaching staff, and announced on the first day of spring practice that Peter Sirmon and Tim Deruyter will share the role of Defensive Coordinator. Last season UCB finished with an overall record of 8-5.

Oregon: It’s no secret that the Ducks are the team to beat this season. The Ducks saw seven starters declare for the 2020 NFL Draft.

Head Coach Mario Cristobol has experience as an Offensive Coordinator and as on Offensive Line Coach. Oregon shouldn’t have an issue replacing their center and three of their starting linemen. With Justin Herbert projected as a first round draft pick, the Ducks have turned to freshman Jay Butterfield. The freshman is the No. 3 ranked pro-style passer in the country and threw for 7,270 career yards in high school. If Butterfield gets the starting spot, he should be able to keep the tempo going from 2019 to 2020.

Written by: Caitlyn Pfau @ChaffeyLc Layout Design by: Katie Priest

Football in the PAC12, roster changes, coaching additions, and expectations going into 2020

Oregon State: The Beavers made waves last year after turning around the team’s losing record since 2018. With only two years as Head Coach, Jonathon Smith was able to shine a light towards the future. Smith talked a lot about rebuilding the program, and after ending last season with a 5-7 record, it provides hope for the program in potential recruits as well as current players..

Stanford: The biggest changes for Stanford came as a result of transfers. Players lIke Henry Hattis (OL) transferred to ASU, Michael Williams to Southern Methodist University, Bo Peek to the University of Southern Florida and Jovan Swann. Stanford lost a total of 12 players to the portal. The losses come at the positions of QB (1), OL (3), DL (3), TE (1), LB (1), CB (1) and 1 kicker.

The team only lost two key players to the 2020 Draft including TE Colby Parkinson and LB Casey Toohill. HC David Shaw holds the most wins as any HC in Stanford history, winning PAC-12 Coach of the Year in 2011, 2012, 2015, and 2017.

Washington; The Huskies declared former NFL Defensive Back Coach Jimmy Lakes as their Head Coach going into 2020. Lakes has been working with Washington’s defense, switching between coaching roles since 2014. John Donovan left his position as Offensive Coordinator with the Jacksonville Jaguars to be the Huskies Quarterback Coach. Washington is looking to fill the positions of Quarterback, Tight End and Wide Receiver.

Washington State: The Cougars are going into 2020 with a new Head Coach. There have been rumors that former HC Mike

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Sports Leach wanted to leave the Pac-12 to move East for a few years. In 2019, Leach confirmed those rumors and stepped down from the position. Nick Rolovich will replace Leach as Head Coach and he’ll bring his air raid offensive style with him. Along with the coaching change, the Cougars need to find a starting QB to replace Anthony Gordon and a cornerback to replace Marcus Strong. The Cougars were represented by Gordon and Wide Receiver Dezmon Patmon. They lost 11 players to the transfer portal along with five graduating seniors.

South: Arizona State, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, UCLA, USC Arizona State: Head Coach Herm Edwards is entering year two at ASU. His coaching staff consists of ex-NFL players and coaches. The Sun Devils did lose four players to the NFL Draft. This included two captains in Running Back Eno Benjamin and Center Cohl Cabral as well as Wide Receiver Brandon Aijuk and Kicker Micheal Turk. The loss of players will be apparent, but only time will tell its effect on ASU’s offense. The Sun Devils had an up-and-down season in 2019 with huge upsets over Michigan State and Oregon.

The latter kept the Ducks out of the 4-team playoff. The Sun Devils finished 3rd in the Pac-12 South.

Arizona: 2019 wasn’t the Wildcats best showing. They finished last in the Pac-12 South and will bring on Paul Rhoads as Defensive Coordinator. He spent the last two years as a Defensive Assistant at UCLA. Seven players entered the transfer portal. They lost senior Defensive Back Jace Whittaker along with an Offensive Lineman to graduation. The NFL Draft only took J.J. Taylor, the only Wildcat to receive an invite to the Combine. Arizona has been able to add two players from the transfer portal: Wide Receiver Brenden Schooler from Oregon and Defensive Tackle Aaron Blackwell from New Mexico.

Colorado: The Buff’s finished second to

last in the Pac-12 South. After only one season in Boulder, HC Milven Tucker announced he was leaving Colorado to become a Head Coach in the BIG 10 for Michigan State. This has allowed Karl Dorrell to come back into the PAC-12 as a Head Coach for the first time since getting fired from UCLA back in 2007. As far as the roster goes, the Buff’s lost their QB Steven Montez, who was seen at the combine, as well as Receivers Laviska Shenault and Tony Brown.

Left Tackle Austin Jackson and 1st team All-Conference Wide Receiver Michael Pittman to the draft. On defense, the Trojans face the loss of two seniors among its top 15 tacklers from 2019. There are a total of 8 trojans entering the portal, but the Trojans acquired CB Chris Steele (Florida State University), ILB Clyde Moore (Colorado), OT Drew Richmond (Tennessee), and WR Bru McCoy (Texas).

Utah: With two First Team, All Pac-12 selections in QB Tyler Huntley and RB Zack Moss entering the NFL Draft, the Utes have personnel decisions to make. This leaves space for some Offensive players to become starters. In any case, the QB title is already being sought after by two transfers in South Carolina’s Jake Bentley and Texas transfer Cameron Rising. On the defensive side, Utah is looking at the loss of LB Francis Bernard, CB Jaylon Johnson, S Julian Blackmon, DE Bradlee Anae, DT John Penisini and DT Leki Fotu.

Utah’s defense was the highest scoring in the conference last season.

UCLA: Chip Kelly is no stranger to the PAC-12, although it seems as though his luck hasn’t come with him to UCLA. The Bruins made progress from a 3-9 record to 4-8, but it still hasn’t hit the expectations that were set with Kelly’s hiring in 2017. Last year, the weakest unit was the Bruin’s defense. With less than 24 hours before the first Spring practice, the Bruins announced former USC Defensive Coordinator, Johnny Nansen, would be joining the coaching staff. However, UCLA lost 15 players to the transfer portal, including QB Joshua Kelly, TE Devin Asiasi, DB Darnay Holmes and team captain LB Josh Woods.

USC: The Trojans finished second in the Pac-12 South under Utah. For the most part, USC has avoided the loss of players.

It helped to have a true freshman start at QB in 2019 and going forward, the Trojans are set as far as slot WRs are concerned going into 2020. They lost March 11, 2020

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Arts in the Armed Forces: How Adam Driver Merged the Marines and Arts Written by: Lee Carrillo @L_Carrillo21

Layout Design by: Alaast Kamalabadi

Ex-Marine and award-winning actor Adam Driver has created a non-profit organization that is incredibly beneficial to those serving in the U.S. military.

Adam Driver (center) at the American Airlines Theatre. Photo source: Arts in the Armed Forces

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ccessibility, dialogue, entertainment, integrity, professionalism, and respect are just some of the values used to describe Arts in the Armed Forces, a non-profit organization developed by former marine and award-winning actor, Adam Driver.

ultimately led to his enlistment into the Marines.

He then found himself wondering how amazing it would be to combine these two worlds of his and introduce the “It’s one of the things I’m most proud of simplest form of theatre to a certain group having done in my life,” Driver stated. of people. This thought process eventually led to his development of Arts in the Two years into his service, Driver was medically separated from the Marines due Armed Forces. to a mountain-biking accident in Before going into detail about what Arts in the Armed Forces is a nonwhich he dislocated his sternum. This AITAF’s mission even is, it is important had devasted him. Since Driver was going profit organization that consists of Adam for everyone to know what exactly had Driver, his wife Joanne Tucker as well as prompted its incredibly successful creation. to be a civilian again, he made a group of theatre-trained actors who the decision to give acting school a second shot and had re-auditioned for a spot perform monologues from diverse, conAfter the tragic events of September 11, at Juilliard in New York City.

