THE CRUST - ISSUE #17

Hello dear readers and welcome to February’s issue of THE CRUST. This February holds particular significance for our beloved homeland, Indonesia. While much of the world celebrated the day of love, the Valentine’s Day, on the 14th of February, Indonesian citizens embarked on a different kind of journey—to exercise their democratic right and cast their votes in a pivotal presidential election. This demo­

cratic process isn’t merely of national importance; it reverberates across borders, resonating with significance for neighboring Southeast Asian nations and the global community at large.

Indonesia’s role as a regional powerhouse and a key player on the world stage underscores the gravity of its electoral outcomes. As the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a vital geopolitical actor, the decisions made by its citizens shape not only the trajectory of their nation but also have far-reaching implications for regional stability and international relations.

With the culmination of Indonesia’s presidential election, the nation stands at a pivotal juncture, not only politically but also economically, particularly in the realm of fisheries. The intensity of the electoral battle mirrored the complexity of the challenges facing Indonesia’s marine affairs, leaving many stakeholders on edge as they await the appointment of a new marine affairs minister under the incoming government.

Amid this transition, the future trajectory of Indonesia’s fishery policies remains uncertain. Will the new administration forge ahead with existing initiatives, or will it chart a new course altogether? These questions loom

large, casting a shadow of apprehension over an industry already grappling with a myriad of issues.

One such pressing concern is the prevalence of diseases plaguing fish farms across the nation. In a bid to break the cycle of infection and stabilize prices, there were whispers

CEO 社長 CHIEF EDITOR OVERVIEW The

of a radical proposal to halt operations for six months in key production areas. However, the outcry from farmers swiftly quashed this idea, opting instead to persevere through the challenges while exploring alternative solutions. Reports suggest that some farms are considering reducing stocking densities or even downsizing their operations significantly, a move that could ripple through the industry, impacting feed demand and shrimp supply.

Meanwhile, stakeholders in the processing sector are not immune to the turbulence in the market. Faced with a global oversupply of shrimp compounded by an ongoing anti-dumping case, processors are forced to confront the harsh reality that business as usual is no longer tenable. In response, there is a growing consensus that innovation is the lifeline needed to weather the storm. This sentiment is echoed by industry insiders, who acknowledge that while overall volumes may shrink

in the short term, strategic innovation offers a beacon of hope for businesses striving to remain competitive amidst turbulent market conditions.

The road ahead for Indonesia’s fisheries sector is fraught with challenges, yet it also brims with potential. As the nation ushers in a new era of leadership, the onus falls upon policymakers, industry players, and stakeholders alike to collaborate tirelessly in charting a sustainable and resilient course forward. Only through collective effort and innovative thinking can Indonesia’s fisheries industry navigate the currents of uncertainty and emerge stronger on the path to prosperity.

Rizky Darmawan Chief Editor

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THE CRUST - RIZKY

Although currently facing various challenges such as falling prices, diseases, and market uncertainties, shrimp aquaculture remains relatively promising and is still highly sought after by entrepreneurs. One indication of this phenomenon is the continuous trend of improvement in shrimp farming across various aspects, including the size of ponds. In the early stages of its development, intensive shrimp farms tended to use relatively large ponds. However, lately, a trend towards much smaller pond sizes has also emerged.

How can we distinguish between a large and a small pond? While there isn’t a universal standard for categori­

zing pond sizes, shrimp farmers typically rely on their own estimations, and these tend to align. A veteran shrimp farmer and Chair of the Shrimp Club Indonesia (SCI) chapter Banyuwangi, Yanuar Toto Raharjo, suggests that a pond’s size is generally deemed as large if it exceeds 3.000 m². Conversely, if smaller it is classified as a small pond.

The difference in size is usually influenced by the cultivation system employed. Larger ponds typically accommodate a broader range of cultivation systems, from traditional and traditionalplus, to semi­intensive and intensive. Meanwhile, smaller ponds are generally reserved for intensive and super­intensive production only.

On the other hand, Rico

Wibisono, COO of FisTx Indonesia, categorizes shrimp pond sizes into three categories: large, medium, and small. Similar to Yanuar’s perspective, Rico considers ponds sized 2.500 m² and above as large ponds. However, medium­sized ponds range from 1.000­2.500 m², and small ponds are sized between 250­1.000 m².