2001, Driver quickly joined the Marine temporary American plays for military After spending some time at the perform- audiences. These performances are Corps. He was a Marine lance corpoing arts school, he came to a realization. ral, 1st Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment, very minimalistic (no sets, no lights, no Weapons Company, 81st Platoon and costumes, etc.).

“The military and theatre communities are had enjoyed the time he spent at Camp actually very similar. You have a group Pendleton. During a Ted Talk he did in of people trying to accomplish a mission June of 2016, Driver stated that like most people during that time, he had been filled greater than themselves; it’s not about you.

You have a role, you have to know your with a sense of patriotism and retribution as well as a desire to do something, which role within that team,” Driver explained.

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Arts & Entertainment Through AITAF, Driver and the rest of its artists strive to emphasize the language of theatre as well as show that it can be created in any sort of setting. These people aim to not only uplift those they are performing in front of but to inspire and delight too! Their values are more than just words, they are a promise that AITAF aims

ty means respecting one another. Professionalism means using theatre-trained actors in order to give military audiences high-quality performances. And respect means valuing both artistic and military communities by honoring all of their experiences.

nities. Until the end of time, AITAF’s mission will always be to use powerful, shared experiences of the arts to start conversations between military and civilian.

“It’s one of the things I’m most proud of having done in my life.” to keep. Accessibility means bringing different forms of artistic experiences to military audiences that demonstrate how diverse contemporary art is capable of being. Dialogue means using the shared experiences of both actors and military communities in order to encourage and exchange ideas between the two groups.

Entertainment means inspiring those who are open-minded enough to listen. Integri-

“What better community to arm with the tool of self-expression than those protecting our country,” Driver states at an Arts in the Armed Forces performance in Kuwait.

Being a Marine is something Driver is proud to have experienced in his life.

Arts in the Armed Forces was created in 2006 when Driver was a college sophomore and since then, he has been able to impact the lives of those in military commu-

Adam Driver when he was a Marine. Photo credit: U.S. Marines

d Forces

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Adam Driver letting Marines know about the performance he, his wife and other actors will be putting on later on in the evening. Photo credit: Vice

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Our FascinationWith

Serial Killers

Ted Bundy, in footage shown from Netflix docu-series Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes. Source: Netflix

Written by: Lee Carrillo

Design by: Alaast Kamalabadi

@L_Carrillo21

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hen I was younger, my mother always had true crime shows like “Snapped” and “Dateline” on while she was cleaning around the house. Since I had nothing better to do as a kid, I would sit and watch whichever was on at the time, exposing myself to things I probably should not have been exposed to at the mere age of five. My mother did not have a problem with this since the shows tended to keep me quiet while she got chores done, and she figured that I did not understand any of it. As I got older, my interest in the taboo topic of serial killers quickly increased, and I was given a variety of different books that taught me about the lives of these people.

@AlaastChen

dents walked around the campus sporting merchandise like shirts and buttons that had pictures of Jeffrey Dahmer and even Charles Manson plastered onto them.

Suddenly, it was considered super cool and quirky to be interested in serial killers!

My own fascination with them had not come from an interest in them as individuals. Instead, it came from an interest in how their minds functioned as well as how the environment they had grown up in affected their future endeavors as serial killers.

Where did the sudden interest in people like Ted Bundy and Ed Kemper come from? In Criminologist Dr. Scott Bonn’s book, “Why We Love Serial Killers,” questions similar to mine are quickly answered.

“People are drawn to understanding the dark side, and the dark side is part of the human condition,” Dr. Bonn explains.

“Suddenly, it was considered super cool and quirky to be interested in serial killers!”

This statement is correct. Everyone seems My own fascination with them had not

This interest of mine was definitely not taken lightly by my teachers and classmates. They seemed to have a hard time understanding how anyone, especially someone as young as I was, could be drawn to such a gruesome topic. When come from an interest in them as individI neared the end of high school, serial uals. Instead, it came from an interest in killers became a common fascination. Stu- how their minds functioned as well as how 19

the environment they had grown up in affected their future endeavors as serial killers.

to have some sort of compulsion to focus on the dark and very unusual parts of life.

For example, if a car wreck were to appear

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Arts & Entertainment

“People are drawn to understanding the dark side, and the dark side is part of the human condition.”

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on the side of the freeway, it would be incredibly hard for one to look away.

Does that mean curiosity is what is playing a huge role in regards to the fascination with serial killers? Yes, but there are plenty of other factors that encourage it as well.

.

y

Image credit: Katie Priest Image credit: Katie Priest

“As I got older, my interest in the taboo topic of serial killers quickly increased.”

Source: Pixabay

make it so audience members can identify with, or feel sorry for whatever serial killers are being portrayed by exaggerating their backstory.

For example, in the show “YOU,” its main character Joe Goldberg is made out to be this incredibly charming and romantic guy but in actuality, he is a serial killer.

Goldberg kills anyone who wrong him or those he cares about, and it makes audience members believe that he is justified because of how charming he is.

Whether it is genuine curiosity or media and television that has encouraged our fascination with serial killers, it is hard to deny that the taboo topic is now a very common interest amongst people of all In my opinion, the media and television ages. Whatever the reason might be, with an interest as taboo as serial killers, one have a lot to do with this sudden intershould always remember to be respectful. est. With shows and films like “Dexter”, Although I do wish it was a more accept“Mindhunter”, “YOU” and “My Friend Dahmer” in existence, people’s fascination ed topic to talk about when I was younger, it is always awesome when someone with serial killers has continued to grow unexpectedly brings it up. quite a bit. Directors and writers tend to March 11, 2020

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Boys And Their Toys: Toxic Masculinity And Mass Shootings

Boys are taught to react to threats with violence and authority from a young age, especially to threats regarding their masculinity. Young men and boys are taught to mock or attack feminine traits and those that exhibit them, from calling girls weak as children to calling supposedly emasculate peers derogatory slurs in the schoolyard.

@sendcaffeineplz

Taunting often eventually leads to physical violence. School shootings take this violence to the extreme, and here suicide is seen as the “honorable” conclusion to a rampage shooting.

Mass shootings are always, consistently, about power: power being exerted in the form of terror, gained from the oppression of minorities, and being taken back through revenge.

American mass shootings have long been a hot topic for debate, both in the public and private lives of Americans themselves. There are squabbles over gun control laws amongst families and politicians alike. There is becoming little middle ground in this area as the problem continues to expose itself in headline after headline of body counts and injuries sustained.

The history of public American mass shootings is largely attributed to the massacre at Columbine, wherein Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed twelve students and a teacher before turning the gun on themselves. This is thought to be the model of any mass shooting: premeditation, the rampage, the suicide of the shooter or shooters. With minor variations, it generally holds true.

By Mikayla Lewis Design by Kiara Jerez

Regardless of one’s political views, there is no avoiding the fact that mass shootings are a gendered issue in that men are virtually always the perpetrators.

An FBI report conducted on mass shootings from 2000 to 2013 found that only 3.8% of those shootings were perpetrated by a female.

Therefore, mass shootings are a male problem in a patriarchal society, meaning it’s something that will continue to go unresolved - so long as men and their masculinity are seen as dominant in the power structure.

Without gender equality aimed specifically at dismantling toxic and hegemonic ideals of masculinity, these shootings will continue to happen.

Mass shootings are consistently about power: power being exerted in the form of terror, gained from the oppression of minorities, and being taken back through revenge. This need for power is often derived from toxic masculinity, with homophobia, racism, and sexism also being perpetrated in the process.

Take for example the individual cases of Dylan Roof, Elliot Rodgers and Omar Mateen. Each enacted their plan after careful premeditation, and all but Roof perished either by their own hand or law enforcement following their attacks. These three shooters leave some of the largest legacies in America’s bloody history of public gun violence.

All three similarly boast large amounts of toxic masculinity and male entitlement because their attacks were aimed at terrorizing women, people of color and sexual minorities. Taking a look at these three separate shootings, there is a clear case for how deeply toxic masculinity was a factor.