According to Rico, the emerging trend of smaller pond sizes is driven by several factors. One of them is the increasing popularity of shrimp farm businesses, leading to increased community interest in trying this venture on a smaller scale. The cost is also more affordable for smaller sizes. This trend is further supported by the development of high­density shrimp culture techniques such as biofloc in circular ponds.

According to Yanuar, the

Changing in Shrimp

development of high­density technology is also triggered by the decreasing spatial allocation for aquaculture. Therefore, there is a need for land efficiency in production while maintaining high productivity. Similarly, in the past, large ponds today are generally older ponds that followed the technology of that time.

“Many shrimp farmers who still use large ponds for cultivation, usually because during the initial construction of the ponds more than 10 years ago, they adapted to the technology available at that time,” says Yanuar.

Pros and Cons

The size of the pond tends to influence many other factors in cultivation, one of which is productivity. Yanuar illustrates that smaller ponds often have higher productivity. In the 3.000 m2 pond he manages, productivity can reach 25­40 tons/ha/cycle, while in a larger 5.000 m2 pond, productivity is 10­20 tons/ha/cycle.

Rico elaborates on the

Photo source : doc. FisTx, Yanuar Toto Raharjo

Shrimp Pond

Changing Trends Shrimp Pond Sizes

tendency for higher productivity in smaller ponds, attributing it to the relatively easier application of technology and control. Density can be higher due to the impactful coverage of optimal aerators. “Large ponds have limitations in technology use due to their size, and the management of larger ponds is relatively more challenging to control compared to smaller ponds,” he explains.

However, pond size doesn’t significantly affect harvest size. Harvest size is more determined by carrying capacity. Still, due to the higher density in smaller ponds, the harvested shrimp tend to be smaller.

As for the risks, Yanuar and Rico agree that both small and large ponds face similar risks, especially regarding disease outbreaks. However, according to Rico, small ponds present better opportunities compared to large ones in terms of mitigating risks, especially during disease outbreaks.

Drawing from his experience in developing shrimp cultivation technology, Rico has his own perspective on the most optimal pond. In his view, square ponds ranging from 1.000 to 1.600 m² are optimal because the paddlewheel works efficiently, covering a distance of 20­25 meters. These ponds are neither too large nor too small, making maintenance relatively easy. On the other hand, for circular ponds, the optimal diameter is around 25 meters as the production cost per square meter becomes cheaper compared to larger diameters.

The Future Trends

Not only in terms of size, but changes in pond design are also noticeable in their shape. Circular small ponds have recently become a trend. Circular ponds offer several advan­

tages, such as being easy to install and having more optimal self­cleaning capabilities compared to square ponds, especially when maintaining a height­to­diameter ratio of 1:10 or 1:5; if it exceeds this ratio, aeration becomes necessary.

“In circular ponds, there is an ability to reduce injuries caused by currents and stress resulting from the accumulation of waste in dead spots. Homogeneity in the mixing process to maintain ORP values is easier in circular ponds,” Rico adds. Considering the advancements in technology and the evolving demands of the market, the trend in pond sizes in the future may undergo another change. The future might see a rise in urban

farming trends, leading to cultivation systems with miniponds. This potential is substantial as cities are increasingly aiming to meet their own food sources.

“For example, the new shrimp farms near Jakarta are typically smaller to cater to the live shrimp market in Jakarta. The price difference for these shrimp reaches IDR10.000­15.000 compared to the common market prices. Meanwhile, large ponds still play a crucial role in meeting export demands, especially traditional ponds which are poised to be the top choice for development to reduce shrimp production costs per kilogram” Rico concludes.

THE CRUST - ab

4 Issue 17 | Feb ­2024

Pond Size Comparison

Shrimp circular pond

Rico Wisnu

Next Step in Water Quality Monitoring: an AI Based Screening Approach

Water quality plays a pivotal role in the success of shrimp farming operations. Consequently, diligent monitoring of water quality is paramount to ensure optimal water conditions. Quick responses in water management are essential for the health and growth of shrimp, as fluctuations in water parameters can adversely affect their development.