Dylan Roof attacked a prayer session at a historically black church in Charleston, South Carolina in 2015, killing nine. His motivator was “to start a race war,” which may seem deeply racist at first -- as it certainly is -- but it is also deeply misogynistic. Roof’s

hatred of black people was not due merely to supposedly inferior biology, but also as a means of policing white women’s sexuality.

Roof sought to protect white women through patriarchal ideals. Because black men are stereotyped as hypermasculine and hypersexual, an untrue stereotype that Roof subscribed to whole-heartedly throughout his manifesto, he saw black men as predatory and a threat to his and other white men’s hegemonically masculine image.

Because both toxic and hegemonic masculinity are tied so tightly to control and superiority over women -- particularly white women -- any racial group that may infringe on this “right” is seen as a threat to white men’s masculinity.

It is this mentality that contributed to so many of America’s historical lynchings of black men who were falsely named as rapists and abusers of white women. Through this, Roof’s actions were not only race based -- they were also based in patriarchal sexism, which is rooted in toxic masculinity.

In the case of Elliot Rodgers, who shot, stabbed, and killed seven in 2014 near UC Santa Barbara, sexism was a primary motivator. Rodgers, like Roof, had written a manifesto prior to his rampage. Unlike Roof, Rodgers clearly stated exactly what his motivations were, what he sought to prove, and who his targets were - women.

In a culture where masculinity is based in large part, on men’s control and engagement with women, being unable to accomplish this leads men to feel emasculated and insecure. Because toxic masculinity also dictates that men are never to blame, men tend to aim blame towards women instead of themselves. Blaming leads to “punishment,” which Rodgers successfully demonstrated in his horrifying and brutal attack.

Here, Roof and Rodgers bear “Bare” not bear bare means unadorned/

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Opinion uncovered, bear is for the animal or for resemblance and similarity :) a similarity -- the need to exert control and superiority over a separate social group. Both were rooted in male entitlement to women’s sexuality, however one saw himself victimized by women themselves and the other by the threat of black men encroaching on what he saw as entitled to him.

In 2016, Omar Mateen shot over 100 people at Pulse nightclub in Florida, killing 49.

Mateen’s self-declared motives were anger and discontent with US-led airstrikes on Iraq. However, a closer look at Mateen’s history with Pulse shows a different side of the story.

There are multiple testimonies from differing Pulse patrons that say they had seen Mateen at Pulse dozens of times in the years and months leading up to the disaster. Mateen’s wife also stated that her husband attended clubs frequently. Some may say that Mateen was merely staking out the scene of his attack, but there are also reports of him dancing and meeting with other men at the club, suggesting that Mateen may not have entirely been heterosexual.

In addition, Mateen was registered for services aimed at homosexual men, such as Grindr. He conversed with other men on these apps beginning at least three years prior to the attack.

Yet, in spite of this, his wife and father say that Mateen was extremely homophobic as a person. His wife stated that he would be sent into rants at the sight of homosexual couples on TV, and his father recalls a specific incident wherein Mateen had an extreme episode of anger after witnessing a male couple kissing on the sidewalk outside a grocer.

These two differing sides of Mateen are confusing to anyone looking into the case, yet upon closer examination they make sense within the frame of toxic masculinity.

Boys and men are taught to fear traits that may harm their image of masculinity, and in the case of Mateen, this would be his perceived homosexuality. In American culture, androcentrism is cornerstone, and through that masculinity becomes the quickest way

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for boys to fit in. Mateen was the child of immigrant parents, and children of immigrants can have difficulty fitting into two cultures -- the one at home, and the one beyond.

Part of fitting into America is first fitting into the gender binary. Mateen was likely homosexual and saw this aspect of himself as not only a threat to his masculinity, but also fitting into American culture as a whole.

Add in various psychological problems and Mateen likely saw his rampage at Pulse as a means of cementing his masculinity while separating himself from the LGBT+ community. He could be the ideal hegemonic man for a night while striking fear into a community of sexual minorities.

The correlation between these three cases is toxic masculinity, which played a heavy hand in that they were asserting their masculine dominance over women and minorities. They also all utilized the internet, both in creating their ideals and finding a “home” for their logic.

For Rodgers, it was INCELS and creating and posting his manifesto. Roof had a multitude of white supremacist pages and images linked to his name. Both Roof and Rodgers had a strong interest in the Holocaust, Nazis, and Heinrich Himmler. As for Mateen, his search engine bore many records of ISIS and foreign terrorist interest -- so many that the FBI placed him on a watchlist in 2013. He also posted an explanation about his anger with US airstrikes as his motives to Facebook before the Pulse shooting, though the post was removed.

Prevailing in all of these is the role the Internet played. It helped to cultivate hate filled mindsets in boys and men that were already struggling with some part of their identity or masculinity.

The Internet is, needless to say, broad in its topics and sites. Places like 4chan, INCELS INCELS is an internet subculture with tons of pages, so there’s sadly not a single site for it!, and Reddit are great examples of this. However, because the Internet goes unchecked, this also creates a great space for white supremacists and so called “meninists,” alongside so many other toxically sexist, racist, and homophobic movements.

Elliot Rodgers extensively researched Nazi ideology, Dylan Roof created accounts devoted to “starting a race war”, and Omar Mateen felt drawn to ISIS and similar organizations (despite having no actual affiliation). All posted or wrote manifestos based on beliefs largely inherited from the Internet. Given this, the Internet radicalized the feelings many of these men were already facing.

Yet, there still ceases to be a clear solution.

As previously stated, mass shootings are a male problem in a patriarchal society.

Without gender equality that specifically aims to dismantle toxically masculine ideals, shootings will continue to happen.

However, learning to correct behavior in youth is critical to create a more inclusive society that does not heavily rely on androcentricity, as well as reducing the amount of gun violence America faces. Treating children as equal in their competition and behavior is key. Gender policing should be eliminated, as it teaches children inequality and upholds the gender binary.

Beyond childhood, beginning conversation around mental health and state of mind is important to prevent adolescents from developing a stigma. This could dramatically reduce suicide rates amongst males, and help to break the barriers toxic masculinity has built around being vulnerable and honest about emotion and mental health.

It is important to note that these are only contributing factors to a larger picture, one built around gun access, mental health, bullying, and countless other factors.

Toxic masculinity, however, is consistently the missing piece in conversation about America’s mass shootings -- a problem that is male dominated. Masculinity can indeed thrive without being toxic, but it becomes the job of individuals to call it out when it becomes harmful. Still, it is consistently ignored in media coverage, a missing piece often acknowledged but never named.

Americans must aim to fill this gap and ask the difficult and uncomfortable questions in order to achieve a better way of life.

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Road map to Debt or Degree

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Are general education requirements helping or hurting college students?

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Written by: Katie Priest @mxkatie Layout Design by: Katie Priest

Not back We their educ path them

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here has been an ongoing debate in the Twitter Space on whether or not general education requirements in higher education are necessary or not. Some students argue that general education or “Gen Ed” prolongs the process and adds to the already inflated price of higher education. While others believe that the Gen Ed requirements add to knowledge you gain in college and exposes students to more subjects. Other colleges have also taken a look at this issue as well.

At Chaffey, to get an AA you need to take on average 23 units of Gen Ed before major requirements this does not include IGETC or CSU requirements either. This amount of units for a full-time student, 12 or more units a semester, adds a full year to completing your degree and more time if you are not a full-time student.

“The whole purpose of education is to turn mirrors into windows” – Sydney J. Harris

This also increases the amount of money you are going to pay to go to class. For a student who does not receive financial aid, this extra year will cost $1,200 in registration and college fees alone this assessment also includes parking fees for two semesters.

For students who receive financial aid this cost varies, as some may just receive a BOG waiver and others might receive a Pell grant. this increase in time lowers the length of time a student may receive their Pell grant money since you are only allowed to use up to 600% of the money or six years of instruction.