Standardization Issues in Water Quality Assessment

Traditionally, water quality monitoring in shrimp farming has relied on purpose-built water checking laboratories. While these facilities offer comprehensive analyses of water parameters, they come with significant costs and require experienced operators. Maintaining the equipment and ensuring the accuracy of results demand skilled personnel who can also prepare the appropriate reagents precisely tailored to each parameter being measured. For example, the use of titration in monitoring Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) can be prone to inaccurate results due to uncalibrated equipment and human error, in which

titration is a manual technique that relies on the skills and judgment of the operator.

In response to the challenges posed by traditional laboratory-based monitoring, the introduction of water test kits has provided shrimp farmers in Indonesia with a more accessible and cost-effective solution. These kits offer convenience and affordability, allowing farmers to conduct on-site assessments of water quality parameters with ease. However, despite their simplicity and affordability, test kit readings are susceptible to human error, which can compromise their accuracy and reliability.

Challenges in standardizing reagents and methods across different locations can be difficult, resulting in variations in results. These factors underscore the need for more accessible and user-friendly alternatives in water quality assessment for shrimp farming.

Introducing TOMOTA A3

Enhancing Accuracy in Water Quality Monitoring

TOMOTA A3 represents an advancement in water quality monitoring, leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to provide real-time insights with unparalleled accuracy and efficiency.

TOMOTA A3 is equipped with a built-in camera that takes pictures of water samples (up to 4 water parameters, each with 3 samples) in well plates and is inserted with

respective reagents for TAN, pH, alkalinity, and Nitrite (with more water parameters in development). The built-in camera is then connected to the user’s app on the smartphone to capture pictures, and the AI adjusts the color result of the water samples using the calibration bar. The TOMOTA App then generates a report on the water quality monitoring for the user.

Cost-effective Water Assessment with TOMOTA A3

TOMOTA A3 emerges as a game-changer in water quality monitoring, offering a mobile platform integrated with AI assistance to redefine the assessment process. One of its key advantages lies in its ability to eliminate the need for significant investments in purpose-built water laboratories, thereby emphasizing substantial cost savings. Moreover, its AI assistance drastically reduces the reliance on specialized manpower, automating essential data analysis and interpretation. This breakthrough innovation not only streamlines water quality monitoring but also underscores its role in enhancing operational efficiency and sustainability within the shrimp farming industry.

Sum up

By automating the data collection process

and employing sophisticated algorithms for data interpretation while maintaining accuracy by minimizing human error, TOMOTA A3 offers a comprehensive and continuous assessment of water quality parameters, therefore providing a broader insight into water monitoring and enabling better data-driven water management.

It is widely recognized that having high-quality feed is a key factor for successful shrimp cultivation. Even with various types and brands of feed in the field, effective feeding management remains essential for farming success. Reynard Suharja, a shrimp farmer with ponds in West Java and Lombok, shares that he relies on a feed index for his daily feeding management. “The feed index serves as a guide for the daily target of shrimp feeding,” he tells The Crust.

According to Reynard, the role of feed is highly significant in shrimp cultivation. Considering that shrimp receive their primary nutrients for growth and development from feed, and as they grow in water, the nutritional role is also optimized by good water quality. Reynard believes it would be futile to have good feed but poor pond water quality. He advises shrimp farmers to be wise in choosing feed, not just opting for cheap options. There is a concern that inexpensive feed might have low quality. “So, what was initially

Why the Size Shrimp Feeds

intended as successful cultivation could end up failing due to cost-cutting in feed selection,” he adds.

Various Sizes of Shrimp Feed

Reynard’s experience of over 10 years in shrimp farming has honed his skills. He believes that the size of the feed also plays a crucial role in optimizing shrimp production. During the early days of culture (DOC) before reaching 30 days, he typically employs the manual blind feeding method as he doesn’t use an auto feeder, given that the feed is still in powder/mash and crumble form. As the shrimp grows larger, he adjusts the feed size to match the shrimp’s mouth size.

Similarly, Sigit Prabowo, Head of TS Jakarta Operation at PT. Central Proteina Prima (CPP), explains that once shrimp post­larvae (PL) are stocked in the pond, the shrimp’s growth is determined by its weight. To easily select the appropriate feed size, farmers can rely on the shrimp’s weight as a guide,

considering its impact on the size of the shrimp’s mouth. The mouth size can also be indicated by the size of its eyes, where typically, the size of the shrimp feed given is the same as the size of its eyes. Nevertheless, he claims that there is no difference in nutritional content among the various sizes.