There is also another issue financial aid recipients face; if a recipient completes more than 90 units at Chaffey, the aid will be taken away until the student goes in and submits an appeal. This process usually happens when a student is close to graduating and can cause some issues with getting enough class materials, as you can not appeal until the middle of the semester, and this can hurt students with minimal support systems.

This increase in time and fees can cause strife for some students, especially in community college as some students are self supporting or have limited support outside of school.

Not including this increase in units can also cause students to fall back behind ,as some Gen Ed classes are harder than others.

We all know the story of someone who has straight A’s in all of their major classes, but their GPA is lowered by their general education courses. For others, Gen Ed may have been their pathway to finding their desired major, but for others it is keeping them from moving forward.

General education requirements, whether deemed good or bad, need to be reevaluated, for students and their futures. People should not have to choose between education and survival.

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Community College Students to Receive Free Tuition at CSUs’ If Bill Passes

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B 1862 will apply to all first-time community college students who are transferring for a bachelor’s degree.

A new bill announced earlier this month calls for all CSU campuses to become tuition free for certain students who have attended a California Community College and have received necessary units for transfer.

This bill would direct more tax dollars towards education and has potential to assist thousands of California students.

Chaffey College freshman Kelly Howard describes the hassle of going to school and having to pay for it.

“I am here all day Tuesday through Friday.

Balancing school and work is a stressful thing to do. I can see it through the acne that forms out of nowhere.”

Kelly was intrigued when presented with news of the bill. He is currently ineligible for financial aid due to his parent’s income status.

“I work 30+ hours a week and receive no financial aid. (The bill) sounds good to me,” Kelly says. “I like to save money and school is absolutely getting in the way of that. I want to help my parents out financially in any way I can.”

“The cost of a bachelor’s degree is just too damn high,” This is a huge reason why Assemblyman Miguel Santiago (D-Los Angeles) authored AB 1862; if made a law, the bill

will provide two years of free education at any California State University. The free tuition was designed to assist California Community College students who are earning an AAT while participating in the California College Promise program.

Currently the California College Promise program, included in Governor Gavin Newsom’s state budgets, provide all full-time community college students two years of free tuition. AB 1862 looks to assist California students and enhance their educational experience by covering all four years of their schooling rather than two.

Santiago celebrates the introduction of his new bill with various posts on his Twitter.

He interviews with Telemundo and passionately discusses his wish for increase in access to a debt-free college education.

“The cost of a bachelor’s degree is just too damn high,” Santiago states to The California Globe. “Our students deserve the chance to earn a degree without being burdened by overwhelming debt.”

live with a college education. Bernie’s demand for nationwide free tuition began as early back as the 2016 Democratic debates. Warren agrees with Sanders wholeheartedly. She has brought up word of a “wealth tax” to the Los Angeles Times.

She plans to impose the tax upon those worth over fifty million dollars to help fund the push for free education across the nation.

“I work 30+ hours a week and receive no financial aid. (The bill) sounds good to me,”

This isn’t the first time a bill with these means has been suggested. A different version of AB 1862 was actually designed in 2018. This version was written with intent to provide all California Community College students with reimbursement of tuition fees upon completion of two years at their school. This bill went through the house, but was declined in the Senate.

Regardless of what people have planned, AB 1862 is happening now. Providing opportunities for free community college has already changed the lives of many, allowing California residents to support their families and children all whilst becoming a part of California’s ever-growing group of working college graduates.

The new AB 1862, now directed at California students and residents who have already completed half of their college education, is an idea unique to that of its predecessor.

This time, however, the career-driven teens and young adults in our schools will be able to live differently. AB 1862 will allow the next generation’s scholars to live debt-free.

The bill hasn’t received any significant backlash; instead, has generated lots of support from congresspeople across the nation. Presidential candidates Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren both strive for a future in which all Americans March 11, 2020

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The CDC Prepares for Coronavirus Written by: Kevin Canaber @kevinsraz0r Layout Design by: Katie Priest

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he corona virus has caused widespread hysteria amongst U.S. citizens thanks to the media. Every week we are seeing new developments of this urgency.

need its primary function more.

What this means for students is that it’s good practice to be more mindful in protecting one’s rights, health, and the body.

However there are risks involved when wearing a mask. The wearer can cause paranoia in other students, or draw unwanted attention. Nevertheless if it achieves the feeling of security and increased protection, that is a good enough justification.

There’s an increased necessity to live cleaner and healthier. Depending on how threatened one feels by this virus, precautions will be taken in higher degrees.

The government designated Riverside as an initial destination for Wuhan government workers. Anyone who is afraid is justified in feeling fear.

Students that want to protect themselves may want to wear masks, inside and outside the classroom.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states surgical masks, formally known as “N95 Respirators,” are used to reduce the wearer’s risk of inhaling hazardous airborne particles (including infectious agents), gases or vapors.

When properly fitted and worn, minimal leakage occurs around the edges of the mask when the user inhales, which means almost all of the air is directed through the filter. The mask may perform its job, however its effectiveness has been denounced by the CDC’s U.S. Surgeon General. In a recent tweet he explicitly states: “Seriously people- STOP BUYING MASKS! They are NOT effective in preventing general public from catching #Coronavirus.”

It is true a mask may help make it harder to touch the nose or mouth, but it’s important to keep in mind that’s not the primary function of the mask. If the goal is to avoid touching the mouth or the eyes, there are alternatives such as gloves, bandanas, any similar shaped cloth. Masks could then be saved for the hospitals that may

Those with masks will have to decide for themselves how safe they feel when wearing the masks.

If a student feels sick, he should talk with a doctor. It’s important not to feel obligated to go to school at the cost of wearing a mask. See if the teacher can excuse the absence. However, a student should not feel entitled to miss school at the first sign of a slight sickness.

Carefully look at the direction of this epidemic. As new developments arise, new information about the situation may surface.

On Amazon, the cost of masks have nearly tripled. One box of 50 masks on a brand name product is now $70 which used to cost around $15-$25.

Perhaps the most productive effort would be to form your own opinion and plan of action on how to deal with this epidemic, and not be swayed by the media and alarmist headlines. The last thing a student should want is to suffer from paranoia.

Take everything seen in the media with a grain of salt. Students are encouraged to use their better judgement in protecting their health and body. Be on the lookout for Chaffey emails and text notifications with updates regarding the severity of the virus.

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The Democratic Delegate System: A Simple Guide to a Complex Process

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or a Democratic candidate to receive the presidential nomination- On the first ballot at the Democratic National Convention they must garner 1,991 of a possible 3,979 pledged delegates. If no candidate wins an outright majority, even if they win a plurality, the convention will be contested and voting will go to a second ballot. At that point an extra 771 delegates, known as superdelegates will come into play. On the second ballot, a candidate must win a majority of the new 4,750 possible delegates.

Pledged Delegates– The statepedged delegates consist of state and local elected leaders within the Democratic Party: mayors, state representatives, etc. Each state has a certain number of pledged delegates to award to a candidate and are expected to pledge their votes based on the outcome of the primary election results of their state. However, they are not obligated to do this, and barring any conflicting individual state rules, can effectively cast their vote to any candidate of their choice at the Democratic National Convention.

Superdelegates– These are made up of congresspeople, governors, senators and former presidents; but the vast majority of superdelegates are made up of the Democratic National Committee elites. These delegates can freely vote for any candidate they choose.

News

“The party decides the nominee.

The public doesn’t really decide the nominee.”

If a candidate drops out, what happens to their pledged delegates?– If a candidate that has pledged delegates drops out of the race, the Democratic National Committee has said these delegates should “vote their conscience” even though the candidate that dropped out may have endorsed one of the remaining candidates. This means that, again barring any conflicting individual state rules, these delegates are free to vote for any candidate they choose at the convention.

race, Warren, Bloomberg, Buttigieg, Klobuchar and Gabbard still hold 159 pledged delegates following Super Tuesday. This means that the chances of Sanders or Biden obtaining an outright majority has been greatly diminished, and the chances of a contested convention is now very high.