According to him, farmers typically use four shrimp feed sizes. First is Size 1, which has a crumble shape and a diameter of 0.7 mm. The second is Size 2 feed with a crumble diameter of 1.0 mm. The third is Size 3 feed with a pellet diameter of 1.2 mm. The fourth, commonly referred to as Size 3SP, has a pellet diameter of 1.6 mm. Although there are feed sizes with a diameter greater than 1.6 mm, Sigit says that many farmers rarely

Sigit Prabowo

Size of Feeds Matter?

use them as that size is considered less stable in water. As a result, feed mills no longer produce feeds of this size.

Effects of Inappropriate Sizing

According to Reynard, when shrimp feed pellets are too big for their mouths, the shrimp will have difficulty eating them. This can lead to a situation where only some of the shrimp can consume the pellets, leaving the rest without sufficient feed because of the oversized pellet size. Ultimately, this leads to a significant variation in shrimp sizes, commonly referred to by Indonesian farmers as “blantik”.

Contrarily, if shrimp are fed pellets that are too small, even when they have grown enough to handle larger pel-

lets, the ash content from the smaller pellets becomes relatively higher. This situation, in turn, impacts the quality of the water, leading to a quicker degradation of the pond. “This is because, as the shrimp grow larger, their feeding portion increases and the feed entering the pond becomes larger,” he explains.

Another consequence of farmers using the inappropriate size of feed is disrupted shrimp growth. Additionally, this can compromise shrimp’s health as they struggle to eat, leading to inadequate nutrition to meet their practical needs.

Gradual Transition

To avoid problems during the feed transition process, both in terms of type and size, Reynard suggests doing it gradually for 5-7 days. Farmers should make the change little by little, initiating with a 10% new feed to 90% previous feed ratio. However, if shrimp growth progresses rapidly, the ratio can be adjusted to 30:80 or 40:60 within a quicker period of 1-2 days.

Feed size comparison

The simple method involves slowly mixing different feeds according to the proportion and the shrimp’s condition. “Observe gradually for 5-7 days before altering the ratio, incorporating more new larger feeds than before. The objective is to enable late-growing shrimp to catch up in their growth,” Reynard explains.

Sigit echoes similar sentiments, urging farmers to make decisions based on the size of the shrimp. Therefore, it is crucial to consistently observe the shrimp while checking the feed sample tray (“anco”). For example, feed Size 1 can be used for shrimp PL up to weighing 0.5 grams, assuming it is around DOC 7. However, he emphasizes the need for farmers to be meticulous when checking the “anco”. This is because the growth of shrimp in each pond and the cycles always vary, and the real benchmark is the size of the shrimp rather than their age.

Photo source : doc. Reynard Suharja

Reynard Suharja

Stability in the Market

It has been a remarkably stable few months. For the first time in the past four years (since March 2020), we have entered a period of unprecedented stability. If we remember correctly, in March 2020, when the world was in the grip of COVID, the market plummeted. We saw shrimp EZ peel 16/20, which was priced at USD4.20, drop to USD3.80 in a matter of months. We thought the world was coming to an end. How wrong we were. It was a time of great uncertainty, and everyone was afraid. How could we buy anything when everyone was indoors? When the world economy was at a standstill, no one would have the money to do anything, much less afford a premium item. It would spell sunset for the industry, not just seafood, but plenty were quaking in their boots.

How wrong the world was. Prices skyrocketed; in two years, from 3.80, EZ peel 16/20 went as high as close to 6 dollars, showing how volatile the world could be. Yet here we are, four years since the first slump, with six months of the most stable period we have seen in four years. Where do we go from here? That is the major question people have been asking. A brief recount of the past couple of years has shown one thing: the industry has been rather resilient to the changes. Shrimp demand remains strong. That

has proved, however, to be a double­edged sword. People count on the fact that demand stays resilient, and so shrimp ponds get stocked. Continuously, new PL’s go into the water, farmers counting on the fact that demand remains strong. Bad enough people keep doing that, but it does not stop there.

Expansion, that has been the word on all shrimp farmer’s lips in 2021 & 2022. Ecuador & India saw a many­fold increase in production. While the market was hot that was all fine & dandy but where do we go from here? Demand had plateaued but production capacity continues to increase. 2023 was only the third best year of shrimp imports in the US, after 2022 & 2021 which means that US shrimp imports are actually on the decline but this does not tell the full picture.