The New York Times recently spoke to 93 superdelegates, of those, 84 said they would risk intra-party damage to oppose Sanders if he enters the convention with just a plurality.

If this is still confusing, Democratic Party operative and former State Representative from South Carolina, Anton Gunn summed up the process in his statements on MSNBC recently when he said, “The party decides the nominee. The public doesn’t really decide the nominee.”

Changes to the superdelegate system– Prior to the 2020 presidential election, superdelegates were guaranteed a vote on the first ballot. In 2020, superdelegates will only come into play if the convention is contested and the nomination goes to a second ballot, meaning if no candidate wins an outright majority of the pledged delegates, then superdelegates will be allowed to cast their votes.

There were only two candidates in 2016 that won pledged delegates so it was inevitable that one of the candidates would win a majority of pledged delegates going into the convention. Although Bernie Sanders and Joe Biden are the only two viable candidates left in the 2020 March 11, 2020

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Your Road map To November

1.

A guide of everything you need to know to vote in your local and national election

Written by: Katie Priest @mxkatie Layout Design by: Katie Priest

Check Your Registration Make sure your name, address, and county are correct. Also make sure your party preference is correct.

Register To Vote It only takes two minutes and all you need is your state issued I.D. and the last four digits of your social security number. This secures your spot to vote in the next election.

In the State of California you can register online!

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Get an Absentee Ballot If yu are not going to be in town when the election rolls around, register for an absentee ballot.

Set a Reminder to Vote The Election is on Tuesday, November 3, 2020.

Set a reminder on your phone so you don’t forget to vote and have your voice heard!

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Find Your Nearest Polling Place Don’t get lost on election day, go on your local county’s website and locate your polling place.

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he world’s most renowned public intellectual, Noam Chomsky, has consistently made the argument that, “Almost every aggressive act by a Great Power is justified on humanitarian grounds.” If you live in the U.S. you should be especially familiar with the idea of humanitarian intervention. The official U.S. position when taking our military into a foreign conflict is almost always the same. So and so, from such and such country, is a brutal dictator who is killing his own people, and we have no choice but to send our military to stop him.

Humanitarianism

or Imperialism

?

An examination of the U.S.'s so-called humanitarian interventions over the last half century.

Written by: Eric Spencer @EricJSpence Layout Design by: Katie Priest

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These arguments are especially effective when used on democratic societies due to the fact that many people in these societies tend to think of themselves as defenders of freedom and justice. The truth is that these “humanitarian” interventions almost never alleviate the suffering of those on the ground, and the only reason we engage in them is to protect our global hegemony.

The U.S. had a long and bloody history of humanitarian escapades in Central and South America during the Cold War. Under the guise of humanitarianism, the U.S. has issued economic sanctions, deployed its military and backed literal death squads to overthrow democratically elected governments throughout Latin America. The civilian populations of Guatemala, Panama, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia bore the brunt of our “humanitarian” missions in the region.

In Guatemala during the 1970’s and 80’s the U.S. provided training, weapons and intelligence to forces that waged a brutal war on the country’s poor and indigenous populations.

Amnesty International, along with many other international human rights organizations, have deemed this humanitarian effort, that killed an estimated 200,000 people and displaced a million more, a genocide.

In the 1980’s, the U.S. militarily propped-up the right-wing government in El Salvador during the country’s bloody civil war. El Salvador’s U.S. trained and funded security forces committed countless atrocities during the war that killed an estimated 75,000 civilians.

After the war, a United Nations Truth Commission found that U.S. backed forces in El Salvador were responsible for 85% of those killed, kidnapped, or tortured during the conflict.

Among those killed by U.S. backed death squads was Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero, who had long advocated for the rights of poor El Salvadorians. Despite the realities on the ground, then President Ronald Regan said in 1981: “We are helping the forces that are supporting human rights in El Salvador.”

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Opinion Although the Cold War ended in 1991 our “humanitarian” interventions continued throughout the world.

The U.S./N.A.T.O. “humanitarian” intervention in Kosovo in 1999 is, to this day, staunchly defended by many. It has been deemed “necessary” to stop the slaughter of ethnic Albanians in Serbia.

Solobodan Milosevic was committing atrocious war crimes against Kosovar Albanians, but N.A.T.O.’s bombing campaign only escalated the horrors being perpetrated on the ground. U.S. Gen. Wesley Clark warned, before the bombing of Serbia, that a U.S./N.A.T.O. attack would escalate violence against ethnic Kosovar Albanians, not alleviate it.

“We are helping the forces that are supporting human rights in El Salvador.”

He was right, Serbian forces ramped up their attacks on ethnic Albanians in response to N.A.T.O.’s bombing. In addition, N.A.T.O.’s bombing of power plants and civilian infrastructure cut off power and water to hundreds of thousands, killed countless civilians, and destroyed the country’s economy.

In 2003, the U.S. began one of its most tragic “humanitarian” blunders. The mission was dubbed “Operation Iraqi Freedom.” The mission sought to save the world from a brutal dictator and his “weapons of mass destruction.” Every U.S. official from then Secretary of State Collin Powell to then F.B.I. Director Robert

Mueller stood before Congress and repeated the WMD lie.

Common Dreams and Salon have estimated that 2.4 million Iraqis have been killed since the U.S. invasion in 2003. No weapons of mass destruction were ever found and the destabilization of the region gave rise to countless jihadi terrorist groups including ISIS. Again in 2011, a U.S. led N.A.T.O. bombing campaign was waged in order to “promote democracy” and free the people of Libya from a vicious dictator.

U.S. led N.A.T.O. bombings killed around 10,000 people and toppled the government of Muammar al-Gaddafi. Libya went from the richest nation in Africa to a failed state with open air slave markets and a haven for terrorist groups including ISIS. In 2012, the C.I.A. launched a mission code named “Operation Tinder Sycamore”. The program trained and armed what it called “moderate rebels” to overthrow Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad and free the Syrian people. In reality many of the “moderate rebels” the U.S. was funding during the operation turned out to be linked to Al-Qaeda, Al-Nusra, and other jihadi terrorist groups.

Operation Tinder Sycamore was one of the main contributing factors behind the Syrian Civil War. The U.K. based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights has estimated around half of a million people have been killed in the conflict with 6.6 million displaced internally and another 5.6 million displaced around the world.

“crimes against humanity.”

According to Zayas, the sanctions are compatible with a “medieval siege” and are “illegal under the U.N. Charter.” Many news outlets have reported that U.S. sanctions have killed 40,000 Venezuelans. These sanctions have seized billions of dollars-worth of Venezuelan state assets and have blocked the delivery of tens of millions of dollars-worth of food and medical supplies.

The truth is that these interventions are imperialism not humanitarianism. The examples I’ve given here are but a small fraction of the missions that have been carried out by the U.S. in the name of humanitarianism. Each “humanitarian” action was perpetrated, not to relive suffering, not to spread freedom and democracy, but to secure U.S. economic and military dominance.

U.S. foreign policy, more times than not, thwarts democracy, it dosen’t promote it.

Multiple news outlets, including TruthOut. org, Mint Press News and Fair.org, have reported that the U.S. militarily supports 73% of the world’s dictatorships, based on data compiled by Freedom House, and their rating system of political rights around the world.

We have killed far more in these “humanitarian” conflicts than we have saved. A new era foreign policy based on peaceful diplomacy must begin if we are ever to save the soul of our country.

The U.S. “humanitarian” mission to free Venezuela from their democratically elected leader is still ongoing. In this case the U.S is using economic sanctions to “free” the people of Venezuela. U.N. rapporteur to Venezuela, Alfred de Zayas, was sent to investigate the facts on the ground.

In Zayas’ report he said U.S. sanctions are killing many of Venezuela’s most vulnerable people and may amount to March 11, 2020

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Understanding T Climate Change

here is an entire ecosystem that is taken into account when understanding climate change. Why is the Earth so hot?