THE CRUSTMIDA

A lot of the shrimp imported into the US in 2022 remained unconsumed well into 2023; hence, there was little appetite at the beginning of 2023 for importers to bring in new stock when there was plenty locally available. Why take the risk? Shrimp in the US was plentiful (and cheap) in early 2023. Slowly, as inventories cleared, people began to replenish their stock, but at much lower prices. It’s been close to a year of that happening, and prices show no signs of recovering. Could this be the new normal?

Optimizing Shrimp Harvest Sizes

Does a larger shrimp harvest lead to higher profits? This theory has been a reference for shrimp farmers, including Andy Solomon, a young farmer from Probolinggo, East Java. According to him, this presumption is influenced by two factors: an increase in harvest tonnage and an increase in prices. These two factors play a crucial role in determining profits while still being influenced by production cost, especially the most substantial component, which is the feed cost reflected in the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR).

However, Andy acknowledges that while the most profitable shrimp size typically ranges from 18­19 shrimp/ kg, the market is quite niche. Consequently, selling this size poses considerable challenges. In his view, without market demand constraints, shrimp sizes that yield maximum profit are usually in the range of 40-20.

Gerry Gilang, a young farmer from Padang, West Sumatra, offers a different

viewpoint. According to him, while it may seem reasonable to harvest the 10s sizes, it becomes counterproductive if “only two shrimp” are left in the pond. He claims to always harvest at size 30s, but the crucial factor is maintaining a shrimp density of 100 shrimp/ m². While the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) may go up, he argues that the overall profit is favorable due to the increased production volume and higher prices.

Adapting Size to Market Demand

Bobby Indra Gunawan, the Head of Aqualink, a shrimp trading company under Delos Group, shares his perspective. According to him, the most stable and widely accepted shrimp size across all cold storage in Indonesia during the last year of 2023 was the 90­130 range, with a significant portion intended for export. Meanwhile, there is a relatively lower demand for sizes ranging from 90­70 down to the 40s. Sizes 30 and 20, on the other hand, cater to specific markets.

Bobby acknowledges that

even though the 90­130 size range is easily sellable, not many farmers are willing to sell at that size. Most farmers believe there’s still potential for growth and to sell at a higher price. “However, farmers often overlook whether the increase in size and the amount of feed given are proportional or not. Towards the end of last year, cold storage facilities in East Java stopped accepting sizes 40­30, redirecting them all to West Java. Since late 2022 and into 2023, the US market has shown a preference for smaller shrimp. Releasing shrimp at that size still turns a profit, though, as the break­even point for farmers is at 9­10 grams (100­110 shrimp/kg),” Bobby suggests.

Andy highlights the importance of farmers being savvy in responding to the current shrimp prices. He suggests that farmers need to be good at reading market dynamics. At times, the market doesn’t favor larger shrimp sizes, and harvests may be limited to sizes like 55 or 60, or the market may specify certain sizes.

“For example, if the market demands size 55, where

Gerry Gilang

Bobby Indra Gunawan

Andy F. Solomon

Shrimp

the current price is quite low, I have to be strategic. With a narrow profit margin, I must increase my stocking density so that, at size 55, I have a significant harvest volume. The correlation between size and tonnage is crucial; we cannot choose which one is better, as they are highly interconnected. However, if there are no size limitations, opting for a safer and more secure stocking density is preferable,” explains the man who has been farming for 12 years.

How to Optimize the Profit?

Gerry believes that the most successful pond is the one that generates the highest profit. To optimize profit, he employs a strategy of minimizing mortality, which happens to be the highest cost factor. “Avoid excessive mortality by playing it safe—don’t go overboard with stocking, mind the infrastructure and construction, measure the water source, and then determine the healthiest stocking density for our pond,” he advises.

He also recommends focusing on marginal cost and marginal revenue, which can be calculated every day. Then, estimate additional biomass and ensure the accuracy of daily costs. “Many farmers do not record daily costs, even the smallest expenditures should be documented. From this, we will know the additional daily costs and additional revenue.

If the values are equal, then it’s time to harvest. If the additional revenue is greater than the additional costs, feel free to continue cultivation,” he explains.