Why are Amazon fires dramatically spread all over the internet? Why is seventeen-year-old Greta Thunberg stressing the issue of the climate crisis? The son of Will Smith and founder of water brand “Just Water” Jaden Smith posted a clip on Instagram, creating an “Eco-Resolution” featuring many icons in the entertainment industry. Why does any of it matter?

Written by: Jazmine Martinez @jazminemyleigh_ Layout Design by: Katie Priest

On the opposing end, there is a rising skepticism on the whole idea of the climate crisis from President Donald Trump. He states in one tweet, “In the 1920’s people were worried about global cooling--it never happened. Now it’s global warming. Give me a break!”

Global warming is a difficult topic to debate after gathering factual situations happening world-wide. After hard research, hundreds of thousands of scientists hint at one idea - the world is warming up faster than ever before. The facts are there, however, now more than ever the public needs to understand the complexity of the issue in a simple and understandable way in order to lessen the controversy.

The Earth’s Temperature is Rising According to NASA, “Scientists have high confidence that global temperatures will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to greenhouse gases produced by human activities.”

Greenhouse gases allow sunlight to pass by the atmosphere; however, they also stop it from leaving. As people breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, there is a large amount of carbon dioxide that fails to leave the atmosphere. Along with other greenhouse gases, this becomes trapped in our atmosphere, heating up the environment. Now, scientists have growing concerns over the rapid increase of temperature.

Creating Warmer Oceans

What is truly going on?

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New York Times Journalist Kendra Pierre Louis states, “the oceans are heating up 40 percent faster on average than a United Nations panel estimated five years ago”.

The article also warns that one in every five coral reefs have died in the last three years.

Coral reefs hold more marine life per square inch than any other marine environment. Since the oceans are warming up, there are species of fish and coral that have troubles adapting to the temperature.

According to NOAA National Ocean Service Education, “Many drugs are now being developed from coral reef animals and

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News plants as possible cures for cancer, arthritis, human bacterial infections, viruses, and other diseases.”

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Without these reefs, there will be less of a possibility to discover these types of cures for drugs. Also, with less fish, it also means less food to eat within a growing population.

Water Scarcity Every living organism needs fresh, clean drinking water. The planet holds a vast amount of water; however, only one percent of it is drinkable. All drinkable water comes from groundwater, rivers, and streams. But since temperatures are rising, evaporation plays its part. This creates droughts, which causes other countries to struggle for water.

As water is sucked out of the land and into the clouds, this creates devastating hurricanes, having too much water. Poor countries around the world, that don’t have the access to water as America has, suffer the most. Countries are resulting to take water from aquifers, which is water that has been saved up for around ten thousand years. This is a very expensive alternative that will raise the price of goods heavily. Hedge funds are also created for water due to the scarcity of it.

Less Farming, Less Crops Since communities are draining groundwater more than ever due to the loss of rivers and streams, farmers suffer from the loss of water in their crops. With less crops becomes less food to eat in this growing population.

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The Colorado river has enough water to provide for cities as far as Salt Lake City, Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles, as well as six million acres of farmland. It has also gone as far as Mexico; however, recently when it reaches Mexicali, there is none left to provide for farmers or any others nearby. This is what many have relied on in terms of supporting their

incomes and their overall well-being.

Many have to go to their governments, who determines the winners and losers in the community.

Fires It is hard to pass by the idea that summers have been getting hotter as one year passes the next. Due to the lack of water, forests and greenery become more dry.

A numerous amount of countries are experiencing forest fires, and not the healthy ones. In 2019, Brazil and other portions of South America have seen brutal fires within their precious amazon forests. These types of tropical forests are responsible for 36% of photosynthesis on land.

these major issues, and it is easy for one to affect the other. Earth revolves around an entire ecosystem that needs one source for the next. As one factor is altered, another one is somewhere as well. This is why it is a largely spoken subject, shown with urgency from activists to entertainment influencers.

Australia experienced brutal fires that lasted longer, causing a lot more damage. It stood to be 46% greater than the amazon fires in South America, burning 25.5 million acres, mass murdering more than one billion animals, and approximately 2,000 households destroyed. According to Insider, “The total damage and economic losses will exceed $100 billion, according to Accuweather.”

Meat Industry Something as simple as the digestion system of cattle has such a large impact on the planet. With meat being such a booming business, there is a great amount of buffalo, cows, pigs, and chicken eating, pooping, and burping. There is a gas within their droppings and burps called methane. This is another greenhouse gas that heats up the Earth’s atmosphere, along with carbon dioxide. Although carbon dioxide stays in the atmosphere ten times longer than methane, it remains to have a higher radiation level than carbon dioxide.

According to InsideClimate News, “Emissions from livestock account for about 14.5 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions, globally, and roughly two thirds of those emissions come from cattle.”

There are subcategories that aline with March 11, 2020

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The Invisible Poverty Written by: Alaast Kamalabadi @AlaastChen Design by: Katie Priest t’s the end of the suburbs as we know it. Numbered are the days of mega-malls, McMansions, and manicured lawns. Beneath this facade of prosperity, something darker is afoot. The suburbs are now home to something antithetical to its conception, something almost unthinkable, especially given the suburbs’ association with postwar prosperity and white affluence: poverty.

I

Poverty, broadly speaking, has been on a slow and steady increase since the turn of the millennium. 11.5 million more people live in poverty in 2015 than in 2000, according to the Brookings Institution. Of that figure, around 48%, or 5.7 million of the growth in poverty, happened in the suburbs — roughly three times the amount of poverty growth in cities, according to the Institute for Research on Poverty. Elizabeth Kneebone, senior fellow at the Brooking Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, notes 2015 as a pivotal moment in American sociological history, where, for the first time, poverty in the suburbs outstripped poverty in the cities, with three million more living below the poverty line in the former than the latter.

What is “suburban poverty”? First we have to define “poverty.” How is such a concept measured? The U.S. Census Bureau defines poverty by “money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition.” Complicating this measurement is the Bureau’s division of poverty statistics measures into two branches, according to the Center for Poverty Research at the University of California, Davis: official and supplemental poverty measures. The former excludes the role of 36

social safety net programs such as SNAP and welfare in raising a household’s income. Generally, research on suburban poverty is conducted with regards to the former set of data.

Secondly, what constitutes a“suburb”?

The Census Bureau defines a suburb as “a municipality of more than 2,500 people located within a metropolitan area,” excluding its central city.

Finally, what defines suburban poverty, and what are the characteristics that distinguish it from urban poverty?

A common myth about suburban poverty is that it is a product of the Great Recession of 2007-2009. Kneebone and peer Alan Berube argue in Confronting Suburban Poverty in America that the roots of suburban poverty are deeper and more systemic, emerging from “economic changes, population and immigration settlement patterns, and housing policies dating back to the 1980s.”

The Great Recession merely exacerbated existing patterns of inequality.

The housing market crash led to millions of foreclosures, and housing and stock values plummeted nationwide by trillions, only to crawl to a slow recovery by 2012.

The suburbs, as the locus for real estate investment, was hit especially hard. Career investors were not the only ones to suffer. Andi Durand, retired pharmacist, grandmother of five and occasional real estate dabbler, recounts her brush with poverty a decade ago: “[The mansion] was an investment. I was going to use it as pension and schooling funds for my grandchildren.

Then 2008 came crashing hard … I was living out of a 2-acre mansion, without the money to even pay for heating.”

She is also an illustration of another quirk of the suburban poor: according to the Institute for Research on Poverty, they are more likely than their urban counterparts to be homeowners. Lastly, they are more likely to be white.

As Kneebone testified in “the Changing Geography of US Poverty,” housing affordability and regional market trends are the reason more low-income families are moving to the suburbs. This influx, however, does not account for the rapidity of poverty concentration in the suburbs and changing urban-suburban income make-up.

“isolated from the government offices, social services, and networks of friends and relatives on which they once relied.”

An exclusive focus on lowest-income families ignores a significant contributor to the ranks of the suburban poor — moderate-income families, numbering millions, whose “critical housing needs are sending their households into the ranks of the poor,” and who “increasingly [rely] on strained social safety net programs” to survive, according to an Op-Ed titled “Trouble in the Suburbs” by Alexandra Cawthorne Gaines for the Center for American Progress.

Perhaps the most common thread of suburban poverty is downward mobility. As more white, middle-class households encounter crises — caught in the crosshairs of rising house prices, education costs, and costs of commute — they find themselves sinking into financial quandaries.

The suburbs are a relatively new phenomenon in the U.S. — only taking off in the ‘50s, when the American economy was bolstered post-World

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Opinion War II and predominantly middle-class, white, well-to-do families took flight away from what they saw as the cacophony and chaos of the city and to the sanctuary of the ’burbs, enabled by America’s post-industrial refinement of commute.

resident in suburban areas than they do in urban areas, according to the Institute of Research for Poverty. Although the landscape of poverty has been changing in the past few decades, the alleviation efforts have yet to catch up.

Poverty in the suburbs therefore poses unique challenges. Take, for example, the geography of sprawl. Cars are a necessity in the suburbs. Public transportation services are limited, and their regional connectivity weaker, according to Kneebone.

Existing efforts to combat inequality in the suburbs are inadequate, in part due to the perception that the suburbs are untouchable by poverty. Worse, Weiner contends, people living in poverty in the suburbs are “isolated from the government offices, social services, and networks of friends and relatives on which they once relied.”

Furthermore, the figure of available jobs within reasonable commute distances, set by Kneebone at a liberal figure of 15 miles, decreased by 17 percent from 2000 to 2010, enforcing a reliance on cars, which, if not expensive to purchase, are costly to maintain. The suburban poor are therefore deprived of more opportunities of employment and mobility, more so than their urban counterparts.

Finding a well-paying job within a reasonable distance isn’t the only obstacle encountered by the suburban poor. The discourse around poverty is clouded by the “perception gap” — a term I have adopted from social policy scholar Scott W. Allard as he used it in an interview with Tanvi Misra in “The Biggest Myths of Suburban Poverty,” published on Citylab. com — of poverty as a uniquely urban phenomenon. Most suburban poverty falls under a “blind spot.”

Action to alleviate poverty often concentrates on inner cities, which have historically been coded as black, impoverished neighborhoods following the War on Poverty. According to Mother Jones senior editor Aaron Weiner, nonprofit organizations and governmental programs on poverty are “still targeting low-income clusters in urban centers today rather than the diffusion of people who can no longer afford to live near their work.”

Human service organizations spend around eight times less per each poor

Furthermore, according to Allard, they are also regularly isolated from opportunity, marginalized from politics, and experience the same racial segregation as their urban counterparts.

Not all research into suburban poverty has been unanimous in their alarm at data pointing to its growth. In no small part due to the staggering diversity of suburban classification — the “suburb” as a geographical and demographical construct is itself frustratingly eclectic, encompassing a variety of areas of varying population densities, racial makeup, and zoning practices — the issue of pinpointing suburban poverty, especially relative suburban poverty, is a complex one, one that yields at times contradictory data and conclusions.

Janice Fanning Madden’s study “Has the concentration of income and poverty among suburbs of large U.S. metropolitan areas changed over time?” finds that contrary to the assertions of contemporary policy analysts such as Allard who claim that poverty across suburban regions of all U.S. metropolitan areas is pervasive, especially in suburban communities built after the 1970s, poverty and income concentrations have not, in fact, increased in the suburbs over the past two decades, generally speaking.

If there are truly any cases of increasing

concentrations of suburban poverty, Madden states, they are limited to “suburban municipalities of older metropolitan areas in the northeast and midwest.”

Another study, “Re-evaluating differences in poverty among central city, suburban, and nonmetropolitan areas of the US,” uses Foster et. al’s “distribution-sensitive poverty measure.” By accounting for data on poverty severity, not just prevalence, their study suggests that urban poverty yet remains more severe.

How do we move forward? How do we address suburban poverty? Even if the consensus on whether or not poverty is experiencing growth in all suburban areas is still murky, poverty is a reality of all suburbs. We must educate the American public on the demographics of poverty, to combat the unrealistic, damaging view of the suburbs as a place untouched by poverty.

Furthermore, I believe that suburban poverty should not be viewed as an issue isolated from urban poverty — the twin phenomena are linked, so alleviation measures should be global and wholistic, targeting both.

I propose that we maintain federal funding of safety net programs, such as food stamps, introduce more price fixes to suburban housing areas, increase public funding of human service programs to galvanize the unemployed and low-income workers seeking to advance in the labor market, and divert more resources towards suburban poverty, instead of maintaining a myopic focus on urban poverty.

Diverting resources should not, however, funnel away much-needed funds for inner-city poverty. Over-reliance on existing resources and organizations will only tax all existing frameworks for aid thin and exacerbate poverty across all areas. Instead, we should establish more new nonprofit organizations capable of tackling suburban poverty.

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Bernie sanders is my choice

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Opinon

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fter surviving the last four years under Donald Trump’s presidential rulings, I believe that he should not be allowed to run again and definitely should not enter into his second term.

If we leave our country in the hands of Trump, I fear that he will destroy us all. I believe the man that will help restore what Trump, and many other presidents before, have destroyed is Bernie Sanders. I believe in all of his platforms and that there is a big possibility he can change things.

As a college student, my first thought on who should be president was Sanders.

As a person who has to pay for some of the college courses, because financial aid does not cover it all, College for All makes me consider him more for presidency than Trump.

College for All, one of his platforms, has me captivated and makes me want to vote for him. Sanders promises to cancel all student loan debt for the 45 million Americans who owe around $1.6 trillion and place a cap on student loan interest rates going forward at 1.88%.

He promises to pass the College for All Act to provide at least $48 billion per year to eliminate tuition and fees at four-year public colleges and universities, tribal colleges, community colleges, trade schools, and apprenticeship programs.

I have family members who have lots of debt or will not be able to go to college because it is too expensive, and I believe they would benefit from this as much as I will. I know there are millions, of people in the United States who will benefit from this proposition besides my family members and I. If you need more information on how many people are in debt go to Marketplace.

Sanders believes that everyone deserves the right to obtain a higher education if they choose to pursue it, no matter their income.

Border and instead rely on cost-effective and innovative methods to counter the real threats of drug importation and human trafficking, not manufactured ones targeting the defenseless. The money and effort that is being used to build the wall should be put into stopping the real problem, drug importation and human trafficking. The wall Trump is building will not stop any of those things from happening.

Sanders is also promising to drive Congress to enact a swift, fair pathway to citizenship for the 11 million undocumented immigrants currently living, working and contributing in America today. This would have helped my uncle from being deported a year ago. Speaking from experience, I know Sanders will be helping people lose stress over having to be deported and leave behind family members. If Sanders had been elected before, maybe my uncle would not have been deported.

“We need leadership in this country, which will improve the lives of working families, the children, the elderly, the sick and the poor. We need leadership which brings our people together and makes us stronger.”

-Bernie Sanders

Housing For All is another platform Sanders has that makes me give thought to voting for him. Sanders promises to make rent affordable by making Section 8 vouchers available to all eligible families without a waitlist and strengthening the Fair Housing Act and to end homelessness and ensure fair housing for all. According to National Health Care for the Homeless Council, 700 homeless people are killed annually by hypothermia because 40% of this nation’s homeless are unsheltered.

There are more reasons as to why he should be elected but these three reasons are the most important ones to me on why I would choose Bernie Sanders for 2020 president. I believe that, given the chance, Bernie Sanders can make a difference, even if some of his issues seem impossible to accomplish. Bernie Sanders thinks about the defenseless’ interest first and is willing to do something to help all of us in a way Donald Trump has not.