Meanwhile, Andy underscores the importance of maximizing profits by efficiently managing the FCR and adopting genetics tailored to specific regions. He explains that in some areas, usual genetics can no longer be used, and tougher genetics are required. However, the high resistance genetics come with challenges like slow growth, so farmers must think about the ADG target strategy. In some locations with fewer constraints, farmers typically use fast­growth genetics. This genetic can shorten the cultivation period, reducing costs and increasing profit. However, each line of genetics has its own risks.

He also suggests considering stocking density. In his opinion, the stocking density should not be too high, even with a partial harvest plan. The first partial harvest should ideally be at a size where the selling price is already above the production cost (HPP).

For example, Andy says, “I stock with a density of 150­

170 shrimp/m², and with that stocking density, I try to do the first partial harvest at size 90, around DOC 56­57 days. The current production cost is around IDR

40,000-41,000, so the decision to harvest shrimp should be at a price above that.”

He also emphasizes the need to pay attention to market demands, even with low profit margins. “Given the already thin margins, it’s advisable to deactivate ponds that are prone to errors. For instance, out of 20 cycles, there’s typically a specific pond that tends to incur more losses than profits. These risks should be eliminated to prevent our narrow margins from being eroded by losses from these ponds. Another approach is to reduce stocking density in other ponds to enhance the chances of successful harvests,” Andy suggests.

Lastly, Bobby emphasizes their ongoing efforts to educate pond owners about the shrimp market’s demands. “We need to consistently share information about market­preferred prices and sizes to prevent harvesting less desirable sizes. This helps farmers enhance their cultivation efficiency and maximize profits,” he concludes.

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DISCO

FEVER 熱

BREAK TIME

In the hazy glow of disco balls and the pulsating rhythm of four-on-the-floor beats, the 1970s ushered in an era that would forever change the landscape of music, fashion, and nightlife. The disco era, with its infectious melodies and glittering dancefloors, captivated the world and became a symbol of liberation and expression for marginalized communities.

Beyond the Music: A Cultural Revolution

At its core, disco music was a celebration of life, love, and liberation. Characterized by its unmistakable rhythms, lush orchestrations, and soulful vocals, disco transcended mere musical genre to become a cultural phenomenon. Artists like Donna Summer, Bee Gees, and Chic crafted anthems that fueled the dancefloor frenzy and inspired a generation to let loose and express themselves freely.

But disco was more than just music—it was a way of life. The dancefloor became a sanctuary where people of all backgrounds could come together and embrace their true selves. Disco clubs like Studio 54 in New York City emerged as epicenters of creativity and decadence, where celebrities mingled with everyday revelers in a whirlwind of glitz and glamour.

The Fall of Disco and the Rise of New Horizons

However, the party couldn’t last forever. By the late 1970s, disco faced a backlash from some segments of society, leading to its decline. Yet, like a phoenix rising from the ashes, elements of disco found new life in the

burgeoning electronic music scene of the 1980s. Synthesizers, drum machines, and sequencers became the tools of a new generation of musicians, giving birth to genres like synth-pop and new wave.

Fast forward to today, and the spirit of disco lives on in the pulsating beats of the EDM (Electronic Dance Music) scene. DJs mix and remix disco classics, infusing them with modern flair and keeping the dancefloor magic alive. Meanwhile, disco-themed parties and festivals pay homage to the era that started it all, attracting crowds of all ages eager to boogie the night away.

The Disco Revival

But perhaps what’s most remarkable about disco is its ability to endure and reinvent itself time and time again. In recent years, we’ve witnessed a disco revival of sorts, with artists and tastemakers rediscovering the infectious grooves and flamboyant style of the era. From fashion runways to mainstream pop music, disco’s influence is once again on full display, proving that some trends never truly go out of style.

As we look to the future, one can’t help but wonder what lies ahead for disco. Will it continue to evolve and inspire future generations, or will it fade into the annals of musical history? Whatever the outcome, one thing is certain: the disco beat will forever echo in the hearts and minds of those who danced beneath the glittering lights of a bygone era.

THE CRUSTRIZKY

The disco era may have come and gone, but its impact on music, culture, and nightlife remains as vibrant as ever. From its humble beginnings in underground clubs to its mainstream success and eventual decline, disco continues to captivate and inspire audiences around the world. As we move forward into an uncertain future, let us not forget the glittering legacy of disco—a timeless reminder that sometimes, all you need to do is dance.

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