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“Fuck Your Mother”

A Chinese-American Dive Into Vernacular Rebellion

features supersedes any impressions that may be formed on the basis of speech and codes me as un-Chinese. I often wind up othered as a curiosity. I persist doggedly despite this form of exclusion because China is my cultural heritage and I feel entitled to the affiliation. Furthermore, I take pride in embodying subversion.

I used to think exclusively in Chinese. I had tutors in Farsi.

Nonetheless, at some point, English supplanted their seats and Written by: Alaast Kamalabadi sprawled itself across the porous, Design by: Katie Priest vulnerable spaces in my head. I @AlaastChen preferred English. Chinese was difficult — so many strokes, and so much meaning and history lang is, by definition, on the edge. concealed in every logograph, each so hard to unpack. English, Slang is construed as “a class of deviant registers conversely, felt egalitarian and of language,” says anthropologist Asif Agha. In an essay straightforward. Every syllable cut titled “Tropes of Slang,” he explains how slang operates straight to the point. Eventually, antithetically to formalized, standardized language.

I began to formulate thoughts in According to Agha, slang instills among its users a sense English rather than in Chinese. of divisional, oppositional belonging to a social group, This transformation, however, did caste, or demographic. The more fringe the jargon, the not occur out of mere personal more exclusionary it becomes. Fewer people can compre- preference. hend and use it proficiently, signaling their belonging in the in-group as they navigate what Agha terms as “microspac- Globalization and U.S. imperies of interaction linked to specific social practices and alism both had lasting effects on groups.”

China, especially Shanghai, the burgeoning metropolis where I Code-switching, too, can be an exclusionary or inclusion- lived from birth until the age of 15. ary practice and an act of rebellion. As an American of English was rapidly becoming a dual Chinese and Iranian heritage raised in a multilingual boon, even a necessity, in busienvironment, I am a veteran of code-switching. In stressful ness and foreign affairs. Public social situations, code-switching from English to Chinese schools mandated English-lanallows me to carve a private space amidst the public, guage lessons in its curriculum. “subtly, reflexively chang[ing] ... between different cultural Most private schools upheld and linguistic spaces and ... identities,” in the words of English as the primary language NPR’s lead Code Switch blogger Gene Demby. Only of instruction. My identity as an those with whom I share the same linguistic background expatriate and a third-culture kid are privy to my venting. This is exclusion at work. of mixed race became intrinsically tied to my command of English.

I also code-switch from English to Chinese in the presence of a Chinese-speaking demographic. Code-switching Now, I continually find myself signals my inclusion in their spaces. My attempts to code- returning to Chinese, fascinated switch are not always successful. Despite my fluency and by the way it has evolved since textbook accent, my lack of distinctive Chinese physical the age of the Internet, and by 40 March 11, 2020

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its inventive rebellion. Chinese slang follows conventions entirely foreign to an English-centric viewpoint. Chinese is logographic, comprising of strokes that each denote meaning or sound. It is not a sequence of alphabets strung together. Chinese characters often embody abstract notions or semantics by themselves, which can be further modified by compounding characters. As it is a highly tonal language, many different characters often assemble under one selfsame sound.

Chinese slang generally operates under the ambiguity afforded by this quirk — characters with different semantics but the same sound can act as a proxy for the original character. One such slang term, “cao ni ma” — which literally translates to “grass mud horse”, a hoax creature said to resemble an alpaca — is a good example of this. It is a wordplay on the slur “fuck your mother,” whose phonemes are almost identical.

Despite the relentless censorship of speech in Mainland China, Chinese bloggers and activists invent slang and code at an alarming speed to circumvent censors. It’s a supercharged push-pull dynamic, in which the government requires a period of time to familiarize itself with this code and glean what it means by looking at its context, then bans certain strings of characters, at which point the process of invention begins anew. You only need to go looking for a list of terms censored by the Chinese government to get a sense of the legal and humanitarian battles fought on the web, and of which political and social issues consistently invoke polemics and ire from the Mainland Chinese establishment.

Slang exposes the government’s

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“Cao ni ma” is extensively censored in Chinese news media and on social media sites. What appears to be mere vulgarity at first glance belies a deeper protest; “fuck your mother” teems with anti-communist and anti-establishment sentiment because it pokes fun at China’s censorship practices and because of its association with Chinese activist-artist Ai Weiwei. Ai Weiwei posted a nude photo of himself crudely censored with a stuffed “cao ni ma” toy over his genitals with anti-establishment caption “ ”, romanized as “cao ni ma dang zhong yang”, meaning, literally, “grass mud horse covers the center” — another wordplay that hinges on the Chinese quirk of characters sharing phonemes.

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While the caption may seem benign, it may also be read as “fuck your mother, Party Central Committee.” The characters “ ”, culled from the full name of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, shares phonemes with the last three characters of Ai Weiwei’s captions, “ ”. Furthermore, “Ma”, or “Mother”, is an epithet for the Communist party and “motherland”, dating back to the conception of the People’s Republic of China. Folklore Institute of East China Normal University Professor Li Mingjie confirms its political undertones, saying, “[Ma] is a canny form of linguistic subversion that seeks to wrest back an element of power from the social and political elite.”

Ai Weiwei’s post plays on reasonable doubt — after all, under such stringent censorship, double entendres are the only resort for rebellion. The layer of ambiguity obscuring his post certainly did not fool Chinese censors, however, which swiftly expurgated all instances of the post in circulation. Senior party officials allegedly received it as “a direct and obscene insult”, and it may even have played a role in his 2011 arrest, according to a Washington Post article analyzing Ai Weiwei’s

appropriation of the “cao ni ma” meme in his art and activism.

There is another unique breed of Chinese slang that has been rising in prominence within the Chinese and American slango-sphere: Chinese-English hybrid slang.

Colloquially known as “Chinglish,” this pidgin, linguistically subversive vernacular is especially popular among the millennial demographic on the Chinese Interweb.

Professor Henning Klöter of Modern Chinese Languages and Literatures at the Humboldt University of Berlin confirms the significance of English as a well-tapped source for Chinese slang and is particularly fixated on slang developed through instances of Chinese-English code-switching inserted directly into vernacular speech.

The most fitting illustration of this phenomenon would be the internet idiom “no zuo no die,” which Urban Dictionary defines as karmic intervention — “if you don’t do stupid things, they won’t come back and bite you in the ass.” With almost 8000 upvotes, this term has enjoyed surprising penetration into both Chinese and international popular culture. Interestingly enough, the word “zuo,” pronounced in the first tone in pinyin, has its origin in subregional Chinese dialects, in particular Shanghainese. Urban Dictionary defines “zuo” as “act[ing] silly or daring (for attention).”

alongside an illustration of an anthropomorphic panda bearing the likeness of famous basketballer Yao Ming, the proliferation of “no zuo no die” and similar memes can be explained through Dawkin’s neo-Darwinian hypothesis of internet memes as units of cultural conduction and transmission, according to sociologist Gabriele de Seta. “Shortness” and “memorisability” [sic] reinforce its effectiveness as web-cultural artifacts.

One’s savvy of slang becomes “a social regularity of positive evaluation,” in the words Agha.

I have witnessed first-hand how memetic slang disseminates and sometimes even intermingles with political slang on Chinese social media sites, such as weibo. com, to form hyper-effective, rebellious, integrative, multicultural and hyper-penetrative slang. In the age of the Internet, where the dissemination of ideas grows faster and more localized than ever, slang and other deviant language practices often shed insight into the modern-day dynamics of inclusion, exclusion, subversion, and rebellion — and this is illustrated, paradoxically, most vividly in a space as restrictive and hostile to rebellion as the Chinese interweb.

English-Chinese hybrid slang also owes its conception and prevalence to the pervasiveness of certain English slang terms — e.g. “cool” — in casual Chinese vernacular. Such terms have been absorbed and assimilated completely into common parlance. They are common figures of speech, internationally mediatized through the process of globalization.

Not only does “no zuo no die” illustrate a global, integrative approach to slang, it also reflects the effects of the internet on the production of vernacular rebellion. As a robust internet meme that often spawns March 11, 2020

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